1
|
Hosseinifard M, Jurga N, Brandmeier JC, Farka Z, Hlaváček A, Gorris HH, Grzyb T, Ekner-Grzyb A. Influence of surface modification and size of lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles on wheat seedlings. Chemosphere 2024; 347:140629. [PMID: 37949184 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, nanotechnology has found widespread applications in environmental monitoring, medical applications, plant fertilisers, cosmetics and others. Therefore, it is important to study nanomaterials' influence and subsequent risks to the environment and organisms (from production to disposal). Therefore, in the present study, the toxic effects of two surface modifications (poly (ethylene glycol)-neridronate, PEG-Ner and poly (acrylic acid), PAA) in comparison to unmodified, 26 nm- and 52 nm-sized core@shell lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs, NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+@NaYF4) were analysed. Wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) were chosen as a model organism since this species is one of the most widely cultivated crops. The influence of UCNPs (at concentrations of 0, 10, 50, and 100 μg/mL) on germination percentage, germination rate and growth was studied based on morphological parameters such as root number, root and hypocotyl length, and root and hypocotyl mass. In addition, an assay based on Evans blue staining was conducted to analyse damaged cell membranes and cell death. The type, size and concentration of UCNPs influenced the growth but not the germination of wheat. 52-nm-sized ligand-free UCNPs and the 26-nm-sized UCNPs/PAA decreased plant growth. Moreover, the ligand-free 26-nm-sized UCNPs interacted with the root cell membranes of seedlings. No significant changes were observable regarding viability (tetrazolium chloride reduction assay), oxidative stress and electrolyte leakage from root cells in plants incubated with ligand-free 26-nm-sized UCNPs. Overall, we have shown that the ligand-free UCNPs (of both sizes) had the strongest toxic effect; PAA-modified UCNPs were toxic only at smaller sizes and PEG-Ner-modified UCNPs had no toxic impact. Therefore, PEG-Ner was identified as the safest surface compound among the UCNPs investigated in the study, which may neutralise the harmful effects of nanoparticles on plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjanossadat Hosseinifard
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Poznań, Poland; University of Tehran, Faculty of Agricultural Technology (Aburaihan), Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding Sciences, Imam Reza Boulevard, Tehran, Iran
| | - Natalia Jurga
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Rare Earths, Poznań, Poland
| | - Julian C Brandmeier
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Brno, Czech Republic; University of Regensburg, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Zdeněk Farka
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Hlaváček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hans H Gorris
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomasz Grzyb
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Rare Earths, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Ekner-Grzyb
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Poznań, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Farka Z, Brandmeier JC, Mickert MJ, Pastucha M, Lacina K, Skládal P, Soukka T, Gorris HH. Nanoparticle-Based Bioaffinity Assays: From the Research Laboratory to the Market. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2307653. [PMID: 38039956 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the development of new biorecognition elements, nanoparticle-based labels as well as instrumentation have inspired the design of new bioaffinity assays. This review critically discusses the potential of nanoparticles to replace current enzymatic or molecular labels in immunoassays and other bioaffinity assays. Successful implementations of nanoparticles in commercial assays and the need for rapid tests incorporating nanoparticles in different roles such as capture support, signal generation elements, and signal amplification systems are highlighted. The limited number of nanoparticles applied in current commercial assays can be explained by challenges associated with the analysis of real samples (e.g., blood, urine, or nasal swabs) that are difficult to resolve, particularly if the same performance can be achieved more easily by conventional labels. Lateral flow assays that are based on the visual detection of the red-colored line formed by colloidal gold are a notable exception, exemplified by SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests that have moved from initial laboratory testing to widespread market adaption in less than two years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Farka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Julian C Brandmeier
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Matěj Pastucha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- TestLine Clinical Diagnostics, Křižíkova 188, Brno, 612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Lacina
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skládal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tero Soukka
- Department of Life Technologies/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Hans H Gorris
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Drozdowski A, Jurga N, Przybylska D, Brandmeier JC, Farka Z, Gorris HH, Grzyb T. Bright photon upconversion in LiYbF 4:Tm 3+@LiYF 4 nanoparticles and their application for singlet oxygen generation and in immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 649:49-57. [PMID: 37336153 PMCID: PMC10257885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Photon upconversion is an intensively investigated phenomenon in the materials sciences due to its unique applications, mainly in biomedicine for disease prevention and treatment. This study reports the synthesis and properties of tetragonal LiYbF4:Tm3+@LiYF4 core@shell nanoparticles (NPs) and their applications. The NPs had sizes ranging from 18.5 to 23.7 nm. As a result of the energy transfer between Yb3+ and Tm3+ ions, the synthesized NPs show intense emission in the ultraviolet (UV) range up to 347 nm under 975 nm excitation. The bright emission in the UV range allows for singlet oxygen generation in the presence of hematoporphyrin on the surface of NPs. Our studies show that irradiation with a 975 nm laser of the functionalized NPs allows for the production of amounts of singlet oxygen easily detectable by Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green. The high emission intensity of NPs at 800 nm allowed the application of the synthesized NPs in an upconversion-linked immunosorbent assay (ULISA) for highly sensitive detection of the nucleoprotein from SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of Covid-19. This article proves that LiYbF4:Tm3+@LiYF4 core@shell nanoparticles can be perfect alternatives for the most commonly studied upconverting NPs based on the NaYF4 host compound and are good candidates for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Drozdowski
- Department of Rare Earths, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Natalia Jurga
- Department of Rare Earths, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Dominika Przybylska
- Department of Rare Earths, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Julian C Brandmeier
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic; Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Zdeněk Farka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Hans H Gorris
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tomasz Grzyb
- Department of Rare Earths, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, Poznań 61-614, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gorris HH, Walt DR. Otto S. Wolfbeis (1947-2023). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311828. [PMID: 37695091 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Otto Wolfbeis, Professor emeritus of Analytical Chemistry at the University of Regensburg, passed away on June 1, 2023. Along with his seminal work on optical sensors and fluorescent (nano)materials, he will be remembered as an outstanding researcher who inspired many talents around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Gorris
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David R Walt
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Pathology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brandmeier JC, Jurga N, Grzyb T, Hlaváček A, Obořilová R, Skládal P, Farka Z, Gorris HH. Digital and Analog Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein via an Upconversion-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4753-4759. [PMID: 36916131 PMCID: PMC10018451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 crisis requires fast and highly sensitive tests for the early stage detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. For detecting the nucleocapsid protein (N protein), the most abundant viral antigen, we have employed upconversion nanoparticles that emit short-wavelength light under near-infrared excitation (976 nm). The anti-Stokes emission avoids autofluorescence and light scattering and thus enables measurements without optical background interference. The sandwich upconversion-linked immunosorbent assay (ULISA) can be operated both in a conventional analog mode and in a digital mode based on counting individual immune complexes. We have investigated how different antibody combinations affect the detection of the wildtype N protein and the detection of SARS-CoV-2 (alpha variant) in lysed culture fluid via the N protein. The ULISA yielded a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.3 pg/mL (27 fM) for N protein detection independent of the analog or digital readout, which is approximately 3 orders of magnitude more sensitive than conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays or commercial lateral flow assays for home testing. In the case of SARS-CoV-2, the digital ULISA additionally improved the LOD by a factor of 10 compared to the analog readout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian C Brandmeier
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Natalia Jurga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Rare Earths, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, 61614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Grzyb
- Department of Rare Earths, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, 61614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Antonín Hlaváček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Obořilová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skládal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Farka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hans H Gorris
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Makhneva E, Sklenárová D, Brandmeier JC, Hlaváček A, Gorris HH, Skládal P, Farka Z. Influence of Label and Solid Support on the Performance of Heterogeneous Immunoassays. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16376-16383. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Makhneva
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dorota Sklenárová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC MU, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Julian C. Brandmeier
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antonín Hlaváček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 967, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hans H. Gorris
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skládal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC MU, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Farka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC MU, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gorris HH, Farka Z. Up and down the spectrum: upconversion nanocrystal and semiconductor material fused into a single nanocomposite. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:179. [PMID: 35701392 PMCID: PMC9197932 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00875-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A nanocomposite consisting of a cubic EuSe semiconductor material grown on a hexagonal upconversion nanoparticle has overcome the crystal lattice mismatch that typically prevents the epitaxial growth of such heterogeneous nanocrystals. Eu3+ at the interface layer shows its characteristic red emission band both under UV excitation light due to energy transfer from the semiconductor and under NIR excitation light due to energy transfer after photon-upconversion. Data storage and security applications are suggested for this new nanocomposite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Gorris
- Department of Biochemistry, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdeněk Farka
- Department of Biochemistry, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Immunoassays are important tools for clinical diagnosis as well as environmental and food analysis because they enable highly sensitive and quantitative measurements of analyte concentrations. In the 1980s, Roger Ekins suggested to improve the sensitivity of immunoassays by employing microspot assays, which are carried out under ambient analyte conditions and do not change the bulk analyte concentration of a sample during a measurement. More recently, the measurement of single analyte molecules has additionally attracted wide research interest. Although the ability to detect a single analyte molecule is not synonymous with the highest analytical sensitivity, single-molecule detection makes new routes accessible to avoiding background noise. This perspective follows the development of solid-phase immunoassays from the design of label techniques to single-molecule (digital) assays against the backdrop of Ekins's fundamental work on immunoassay theory. The essential aspects of both ambient analyte and digital assay approaches are presented as a guideline to finding a balance between the speed, sensitivity, and precision of immunoassays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Gorris
- Department of Biochemistry, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tero Soukka
- Department of Life Technologies/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shapoval O, Brandmeier JC, Nahorniak M, Oleksa V, Makhneva E, Gorris HH, Farka Z, Horák D. PMVEMA-coated upconverting nanoparticles for upconversion-linked immunoassay of cardiac troponin. Talanta 2022; 244:123400. [PMID: 35395457 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Surface engineering of upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) is crucial for their bioanalytical applications. Here, an antibody specific to cardiac troponin I (cTnI), an important biomarker for acute myocardial infection, was covalently immobilized on the surface of UCNPs to prepare a label for the detection of cTnI biomarker in an upconversion-linked immunoassay (ULISA). Core-shell UCNPs (NaYF4:Yb,Tm@NaYF4) were first coated with poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid) (PMVEMA) and then conjugated to antibodies. The morphology (size and uniformity), hydrodynamic diameter, chemical composition, and amount of coating on the of UCNPs, as well as their upconversion luminescence, colloidal stability, and leaching of Y3+ ions into the surrounding media, were determined. The developed ULISA allowed reaching a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.13 ng/ml and 0.25 ng/ml of cTnI in plasma and serum, respectively, which represents 12- and 2-fold improvement to conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent based on the same immunoreagents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Shapoval
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Julian C Brandmeier
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mykhailo Nahorniak
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Viktoriia Oleksa
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ekaterina Makhneva
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hans H Gorris
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Farka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Horák
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hlaváček A, Farka Z, Mickert MJ, Kostiv U, Brandmeier JC, Horák D, Skládal P, Foret F, Gorris HH. Bioconjugates of photon-upconversion nanoparticles for cancer biomarker detection and imaging. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:1028-1072. [PMID: 35181766 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00670-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The detection of cancer biomarkers in histological samples and blood is of paramount importance for clinical diagnosis. Current methods are limited in terms of sensitivity, hindering early detection of disease. We have overcome the shortcomings of currently available staining and fluorescence labeling methods by taking an integrative approach to establish photon-upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) as a powerful platform for cancer detection. These nanoparticles are readily synthesized in different sizes to yield efficient and tunable short-wavelength light emission under near-infrared excitation, which eliminates optical background interference of the specimen. Here we present a protocol for the synthesis of UCNPs by high-temperature co-precipitation or seed-mediated growth by thermal decomposition, surface modification by silica or poly(ethylene glycol) that renders the particles resistant to nonspecific binding, and the conjugation of streptavidin or antibodies for biological detection. To detect blood-based biomarkers, we present an upconversion-linked immunosorbent assay for the analog and digital detection of the cancer marker prostate-specific antigen. When applied to immunocytochemistry analysis, UCNPs enable the detection of the breast cancer marker human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 with a signal-to-background ratio 50-fold higher than conventional fluorescent labels. UCNP synthesis takes 4.5 d, the preparation of the antibody-silica-UCNP conjugate takes 3 d, the streptavidin-poly(ethylene glycol)-UCNP conjugate takes 2-3 weeks, upconversion-linked immunosorbent assay takes 2-4 d and immunocytochemistry takes 8-10 h. The procedures can be performed after standard laboratory training in nanomaterials research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonín Hlaváček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdeněk Farka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. .,CEITEC MU, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Uliana Kostiv
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Julian C Brandmeier
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Horák
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skládal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC MU, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - František Foret
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hans H Gorris
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Brandmeier JC, Raiko K, Farka Z, Peltomaa R, Mickert MJ, Hlaváček A, Skládal P, Soukka T, Gorris HH. Effect of Particle Size and Surface Chemistry of Photon-Upconversion Nanoparticles on Analog and Digital Immunoassays for Cardiac Troponin. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100506. [PMID: 34263562 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive immunoassays are required for troponin, a low-abundance cardiac biomarker in blood. In contrast to conventional (analog) assays that measure the integrated signal of thousands of molecules, digital assays are based on counting individual biomarker molecules. Photon-upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) are an excellent nanomaterial for labeling and detecting single biomarker molecules because their unique anti-Stokes emission avoids optical interference, and single nanoparticles can be reliably distinguished from the background signal. Here, the effect of the surface architecture and size of UCNP labels on the performance of upconversion-linked immunosorbent assays (ULISA) is critically assessed. The size, brightness, and surface architecture of UCNP labels are more important for measuring low troponin concentrations in human plasma than changing from an analog to a digital detection mode. Both detection modes result approximately in the same assay sensitivity, reaching a limit of detection (LOD) of 10 pg mL-1 in plasma, which is in the range of troponin concentrations found in the blood of healthy individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian C. Brandmeier
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo‐ and Biosensors University of Regensburg Regensburg 93053 Germany
| | - Kirsti Raiko
- Department of Life Technologies/Biotechnology University of Turku Kiinamyllynkatu 10 Turku 20520 Finland
| | - Zdeněk Farka
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo‐ and Biosensors University of Regensburg Regensburg 93053 Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science Masaryk University Kamenice 5 Brno 625 00 Czech Republic
| | - Riikka Peltomaa
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo‐ and Biosensors University of Regensburg Regensburg 93053 Germany
- Department of Life Technologies/Biotechnology University of Turku Kiinamyllynkatu 10 Turku 20520 Finland
| | - Matthias J. Mickert
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo‐ and Biosensors University of Regensburg Regensburg 93053 Germany
| | - Antonín Hlaváček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences v. v. i. Brno 602 00 Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skládal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science Masaryk University Kamenice 5 Brno 625 00 Czech Republic
| | - Tero Soukka
- Department of Life Technologies/Biotechnology University of Turku Kiinamyllynkatu 10 Turku 20520 Finland
| | - Hans H. Gorris
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo‐ and Biosensors University of Regensburg Regensburg 93053 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Peltomaa R, Benito-Peña E, Gorris HH, Moreno-Bondi MC. Biosensing based on upconversion nanoparticles for food quality and safety applications. Analyst 2021; 146:13-32. [PMID: 33205784 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01883j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Food safety and quality regulations inevitably call for sensitive and accurate analytical methods to detect harmful contaminants in food and to ensure safe food for the consumer. Both novel and well-established biorecognition elements, together with different transduction schemes, enable the simple and rapid analysis of various food contaminants. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are inorganic nanocrystals that convert near-infrared light into shorter wavelength emission. This unique photophysical feature, along with narrow emission bandwidths and large anti-Stokes shift, render UCNPs excellent optical labels for biosensing because they can be detected without optical background interferences from the sample matrix. In this review, we show how this exciting technique has evolved into biosensing platforms for food quality and safety monitoring and highlight recent applications in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Peltomaa
- Department of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pořízka P, Vytisková K, Obořilová R, Pastucha M, Gábriš I, Brandmeier JC, Modlitbová P, Gorris HH, Novotný K, Skládal P, Kaiser J, Farka Z. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy as a readout method for immunocytochemistry with upconversion nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:147. [PMID: 33797618 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04816-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunocytochemistry (ICC) are widely used to identify cancerous cells within tissues and cell cultures. Even though the optical microscopy evaluation is considered the gold standard, the limited range of useful labels and narrow multiplexing capabilities create an imminent need for alternative readout techniques. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) enables large-scale multi-elemental analysis of the surface of biological samples, e.g., thin section or cell pellet. It is, therefore, a potential alternative for IHC and ICC readout of various labels or tags (Tag-LIBS approach). Here, we introduce Tag-LIBS as a method for the specific determination of HER2 biomarker. The cell pellets were labeled with streptavidin-conjugated upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) through a primary anti-HER2 antibody and a biotinylated secondary antibody. The LIBS scanning enabled detecting the characteristic elemental signature of yttrium as a principal constituent of UCNP, thus indirectly providing a reliable way to differentiate between HER2-positive BT-474 cells and HER2-negative MDA-MB-231 cells. The comparison of results with upconversion optical microscopy and luminescence intensity scanning confirmed that LIBS is a promising alternative for the IHC and ICC readout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Pořízka
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Vytisková
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Obořilová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Matěj Pastucha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Gábriš
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Julian C Brandmeier
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Pavlína Modlitbová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hans H Gorris
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karel Novotný
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Skládal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Farka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Raith T, Kröninger A, Mickert MJ, Gorris HH, Matysik FM. Enhanced resolution of generator-collector studies of enzymatic structures by means of hydrodynamic scanning electrochemical microscopy. Talanta 2020; 214:120844. [PMID: 32278425 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this report, the effects of forced convection on scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) studies of enzymes in the context of the generator-collector mode (G/C mode) were investigated. Forced convection was generated via an electrical high precision stirrer integrated into the electrochemical cell. Circular spots of glucose oxidase were immobilized on a gold support serving as model substrate. The diffusion layer of enzymatically generated H2O2 was characterized recording probe scan curves (PSCs) in z-direction. Furthermore, the enzyme-modified surfaces were investigated via constant-height SECM imaging in feedback mode and in G/C mode. For methodical comparison all sets of experiments were performed in quiescent solution (conventional approach) and with forced convection, respectively. In contrast to a growing diffusion layer without forced convection by applying forced convection, a constant diffusion layer of produced H2O2 was observed. Hence, via hydrodynamic SECM time-independent images within a reasonable time scale of SECM measurements in G/C mode were enabled and their resolution was enhanced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Raith
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anna Kröninger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias J Mickert
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans H Gorris
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Farka Z, Mickert MJ, Pastucha M, Mikušová Z, Skládal P, Gorris HH. Fortschritte in der optischen Einzelmoleküldetektion: Auf dem Weg zu höchstempfindlichen Bioaffinitätsassays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Farka
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of TechnologyMasaryk University 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Matthias J. Mickert
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Chemo- und BiosensorikUniversität Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Matěj Pastucha
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of TechnologyMasaryk University 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceMasaryk University 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Mikušová
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of TechnologyMasaryk University 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceMasaryk University 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skládal
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of TechnologyMasaryk University 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceMasaryk University 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Hans H. Gorris
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Chemo- und BiosensorikUniversität Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Farka Z, Mickert MJ, Pastucha M, Mikušová Z, Skládal P, Gorris HH. Advances in Optical Single-Molecule Detection: En Route to Supersensitive Bioaffinity Assays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10746-10773. [PMID: 31869502 PMCID: PMC7318240 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect low concentrations of analytes and in particular low-abundance biomarkers is of fundamental importance, e.g., for early-stage disease diagnosis. The prospect of reaching the ultimate limit of detection has driven the development of single-molecule bioaffinity assays. While many review articles have highlighted the potentials of single-molecule technologies for analytical and diagnostic applications, these technologies are not as widespread in real-world applications as one should expect. This Review provides a theoretical background on single-molecule-or better digital-assays to critically assess their potential compared to traditional analog assays. Selected examples from the literature include bioaffinity assays for the detection of biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and viruses. The structure of the Review highlights the versatility of optical single-molecule labeling techniques, including enzymatic amplification, molecular labels, and innovative nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Farka
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of TechnologyMasaryk University625 00BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Matthias J. Mickert
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and BiosensorsUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193040RegensburgGermany
| | - Matěj Pastucha
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of TechnologyMasaryk University625 00BrnoCzech Republic
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceMasaryk University625 00BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Zuzana Mikušová
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of TechnologyMasaryk University625 00BrnoCzech Republic
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceMasaryk University625 00BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Petr Skládal
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of TechnologyMasaryk University625 00BrnoCzech Republic
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceMasaryk University625 00BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Hans H. Gorris
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and BiosensorsUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193040RegensburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kostiv U, Farka Z, Mickert MJ, Gorris HH, Velychkivska N, Pop-Georgievski O, Pastucha M, Odstrčilíková E, Skládal P, Horák D. Versatile Bioconjugation Strategies of PEG-Modified Upconversion Nanoparticles for Bioanalytical Applications. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4502-4513. [PMID: 32392042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) display highly beneficial photophysical features for background-free bioimaging and bioanalysis; however, they are instable in high ionic strength buffers, have no functional groups, and are nonspecifically interacting. Here, we have prepared NIR-excitable UCNPs that are long-term colloidally stable in buffered media and possess functional groups. Heterobifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) linkers bearing neridronate and alkyne or maleimide were attached to UCNPs via a ligand exchange. Streptavidin (SA)-conjugates were prepared by click reaction of UCNP@PEG-alkyne and SA-azide. Antihuman serum albumin pAbF antibody was modified with azide groups and conjugated to UCNP@PEG-alkyne via click reaction; alternatively, the antibody, after mild reduction of its disulfide bonds, was conjugated to UCNP@PEG-maleimide. We employed these nanoconjugates as labels for an upconversion-linked immunosorbent assay. SA-based labels achieved the lowest LOD of 0.17 ng/mL for the target albumin, which was superior compared to a fluorescence immunoassay (LOD 0.59 ng/mL) or an enzyme-linked immunoassay (LOD 0.56 ng/mL).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uliana Kostiv
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Farka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias J Mickert
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans H Gorris
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nadiia Velychkivska
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ognen Pop-Georgievski
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Matěj Pastucha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Odstrčilíková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skládal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Horák
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Farka Z, Mickert MJ, Mikušová Z, Hlaváček A, Bouchalová P, Xu W, Bouchal P, Skládal P, Gorris HH. Surface design of photon-upconversion nanoparticles for high-contrast immunocytochemistry. Nanoscale 2020; 12:8303-8313. [PMID: 32236194 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10568a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunocytochemistry (ICC) are routinely employed for the microscopic identification and diagnosis of cancerous cells in histological tissues and cell cultures. The maximally attainable contrast of conventional histological staining techniques, however, is low. While the anti-Stokes emission of photon-upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) can efficiently eliminate optical background interference, excluding non-specific interactions of the label with the histological sample is equally important for specific immunolabeling. To address both requirements, we have designed and characterized several UCNP-based nanoconjugates as labels for the highly specific detection of the cancer biomarker HER2 on various breast cancer cell lines. An optimized streptavidin-PEG-neridronate-UCNP conjugate provided an unsurpassed signal-to-background ratio of 319, which was 50-fold better than conventional fluorescent labeling under the same experimental conditions. In combination, the absence of optical interference and non-specific binding lays the foundation for computer-based data evaluation in digital pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Farka
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mickert MJ, Farka Z, Kostiv U, Hlaváček A, Horák D, Skládal P, Gorris HH. Measurement of Sub-femtomolar Concentrations of Prostate-Specific Antigen through Single-Molecule Counting with an Upconversion-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9435-9441. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J. Mickert
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Zdeněk Farka
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- CEITEC—Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Uliana Kostiv
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Hlaváček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Horák
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skládal
- CEITEC—Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hans H. Gorris
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gorris HH, Soukka T, Bednarkiewicz A, Pérez-Prieto J, Hildebrandt N. A new forum for upconversion research: the UPCON conference. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2019; 7:030201. [PMID: 31181562 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ab283b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Conference and Spring School on Properties, Design and Applications of Upconversion Nanomaterials (UPCON) provides a new forum for all experts and newcomers in the field of upconversion research. On the occasion of the second UPCON 2018 in Valencia (Spain), we are pleased to present a collection of 12 reviews and research articles that reflect recent advances in upconversion materials, their unique luminescent properties and many applications spanning from nanoscale thermometry to biomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Gorris
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Poláchová V, Pastucha M, Mikušová Z, Mickert MJ, Hlaváček A, Gorris HH, Skládal P, Farka Z. Click-conjugated photon-upconversion nanoparticles in an immunoassay for honeybee pathogen Melissococcus plutonius. Nanoscale 2019; 11:8343-8351. [PMID: 30984949 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01246j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
European foulbrood (EFB) is an infectious disease affecting honeybee larvae caused by the bacterium Melissococcus plutonius. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the gold standard for antibody-based bacteria detection, however, its sensitivity is not high enough to reveal early-stage EFB infection. Photon-upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are lanthanide-doped nanomaterials that emit light of shorter wavelength under near-infrared (NIR) excitation and thus avoid optical background interference. After conjugation with specific biorecognition molecules, UCNPs can be used as ultrasensitive labels in immunoassays. Here, we introduce a method for conjugation of UCNPs with streptavidin based on copper-free click chemistry, which involves surface modification of UCNPs with alkyne-modified bovine serum albumin (BSA) that prevents the non-specific binding and provides reactive groups for conjugation with streptavidin-azide. To develop a sandwich upconversion-linked immunosorbent assay (ULISA) for M. plutonius detection, we have prepared a rabbit polyclonal anti-Melissococcus antibody. The specific capture of the bacteria was followed by binding of biotinylated antibody and UCNP-BSA-streptavidin conjugate for a highly sensitive upconversion readout. The assay yielded an LOD of 340 CFU mL-1 with a wide working range up to 109 CFU mL-1, which is 400 times better than the LOD of the conventional ELISA. The practical applicability of the ULISA was successfully demonstrated by detecting M. plutonius in spiked real samples of bees, larvae and bottom hive debris. These results show a great potential of the assay for early diagnosis of EFB, which can prevent uncontrolled spreading of the infection and losses of honeybee colonies.
Collapse
|
22
|
Oliveira H, Bednarkiewicz A, Falk A, Fröhlich E, Lisjak D, Prina‐Mello A, Resch S, Schimpel C, Vrček IV, Wysokińska E, Gorris HH. Critical Considerations on the Clinical Translation of Upconversion Nanoparticles (UCNPs): Recommendations from the European Upconversion Network (COST Action CM1403). Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801233. [PMID: 30536962 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The unique photoluminescent properties of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have attracted worldwide research interest and inspired many bioanalytical applications. The anti-Stokes emission with long luminescence lifetimes, narrow and multiple absorption and emission bands, and excellent photostability enable background-free and multiplexed detection in deep tissues. So far, however, in vitro and in vivo applications of UCNPs are restricted to the laboratory use due to safety concerns. Possible harmful effects may originate from the chemical composition but also from the small size of UCNPs. Potential end users must rely on well-founded safety data. Thus, a risk to benefit assessment of the envisioned combined therapeutic and diagnostic ("theranostic") applications is fundamentally important to bridge the translational gap between laboratory and clinics. The COST Action CM1403 "The European Upconversion Network-From the Design of Photon-Upconverting Nanomaterials to Biomedical Applications" integrates research on UCNPs ranging from fundamental materials synthesis and research, detection instrumentation, biofunctionalization, and bioassay development to toxicity testing. Such an interdisciplinary approach is necessary for a better and safer theranostic use of UCNPs. Here, the status of nanotoxicity research on UCNPs is compared to other nanomaterials, and routes for the translation of UCNPs into clinical applications are delineated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Oliveira
- Department of BiologyCESAM‐Centre for Environmental and Marine StudiesCICECO‐Aveiro Institute of MaterialsUniversity of Aveiro 3810‐193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Artur Bednarkiewicz
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure ResearchPolish Academy of Sciences ul.Okolna 2 50422 Wroclaw Poland
- PORT Sp. z o.o. Stablowicka 147 Str. 54‐066 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Andreas Falk
- BioNanoNet Forschungsgesellschaft mbH Steyrergasse 17 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical ResearchMedical University of Graz Stiftingtalstrasse 24 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Darja Lisjak
- Department for Materials SynthesisJožef Stefan Institute Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Adriele Prina‐Mello
- LBCAM and Nanomedicine LaboratoryTrinity Translational Medicine InstituteTrinity College Dublin Dublin 8 Republic of Ireland
| | - Susanne Resch
- BioNanoNet Forschungsgesellschaft mbH Steyrergasse 17 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Christa Schimpel
- BioNanoNet Forschungsgesellschaft mbH Steyrergasse 17 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Ivana Vinković Vrček
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health Ksaverska cesta 2 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Edyta Wysokińska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental TherapyPolish Academy of Sciences Wrocław Poland
| | - Hans H. Gorris
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryChemo‐ and BiosensorsUniversity of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hlaváček A, Mickert MJ, Soukka T, Lahtinen S, Tallgren T, Pizúrová N, Król A, Gorris HH. Large-Scale Purification of Photon-Upconversion Nanoparticles by Gel Electrophoresis for Analogue and Digital Bioassays. Anal Chem 2018; 91:1241-1246. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonín Hlaváček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias J. Mickert
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tero Soukka
- Department of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Satu Lahtinen
- Department of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Terhi Tallgren
- Department of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Naděžda Pizúrová
- Institute of Physics of Materials of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 616 62 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Król
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies/Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Hans H. Gorris
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Azobenzenes are of particular interest as a photochromic scaffold for biological applications because of their high fatigue resistance, their large geometrical change between extended (trans) and bent (cis) isomer, and their diverse synthetic accessibility. Despite their wide-spread use, there is no reported photochromic inhibitor of the well-investigated enzyme β-galactosidase, which plays an important role for biochemistry and single molecule studies. Herein, we report the synthesis of photochromic competitive β-galactosidase inhibitors based on the molecular structure of 2-phenylethyl β-d-thiogalactoside (PETG) and 1-amino-1-deoxy-β-d-galactose (β-d-galactosylamine). The thermally highly stable PETG-based azobenzenes show excellent photochromic properties in polar solvents and moderate to high photostationary states (PSS). The optimized compound 37 is a strong competitive inhibitior of β-galactosidase from Escherichia coli and its inhibition constant (Ki) changes between 60 nM and 290 nM upon irradiation with light. Additional docking experiments supported the observed structure-activity relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Rustler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J. Mickert
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans H. Gorris
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Farka Z, Mickert MJ, Hlaváček A, Skládal P, Gorris HH. Single Molecule Upconversion-Linked Immunosorbent Assay with Extended Dynamic Range for the Sensitive Detection of Diagnostic Biomarkers. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11825-11830. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Farka
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
- CEITEC—Central
European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias J. Mickert
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antonín Hlaváček
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
- CEITEC—Central
European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skládal
- CEITEC—Central
European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hans H. Gorris
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Resch-Genger U, Gorris HH. Perspectives and challenges of photon-upconversion nanoparticles - Part I: routes to brighter particles and quantitative spectroscopic studies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5855-5874. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0499-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
28
|
Hlaváček A, Farka Z, Hübner M, Horňáková V, Němeček D, Niessner R, Skládal P, Knopp D, Gorris HH. Competitive Upconversion-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Sensitive Detection of Diclofenac. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6011-7. [PMID: 27167775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Photon-upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) emit light of shorter wavelength under near-infrared excitation and thus avoid optical background interference. We have exploited this unique photophysical feature to establish a sensitive competitive immunoassay for the detection of the pharmaceutical micropollutant diclofenac (DCF) in water. The so-called upconversion-linked immunosorbent assay (ULISA) was critically dependent on the design of the upconversion luminescent detection label. Silica-coated UCNPs (50 nm in diameter) exposing carboxyl groups on the surface were conjugated to a secondary anti-IgG antibody. We investigated the structure and monodispersity of the nanoconjugates in detail. Using a highly affine anti-DCF primary antibody, the optimized ULISA reached a detection limit of 0.05 ng DCF per mL. This performance came close to a conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) without the need for an enzyme-mediated signal amplification step. The ULISA was further employed for analyzing drinking and surface water samples. The results were consistent with a conventional ELISA as well as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonín Hlaváček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg , 93040 Regensburg, Germany.,CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University , Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.,Institute of Analytical Chemistry AS CR, v. v. i. , Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Farka
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg , 93040 Regensburg, Germany.,CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University , Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Hübner
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technical University of Munich , 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Veronika Horňáková
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University , Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Němeček
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University , Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Reinhard Niessner
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technical University of Munich , 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Petr Skládal
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University , Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Dietmar Knopp
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technical University of Munich , 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans H Gorris
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg , 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sedlmeier A, Hlaváček A, Birner L, Mickert MJ, Muhr V, Hirsch T, Corstjens PLAM, Tanke HJ, Soukka T, Gorris HH. Highly Sensitive Laser Scanning of Photon-Upconverting Nanoparticles on a Macroscopic Scale. Anal Chem 2016; 88:1835-41. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sedlmeier
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- und Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antonín Hlaváček
- Central
European Institute of Technology
(CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Birner
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- und Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias J. Mickert
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- und Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Verena Muhr
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- und Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hirsch
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- und Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Paul L. A. M. Corstjens
- Department
of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J. Tanke
- Department
of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tero Soukka
- Department
of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Hans H. Gorris
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- und Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sedlmeier A, Gorris HH. Surface modification and characterization of photon-upconverting nanoparticles for bioanalytical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:1526-60. [PMID: 25176175 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00186a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Photon-upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) can be excited by near-infrared light and emit visible light (anti-Stokes emission) which prevents autofluorescence and light scattering of biological samples. The potential for background-free imaging has attracted wide interest in UCNPs in recent years. Small and homogeneous lanthanide-doped UCNPs that display high upconversion efficiency have typically been synthesized in organic solvents. Bioanalytical applications, however, require a subsequent phase transfer to aqueous solutions. Hence, the surface properties of UCNPs must be well designed and characterized to grant both a stable aqueous colloidal dispersion and the ability to conjugate biomolecules and other ligands on the nanoparticle surface. In this review, we introduce various routes for the surface modification of UCNPs and critically discuss their advantages and disadvantages. The last part covers various analytical methods that enable a thorough examination of the progress and success of the surface functionalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sedlmeier
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- und Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hlaváček A, Sedlmeier A, Skládal P, Gorris HH. Electrophoretic characterization and purification of silica-coated photon-upconverting nanoparticles and their bioconjugates. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:6930-6935. [PMID: 24697748 DOI: 10.1021/am500732y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Photon-upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) have attracted much interest as a new class of luminescent label for the background-free detection in bioanalytical applications. UCNPs and other nanoparticles are commonly coated with a silica shell to improve their dispersibility and chemical stability in aqueous buffer and to incorporate functional groups for subsequent bioconjugation steps. The process of silica coating, however, is difficult to control without suitable analytical and preparative methods. Here, we have introduced agarose gel electrophoresis for the analysis and purification of silica-coated UCNPs. The silica shell can be doped with a fluorescent dye for direct detection in the gel without influencing the structure or electrophoretic mobility of the nanoparticles. The preparation of a bare silica shell by reverse microemulsion resulted in individual nanoparticles but also distinct aggregates that could be separated and isolated from the agarose gel. In contrast, the preparation of an ultrathin carboxylated silica shell yielded non-aggregated UCNPs only that could be directly used for protein conjugation. Agarose gel electrophoresis has also facilitated an efficient separation of protein-UCNP conjugates from excess reagents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonín Hlaváček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg , 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liebherr RB, Renner M, Gorris HH. A single molecule perspective on the functional diversity of in vitro evolved β-glucuronidase. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:5949-55. [PMID: 24684619 DOI: 10.1021/ja412379p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that drive the evolution of new enzyme activity have been investigated by comparing the kinetics of wild-type and in vitro evolved β-glucuronidase (GUS) at the single molecule level. Several hundred single GUS molecules were separated in large arrays of 62,500 ultrasmall reaction chambers etched into the surface of a fused silica slide to observe their individual substrate turnover rates in parallel by fluorescence microscopy. Individual GUS molecules feature long-lived but divergent activity states, and their mean activity is consistent with classic Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The large number of single molecule substrate turnover rates is representative of the activity distribution within an entire enzyme population. Partially evolved GUS displays a much broader activity distribution among individual enzyme molecules than wild-type GUS. The broader activity distribution indicates a functional division of work between individual molecules in a population of partially evolved enzymes that-as so-called generalists-are characterized by their promiscuous activity with many different substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela B Liebherr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors and ‡Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg , 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mogalisetti P, Gorris HH, Rojek MJ, Walt DR. Elucidating the relationship between substrate and inhibitor binding to the active sites of tetrameric β-galactosidase. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01437e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The stochastic binding and release of two different inhibitors from a tetrameric enzyme is described at the single molecule level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans H. Gorris
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Analytical Chemistry
- Chemo- and Biosensors
- 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - David R. Walt
- Tufts University, Department of Chemistry
- Medford, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ehrl BN, Liebherr RB, Gorris HH. Single molecule kinetics of horseradish peroxidase exposed in large arrays of femtoliter-sized fused silica chambers. Analyst 2013; 138:4260-5. [PMID: 23752650 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00809f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Large arrays of femtoliter-sized chambers were etched into the surface of fused silica slides to enclose and observe hundreds of single horseradish peroxidase (HRP) molecules in parallel. Individual molecules of HRP oxidize the fluorogenic substrate Amplex Red to fluorescent resorufin in separate chambers, which was monitored by fluorescence microscopy. Photooxidation of Amplex Red and photobleaching of resorufin have previously limited the analysis of HRP in femtoliter arrays. We have strongly reduced these effects by optimizing the fluorescence excitation and detection scheme to yield accurate single molecule substrate turnover rates. We demonstrate the presence of long-lived kinetic states of single HRP molecules that are individually different for each molecule in the array. The large number of molecules investigated in parallel provides excellent statistics on the activity distribution in the enzyme population, which is similar to that reported for other enzymes such as β-galactosidase. We have further confirmed that the product formation of HRP in femtoliter chambers is 10-fold lower than that in the bulk solution due to the particular two-step redox reaction mechanism of HRP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benno N Ehrl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gorris HH, Wolfbeis OS. Photon-Upconverting Nanoparticles for Optical Encoding and Multiplexing of Cells, Biomolecules, and Microspheres. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3584-600. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
36
|
Gorris HH, Wolfbeis OS. Photonen aufkonvertierende Nanopartikel zur optischen Codierung und zum Multiplexing von Zellen, Biomolekülen und Mikrosphären. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
37
|
Gorris HH. Kinetic analysis of renin and its inhibitors by detecting double-labelled peptidic substrates with an immunoassay. Analyst 2013; 138:2104-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an36508e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
38
|
Abstract
Photon upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) have become an important new class of optical labels. Their unique property of emitting visible light after photo-excitation with near-infrared radiation enables biological imaging without background interference or cell damage. Biological applications require UCNPs that are dispersible in water and allow the attachment of biomolecules. Oleic acid-coated UCNPs obtained by solvothermal synthesis were functionalized with both hydrophilic PEG and thiol-reactive maleimides, either by ligand exchange or by silanization. Three different types of maleimide-functionalized UCNPs were prepared and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and Raman spectroscopy. Ligand exchange of oleic acid by maleimide-PEG-COOH yielded UCNPs that did not aggregate, were colloidally stable and reacted readily with proteins. Such luminescent labels are required for background-free imaging and many other bioanalytical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela B Liebherr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sedlmeier A, Achatz DE, Fischer LH, Gorris HH, Wolfbeis OS. Photon upconverting nanoparticles for luminescent sensing of temperature. Nanoscale 2012; 4:7090-7096. [PMID: 23070055 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32314a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Photon upconverting nanoparticles convert near-infrared into visible light (anti-Stokes emission), which strongly reduces the background of autofluorescence and light scattering in biological materials. Hexagonal NaYF(4) nanocrystals doped with Yb(3+) as the sensitizer and Er(3+)/Ho(3+)/Tm(3+) as the activator display at least two emission lines that respond differently to temperature changes. The ratio of the main emission line intensities enables a self-referenced optical readout of the temperature in the physiologically relevant range from 20 to 45 °C. Upconverting nanoparticles of the type NaYF(4):Yb, Er covered by an inactive shell of NaYF(4) are bright and allow for resolving temperature differences of less than 0.5 °C in the physiological range. The optical readout of this nanoparticle-based thermometer offers many options for imaging the two-dimensional distribution of temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sedlmeier
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- & Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Martínez Ferreras F, Wolfbeis OS, Gorris HH. Dual lifetime referenced fluorometry for the determination of doxorubicin in urine. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 729:62-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
41
|
Gorris HH, Bade S, Röckendorf N, Fránek M, Frey A. Pushing antibody-based labeling systems to higher sensitivity by linker-assisted affinity enhancement. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1619-24. [PMID: 21749125 DOI: 10.1021/bc2001787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity of antibody/hapten-based labeling systems is limited by the natural affinity ceiling of immunoglobulins. Breaking this limit by antibody engineering is difficult. We thus attempted a different approach and investigated if the so-called bridge effect, a corecognition of the linker present between hapten and carrier protein during antibody generation, can be utilized to improve the affinity of such labeling systems. The well-known haptens 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were equipped with various linkers, and the resulting affinity change of their cognate antibodies was analyzed by ELISA. Anti-2,4-DNP antibodies exhibited the best affinity to their hapten when it was combined with aminobutanoic acid or aminohexanoic acid. The affinity of anti-2,4-D antibodies could be enhanced even further with longer aliphatic spacers connected to the hapten. The affinity toward aminoundecanoic acid-2,4-D derivatives, for instance, was improved about 100-fold compared to 2,4-D alone and yielded detection limits as low as 100 amoles of analyte. As the effect occurred for all antibodies and haptens tested, it may be sensible to implement the bridge effect in future antibody/hapten-labeling systems in order to achieve the highest sensitivity possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Gorris
- Division of Mucosal Immunology and Diagnostics, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gorris HH, Saleh SM, Groegel DBM, Ernst S, Reiner K, Mustroph H, Wolfbeis OS. Long-wavelength absorbing and fluorescent chameleon labels for proteins, peptides, and amines. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1433-7. [PMID: 21671666 DOI: 10.1021/bc200192k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Long-wavelength absorbing labels that change their color and fluorescence upon conjugation to proteins and other biomolecules provide two critical advantages over the wealth of conventional amine-reactive labels. At first, the progress of the labeling reaction can be monitored continuously either visually or by spectrometry without prior purification. Then, the labeled biomolecule can be investigated with red or near-infrared light, which minimizes background interference in biological samples. These unique characteristics are met by a group of long-wavelength absorbing cyanine dyes carrying a reactive chloro substituent for nucleophilic substitution with primary amines, which is accompanied by a color change from green to blue. In addition to this so-called chameleon effect, the dyes display an increase in fluorescence during the labeling reaction. Despite their structural similarity, the reactivity of the dyes differs strongly. The fastest labeling kinetics is observed with dye S 0378 as its five-membered ring affords a stabilizing effect on the intermediate carbocation during an S(N)1-type of nucleophilic substitution. The reaction mechanism of the amine-reactive cyanine dyes provides a blueprint for the design of future long-wavelength absorbing chameleon dyes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Gorris
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gorris HH, Ali R, Saleh SM, Wolfbeis OS. Tuning the dual emission of photon-upconverting nanoparticles for ratiometric multiplexed encoding. Adv Mater 2011; 23:1652-5. [PMID: 21472793 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201004697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Gorris
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wang XD, Gorris HH, Stolwijk JA, Meier RJ, Groegel DBM, Wegener J, Wolfbeis OS. Self-referenced RGB colour imaging of intracellular oxygen. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00610f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
|
45
|
Bade S, Gorris HH, Koelling S, Olivier V, Reuter F, Zabel P, Frey A. Quantitation of major protein constituents of murine intestinal fluid. Anal Biochem 2010; 406:157-65. [PMID: 20624372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a hostile biological environment, yet not all ingested materials are destroyed. The minute differences that determine whether a substance persists or is digested, liberated, adsorbed, excreted, or taken up are still poorly understood. Most attempts to investigate the events occurring during an orogastrointestinal passage rely on simplified in vitro systems where an analyte is exposed to artificial intestinal fluids. To closely mimic the events in the gastrointestinal tract, the exact intestinal fluid composition and the in vivo concentration of its constituents must be known. The widely used lavage procedures, however, dilute the intestinal fluids to an extent that precludes recalculation to the original concentrations. Thus, we developed procedures with which undiluted murine intestinal fluid can be harvested; determined the in vivo concentrations of the digestive enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase and the adsorbents mucin and immunoglobulin A in small intestinal fluid of fasted and unfasted female Balb/c mice; and identified chymotrypsin and immunoglobulin A as valid endogenous dilution markers for the recalculation of aqueous lavages. With these technologies and information at hand, more reliable investigations on the fate of allergens, pathogens, food, and anthropogenic xenobiotics in the gastrointestinal tract will be possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Bade
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Gorris
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bade S, Röckendorf N, Franek M, Gorris HH, Lindner B, Olivier V, Schaper KJ, Frey A. Biolabeling with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid derivatives: the 2,4-D tag. Anal Chem 2010; 81:9695-702. [PMID: 19873999 DOI: 10.1021/ac901900n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Many bioanalytic and diagnostic procedures rely on labels with which the molecule of interest can be tracked in or discriminated from accompanying like substances. Herein, we describe a new labeling and detection system based on derivatives of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and anti-2,4-D antibodies. The 2,4-D system is highly sensitive with a K(D) of 7 x 10(-11) M for the hapten-antibody pair, can be used on a large variety of biomolecules such as proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, is not hampered by endogenous backgrounds because 2,4-D is a xenobiotic, and is robust because 2,4-D is a very stable compound that withstands the conditions of most reactions usually performed on biomolecules. With this unique blend of properties, the 2,4-D system compares favorably with its rivals digoxigenin (DIG)/anti-DIG and biotin/(strept)avidin and provides an interesting and powerful tool in biomolecular labeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Bade
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Many individual horseradish peroxidase (HRP) molecules were isolated and observed simultaneously by fluorescence microscopy in an array of 50 000 femtoliter chambers chemically etched into the surface of a glass optical fiber bundle. The substrate turnovers of hundreds of individual HRP molecules were readily analyzed, and the large number of molecules observed provided excellent statistics. In contrast to other enzymes used for single-molecule studies, the rates of product formation in the femtoliter array were, on average, 10 times lower than in bulk solution. We attribute this phenomenon to the particular redox-reaction mechanism of HRP that involves two separate steps of product formation. HRP first oxidizes fluorogenic substrate molecules like Amplex Red to radical intermediates. Two radical molecules subsequently undergo an enzyme-independent dismutation reaction, the rate of which is decreased when confined to a femtoliter chamber resulting in less product. This two-step reaction mechanism of the widely used Amplex Red, as well as other fluorogenic substrates, is often overlooked. The mechanism not only affects single-molecule studies with HRP but also bulk reactions at low substrate turnover rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Gorris
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gorris HH, Bade S, Röckendorf N, Albers E, Schmidt MA, Fránek M, Frey A. Rapid Profiling of Peptide Stability in Proteolytic Environments. Anal Chem 2009; 81:1580-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802324f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans H. Gorris
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany, Institute of Infectiology, University of Münster, von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Steffen Bade
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany, Institute of Infectiology, University of Münster, von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Niels Röckendorf
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany, Institute of Infectiology, University of Münster, von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eike Albers
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany, Institute of Infectiology, University of Münster, von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M. Alexander Schmidt
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany, Institute of Infectiology, University of Münster, von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Fránek
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany, Institute of Infectiology, University of Münster, von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Frey
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany, Institute of Infectiology, University of Münster, von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Individual enzyme molecules have been observed to possess discrete and different turnover rates due to the presence of long-lived activity states. These stable activity states are thought to result from different molecular conformations or post-translational modifications. The distributions in kinetic activity observed in previous studies were obtained from small numbers of single enzyme molecules. Due to this limitation, it has not been possible to fully characterize the different kinetic and equilibrium binding parameters of single enzyme molecules. In this paper, we analyze hundreds of single beta-galactosidase molecules simultaneously; using a high-density array of 50,000 fL-reaction chambers, we confirm the presence of long-lived kinetic states within a population of enzyme molecules. Our analysis has isolated the source of kinetic variability to kcat. The results explain the kinetic variability within enzyme molecule populations and offer a deeper understanding of the unique properties of single enzyme molecules. Gaining a more fundamental understanding of how individual enzyme molecules work within a population should provide insight into how they affect downstream biochemical processes. If the results reported here can be generalized to other enzymes, then the stochastic nature of individual enzyme molecule kinetics should have a substantial impact on the overall metabolic activity within a cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Rissin
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|