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Gene-Delivery Ability of New Hydrogenated and Partially Fluorinated Gemini bispyridinium Surfactants with Six Methylene Spacers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063062. [PMID: 35328483 PMCID: PMC8949414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic emergency determined by the spreading worldwide of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has focused the scientific and economic efforts of the pharmaceutical industry and governments on the possibility to fight the virus by genetic immunization. The genetic material must be delivered inside the cells by means of vectors. Due to the risk of adverse or immunogenic reaction or replication connected with the more efficient viral vectors, non-viral vectors are in many cases considered as a preferred strategy for gene delivery into eukaryotic cells. This paper is devoted to the evaluation of the gene delivery ability of new synthesized gemini bis-pyridinium surfactants with six methylene spacers, both hydrogenated and fluorinated, in comparison with compounds with spacers of different lengths, previously studied. Results from MTT proliferation assay, electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA), transient transfection assay tests and atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging confirm that pyridinium gemini surfactants could be a valuable tool for gene delivery purposes, but their performance is highly dependent on the spacer length and strictly related to their structure in solution. All the fluorinated compounds are unable to transfect RD-4 cells, if used alone, but they are all able to deliver a plasmid carrying an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression cassette, when co-formulated with 1,2-dioleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) in a 1:2 ratio. The fluorinated compounds with spacers formed by six (FGP6) and eight carbon atoms (FGP8) give rise to a very interesting gene delivery activity, greater to that of the commercial reagent, when formulated with DOPE. The hydrogenated compound GP16_6 is unable to sufficiently compact the DNA, as shown by AFM images.
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Abstract
RNA-based therapeutics have shown great promise in treating a broad spectrum of diseases through various mechanisms including knockdown of pathological genes, expression of therapeutic proteins, and programmed gene editing. Due to the inherent instability and negative-charges of RNA molecules, RNA-based therapeutics can make the most use of delivery systems to overcome biological barriers and to release the RNA payload into the cytosol. Among different types of delivery systems, lipid-based RNA delivery systems, particularly lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), have been extensively studied due to their unique properties, such as simple chemical synthesis of lipid components, scalable manufacturing processes of LNPs, and wide packaging capability. LNPs represent the most widely used delivery systems for RNA-based therapeutics, as evidenced by the clinical approvals of three LNP-RNA formulations, patisiran, BNT162b2, and mRNA-1273. This review covers recent advances of lipids, lipid derivatives, and lipid-derived macromolecules used in RNA delivery over the past several decades. We focus mainly on their chemical structures, synthetic routes, characterization, formulation methods, and structure-activity relationships. We also briefly describe the current status of representative preclinical studies and clinical trials and highlight future opportunities and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebao Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Changzhen Sun
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Chang Wang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Katarina E Jankovic
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Cationic Single-Chained Surfactants with a Functional Group at the End of the Hydrophobic Tail DNA Compacting Efficiency. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040589. [PMID: 33924284 PMCID: PMC8074900 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between calf-thymus DNA, ctDNA, and various single-chained surfactants with different functional groups at the end of hydrophobic tail was studied with the goal of investigating the influence of the functional group nature on surfactant DNA compacting efficiency. The surfactants investigated were dodecyltriethylammonium bromide (DTEABr), triethyl(1-phenoxydodecyl)ammonium bromide (12PhBr), triethyl(2-naphthoxydodecyl)ammonium bromide (12NBr) and 11-(isonicotinoyloxy)-N,N,N-triethyl-1-undecanaminium bromide (11PyBr). Results made evident that the surfactants' tendencies to self-aggregation is the key factor determining their efficiency to compact the nucleic acid. Subsequently, DOPE/12NBr/pEGFP-C1 lipoplexes, with different cationic surfactant molar fractions (α) and mass ratios (L/D), were prepared and characterized. DOPE is a zwitterionic phospholipid 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, and the plasmid pEGFP-C1 carries a GFP coding sequence with the necessary regulatory elements for constitutive expression of the gene in human cells. 12NBr was chosen because it was the most efficient DNA compacting agent among the surfactants investigated. Finally, the cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency (TE) of DOPE/12NBr/pDNA lipoplexes, with different compositions, were investigated.
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Leitgeb AJ, Feliciano JA, Sanchez HA, Allen RA, Morrison KR, Sommers KJ, Carden RG, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC. Further Investigations into Rigidity-Activity Relationships in BisQAC Amphiphilic Antiseptics. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:667-670. [PMID: 32022457 PMCID: PMC8322965 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-six biscationic quaternary ammonium compounds were efficiently synthesized in one step to examine the effect of molecular geometry of two-carbon linkers on antimicrobial activity. The synthesized compounds showed strong antimicrobial activity against a panel of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). While the linker geometry showed only a modest correlation with antimicrobial activity, several of the synthesized bisQACs are promising potential antiseptics due to good antimicrobial activity (MIC≤2 μM) and their higher therapeutic indices compared to previously reported QACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin J. Leitgeb
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085 (USA)
| | | | - Hugo A. Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085 (USA)
| | - Ryan A. Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085 (USA)
| | | | - Kyle J. Sommers
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322 (USA)
| | - Robert G. Carden
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085 (USA)
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322 (USA)
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5
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Influence of the degree of oligomerization of surfactants on the DNA/surfactant interaction. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 182:110399. [PMID: 31377609 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between calf thymus DNA, ctDNA, and a series of oligomeric surfactants derived from N-benzyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-(1-dodecyl)ammonium chloride is investigated. The influence of the surfactants' degree of oligomerization (2, 3 and 4) on the ctDNA/surfactant interaction is studied, as well as the effect of the structure of the spacer group linking the individual surfactant fragments. In particular, the effect of the distance between the positive charges and the hydrophobic chains within the oligomers on these interactions was examined, by using the three positional isomers (i.e., ortho-, meta-, and para-) with the rigid xylidene moiety as spacer. Results show that the dimeric ("gemini") surfactants are much more efficient in the inversion of the nucleic acid charge than the single-chained (monomeric) surfactant. Whereas the ortho - isomer causes a partial condensation, the meta - and para - isomers can completely condense ctDNA. The meta - and para - isomers of the trimeric surfactants can also completely condense the polynucleotide. In contrast, the tetrameric surfactant investigated does not change the morphology of the nucleic acid from an elongated coil into a compacted form, in spite of effectively inverting the nucleic acid's charge in their complex. Accordingly, the capacity for ctDNA compaction of oligomeric surfactants is not simply correlated to their degree of oligomerization, but depends on a complex balance of the number and relative distance of cationic charges and/or hydrophobic tails in the surfactants for effectively interacting with the nucleic acid to form the appropriate complex. This information will help to design more effective cationic surfactants as non-viral vectors for gene therapy.
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Bhadani A, Kafle A, Koura S, Sakai K, Sakai H, Abe M. Physicochemical Evaluation of Micellar Solution and Lyotropic Phases Formed by Self-Assembled Aggregates of Morpholinium Geminis. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:5324-5334. [PMID: 31457801 PMCID: PMC6644452 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The micellar solution and the lyotropic liquid crystalline phases formed by gemini surfactants containing morpholinium headgroups are investigated for their self-aggregation and physicochemical properties in water. These gemini surfactants demonstrated good surface activity because they are able to undergo micellization at lower concentration and form nanosized micellar aggregates in dilute aqueous solution. The binary mixture of the morpholinium gemini surfactant-water system is investigated over a wide range of concentrations. The micellar solution of the morpholinium gemini surfactants demonstrated Newtonian fluidlike behavior between 10 and 50 wt % as the observed viscosities were independent of the applied shear rate. At higher concentration, morpholinium geminis formed self-assembled lyotropic phases in water. These liquid crystalline phases were characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering and polarized optical microscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Bhadani
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology and Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ananda Kafle
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology and Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Setsuko Koura
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Chiba Institute of
Technology, 2-17-1, Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-8588, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sakai
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology and Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakai
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology and Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiko Abe
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology and Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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Satyal U, Draghici B, Dragic LL, Zhang Q, Norris KW, Madesh M, Brailoiu E, Ilies MA. Interfacially Engineered Pyridinium Pseudogemini Surfactants as Versatile and Efficient Supramolecular Delivery Systems for DNA, siRNA, and mRNA. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:29481-29495. [PMID: 28809098 PMCID: PMC7774514 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the synthesis, self-assembly, and biological activity as transfection agents for pDNA, siRNA, and mRNA of novel pyridinium pseudogemini surfactants, interfacially engineered from the most efficient gemini surfactants and lipids generated in our amphiphile research program. Formulation of novel amphiphiles in water revealed supramolecular properties very similar to those of gemini surfactants, despite their lipidlike charge/mass ratio. This dual character was found also to enhance endosomal escape and significantly increase the transfection efficiency. We were also successful in identifying the parameters governing the efficient delivery of pDNA, siRNA, and mRNA, drawing valuable structure-activity and structure-property relationships for each nucleic acid type, and establishing DNA/siRNA/mRNA comparisons. Several supramolecular complexes identified in this study proved to be extremely efficient nucleic acid delivery systems, displaying excellent serum stability and tissue penetration in three-dimensional organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Satyal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center of Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Bogdan Draghici
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center of Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Lisa L. Dragic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center of Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Qiangnan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center of Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Kyle W. Norris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center of Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Center for Translational Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Eugen Brailoiu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Marc A. Ilies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center of Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
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8
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Al-Khalifa SE, Jennings MC, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC. The Development of Next-Generation Pyridinium-Based multiQAC Antiseptics. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:280-283. [PMID: 28033453 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A series of 18 bis- and tris-pyridinium amphiphiles were prepared and tested for both antimicrobial activity and lytic capability, in comparison with the commercially available pyridinium antiseptic cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). Assessments were made against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including two methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. While 2Pyr-11,11 was identified as one of the most potent antimicrobial quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) reported to date, boasting nanomolar inhibition against five of six bacteria tested, no significant improvement in bioactivity of tris-pyridinium amphiphiles over their bis-pyridinium counterparts was observed. However, the multicationic QACs (multiQACs) presented herein did display significant advantages over the monocationic CPC; while similar red blood cell lysis was observed, superior activity against both Gram-negative bacteria and resistant S. aureus strains led to the discovery of four pyridinium-based multiQACs with advantageous therapeutic indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh E Al-Khalifa
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Megan C Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
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Fisicaro E, Compari C, Bacciottini F, Contardi L, Pongiluppi E, Barbero N, Viscardi G, Quagliotto P, Donofrio G, Krafft MP. Nonviral gene-delivery by highly fluorinated gemini bispyridinium surfactant-based DNA nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 487:182-191. [PMID: 27769002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biological and thermodynamic properties of a new homologous series of highly fluorinated bispyridinium cationic gemini surfactants, differing in the length of the spacer bridging the pyridinium polar heads in 1,1' position, are reported for the first time. Interestingly, gene delivery ability is closely associated with the spacer length due to a structural change of the molecule in solution. This conformation change is allowed when the spacer reaches the right length, and it is suggested by the trends of the apparent and partial molar enthalpies vs molality. To assess the compounds' biological activity, they were tested with an agarose gel electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA), MTT proliferation assay and Transient Transfection assays on a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line. Data from atomic force microscopy (AFM) allow for morphological characterization of DNA nanoparticles. Dilution enthalpies, measured at 298K, enabled the determination of apparent and partial molar enthalpies vs molality. All tested compounds (except that with the longest spacer), at different levels, can deliver the plasmid when co-formulated with 1,2-dioleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE). The compound with a spacer formed by eight carbon atoms gives rise to a gene delivery ability that is comparable to that of the commercial reagent. The compound with the longest spacer compacts DNA in loosely condensed structures by forming bows, which are not suitable for transfection. Regarding the compounds' hydrogenated counterparts, the tight relationship between the solution thermodynamics data and their biological performance is amazing, making "old" methods the foundation to deeply understanding "new" applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Fisicaro
- University of Parma, Department of Pharmacy, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Carlotta Compari
- University of Parma, Department of Pharmacy, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Franco Bacciottini
- University of Parma, Department of Pharmacy, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Contardi
- University of Parma, Department of Pharmacy, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Erika Pongiluppi
- University of Parma, Department of Pharmacy, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Nadia Barbero
- University of Torino, Department of Chemistry, Interdepartmental "Nanostructured Surfaces and Interfaces" NIS Centre, Via P. Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Guido Viscardi
- University of Torino, Department of Chemistry, Interdepartmental "Nanostructured Surfaces and Interfaces" NIS Centre, Via P. Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Quagliotto
- University of Torino, Department of Chemistry, Interdepartmental "Nanostructured Surfaces and Interfaces" NIS Centre, Via P. Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Gaetano Donofrio
- University of Parma, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Marie Pierre Krafft
- Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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10
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Zheng LT, Yi WJ, Su RC, Liu Q, Zhao ZG. Reducible Amino Acid Based Cationic Lipids as Highly Efficient and Serum-Tolerant Gene Vectors. Chempluschem 2015; 81:125-134. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201500307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ting Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering; Southwest University for Nationalities; Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jing Yi
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering; Southwest University for Nationalities; Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Rong-Chuan Su
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering; Southwest University for Nationalities; Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering; Southwest University for Nationalities; Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering; Southwest University for Nationalities; Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
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