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Amaral MSS, Hearn MTW, Marriott PJ. Lipase-catalysed changes in essential oils revealed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04729-0. [PMID: 37184634 PMCID: PMC10184066 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Candida antarctica lipase A (CALA) was applied for the chemo-selective enzymatic transesterification of terpene and phenyl alcohols in 35 different essential oil samples. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC×GC‒MS) analysis enabled the separation and tentative identification of a cohort of 125 compounds, allowing the instant visualisation of the reaction process changes, amid the complex chemical background of the samples. The results indicate that 42 out of 79 alcohols so-identified were fully or partially esterified within 48 h of reaction, with primary alcohols being the substrates of preference of the enzyme (90-100% conversion), followed by secondary alcohols (mostly ~ 80-100% conversion). No significant conversion of tertiary alcohols and phenols was observed using the tested conditions. Overall, the enzyme's performance was consistent for primary alcohol substrates identified in multiple samples of different compositions. The observed selectivity, efficiency, robustness, scalability (enzyme/substrate working concentration ratio > 1:160), potential reusability, mild reaction conditions, and other factors make this process a greener and more sustainable alternative for industry applications, particularly for the manufacture of novel flavours and fragrances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S S Amaral
- Australian Centre for Research On Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Milton T W Hearn
- Australian Centre for Research On Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Philip J Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research On Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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Quantitative assessment of enzymatic processes applied to flavour and fragrance standard compounds using gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1209:123412. [PMID: 35970072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The performance of different enzymes towards the bioprocessing of aroma-related compounds was investigated and a strategy based on GC-FID analysis was developed to facilitate assessment of the stages of characterisation, screening and optimisation, including chiral ratio determination. Characterisation included activity assays (UV-Vis and GC-FID), protein quantification (NanoDrop spectrophotometry) and molar mass estimation (SDS-PAGE electrophoresis). Screening experiments assessed different enzymes, substrates, solvents, acyl donors or mediators. Aroma-related substrates comprised terpene and phenolic compounds. The enzymes tested included the lipases CALA (Sigma-Aldrich), NZ-435, LZ-TLIM, NC-ADL, LZ-CALBL and the laccases NZ-51003 and DL-IIS (all from Novozymes). Among those, NZ-435 and NZ-51003 had the highest activities in the characterisation stage and, along with CALA, achieved conversions above 70% for citronellol (lipases) or 50% for eugenol (laccases) at the screening stage. The lipases had preference for the primary alcohol and laccases for phenolic compounds, among the tested substrates. The transesterification reaction between the lipase CALA and the standards mixture (citronellol, menthol, linalool) was used to demonstrate the optimisation stage, where the best levels of temperature, enzyme and acyl donor concentrations were investigated. Optimum conditions were found to be 37-40 °C, 3-4 mg/mL of enzyme and 58-60% (v/v) vinyl acetate. Additional confirmation experiments using the same terpene standards mixture and citronella oil sample, gave a conversion of > 95% for citronellol after 1 h (for both, standards mixture and sample), and 20% or 74% for menthol after 1 h or 24 h, respectively. None of the tested enzymes demonstrated significant enantioselectivity under the tested conditions. The GC-FID approach demonstrated here was suitable to determine the reaction profiles and chiral ratio variations for biocatalysed reactions with aroma compounds in low complexity samples. Advanced separations will be applied to more complex samples in the future.
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Gal JF, Maria PC, Duñach E, Meierhenrich UJ. Evolution of Chemical Research in Nice, Côte d'Azur: From Early Laboratories to the 'Institut de Chimie de Nice'. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202100532. [PMID: 35312225 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The 'Institut de Chimie de Nice' (ICN), founded in 2012, celebrates its 10th anniversary in 2022. Today, the ICN is part of the University Côte d'Azur (UCA), one out of nine excellence universities in France. ICN is also affiliated to the CNRS. We use the institute's anniversary to reflect on the origins and the successful evolution of research in chemical sciences in Nice, France. We outline research topics and their development towards modern chemistry in Nice that are characterized by innovation and territorial anchoring. At present, four research axes, namely aroma and perfume chemistry, medicinal chemistry, radiochemistry, and material chemistry structure the institute. ICN has created five start-up companies and includes a technological platform. The ICN is central part of the university and contributes to the advancement in chemical sciences as evidenced by both fundamental research and active contributions to local partnerships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Gal
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Chimie de Nice, CNRS UMR 7272, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Pierre-Charles Maria
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Chimie de Nice, CNRS UMR 7272, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Elisabet Duñach
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Chimie de Nice, CNRS UMR 7272, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Uwe J Meierhenrich
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Chimie de Nice, CNRS UMR 7272, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108, Nice, France
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Lecourt M, Antoniotti S. Chemistry, Sustainability and Naturality of Perfumery Biotech Ingredients. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5600-5610. [PMID: 32853474 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
White biotechnology has emerged in biochemical manufacturing processes to deliver perfumery ingredients satisfying interests of the society for natural, eco-responsible, and sustainable materials. As a result, an intense R&D activity has taken place on these subjects, resulting in both scientific publications and patent applications reporting combinations of state-of-the-art approaches in biocatalysis, metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, biosynthesis elucidation, gene edition and cloning, and analytical chemistry. In this Minireview, a smelly selection of novel biotechnological processes and ingredients from a scientific articles and patents survey covering the last 6 years is presented and analysed in terms of chemistry, sustainability and naturality. Classification has been made between metabolic engineering on one side, allowing either biotechnological synthesis of essential oil surrogates or single molecule ingredients, and on the other side the optimisation of properties of natural complex substances by specific and selective enzymatic modifications of their chemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Lecourt
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Parc Valrose, 06108, Nice cedex 2, France
| | - Sylvain Antoniotti
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Parc Valrose, 06108, Nice cedex 2, France
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Armanino N, Charpentier J, Flachsmann F, Goeke A, Liniger M, Kraft P. Heiße Luft oder cooler Duft? Die Trends der letzten 20 Jahre in der Riechstoffchemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Armanino
- Givaudan Schweiz AGFragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Schweiz
| | - Julie Charpentier
- Givaudan Schweiz AGFragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Schweiz
| | - Felix Flachsmann
- Givaudan Schweiz AGFragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Schweiz
| | - Andreas Goeke
- Givaudan Schweiz AGFragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Schweiz
| | - Marc Liniger
- Givaudan Schweiz AGFragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Schweiz
| | - Philip Kraft
- Givaudan Schweiz AGFragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Schweiz
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Armanino N, Charpentier J, Flachsmann F, Goeke A, Liniger M, Kraft P. What's Hot, What's Not: The Trends of the Past 20 Years in the Chemistry of Odorants. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16310-16344. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Armanino
- Givaudan Schweiz AG Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Switzerland
| | - Julie Charpentier
- Givaudan Schweiz AG Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Switzerland
| | - Felix Flachsmann
- Givaudan Schweiz AG Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Switzerland
| | - Andreas Goeke
- Givaudan Schweiz AG Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Switzerland
| | - Marc Liniger
- Givaudan Schweiz AG Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Switzerland
| | - Philip Kraft
- Givaudan Schweiz AG Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Switzerland
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Amaral MSS, Marriott PJ. The Blossoming of Technology for the Analysis of Complex Aroma Bouquets-A Review on Flavour and Odorant Multidimensional and Comprehensive Gas Chromatography Applications. Molecules 2019; 24:E2080. [PMID: 31159223 PMCID: PMC6600270 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidimensional approaches in gas chromatography have been established as potent tools to (almost) attain fully resolved analyses. Flavours and odours are important application fields for these techniques since they include complex matrices, and are of interest for both scientific study and to consumers. This article is a review of the main research studies in the above theme, discussing the achievements and challenges that demonstrate a maturing of analytical separation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S S Amaral
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Philip J Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Enzyme-Catalysed Conversion of Atranol and Derivatives into Dimeric Hydrosoluble Materials: Application to the Preparation of a Low-Atranol Oakmoss Absolute. COSMETICS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics5040069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oakmoss absolute, a solvent extract from Evernia prunastri, is a valuable fragrance ingredient widely used in fine fragrance for almost two centuries. Some minor components of oakmoss absolute, such as atranol and chloroatranol, are attested contact allergens and their presence in fragrance and cosmetic products should be as low as possible. In this context, we have developed an enzyme-based protocol upon which these undesirable molecules are converted in a hydrosoluble dimeric material, and thus easily separated from the absolute by liquid–liquid extraction. Analytical and sensory analyses were performed to confirm the specificity of the process, the absence of alteration of the olfactory quality of the absolute, and the final titles of atranol and chloroatranol, which eventually were observed in the ppm range. This highly sustainable process is a viable alternative to conventional time-, energy-, and manpower-consuming techniques to produce very low-atranol oakmoss absolute.
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Lebanov L, Tedone L, Kaykhaii M, Linford MR, Paull B. Multidimensional Gas Chromatography in Essential Oil Analysis. Part 2: Application to Characterisation and Identification. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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Integrated comprehensive two-dimensional gas-chromatographic and spectroscopic characterization of vetiveryl acetates: Molecular identifications, quantification of constituents, regulatory and olfactory considerations. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1573:125-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Raman JK, Alves CM, Gnansounou E. A review on moringa tree and vetiver grass - Potential biorefinery feedstocks. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 249:1044-1051. [PMID: 29146310 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants and derivatives have been explored for unlimited purposes by mankind, from crop cultivation for providing food and animal feed, to the use for cosmetics, therapeutics and energy. Moringa tree and vetiver grass features, capabilities and applications were explored through a literature review. The suitability of these plants for the bioenergy industry products is evidenced, namely for bioethanol, biogas and biodiesel, given the lignocellulosic biomass content of these plants and characteristics of moringa seed oil. In addition, moringa leaves and pods are an important source for food and animal feed industries due to their high nutrient value. Thus, the co-cultivation of moringa and vetiver could provide energy and food security, and contribute to more sustainable agricultural practices and for the development of rural areas. Policymakers, institutions and scientific community must engage to promote the cultivation of multipurpose crops to cope with energy and food industries competition for biomass.
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Cecati FM, Magallanes-Noguera C, Tonn CE, Ardanaz CE, Kurina-Sanz M. Ecofriendly chemical diversification of Eupatorium buniifolium essential oil by endophytic fungi. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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13
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Zhang K, Lin Y, Diao ZJ, Zhang WH, Zheng SP, Liang SL, Han SY. Enzymatic Process Enhances the Flavour Profile and Increases the Proportion of Esters in Citrus Essential Oils. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering; School of Biology and Biological Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Ying Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering; School of Biology and Biological Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Zhou-Jian Diao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering; School of Biology and Biological Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Wei-Hua Zhang
- Guangzhou Suntas Flavour & Fragrance Co. Ltd.; Guangzhou Guangdong 510006 P. R. China
| | - Sui-Ping Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering; School of Biology and Biological Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Shu-Li Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering; School of Biology and Biological Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Yan Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering; School of Biology and Biological Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
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