1
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Luo D, Zhu XW, Zhou XP, Li D. Covalent Post-Synthetic Modification of Metal-Organic Cages: Concepts and Recent Progress. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400020. [PMID: 38293757 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic cages (MOCs) are supramolecular coordination complexes that have internal cavities for hosting guest molecules and exhibiting various properties. However, the functions of MOCs are limited by the choice of the building blocks. Post-synthetic modification (PSM) is a technique that can introduce new functional groups and replace existing ones on the MOCs without changing their geometry. Among many PSM methods, covalent PSM is a promising approach to modify MOCs with tailored structures and functions. Covalent PSM can be applied to either the internal cavity or the external surface of the MOCs, depending on the functionality expected to be customized. However, there are still some challenges and limitations in the field of covalent PSM of MOCs, such as the balance between the stability of MOCs and the harshness of organic reactions involved in covalent PSMs. This concept article introduces the organic reaction types involved in covalent PSM of MOCs, their new applications after modification, and summarizes and provides an outlook of this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Luo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, P.R. China
- Guangdong Rare Earth Photofunctional Materials Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Chemistry and Environment, Jiaying University, Meizhou, 514015, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, P.R. China
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2
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Nishijima A, Osugi Y, Uemura T. Fabrication of Self-Expanding Metal-Organic Cages Using a Ring-Openable Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404155. [PMID: 38453647 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic cages (MOCs), which are formed via coordination-driven assembly, are being extensively developed for various applications owing to the utility of their accessible molecular-sized cavity. While MOC structures are uniquely and precisely predetermined by the metal coordination number and ligand configuration, tailoring MOCs to further modulate the size, shape, and chemical environment of the cavities has become intensively studied for a more efficient and adaptive molecular binding. Herein, we report self-expanding MOCs that exhibit remarkable structural variations in cage size and flexibility while maintaining their topology. A cyclic ligand with an oligomeric chain tethering the two benzene rings of stilbene was designed and mixed with RhII ions to obtain the parent MOCs. These MOCs were successfully transformed into expanded MOCs via the selective cleavage of the double bond in stilbene. The expanded MOCs could effectively trap multidentate N-donor molecules in their enlarged cavity, in contrast to the original MOCs with a narrow cavity. As the direct synthesis of expanded MOCs is impractical because of the entropically disfavored structures, self-expansion using ring-openable ligands is a promising approach that allows precision engineering and the production of functional MOCs that would otherwise be inaccessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Nishijima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuto Osugi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Uemura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Moree LK, Faulkner LAV, Crowley JD. Heterometallic cages: synthesis and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:25-46. [PMID: 38037385 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00690e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
High symmetry metallosupramolecular architectures (MSAs) have been exploited for a range of applications including molecular recognition, catalysis and drug delivery. Recently there have been increasing efforts to enhance those applications by generating reduced symmetry MSAs. While there are several emerging methods for generating lower symmetry MSAs, this tutorial review examines the general methods used for synthesizing heterometallic MSAs with a particular focus on heterometallic cages. Additionally, the intrinsic properties of the cages and their potential emerging applications as host-guest systems and reaction catalysts are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana K Moree
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Logan A V Faulkner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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4
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Metal Organic Polygons and Polyhedra: Instabilities and Remedies. INORGANICS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics11010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of coordination chemistry has undergone rapid transformation from preparation of monometallic complexes to multimetallic complexes. So far numerous multimetallic coordination complexes have been synthesized. Multimetallic coordination complexes with well-defined architectures are often called as metal organic polygons and polyhedra (MOPs). In recent past, MOPs have received tremendous attention due to their potential applicability in various emerging fields. However, the field of coordination chemistry of MOPs often suffer set back due to the instability of coordination complexes particularly in aqueous environment-mostly by aqueous solvent and atmospheric moisture. Accordingly, the fate of the field does not rely only on the water solubilities of newly synthesized MOPs but very much dependent on their stabilities both in solution and solid state. The present review discusses several methodologies to prepare MOPs and investigates their stabilities under various circumstances. Considering the potential applicability of MOPs in sustainable way, several methodologies (remedies) to enhance the stabilities of MOPs are discussed here.
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5
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Benchimol E, Nguyen BNT, Ronson TK, Nitschke JR. Transformation networks of metal-organic cages controlled by chemical stimuli. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5101-5135. [PMID: 35661155 PMCID: PMC9207707 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00801j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The flexibility of biomolecules enables them to adapt and transform as a result of signals received from the external environment, expressing different functions in different contexts. In similar fashion, coordination cages can undergo stimuli-triggered transformations owing to the dynamic nature of the metal-ligand bonds that hold them together. Different types of stimuli can trigger dynamic reconfiguration of these metal-organic assemblies, to switch on or off desired functionalities. Such adaptable systems are of interest for applications in switchable catalysis, selective molecular recognition or as transformable materials. This review highlights recent advances in the transformation of cages using chemical stimuli, providing a catalogue of reported strategies to transform cages and thus allow the creation of new architectures. Firstly we focus on strategies for transformation through the introduction of new cage components, which trigger reconstitution of the initial set of components. Secondly we summarize conversions triggered by external stimuli such as guests, concentration, solvent or pH, highlighting the adaptation processes that coordination cages can undergo. Finally, systems capable of responding to multiple stimuli are described. Such systems constitute composite chemical networks with the potential for more complex behaviour. We aim to offer new perspectives on how to design transformation networks, in order to shed light on signal-driven transformation processes that lead to the preparation of new functional metal-organic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Benchimol
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Bao-Nguyen T Nguyen
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Tanya K Ronson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Jonathan R Nitschke
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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6
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Kim Y, Kang P, Oh HS, Cho HM, Choi MG. Altering the binding affinities of tetraruthenocycles for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by post-assembly modification. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6304-6307. [PMID: 35531768 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01544g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed a strategy for manipulating the binding strength of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) via covalent post-assembly modification (PAM) of tetranuclear ruthenium macrocycles containing s-tetrazine ligands. The macrocycles act as efficient receptors for various PAHs. Inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction of the macrocycles was applied to reduce the binding ability significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| | - Philjae Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| | - Han Sol Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| | - Hyeon Mo Cho
- University College, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, Korea.
| | - Moon-Gun Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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7
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McTernan CT, Davies JA, Nitschke JR. Beyond Platonic: How to Build Metal-Organic Polyhedra Capable of Binding Low-Symmetry, Information-Rich Molecular Cargoes. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10393-10437. [PMID: 35436092 PMCID: PMC9185692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
field of metallosupramolecular chemistry has advanced rapidly
in recent years. Much work in this area has focused on the formation
of hollow self-assembled metal-organic architectures and exploration
of the applications of their confined nanospaces. These discrete,
soluble structures incorporate metal ions as ‘glue’
to link organic ligands together into polyhedra.Most of the architectures
employed thus far have been highly symmetrical, as these have been
the easiest to prepare. Such high-symmetry structures contain pseudospherical
cavities, and so typically bind roughly spherical guests. Biomolecules
and high-value synthetic compounds are rarely isotropic, highly-symmetrical
species. To bind, sense, separate, and transform such substrates,
new, lower-symmetry, metal-organic cages are needed. Herein we summarize
recent approaches, which taken together form the first draft of a
handbook for the design of higher-complexity, lower-symmetry, self-assembled
metal-organic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie T McTernan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jack A Davies
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R Nitschke
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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8
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Liu J, Wang Z, Cheng P, Zaworotko MJ, Chen Y, Zhang Z. Post-synthetic modifications of metal–organic cages. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:339-356. [PMID: 37117929 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic cages (MOCs) are discrete, supramolecular entities that consist of metal nodes and organic linkers, which can offer solution processability and high porosity. Thereby, their predesigned structures can undergo post-synthetic modifications (PSMs) to introduce new functional groups and properties by modifying the linker, metal node, pore or surface environment. This Review explores current PSM strategies used for MOCs, including covalent, coordination and noncovalent methods. The effects of newly introduced functional groups or generated complexes upon the PSMs of MOCs are also detailed, such as improving structural stability or endowing desired functionalities. The development of the aforementioned design principles has enabled systematic approaches for the development and characterization of families of MOCs and, thereby, provides insight into structure-function relationships that will guide future developments.
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9
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Zaera F. Designing Sites in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Are We Reaching Selectivities Competitive With Those of Homogeneous Catalysts? Chem Rev 2022; 122:8594-8757. [PMID: 35240777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of different prominent nanotechnologies adapted to catalysis is provided, with focus on how they contribute to the improvement of selectivity in heterogeneous catalysis. Ways to modify catalytic sites range from the use of the reversible or irreversible adsorption of molecular modifiers to the immobilization or tethering of homogeneous catalysts and the development of well-defined catalytic sites on solid surfaces. The latter covers methods for the dispersion of single-atom sites within solid supports as well as the use of complex nanostructures, and it includes the post-modification of materials via processes such as silylation and atomic layer deposition. All these methodologies exhibit both advantages and limitations, but all offer new avenues for the design of catalysts for specific applications. Because of the high cost of most nanotechnologies and the fact that the resulting materials may exhibit limited thermal or chemical stability, they may be best aimed at improving the selective synthesis of high value-added chemicals, to be incorporated in organic synthesis schemes, but other applications are being explored as well to address problems in energy production, for instance, and to design greener chemical processes. The details of each of these approaches are discussed, and representative examples are provided. We conclude with some general remarks on the future of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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10
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Zhu XW, Luo D, Zhou XP, Li D. Imidazole-based metal-organic cages: Synthesis, structures, and functions. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Shintani Y, Ohtomi T, Shibata A, Kitamura Y, Hirosawa KM, Suzuki KGN, Ikeda M. Formation of Supramolecular Nanostructures through in Situ Self‐Assembly and Post‐Assembly Modification of a Biocatalytically Constructed Dipeptide Hydrazide**. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104421. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Shintani
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Taku Ohtomi
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Aya Shibata
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kitamura
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Koichiro M. Hirosawa
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE) Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Kenichi G. N. Suzuki
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE) Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Masato Ikeda
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE) Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems Institutes of Innovation for Future Society Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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12
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Giraldi E, Scopelliti R, Fadaei-Tirani F, Severin K. Metal-Stabilized Boronate Ester Cages. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10873-10879. [PMID: 34291934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular cages with arylboronate ester caps at the vertices are described. The cages were obtained by metal-templated polycondensation reactions of a tris(2-formylpyridine oxime) ligand with arylboronic acids. Suited templates are triflate or triflimide salts of ZnII, FeII, CoII, or MnII. In the products, the metal ions are coordinated internally to the pyridyl and oximato N atoms adjacent to the boronate ester, resulting in an improved hydrolytic stability of the latter. It is possible to decorate the cages with cyano or aldehyde groups using functionalized arylboronic acids. The aldehyde groups allow for a postsynthetic modification of the cages via an imine bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Giraldi
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Schneider ML, Markwell-Heys AW, Linder-Patton OM, Bloch WM. Assembly and Covalent Cross-Linking of an Amine-Functionalised Metal-Organic Cage. Front Chem 2021; 9:696081. [PMID: 34113604 PMCID: PMC8185198 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.696081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of reactive functional groups onto the exterior of metal-organic cages (MOCs) opens up new opportunities to link their well-defined scaffolds into functional porous solids. Amine moieties offer access to a rich catalogue of covalent chemistry; however, they also tend to coordinate undesirably and interfere with MOC formation, particular in the case of Cu2 paddlewheel-based MOCs. We demonstrate that tuning the basicity of an aniline-functionalized ligand enables the self-assembly of a soluble, amine-functionalized Cu4L4 lantern cage (1). Importantly, we show control over the coordinative propensity of the exterior amine of the ligand, which enables us to isolate a crystalline, two-dimensional metal-organic framework composed entirely of MOC units (2). Furthermore, we show that the nucleophilicity of the exterior amine of 1 can be accessed in solution to generate a cross-linked cage polymer (3) via imine condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | | | - Witold M Bloch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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14
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Enríquez‐Cabrera A, Ridier K, Salmon L, Routaboul L, Bousseksou A. Complete and Versatile Post‐Synthetic Modification on Iron‐Triazole Spin Crossover Complexes: A Relevant Material Elaboration Method. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Enríquez‐Cabrera
- CNRS Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC) 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099 Toulouse Cedex 4 31077 France
| | - Karl Ridier
- CNRS Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC) 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099 Toulouse Cedex 4 31077 France
| | - Lionel Salmon
- CNRS Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC) 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099 Toulouse Cedex 4 31077 France
| | - Lucie Routaboul
- CNRS Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC) 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099 Toulouse Cedex 4 31077 France
| | - Azzedine Bousseksou
- CNRS Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC) 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099 Toulouse Cedex 4 31077 France
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15
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Akine S. Control of guest binding behavior of metal-containing host molecules by ligand exchange. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:4429-4444. [PMID: 33877165 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00048a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the control of guest binding behavior of metal-containing host molecules that is driven by ligand exchange reactions at the metal centers. Recently, a vast number of metal-containing host molecules including metal-assisted self-assembled structures have been developed, and the structural transformation after construction of the host framework has now been of interest from the viewpoint of functional switching and tuning. Among the various kinds of chemical transformations, ligand exchange has a great advantage in the structural conversions of metal-containing hosts, because ligand exchange usually proceeds under mild conditions that do not affect the host framework. In this review, the structural transformations are classified into three types: (1) weak-link approach, (2) subcomponent substitution, and (3) post-metalation modification, according to the type of coordination motif. The control of their guest binding behavior by the structural transformations is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehisa Akine
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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16
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Markwell-Heys AW, Schneider ML, Madridejos JML, Metha GF, Bloch WM. Self-sorting of porous Cu 4L 2L' 2 metal-organic cages composed of isomerisable ligands. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2915-2918. [PMID: 33616581 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc08076d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report the self-sorting of a dynamic combinatorial library (DCL) of metal-organic cages composed of a rotationally isomerisable ligand. Convergence of the DCL occurs upon crystallisation and leads to low-symmetry Cu4L2L'2 cages that display differing porosities based on their overall shape and ligand configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew L Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | | | - Gregory F Metha
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Witold M Bloch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
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17
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Forder TN, Maschmeyer PG, Zeng H, Roberts DA. Post‐synthetic ‘Click’ Synthesis of RAFT Polymers with Pendant Self‐immolative Triazoles. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:287-291. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy N. Forder
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids School of Chemistry The University of Sydney 2006 Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Peter G. Maschmeyer
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids School of Chemistry The University of Sydney 2006 Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Haoxiang Zeng
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids School of Chemistry The University of Sydney 2006 Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Derrick A. Roberts
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids School of Chemistry The University of Sydney 2006 Sydney NSW Australia
- Sydney Nano Institute The University of Sydney 2006 Sydney NSW Australia
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18
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Zeng H, Roberts DA. Recent Progress in Stimuli-Induced Morphology Transformations of Block Copolymer Assemblies. Aust J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ch21200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Percástegui E, Ronson TK, Nitschke JR. Design and Applications of Water-Soluble Coordination Cages. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13480-13544. [PMID: 33238092 PMCID: PMC7760102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Compartmentalization of the aqueous space within a cell is necessary for life. In similar fashion to the nanometer-scale compartments in living systems, synthetic water-soluble coordination cages (WSCCs) can isolate guest molecules and host chemical transformations. Such cages thus show promise in biological, medical, environmental, and industrial domains. This review highlights examples of three-dimensional synthetic WSCCs, offering perspectives so as to enhance their design and applications. Strategies are presented that address key challenges for the preparation of coordination cages that are soluble and stable in water. The peculiarities of guest binding in aqueous media are examined, highlighting amplified binding in water, changing guest properties, and the recognition of specific molecular targets. The properties of WSCC hosts associated with biomedical applications, and their use as vessels to carry out chemical reactions in water, are also presented. These examples sketch a blueprint for the preparation of new metal-organic containers for use in aqueous solution, as well as guidelines for the engineering of new applications in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmundo
G. Percástegui
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
- Instituto
de Química, Ciudad UniversitariaUniversidad
Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
- Centro
Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Toluca, 50200 Estado de México, México
| | - Tanya K. Ronson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Nitschke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
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