1
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Zhang Y, Song K, Wang T, Wu S, Xu G, Liao S, Ma JA, Li Y. The Synthesis and Properties of Spirophenanthrene. J Org Chem 2024; 89:12044-12048. [PMID: 39180535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Motivated by the success of 9,9'-spirobifluorene (SBF) in optoelectronic materials, we synthesized a novel spiro compound, spirophenanthrene (SP). Incorporating a phenanthrene unit as the core, we aimed to leverage the π-conjugation of SPs to surpass the limitations of SBF. Experimental and theoretical studies revealed significant advantages over SBF, including red-shifted wavelengths, tunable LUMO energy levels, and enhanced thermal stability. These advantages suggest the potential of SPs as versatile building blocks for diverse optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Kanghui Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Shuai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Saihu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuanming Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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2
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Lee TH, Balcik M, Wu WN, Pinnau I, Smith ZP. Dual-phase microporous polymer nanofilms by interfacial polymerization for ultrafast molecular separation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp6666. [PMID: 39141741 PMCID: PMC11323956 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp6666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Fine-tuning microporosity in polymers with a scalable method has great potential for energy-efficient molecular separations. Here, we report a dual-phase molecular engineering approach to prepare microporous polymer nanofilms through interfacial polymerization. By integrating two micropore-generating units such as a water-soluble Tröger's base diamine (TBD) and a contorted spirobifluorene (SBF) motif, the resultant TBD-SBF polyamide shows an unprecedentedly high surface area. An ultrathin TBD-SBF membrane (~20 nm) exhibits up to 220 times improved solvent permeance with a moderate molecular weight cutoff (~640 g mol-1) compared to the control membrane prepared by conventional chemistry, which outperforms currently reported polymeric membranes. We also highlight the great potential of the SBF-based microporous polyamides for hydrocarbon separations by exploring the isomeric effects of aqueous phase monomers to manipulate microporosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hoon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Marcel Balcik
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Chemical Engineering Program, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wan-Ni Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ingo Pinnau
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Chemical Engineering Program, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zachary P. Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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3
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Ari D, Yang YJ, Quinton C, Jiang ZQ, Zhou DY, Poriel C. Spirobifluorene Trimers: High Triplet Pure Hydrocarbon Hosts for Highly Efficient Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403066. [PMID: 38752880 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Pure aromatic hydrocarbon materials (PHCs) represent a new generation of host materials for phosphorescent OLEDs (PhOLEDs), free of heteroatoms. They reduce the molecular complexity, can be easily synthesized and are an important direction towards robust devices. As heteroatoms can be involved in bonds dissociations in operating OLEDs through exciton induced degradation processes, developing novel PHCs appear particularly relevant for the future of this technology. In the present work, we report a series of extended PHCs constructed by the assembly of three spirobifluorene fragments. The resulting positional isomers present a high triplet energy level, a wide HOMO/LUMO difference and improved thermal and morphological properties compared to previously reported PHCs. These characteristics are beneficial for the next generation of host materials for PhOLEDs and provide relevant design guidelines. When used as a host in blue-emitting PhOLEDs, which are still the weakest link of the field, a very high EQE of 24 % and low threshold voltage of 3.56 V were obtained with a low-efficiency roll-off. This high performance strengthens the position of PHC strategy as an efficient alternative for OLED technology and opens the way to a more simple electronic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Ari
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR CNRS 6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Yue-Jian Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 99 Renai Rd., Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | | | - Zuo-Quan Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 99 Renai Rd., Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Dong-Ying Zhou
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 99 Renai Rd., Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Cyril Poriel
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR CNRS 6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
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4
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Gisbert Y, Simón Marqués P, Baccini C, Abid S, Saffon-Merceron N, Rapenne G, Kammerer C. Copper-catalysed perarylation of cyclopentadiene: synthesis of hexaarylcyclopentadienes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9127-9137. [PMID: 38903211 PMCID: PMC11186316 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02458c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
While hexaphenylsilacyclopentadiene (hexaphenylsilole) is viewed as an archetypal Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) luminogen, its isostructural hydrocarbon surrogate hexaphenylcyclopentadiene has strikingly never been investigated in this context, most probably due to a lack of synthetic availability. Herein, we report a straightforward synthesis of hexaphenylcyclopentadiene, via the direct perarylation of cyclopentadiene upon copper(i) catalysis under microwave activation, with the formation of six new C-C bonds in a single synthetic operation. Using zirconocene dichloride as a convenient source of cyclopentadiene and a variety of aryl iodides as coupling partners, this copper-catalysed cross-coupling reaction gave rise to a series of unprecedented hexaarylcyclopentadienes. The latter are direct precursors of extended π-conjugated polycyclic compounds, and their cyclodehydrogenation under Scholl reaction conditions yielded helicenic 17,17-diarylcyclopenta[l,l']diphenanthrenes. These structurally complex polyannelated fluorene derivatives can now be prepared in only two synthetic steps from cyclopentadiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Gisbert
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS 29 Rue Marvig 31055 Toulouse France
| | | | - Caterina Baccini
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS 29 Rue Marvig 31055 Toulouse France
| | - Seifallah Abid
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS 29 Rue Marvig 31055 Toulouse France
| | - Nathalie Saffon-Merceron
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Institut de Chimie de Toulouse ICT UAR 2599, 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
| | - Gwénaël Rapenne
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS 29 Rue Marvig 31055 Toulouse France
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma Nara Japan
| | - Claire Kammerer
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS 29 Rue Marvig 31055 Toulouse France
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5
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Sakamaki T, Zhang Y, Fukuma S, Cruz CM, Valdivia AC, Campaña AG, Casado J, Shang R, Nakamura E. Doubly Spiro-Conjugated Chiral Carbocycles Exhibiting SOMO-HOMO Inversion in Persistent Radical Cations. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12712-12722. [PMID: 38655573 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Persistent chiral organic open-shell systems have captured growing interest due to their potential applications in organic spintronic and optoelectronic devices. Nevertheless, the integration of configurationally stable chirality into an organic open-shell system continues to pose challenges in molecular design. The π-extended skeleton incorporated in spiro-conjugated carbocycles can provide robust chiroptical properties and a significant stabilization of the excited and ionic radical states. However, this approach has been relatively less explored in the design of persistent organic open-shell systems. We report here the (S,S)-, (R,R)-, and meso-isomers of doubly spiro-conjugated carbocycles featuring flat and rigid carbon-bridged para-phenylenevinylene (CPV) of different conjugation lengths connected by two spiro-carbon centers, which we denote D-spiro-CPV for its quasi-dimeric structure. Our synthetic method based on a double lithiation cyclization approach enables facile production of D-spiro-CPV. D-spiro-CPVs exhibit circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) with high fluorescence quantum yields (ΦFL) resulting in a high CPL brightness of 21 M-1 cm-1 and also exhibit high thermal and photostability. The monoradical cation of D-spiro-CPV absorbing near-infrared light is notably persistent, exhibiting a half-life of 570 h under ambient conditions due to doubly spiro-conjugative stabilization. Theoretical and electrochemical studies indicate the radical cation of D-spiro-CPVs presents a non-Aufbau electron filling, exhibiting inversion of the energy level of the singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) and the highest (doubly) occupied molecular orbitals with the SOMO level even below the HOMO-1 level (double SHI effect). Our discoveries provide valuable insights into non-Aufbau molecules and the development of configurationally stable, optically active persistent radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Sakamaki
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shota Fukuma
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Carlos M Cruz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada (UGR), Avenida Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Abel Cárdenas Valdivia
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Araceli G Campaña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada (UGR), Avenida Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Rui Shang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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6
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Ikai T, Mishima N, Matsumoto T, Miyoshi S, Oki K, Yashima E. 2,2'-Tethered Binaphthyl-Embedded One-Handed Helical Ladder Polymers: Impact of the Tether Length on Helical Geometry and Chiroptical Property. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318712. [PMID: 38253965 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic breakthroughs diversify the molecules and polymers available to chemists. We now report the first successful synthesis of a series of optically-pure 2,2'-tethered binaphthyl-embedded helical ladder polymers based on quantitative and chemoselective ladderization by the modified alkyne benzannulations using the 4-alkoxy-2,6-dimethylphenylethynyl group as the alkyne source, inaccessible by the conventional approach lacking the 2,6-dimethyl substituents. Due to the defect-free helix formation, the circular dichroism signal increased by more than 6 times the previously reported value. The resulting helical secondary structure can be fine-tuned by controlling the binaphthyl dihedral angle in the repeating unit with variations in the 2,2'-alkylenedioxy tethering groups by one carbon atom at a time. The optimization of the helical ladder structures led to a strong circularly polarized luminescence with a high fluorescence quantum yield (28 %) and luminescence dissymmetry factor (2.6×10-3 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Ikai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Namiki Mishima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takehiro Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Sayaka Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kosuke Oki
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
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7
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Portela-Pino J, Talavera M, Chiussi S, Bolaño S, Peña-Gallego Á, Alonso-Gómez JL. Development of robust chiroptical systems through spirobifluorenes. Chirality 2024; 36:e23624. [PMID: 37823399 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Chiroptical responses are valuable for the structural determination of dissymmetric molecules. However, the development of everyday applications based on chiroptical systems is yet to come. We have been earlier using axially chiral allenes for the construction of linear, cyclic, and cage-shaped molecules that present remarkable chiroptical responses. Additionally, we have developed chiral surfaces through upstanding chiral architectures. Since the goal is to obtain robust chiroptical materials, more recently we have been studying spirobifluorenes (SBFs), a well-established building block in optoelectronic applications. After theoretical and experimental demonstration, the suitability of chiral SBFs for the development of robust chiroptical systems was certified by the construction all-carbon double helices, flexible shape-persistent macrocycles, chiral frameworks for surface functionalization, and structures featuring helical or spiroconjugated molecular orbitals. Here, we give an overview of our contribution to these matters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Talavera
- University of Vigo, Inorganic Chemistry Department, Vigo, Spain
| | - Stefano Chiussi
- CINTECX, University of Vigo, Applied Physic Department, Vigo, Spain
| | - Sandra Bolaño
- University of Vigo, Inorganic Chemistry Department, Vigo, Spain
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8
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Huang H, Li N, Fu S, Mo X, Cao X, Yin X, Yang C. Pure Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Isomerides with Delayed Fluorescence and Anti-Kasha Emission: High-Efficiency Non-Doped Fluorescence OLEDs. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304204. [PMID: 37718390 PMCID: PMC10625133 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Pure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) consisting solely of carbon-hydrogen or carbon-carbon bonds offer great potential for constructing durable and cost-effective emitters in organic electroluminescence devices. However, achieving versatile fluorescence characteristics in pure PAHs remains a considerable challenge, particularly without the inclusion of heteroatoms. Herein, an efficient approach is presented that involves incorporating non-six-membered rings into classical pyrene isomerides, enabling simultaneous achievement of full-color emission, delayed fluorescence, and anti-Kasha emission. Theoretical calculations reveal that the intensity and distribution of aromaticity/anti-aromaticity in both ground and excited states play a crucial role in determining the excited levels and fluorescence yields. Transient fluorescence measurements confirm the existence of thermally activated delayed fluorescence in pure PAHs. By utilizing these PAHs as emitting layers, electroluminescent spectra covering the entire visible region along with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 9.1% can be achieved, leading to the most exceptional results among non-doped pure hydrocarbon-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxin Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Nengquan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Shuguang Fu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Xuechao Mo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Xiaosong Cao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Yin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
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9
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Imai T, Sakamaki D, Aoyagi S, Amaya T. Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Multi-Redox Systems Based on Cyclic [3]Spirobifluorenylene Compound. Chemistry 2023:e202302670. [PMID: 37740416 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic [3]spirobifluorenylene with bulky alkyl groups at the ends (1) was designed and synthesized to investigate the electron transfer phenomena in a π-conjugated system including orthogonal π-conjugated chains. The three bifluorenyl units in 1 are conjugated to each other via spiro-conjugation, resulting in the splitting of the HOMO levels to a small extent. Therefore, the SOMO-HOMO gap of the radical cation species is small, which is considered to allow the facile intramolecular electron transfer. The electronic properties of 1 and its partial structures were characterized by absorption and fluorescence measurements and electrochemical analysis. From the electrochemical oxidation, the interchain Coulombic repulsion was observed. In the TD-DFT calculations for the radical cation species of 1, the geometry-featured interchain electronic transitions were visualized by NTO calculations. The radical cation species of 1 generated by chemical oxidation with SbCl5 exhibited a broadened and lower-energy NIR absorption band exceeding 2000 nm. Considering the results of the TD-DFT calculations, the NIR band of the radical cation of 1 was attributed to the intramolecular electron transfer processes among the bifluorenyl units in the macrocycle. ESR experiments also indicated the delocalization of a spin of 1⋅+ in the whole molecule via hole hopping in the ESR time scale at room temperature. This work demonstrates the usefulness of spiro-conjugation as a bridging unit in molecular wires to facilitate smooth electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Imai
- Department of Information and Basic Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, 1 Yamanohata, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakamaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Shinobu Aoyagi
- Department of Information and Basic Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, 1 Yamanohata, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8501, Japan
| | - Toru Amaya
- Department of Information and Basic Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, 1 Yamanohata, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8501, Japan
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10
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Yousif D, Vaghi L, Daniliuc CG, Po R, Papagni A, Rizzo F. Regioselectivity Control in Spirobifluorene Nitration under Mild Conditions: Explaining the Crivello's Reagent Mechanism. J Org Chem 2023; 88:5285-5290. [PMID: 37126427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The regioselective nitration of 9,9'-spirobifluorene under mild conditions is reported for the first time by operating under Menke's and Crivello's conditions. The optimized protocol allows obtaining 2-nitro and 2,2'-dinitro-9,9'-spirobifluorene in yields of 79 and 95% and, for the first time, 2,2',7-trinitro-9,9'-spirobifluorene with 66% yield. Besides, the role of dinitrate salt in Crivello's protocol has been now clarified, which opens novel scenarios in the preparation of functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawod Yousif
- Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Vaghi
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Riccardo Po
- Eni SpA─Renewables, New Energies and Material Science Research Center, Istituto Guido Donegani, Via Fauser 4, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Antonio Papagni
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Rizzo
- Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G. Natta" (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milano, Italy
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11
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Zheng W, Oki K, Saha R, Hijikata Y, Yashima E, Ikai T. One-Handed Helical Tubular Ladder Polymers for Chromatographic Enantioseparation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218297. [PMID: 36680515 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Defect-free one-handed contracted helical tubular ladder polymers with a π-electron-rich cylindrical helical cavity were synthesized by alkyne benzannulations of the random-coil precursor polymers containing 6,6'-linked-1,1'-spirobiindane-7,7'-diol-based chiral monomer units. The resulting tightly-twisted helical tubular ladder polymers showed remarkably high enantioseparation abilities toward a variety of chiral hydrophobic aromatics with point, axial, and planar chiralities. The random-coil precursor polymer and analogous rigid-rod extended helical ribbon-like ladder polymer with no internal helical cavity exhibited no resolution abilities. The molecular dynamics simulations suggested that the π-electron-rich cylindrical helical cavity formed in the tightly-twisted tubular helical ladder structures is of key importance for producing the highly-enantioseparation ability, by which chiral aromatics can be enantioselectively encapsulated by specific π-π and/or hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kosuke Oki
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Ranajit Saha
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yuh Hijikata
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ikai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
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12
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Yue Z, Liu J, Baumgarten M, Wang D. Spirobifluorene Mediating the Spin-Spin Coupling of Nitronyl Nitroxide Diradicals. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1565-1575. [PMID: 36627248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism of this spiro conjugation magnetic behavior, we designed and synthesized three diradicals─22'SBF-NN, 44'SBF-NN, and 27SBF-NN. They are bridged by spirobifluorene and nitronyl nitroxide (NN) diradicals as the spin centers. Notably, by SQUID and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) zero-field splitting data analyses, the 22'SBF-NN and 27SBF-NN diradicals exhibit intramolecular, distinctly antiferromagnetic (AF) coupling, with 2J(22'SBF-NN)/kB = -5.86 K and 2J(27SBF-NN)/kB = -24.6 K, respectively. The AF of 22'SBF-NN is opposite to that predicted by the spin density alternation rule based on Hund's rule. Diradical intramolecular conjugation coupling bridged by spiro-carbon conjugation is discussed, in which the 22'SBF-NN is smaller than that of 27SBF-NN, corresponding to the room-temperature EPR characterization. This spiro conjugation is weaker than the traditional planar conjugation and generally leads to a weaker spin-spin coupling in the helical biradical molecule. The EPR spectrum of the 44'SBF-NN diradical shows a deformed nine-line curve, indicating intramolecular exchange coupling. The density functional theory calculation gives a very weak coupling constant of 2Jcalc/kB = 0.06 K, with ferromagnetic (FM) interaction as the proof, which is consistent with the spin-polarized prediction. Further analysis of magnetic susceptibility χm and VT-EPR data shows that there is indeed an extremely weak FM interaction in the 44' position diradical. We find the bridge, which is a 44' substituted SBF structure, blocks the conjugation and contains a larger twist in steric hindrance, which also hampers sufficient spin density delocalization, resulting in a much weaker spin coupling interaction. Combined with the analysis of molecular orbital calculation results, the anomalous intramolecular AF coupling mechanism of 22'SBF-NN is further explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yue
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Building Materials, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Building Materials, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Martin Baumgarten
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Di Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Building Materials, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
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13
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He C, Kaiser RI, Lu W, Ahmed M, Reyes Y, Wnuk SF, Mebel AM. Exotic Reaction Dynamics in the Gas-Phase Preparation of Anthracene (C 14H 10) via Spiroaromatic Radical Transients in the Indenyl-Cyclopentadienyl Radical-Radical Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3084-3091. [PMID: 36701838 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase reaction between the 1-indenyl (C9H7•) radical and the cyclopentadienyl (C5H5•) radical has been investigated for the first time using synchrotron-based mass spectrometry coupled with a pyrolytic reactor. Soft photoionization with tunable vacuum ultraviolet photons afforded for the isomer-selective identification of the production of phenanthrene, anthracene, and benzofulvalene (C14H10). The classical theory prevalent in the literature proposing that radicals combine only at their specific radical centers is challenged by our discovery of an unusual reaction pathway that involves a barrierless combination of a resonantly stabilized hydrocarbon radical with an aromatic radical at the carbon atom adjacent to the traditional C1 radical center; this unconventional addition is followed by substantial isomerization into phenanthrene and anthracene via a category of exotic spiroaromatic intermediates. This result leads to a deeper understanding of the evolution of the cosmic carbon budget and provides new methodologies for the bottom-up synthesis of unique spiroaromatics that may be relevant for the synthesis of more complex aromatic carbon skeletons in deep space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Wenchao Lu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yahaira Reyes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Stanislaw F Wnuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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14
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Izquierdo‐García P, Fernández‐García JM, Perles J, Fernández I, Martín N. Electronic Control of the Scholl Reaction: Selective Synthesis of Spiro vs Helical Nanographenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215655. [PMID: 36495528 PMCID: PMC10107473 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Scholl oxidation has become an essential reaction in the bottom-up synthesis of molecular nanographenes. Herein, we describe a Scholl reaction controlled by the electronic effects on the starting substrate (1 a, b). Anthracene-based polyphenylenes lead to spironanographenes under Scholl conditions. In contrast, an electron-deficient anthracene substrate affords a helically arranged molecular nanographene formed by two orthogonal dibenzo[fg,ij]phenanthro-[9,10,1,2,3-pqrst]pentaphene (DBPP) moieties linked through an octafluoroanthracene core. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations predict that electronic effects control either the first formation of spirocycles and subsequent Scholl reaction to form spironanographene 2, or the expected dehydrogenation reaction leading solely to the helical nanographene 3. The crystal structures of four of the new spiro compounds (syn 2, syn 9, anti 9 and syn 10) were solved by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The photophysical properties of the new molecular nanographene 3 reveal a remarkable dual fluorescent emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Izquierdo‐García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica IFacultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Complutense de MadridAvd. de la Complutense, S/N28040MadridSpain
| | - Jesús M. Fernández‐García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica IFacultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Complutense de MadridAvd. de la Complutense, S/N28040MadridSpain
| | - Josefina Perles
- Laboratorio de Difracción de Rayos X de MonocristalSIdIUniversidad Autónoma de Madridc/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7 Campus de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica IFacultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Complutense de MadridAvd. de la Complutense, S/N28040MadridSpain
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica IFacultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Complutense de MadridAvd. de la Complutense, S/N28040MadridSpain
- IMDEA-NanocienciaC/Faraday, 9, Campus de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
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15
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Gil-Martínez A, López-Molina S, Galiana-Roselló C, Lázaro-Gómez A, Schlüter F, Rizzo F, González-García J. Modulating the G-Quadruplex and Duplex DNA Binding by Controlling the Charge of Fluorescent Molecules. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203094. [PMID: 36318180 PMCID: PMC10107164 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Two fluorescent and non-toxic spirobifluorene molecules bearing either positive (Spiro-NMe3) or negative (Spiro-SO3) charged moieties attached to the same aromatic structure have been investigated as binders for DNA. The novel Spiro-NMe3 containing four alkylammonium substituents interacts with G-quadruplex (G4) DNA structures and shows preference for G4s over duplex by means of FRET melting and fluorescence experiments. The interaction is governed by the charged substituents of the ligands as deduced from the lower binding of the sulfonate analogue (Spiro-SO3). On the contrary, Spiro-SO3 exhibits higher binding affinity to duplex DNA structure than to G4. Both molecules show a moderate quenching of the fluorescence upon DNA binding. The confocal microscopy evaluation shows the internalization of both molecules in HeLa cells and their lysosomal accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Gil-Martínez
- Institute of Molecular Science (ICMol) Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Valencia Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Sònia López-Molina
- Institute of Molecular Science (ICMol) Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Valencia Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Cristina Galiana-Roselló
- Institute of Molecular Science (ICMol) Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Valencia Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Andrea Lázaro-Gómez
- Institute of Molecular Science (ICMol) Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Valencia Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Friederike Schlüter
- Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Fabio Rizzo
- Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138, Milano, Italy
| | - Jorge González-García
- Institute of Molecular Science (ICMol) Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Valencia Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
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16
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Hood JC, Klumpp DA. Superacid Promoted Synthesis of 9,9'-Spirobifluorenes and Related Aza- and Diazaspirocycles. J Org Chem 2023; 88:665-669. [PMID: 36535021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A variety of 9,9'-spirobifluorenes and related azaspirocycles and diazaspirocycles have been prepared in high yields by intramolecular Friedel-Crafts reaction using the Brønsted superacid, triflic acid (CF3SO3H). Compared to weaker Brønsted acids, the superacid consistently provides better yields along with reduced reaction times and it eliminates the need for heating. The superacid is particularly effective when dicationic electrophilic intermediates are generated in the conversions, for example with the diazaspirocycle syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Hood
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Douglas A Klumpp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
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17
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Chen H, Peng J, Pang Q, Du H, Huang L, Gao L, Lan Y, Yang C, Song Z. Enantioselective Synthesis of Spirosilabicyclohexenes by Asymmetric Dual Ring Expansion of Spirosilabicyclobutane with Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212889. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Ju Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Chongqing University Chongqing 400030 China
| | - Qinjiao Pang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Huimin Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Liying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Lu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Chongqing University Chongqing 400030 China
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450001 China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Zhenlei Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
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18
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Kong F, Zhang Y, Quinton C, McIntosh N, Yang S, Rault‐Berthelot J, Lucas F, Brouillac C, Jeannin O, Cornil J, Jiang Z, Liao L, Poriel C. Pure Hydrocarbon Materials as Highly Efficient Host for White Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes: A New Molecular Design Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207204. [PMID: 35729063 PMCID: PMC9540750 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To date, all efficient host materials reported for phosphorescent OLEDs (PhOLEDs) are constructed with heteroatoms, which have a crucial role in the device performance. However, it has been shown in recent years that the heteroatoms not only increase the design complexity but can also be involved in the instability of the PhOLED, which is nowadays the most important obstacle to overcome. Herein, we design pure aromatic hydrocarbon materials (PHC) as very efficient hosts in high-performance white and blue PhOLEDs. With EQE of 27.7 %, the PHC-based white PhOLEDs display similar efficiency as the best reported with heteroatom-based hosts. Incorporated as a host in a blue PhOLED, which are still the weakest links of the technology, a very high EQE of 25.6 % is reached, surpassing, for the first time, the barrier of 25 % for a PHC and FIrpic blue emitter. This performance shows that the PHC strategy represents an effective alternative for the future development of the OLED industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan‐Cheng Kong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123China
| | - Yuan‐Lan Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123China
| | | | - Nemo McIntosh
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsUniversity of Mons7000MonsBelgium
| | - Sheng‐Yi Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123China
| | | | - Fabien Lucas
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 622635000RennesFrance
| | | | | | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsUniversity of Mons7000MonsBelgium
| | - Zuo‐Quan Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123China
| | - Liang‐Sheng Liao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123China
- Macau Institute of Materials Science and EngineeringMacau University of Science and TechnologyMacao999078China
| | - Cyril Poriel
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 622635000RennesFrance
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19
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Nakano K, Takase K, Noguchi K. Furan-Containing Chiral Spiro-Fused Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165103. [PMID: 36014343 PMCID: PMC9415352 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiro-fused polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) have received growing interest as rigid chiral scaffolds. However, furan-containing spiro-fused PACs have been quite limited. Here, we design spiro[indeno[1,2-b][1]benzofuran-10,10′-indeno[1,2-b][1]benzothiophene] as a new family of spiro-fused PACs that contains a furan unit. The compound was successfully synthesized in enantiopure form and also transformed to its S,S-dioxide derivative and the pyrrole-containing analog via aromatic metamorphosis. The absorption and emission properties of the obtained furan-containing chiral spiro-fused PACs are apparently different from those of their thiophene analogs that have been reported, owing to the increased electron-richness of furan compared to thiophene. All of the furan-containing chiral spiro-fused PACs were found to be circularly polarized luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nakano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-42-388-7162
| | - Ko Takase
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Keiichi Noguchi
- Instrumentation Analysis Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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20
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Kojima N, Kato M, Sunada Y. Discrete palladium clusters that consist of two mutually bisecting perpendicular planes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7610-7615. [PMID: 35872831 PMCID: PMC9241975 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02302d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The construction of novel molecules with unprecedented alignments of the constituent elements has revolutionized the field of functional materials. The arrangement of two or more planar subunits in a mutually perpendicular fashion is a frequently encountered approach to produce novel functional materials. Previous examples of such materials can be categorized into two well-investigated families: spiro-conjugated and dumbbell-shaped structures, wherein the two planes are aligned orthogonally via a single atom or an axis, respectively. This article describes a third family: reaction of [Pd(CNtBu)2]3 with Sn3Me8 or Ge6Me12 afforded a Pd7Sn4 cluster and a Pd8Ge6 cluster that consist of two mutually bisecting perpendicular planes. In the Pd7Sn4 cluster, the two equivalent Pd5Sn2 planes share three palladium atoms that include a dihedral angle of 85.6°. The construction of Pd7Sn4 and Pd8Ge6 clusters that consist of two mutually bisecting perpendicular planes was accomplished by the reaction of [Pd(CNtBu)2]3 with Me3Sn–SnMe2–SnMe3 or Ge6Me12.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Kojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505 Japan
| | - Misaki Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505 Japan
| | - Yusuke Sunada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505 Japan .,Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505 Japan
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21
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Kong FC, Zhang YL, Quinton C, Mcintosh N, Yang SY, Rault-Berthelot J, lucas F, Brouillac C, jeannin O, cornil J, Jiang Z, liao LS, Poriel C. Pure Hydrocarbon Materials as Highly Efficient Host for White Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes: A New Molecular Design Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nemo Mcintosh
- Universite de Mons - Hainaut: Universite de Mons - BELGIUM
| | | | | | - fabien lucas
- École Polytechnique: Ecole Polytechnique - FRANCE
| | | | | | - jerome cornil
- Universite de Mons - Hainaut: Universite de Mons chem BELGIUM
| | | | | | - Cyril Poriel
- UMR CNRS 6226 Dpt. de Chimie campus de Beaulieu 35042 Rennes cedex Rennes FRANCE
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22
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Liu X, Zhang Y, Wu J, Ma Y, Lau KKT, Fang J, Ma CQ, Lin Y. Simplified Synthetic Approach to Tetrabrominated Spiro-Cyclopentadithiophene and the Following Derivation to A-D-A Type Acceptor Molecules for Use in Polymer Solar Cells. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5057-5064. [PMID: 35333523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
4,4'-Spiro-bis[cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b']dithiophene] (SCT) is a versatile building block for constructing three-dimensional (3D) π-conjugated molecules for use in organic electronics. In this paper, we report a more convenient synthetic route to SCT and its derivatives, where a structurally symmetric 3,3'-dibromo-5,5'-bis(trimethylsilyl)-2,2'-bithiophene (2) serves as the precursor for both the synthesis of 4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophen-4-one (4) and 4-(5,5'-bis(trimethylsilyl)-2,2'-bithiophen-3-yl)-2,6-bis(trimethylsilyl)-4-hydroxy-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b']dithiophene (5). The later one is the key intermediate for the final brominated SCT building block. Such a "two birds with one stone" strategy simplifies the synthetic approach to the SCT core. Functionalization on the SCT core with different terminal electron-deficient groups, including 1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione (ID), 2-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene)malononitrile (IC), and 2-(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene)malononitrile (FIC), was carried out, yielding three spiro-conjugated A-D-A type molecules, SCT-(TID)4, SCT-(TIC)4, SCT-(TFIC)4, respectively. The optical spectroscopy and electrochemical properties of these three compounds were investigated and compared to the corresponding linear oligomers. Results revealed that the IC and TFIC terminated compounds showed low-lying HOMO/LUMO energy levels with reduced optical bandgap, making them more suitable for use in polymer solar cells. A power conversion efficiency of 3.73% was achieved for the SCT-(TFIC)4 based cell, demonstrating the application perspective of 3D molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215000, PR China
| | - Yuanxun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215000, PR China
| | - Jianchang Wu
- i-Lab & Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yuchao Ma
- i-Lab & Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Kim K T Lau
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215000, PR China
| | - Jin Fang
- i-Lab & Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Chang-Qi Ma
- i-Lab & Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215000, PR China
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23
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Ivanov KS, Riesebeck T, Skolyapova A, Liakisheva I, Kazantsev MS, Sonina AA, Peshkov RY, Mostovich EA. P 2O 5-Promoted Cyclization of Di[aryl(hetaryl)methyl] Malonic Acids as a Pathway to Fused Spiro[4.4]nonane-1,6-Diones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:2456-2469. [PMID: 35166542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conventional spiro-linked conjugated materials are attractive for organic optoelectronic applications due to the unique combination of their optical and electronic properties. However, spiro-linked conjugated materials with conjugation extension directed along the main axis of the molecule are still only rare examples among the vast number of spiro-linked conjugated materials. Herein, the synthesis, leading to π-extended spiro-linked conjugated materials─spiro[4.4]nonane-1,6-diones and spiro[5.5]undecane-1,7-diones─has been developed and optimized. The proposed design concept starts from readily available malonic esters and contains several steps: double alkylation of malonic ester with bromomethylaryl(hetaryl)s; conversion of a malonic ester into the corresponding malonic acid; electrophilic spirocyclization of the latter into the annulated spiro[4.4]nonane-1,6-dione or spiro[5.5]undecane-1,7-dione in the presence of phosphorus pentoxide. On the basis of these insights, the developed method yielded spiro-linked conjugated cores fused with benzene, thiophene, and naphthalene, decorated with active halogen atoms. The structures of the synthesized spirocycles were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Benzene fused spiro[4.4]nonane-1,6-dione decorated with bromine atoms was transformed into V-shape phenylene-thiophene co-oligomer type spirodimers via Stille coupling. The spiro-bis(4-n-dodecylphenyl)-2,2'-bithiophene derivative possessed high photoluminescence properties in both solution and solid state with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY) of 38%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Riesebeck
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | | | - Irina Liakisheva
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Maxim S Kazantsev
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.,N. N. Vorozhtzov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrent'ev Ave, 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alina A Sonina
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.,N. N. Vorozhtzov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrent'ev Ave, 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Roman Yu Peshkov
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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Shepovalov KM, Benassi E, Peshkov RY, Mostovich EA. Symmetric Spirenes: Promising Building Blocks for New Generation Opto-Electronic Materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:16836-16851. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01920e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The spiroconjugated hydrocarbons, and in particular spirenes, show unique properties among the numerous π-conjugated materials; they are quite rigid systems, with a subsequently small excitation reorganisation energy, and hence are...
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25
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Zheng W, Ikai T, Yashima E. Synthesis of Single-Handed Helical Spiro-Conjugated Ladder Polymers through Quantitative and Chemoselective Cyclizations*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11294-11299. [PMID: 33709523 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report the unprecedented synthesis of one-handed helical spiro-conjugated ladder polymers with well-defined primary and secondary structures, in which the spiro-linked dibenzo[a,h]anthracene fluorophores are arranged in a one-handed twisting direction, through quantitative and chemoselective acid-promoted intramolecular cyclizations of random-coil precursor polymers composed of chiral 1,1'-spirobiindane and achiral bis[2-(4-alkoxyphenyl)ethynyl]phenylene units. Intense circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) were observed, whereas the precursor polymers exhibited negligible CD and CPL activities. The introduction of 2,6-dimethyl substituents on the 4-alkoxyphenylethynyl pendants is of key importance for this simple, quantitative, and chemoselective cyclization. This strategy is applicable to the defect-free precise synthesis of other varieties of fully π-conjugated molecules and coplanar ladder polymers that have not been achieved before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ikai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
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26
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Zheng W, Ikai T, Yashima E. Synthesis of Single‐Handed Helical Spiro‐Conjugated Ladder Polymers through Quantitative and Chemoselective Cyclizations**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ikai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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