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Strzelecki P, Shpiruk A, Cech GM, Kloska A, Hébraud P, Beyer N, Busi F, Grange W. Robust, high-yield, rapid fabrication of DNA constructs for Magnetic Tweezers. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 731:150370. [PMID: 39047619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Single-molecule techniques are highly sensitive tools that can reveal reaction intermediates often obscured in experiments involving large ensembles of molecules. Therefore, they provide unprecedented information on the mechanisms that control biomolecular reactions. Currently, one of the most significant single-molecule assays is Magnetic Tweezers (MT), which probes enzymatic reactions at high spatio-temporal resolutions on tens, if not hundreds, of molecules simultaneously. For high-resolution MT experiments, a short double-stranded DNA molecule (less than 2000 base pairs) is typically attached between a micron-sized superparamagnetic bead and a surface. The fabrication of such a substrate is key for successful single-molecule assays, and several papers have discussed the possibility of improving the fabrication of short DNA constructs. However, reported yields are usually low and require additional time-consuming purification steps (e.g., gel purification). In this paper, we propose the use of a Golden Gate Assembly assay that allows for the production of DNA constructs within minutes (starting from PCR products). We discuss how relevant parameters may affect the yield and offer single-molecule experimentalists a simple yet robust approach to fabricate DNA constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Strzelecki
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-6700, Strasbourg, France; Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anastasiia Shpiruk
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-6700, Strasbourg, France
| | - Grzegorz M Cech
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Kloska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Pascal Hébraud
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-6700, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Beyer
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-6700, Strasbourg, France
| | - Florent Busi
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, UMR 8251, F-75013, Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, UFR Sciences du vivant, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Wilfried Grange
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-6700, Strasbourg, France; Université Paris Cité, UFR Sciences du vivant, F-75013, Paris, France.
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2
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Webster LJ, Villa-Gomez D, Brown R, Clarke W, Schenk PM. A synthetic biology approach for the treatment of pollutants with microalgae. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1379301. [PMID: 38646010 PMCID: PMC11032018 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1379301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The increase in global population and industrial development has led to a significant release of organic and inorganic pollutants into water streams, threatening human health and ecosystems. Microalgae, encompassing eukaryotic protists and prokaryotic cyanobacteria, have emerged as a sustainable and cost-effective solution for removing these pollutants and mitigating carbon emissions. Various microalgae species, such as C. vulgaris, P. tricornutum, N. oceanica, A. platensis, and C. reinhardtii, have demonstrated their ability to eliminate heavy metals, salinity, plastics, and pesticides. Synthetic biology holds the potential to enhance microalgae-based technologies by broadening the scope of treatment targets and improving pollutant removal rates. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in the synthetic biology of microalgae, focusing on genetic engineering tools to facilitate the removal of inorganic (heavy metals and salinity) and organic (pesticides and plastics) compounds. The development of these tools is crucial for enhancing pollutant removal mechanisms through gene expression manipulation, DNA introduction into cells, and the generation of mutants with altered phenotypes. Additionally, the review discusses the principles of synthetic biology tools, emphasizing the significance of genetic engineering in targeting specific metabolic pathways and creating phenotypic changes. It also explores the use of precise engineering tools, such as CRISPR/Cas9 and TALENs, to adapt genetic engineering to various microalgae species. The review concludes that there is much potential for synthetic biology based approaches for pollutant removal using microalgae, but there is a need for expansion of the tools involved, including the development of universal cloning toolkits for the efficient and rapid assembly of mutants and transgenic expression strains, and the need for adaptation of genetic engineering tools to a wider range of microalgae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J. Webster
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Denys Villa-Gomez
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Reuben Brown
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - William Clarke
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peer M. Schenk
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Algae Biotechnology, Sustainable Solutions Hub, Global Sustainable Solutions Pty Ltd, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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3
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Gionfriddo M, Rhodes T, Whitney SM. Perspectives on improving crop Rubisco by directed evolution. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 155:37-47. [PMID: 37085353 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Rubisco catalyses the entry of almost all CO2 into the biosphere and is often the rate-limiting step in plant photosynthesis and growth. Its notoriety as the most abundant protein on Earth stems from the slow and error-prone catalytic properties that require plants, cyanobacteria, algae and photosynthetic bacteria to produce it in high amounts. Efforts to improve the CO2-fixing properties of plant Rubisco has been spurred on by the discovery of more effective isoforms in some algae with the potential to significantly improve crop productivity. Incompatibilities between the protein folding machinery of leaf and algae chloroplasts have, so far, prevented efforts to transplant these more effective Rubisco variants into plants. There is therefore increasing interest in improving Rubisco catalysis by directed (laboratory) evolution. Here we review the advances being made in, and the ongoing challenges with, improving the solubility and/or carboxylation activity of differing non-plant Rubisco lineages. We provide perspectives on new opportunities for the directed evolution of crop Rubiscos and the existing plant transformation capabilities available to evaluate the extent to which Rubisco activity improvements can benefit agricultural productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Gionfriddo
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia; Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Timothy Rhodes
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Spencer M Whitney
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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4
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Calvache C, Vazquez‐Vilar M, Moreno‐Giménez E, Orzaez D. A quantitative autonomous bioluminescence reporter system with a wide dynamic range for Plant Synthetic Biology. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:37-47. [PMID: 37882352 PMCID: PMC10754000 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant Synthetic Biology aims to enhance the capacities of plants by designing and integrating synthetic gene circuits (SGCs). Quantitative reporting solutions that can produce quick, rich datasets affordably are necessary for SGC optimization. In this paper, we present a new, low-cost, and high-throughput reporter system for the quantitative measurement of gene expression in plants based on autonomous bioluminescence. This method eliminates the need for an exogenous supply of luciferase substrate by exploiting the entire Neonothopanus nambi fungal bioluminescence cyclic pathway to build a self-sustained reporter. The HispS gene, the pathway's limiting step, was set up as the reporter's transcriptional entry point as part of the new system's design, which significantly improved the output's dynamic range and brought it on par with that of the gold standard FLuc/RLuc reporter. Additionally, transient ratiometric measurements in N. benthamiana were made possible by the addition of an enhanced GFP as a normalizer. The performance of new NeoLuc/eGFP system was extensively validated with SGCs previously described, including phytohormone and optogenetic sensors. Furthermore, we employed NeoLuc/eGFP in the optimization of challenging SGCs, including new configurations for an agrochemical (copper) switch, a new blue optogenetic sensor, and a dual copper/red-light switch for tight regulation of metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Calvache
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasUniversitat Politècnica de ValénciaValenciaSpain
| | - Marta Vazquez‐Vilar
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasUniversitat Politècnica de ValénciaValenciaSpain
| | - Elena Moreno‐Giménez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasUniversitat Politècnica de ValénciaValenciaSpain
| | - Diego Orzaez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasUniversitat Politècnica de ValénciaValenciaSpain
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5
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Foran G, Hallam RD, Megaly M, Turgambayeva A, Necakov A. PlayBack cloning: simple, reversible, cost-effective cloning for the combinatorial assembly of complex expression constructs. Biotechniques 2023; 75:168-178. [PMID: 37815818 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2023-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
With advancements in multicomponent molecular biological tools, the need for versatile, rapid and cost-effective cloning that enables successful combinatorial assembly of DNA plasmids of interest is becoming increasingly important. Unfortunately, current cloning platforms fall short regarding affordability, ease of combinatorial assembly and, above all, the ability to iteratively remove individual cassettes at will. Herein we construct, implement and make available a broad set of cloning vectors, called PlayBack vectors, that allow for the expression of several different constructs simultaneously under separate promoters. Overall, this system is substantially cheaper than other multicomponent cloning systems, has usability for a wide breadth of experimental paradigms and includes the novel feature of being able to selectively remove components of interest at will at any stage of the cloning platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Foran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Ryan D Hallam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Marvel Megaly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Anel Turgambayeva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Aleksandar Necakov
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
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6
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Du B, Sun M, Hui W, Xie C, Xu X. Recent Advances on Key Enzymes of Microbial Origin in the Lycopene Biosynthesis Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12927-12942. [PMID: 37609695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Lycopene is a common carotenoid found mainly in ripe red fruits and vegetables that is widely used in the food industry due to its characteristic color and health benefits. Microbial synthesis of lycopene is gradually replacing the traditional methods of plant extraction and chemical synthesis as a more economical and productive manufacturing strategy. The biosynthesis of lycopene is a typical multienzyme cascade reaction, and it is important to understand the characteristics of each key enzyme involved and how they are regulated. In this paper, the catalytic characteristics of the key enzymes involved in the lycopene biosynthesis pathway and related studies are first discussed in detail. Then, the strategies applied to the key enzymes of lycopene synthesis, including fusion proteins, enzyme screening, combinatorial engineering, CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing, DNA assembly, and scaffolding technologies are purposefully illustrated and compared in terms of both traditional and emerging multienzyme regulatory strategies. Finally, future developments and regulatory options for multienzyme synthesis of lycopene and similar secondary metabolites are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangmian Du
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mengjuan Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenyang Hui
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chengjia Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou Polytechnic Institute, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xian Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, Jiangsu Province, China
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Sikkema AP, Tabatabaei SK, Lee YJ, Lund S, Lohman GJS. High-Complexity One-Pot Golden Gate Assembly. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e882. [PMID: 37755329 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Golden Gate Assembly is a flexible method of DNA assembly and cloning that permits the joining of multiple fragments in a single reaction through predefined connections. The method depends on cutting DNA using a Type IIS restriction enzyme, which cuts outside its recognition site and therefore can generate overhangs of any sequence while separating the recognition site from the generated fragment. By choosing compatible fusion sites, Golden Gate permits the joining of multiple DNA fragments in a defined order in a single reaction. Conventionally, this method has been used to join five to eight fragments in a single assembly round, with yield and accuracy dropping off rapidly for more complex assemblies. Recently, we demonstrated the application of comprehensive measurements of ligation fidelity and bias data using data-optimized assembly design (DAD) to enable a high degree of assembly accuracy for very complex assemblies with the simultaneous joining of as many as 52 fragments in one reaction. Here, we describe methods for applying DAD principles and online tools to evaluate the fidelity of existing fusion site sets and assembly standards, selecting new optimal sets, and adding fusion sites to existing assemblies. We further describe the application of DAD to divide known sequences at optimal points, including designing one-pot assemblies of small genomes. Using the T7 bacteriophage genome as an example, we present a protocol that includes removal of native Type IIS sites (domestication) simultaneously with parts generation by PCR. Finally, we present recommended cycling protocols for assemblies of medium to high complexity (12-36 fragments), methods for producing high-quality parts, examples highlighting the importance of DNA purity and fragment stoichiometric balance for optimal assembly outcomes, and methods for assessing assembly success. © 2023 New England Biolabs, Inc. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Assessing the fidelity of an overhang set using the NEBridge Ligase Fidelity Viewer Basic Protocol 2: Generating a high-fidelity overhang set using the NEBridge GetSet Tool Alternate Protocol 1: Expanding an existing overhang set using the NEBridge GetSet Tool Basic Protocol 3: Dividing a genomic sequence with optimal fusion sites using the NEBridge SplitSet Tool Basic Protocol 4: One-pot Golden Gate Assembly of 12 fragments into a destination plasmid Alternate Protocol 2: One-pot Golden Gate Assembly of 24+ fragments into a destination plasmid Basic Protocol 5: One-pot Golden Gate Assembly of the T7 bacteriophage genome from 12+ parts Support Protocol 1: Generation of high-purity amplicons for assembly Support Protocol 2: Cloning assembly parts into a holding vector Support Protocol 3: Quantifying DNA concentration using a Qubit 4 fluorometer Support Protocol 4: Visualizing large assemblies via TapeStation Support Protocol 5: Validating phage genome assemblies via ONT long-read sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Sikkema
- Research Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Yan-Jiun Lee
- Research Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sean Lund
- Research Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Huang Y, Ye Z, Wan X, Yao G, Duan J, Liu J, Yao M, Sun X, Deng Z, Shen K, Jiang H, Liu T. Systematic Mining and Evaluation of the Sesquiterpene Skeletons as High Energy Aviation Fuel Molecules. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300889. [PMID: 37271925 PMCID: PMC10427387 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes have been identified as promising ingredients for aviation fuels due to their high energy density and combustion heat properties. Despite the characterization of numerous sesquiterpene structures, studies testing their performance properties and feasibility as fuels are scarce. In this study, 122 sesquiterpenoid skeleton compounds, obtained from existing literature reports, are tested using group contribution and gaussian quantum chemistry methods to assess their potential as high-energy aviation fuels. Seventeen sesquiterpene compounds exhibit good predictive performance and nine compounds are further selected for overproduction in yeast. Through fed-batch fermentation, all compounds achieve the highest reported titers to date. Subsequently, three representative products, pentalenene, presilphiperfol-1-ene, and α-farnesene, are selected, produced, purified in large quantities, and tested for use as potential fuels. The performance of pentalenene, presilphiperfol-1-ene, and their derivatives reveals favorable prospects as high-energy aviation fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanglei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug DiscoveryMinistry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Ziling Ye
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug DiscoveryMinistry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Xiukun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for CivilianBeijing102205China
| | - Ge Yao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for CivilianBeijing102205China
| | - Jingyu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug DiscoveryMinistry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for CivilianBeijing102205China
| | - Mingdong Yao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education)School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
- Frontier Technology Research InstituteTianjin UniversityTianjin301700China
| | - Xiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug DiscoveryMinistry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug DiscoveryMinistry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial MetabolismSchool of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200030China
| | - Kun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug DiscoveryMinistry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for CivilianBeijing102205China
| | - Tiangang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug DiscoveryMinistry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Hubei Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic MicrobiologyWuhan Institute of BiotechnologyWuhan430075China
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Markakiou S, Neves AR, Zeidan AA, Gaspar P. Development of a Tetracycline-Inducible System for Conditional Gene Expression in Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0066823. [PMID: 37191512 PMCID: PMC10269922 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00668-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducible gene expression systems are invaluable tools for the functional characterization of genes and in the construction of protein overexpression hosts. Controllable expression is especially important for the study of essential and toxic genes or genes where the level of expression tightly influences their cellular effect. Here, we implemented the well-characterized tetracycline-inducible expression system in two industrially important lactic acid bacteria, Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus. Using a fluorescent reporter gene, we show that optimization of the repression level is necessary for efficient induction using anhydrotetracycline in both organisms. Random mutagenesis in the ribosome binding site of the tetracycline repressor TetR in Lactococcus lactis indicated that altering the expression levels of TetR was necessary for efficient inducible expression of the reporter gene. Through this approach, we achieved plasmid-based, inducer-responsive, and tight gene expression in Lactococcus lactis. We then verified the functionality of the optimized inducible expression system in Streptococcus thermophilus following its chromosomal integration using a markerless mutagenesis approach and a novel DNA fragment assembly tool presented herein. This inducible expression system holds several advantages over other described systems in lactic acid bacteria, although more efficient techniques for genetic engineering are still needed to realize these advantages in industrially relevant species, such as S. thermophilus. Our work expands the molecular toolbox of these bacteria, which can accelerate future physiological studies. IMPORTANCE Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus are two industrially important lactic acid bacteria globally used in dairy fermentations and, therefore, are of considerable commercial interest to the food industry. Moreover, due to their general history of safe usage, these microorganisms are increasingly being explored as hosts for the production of heterologous proteins and various chemicals. Development of molecular tools in the form of inducible expression systems and mutagenesis techniques facilitates their in-depth physiological characterization as well as their exploitation in biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Markakiou
- R&D Department, Chr. Hansen A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Paula Gaspar
- R&D Department, Chr. Hansen A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
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10
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Tasnim M, Selph TJ, Olcott J, Hill JT. The type IIS restriction enzyme MmeI can cut across a double-strand break. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:5495-5499. [PMID: 37031321 PMCID: PMC10209223 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type-IIS restriction enzymes cut outside their recognition sites, allowing them to remove their binding sites upon digestion. This feature has resulted in their wide application in molecular biology techniques, including seamless cloning methods, enzymatic CRISPR library generation, and others. We studied the ability of the Type-IIS restriction enzyme MmeI, which recognizes an asymmetric sequence TCCRAC and cuts 20 bp downstream, to cut across a double-strand break (DSB). METHODS AND RESULTS We used synthetic double-stranded oligos with MmeI recognition sites close to 5' end and different overhang lengths to measure digestion after different periods of time and at different temperatures. We found that the MmeI binding and cutting sites can be situated on opposite sides of a DSB if the edges of the DNA molecules are held together by transient base-pairing interactions between compatible overhangs. CONCLUSION We found that MmeI can cut across a DSB, and the efficiency of the cutting depends on both overhang length and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliha Tasnim
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 4005, 84602, USA
| | - T Jacob Selph
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 4005, 84602, USA
| | - Jason Olcott
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 4005, 84602, USA
| | - Jonathon T Hill
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 4005, 84602, USA.
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11
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Simakin P, Koch C, Herrmann JM. A modular cloning (MoClo) toolkit for reliable intracellular protein targeting in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2023; 10:78-87. [PMID: 37009624 PMCID: PMC10054711 DOI: 10.15698/mic2023.04.794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Modular Cloning (MoClo) allows the combinatorial assembly of plasmids from standardized genetic parts without the need of error-prone PCR reactions. It is a very powerful strategy which enables highly flexible expression patterns without the need of repetitive cloning procedures. In this study, we describe an advanced MoClo toolkit that is designed for the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and optimized for the targeting of proteins of interest to specific cellular compartments. Comparing different targeting sequences, we developed signals to direct proteins with high specificity to the different mitochondrial subcompartments, such as the matrix and the intermembrane space (IMS). Furthermore, we optimized the subcellular targeting by controlling expression levels using a collection of different promoter cassettes; the MoClo strategy allows it to generate arrays of expression plasmids in parallel to optimize gene expression levels and reliable targeting for each given protein and cellular compartment. Thus, the MoClo strategy enables the generation of protein-expressing yeast plasmids that accurately target proteins of interest to various cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Simakin
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- # Both authors contributed equally
| | - Christian Koch
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- # Both authors contributed equally
| | - Johannes M. Herrmann
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- * Corresponding Author: Johannes M. Herrmann, Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany; Phone: +49 6312052406; E-mail:
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12
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Application of the Fluorescence-Activating and Absorption-Shifting Tag (FAST) for Flow Cytometry in Methanogenic Archaea. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0178622. [PMID: 36920214 PMCID: PMC10132111 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01786-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Methane-producing archaea play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle and are used for biotechnological fuel production. Methanogenic model organisms such as Methanococcus maripaludis and Methanosarcina acetivorans have been biochemically characterized and can be genetically engineered by using a variety of existing molecular tools. The anaerobic lifestyle and autofluorescence of methanogens, however, restrict the use of common fluorescent reporter proteins (e.g., GFP and derivatives), which require oxygen for chromophore maturation. Recently, the use of a novel oxygen-independent fluorescent activation and absorption-shifting tag (FAST) was demonstrated with M. maripaludis. Similarly, we now describe the use of the tandem activation and absorption-shifting tag protein 2 (tdFAST2), which fluoresces when the cell-permeable fluorescent ligand (fluorogen) 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzylidene rhodanine (HBR-3,5DOM) is present. Expression of tdFAST2 in M. acetivorans and M. maripaludis is noncytotoxic and tdFAST2:HBR-3,5DOM fluorescence is clearly distinguishable from the autofluorescence. In flow cytometry experiments, mixed methanogen cultures can be distinguished, thereby allowing for the possibility of high-throughput investigations of the characteristic dynamics within single and mixed cultures. IMPORTANCE Methane-producing archaea play an essential role in the global carbon cycle and demonstrate great potential for various biotechnological applications, e.g., biofuel production, carbon dioxide capture, and electrochemical systems. Oxygen sensitivity and high autofluorescence hinder the use of common fluorescent proteins for studying methanogens. By using tdFAST2:HBR-3,5DOM fluorescence, which functions under anaerobic conditions and is distinguishable from the autofluorescence, real-time reporter studies and high-throughput investigation of the mixed culture dynamics of methanogens via flow cytometry were made possible. This will further help accelerate the sustainable exploitation of methanogens.
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13
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Huang Y, Kamal R, Shanmugaraj N, Rutten T, Thirulogachandar V, Zhao S, Hoffie I, Hensel G, Rajaraman J, Moya YAT, Hajirezaei MR, Himmelbach A, Poursarebani N, Lundqvist U, Kumlehn J, Stein N, von Wirén N, Mascher M, Melzer M, Schnurbusch T. A molecular framework for grain number determination in barley. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd0324. [PMID: 36867700 PMCID: PMC9984178 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flowering plants with indeterminate inflorescences often produce more floral structures than they require. We found that floral primordia initiations in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) are molecularly decoupled from their maturation into grains. While initiation is dominated by flowering-time genes, floral growth is specified by light signaling, chloroplast, and vascular developmental programs orchestrated by barley CCT MOTIF FAMILY 4 (HvCMF4), which is expressed in the inflorescence vasculature. Consequently, mutations in HvCMF4 increase primordia death and pollination failure, mainly through reducing rachis greening and limiting plastidial energy supply to developing heterotrophic floral tissues. We propose that HvCMF4 is a sensory factor for light that acts in connection with the vascular-localized circadian clock to coordinate floral initiation and survival. Notably, stacking beneficial alleles for both primordia number and survival provides positive implications on grain production. Our findings provide insights into the molecular underpinnings of grain number determination in cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyu Huang
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Roop Kamal
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Nandhakumar Shanmugaraj
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Twan Rutten
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Venkatasubbu Thirulogachandar
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Shuangshuang Zhao
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Iris Hoffie
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Jeyaraman Rajaraman
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Yudelsy Antonia Tandron Moya
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Axel Himmelbach
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Naser Poursarebani
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | | | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Martin Mascher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Melzer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schnurbusch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, 06120 Halle, Germany
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14
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Mao Y, Catherall E, Díaz-Ramos A, Greiff GRL, Azinas S, Gunn L, McCormick AJ. The small subunit of Rubisco and its potential as an engineering target. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:543-561. [PMID: 35849331 PMCID: PMC9833052 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Rubisco catalyses the first rate-limiting step in CO2 fixation and is responsible for the vast majority of organic carbon present in the biosphere. The function and regulation of Rubisco remain an important research topic and a longstanding engineering target to enhance the efficiency of photosynthesis for agriculture and green biotechnology. The most abundant form of Rubisco (Form I) consists of eight large and eight small subunits, and is found in all plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and most phototrophic and chemolithoautotrophic proteobacteria. Although the active sites of Rubisco are located on the large subunits, expression of the small subunit regulates the size of the Rubisco pool in plants and can influence the overall catalytic efficiency of the Rubisco complex. The small subunit is now receiving increasing attention as a potential engineering target to improve the performance of Rubisco. Here we review our current understanding of the role of the small subunit and our growing capacity to explore its potential to modulate Rubisco catalysis using engineering biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aranzazú Díaz-Ramos
- SynthSys & Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edingburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - George R L Greiff
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Stavros Azinas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Laura Gunn
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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15
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Rafique A, Afroz A, Zeeshan N, Rashid U, Khan MAU, Irfan M, Chatha W, Khan MR, Rehman N. Production of Sitobion avenae-resistant Triticum aestivum cvs using laccase as RNAi target and its systemic movement in wheat post dsRNA spray. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284888. [PMID: 37163535 PMCID: PMC10171587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the wheat biotic stresses, Sitobion avenae is one of the main factors devastating the wheat yield per hectare. The study's objective was to find out the laccase (lac) efficacy; as a potential RNAi target against grain aphids. The Sitobion avenae lac (Salac) was confirmed by Reverse Transcriptase-PCR. Gene was sequenced and accession number "ON703252" was allotted by GenBank. ERNAi tool was used to design 143 siRNA and one dsRNA target. 69% mortality and 61% reduction in lac expression were observed 8D-post lac DsRNA feeding. Phylogenetic analysis displayed the homology of grain aphid lac gene with peach potato, pea, and Russian wheat aphids. While Salac protein was found similar to the Russian grain, soybean, pea, and cedar bark aphid lac protein multi-copper oxidase. The dsRNAlac spray-induced silencing shows systematic translocation from leaf to root; with maximum lac expression found in the root, followed by stem and leaf 9-13D post-spray; comparison to control. RNAi-GG provides the Golden Gate cloning strategy with a single restriction ligation reaction used to achieve lac silencing. Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated in planta and in-vitro transformation was used in the study. In vitro transformation, Galaxy 2012 yielded a maximum transformation efficiency (1.5%), followed by Anaj 2017 (0.8%), and Punjab (0.2%). In planta transformation provides better transformation efficiencies with a maximum in Galaxy 2012 (16%), and a minimum for Punjab (5%). Maximum transformation efficiency was achieved for all cultivars with 250 μM acetosyringone and 3h co-cultivation. Galaxy 2012 exhibited maximum transformation efficiency, and aphid mortality post-feeding transgenic wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Rafique
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Amber Afroz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Zeeshan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Umer Rashid
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Waheed Chatha
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ramzan Khan
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Rehman
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
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16
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Lawrenson T, Youles M, Chhetry M, Clarke M, Harwood W, Hundleby P. Efficient Targeted Mutagenesis in Brassica Crops Using CRISPR/Cas Systems. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2653:253-271. [PMID: 36995631 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3131-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas has been established for targeted mutagenesis in many plant species since 2013, including Brassica napus and Brassica oleracea. Since that time, improvements have been made in terms of efficiency and choice of CRISPR systems. This protocol encompasses improved Cas9 efficiency and an alternative Cas12a system, allowing more challenging and diverse editing outcomes to be achieved.
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17
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Sharma R, Lenaghan SC. Duckweed: a potential phytosensor for heavy metals. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:2231-2243. [PMID: 35980444 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02913-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Globally, heavy metal (HM) contamination is one of the primary causes of environmental pollution leading to decreased quality of life for those affected. In particular, HM contamination in groundwater poses a serious risk to human health and the potential for destabilization of aquatic ecosystems. At present, strategies to remove HM contamination from wastewater are inefficient, costly, laborious, and often the removal poses as much risk to the environment as the initial contamination. Phytoremediation, plant-based removal of contaminants from soil or water, has long been viewed as an economical and sustainable solution to remove toxic metals from the environment. However, to date, phytoremediation has demonstrated limited successes despite a large volume of literature supporting its potential. A key aspect for achieving robust and meaningful phytoremediation is the selection of a plant species that is well suited to the task. For the removal of pollutants from wastewater, hydrophytes, like duckweed, exhibit significant potential due to their rapid growth on nutrient-rich water, ease of collection, and ability to survive in various ecosystems. As a model for ecotoxicity studies, duckweed is an ideal candidate, as it is easy to cultivate under controlled and even sterile conditions, and the rapid growth enables multi-generational studies. Similarly, recent advances in the genetic engineering and genome-editing of duckweed will enable the transition from fundamental ecotoxicity studies to engineered solutions for phytoremediation of HMs. This review will provide insight into the suitability of duckweeds for phytoremediation of HMs and strategies for engineering next-generation duckweed to provide real-world environmental solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Sharma
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, 102 Food Safety and Processing Building 2600 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, B012 McCord Hall, 2640 Morgan Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Scott C Lenaghan
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, 102 Food Safety and Processing Building 2600 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, B012 McCord Hall, 2640 Morgan Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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18
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Tian K, Hong X, Guo M, Li Y, Wu H, Caiyin Q, Qiao J. Development of Base Editors for Simultaneously Editing Multiple Loci in Lactococcus lactis. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:3644-3656. [PMID: 36065829 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis serves as the most extensively studied model organism and an important dairy species. Though CRISPR-Cas9 systems have been developed for robust genetic manipulations, simultaneously editing multiple endogenous loci in L. lactis is still challenging. Herein, we first report the development of a double-strand break-free, robust, multiloci editing system CRISPR-deaminase-assisted base editor (CRISPR-DBE), which comprises a cytidine (CRISPR-cDBE) and an adenosine deaminase-assisted base editor (CRISPR-aDBE). Specifically targeted by a sgRNA, CRISPR-cDBE can efficiently introduce a cytidine-to-thymidine mutation and CRISPR-aDBE can high-efficiently convert adenosine to guanosine within a 5 nt editing window. CRISPR-cDBE was validated and successfully applied to simultaneously inactivate multiple genes using a single plasmid in L. lactis strain NZ9000. Meanwhile, the temperature-sensitive plasmid of CRISPR-DBE can be cured quickly, and the continuous gene editing of L. lactis has been achieved. Furthermore, CRISPR-cDBE can also efficiently convert the targeted C to T in a nisin-producing, industrial L. lactis strain F44. Finally, we applied genome-wide bioinformatics analysis to determine the scope of gene inactivation for these base editors using different Cas9 variants and evaluated the preference of SpGn and SpRYn variants for the protospacer adjacent motif in L. lactis NZ9000. Taken together, our study provides a powerful tool for simultaneously editing multiple loci in L. lactis, which may have a wide range of industrial applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kairen Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjian 300072, P. R. China.,SynBio Research Platform Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xia Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Manman Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yanni Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjian 300072, P. R. China.,SynBio Research Platform Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing 312300, P. R. China
| | - Qinggele Caiyin
- Department of Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjian 300072, P. R. China.,SynBio Research Platform Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjian 300072, P. R. China.,SynBio Research Platform Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing 312300, P. R. China
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19
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Abstract
The continual demand for specialized molecular cloning techniques that suit a broad range of applications has driven the development of many different cloning strategies. One method that has gained significant traction is Golden Gate assembly, which achieves hierarchical assembly of DNA parts by utilizing Type IIS restriction enzymes to produce user-specified sticky ends on cut DNA fragments. This technique has been modularized and standardized, and includes different subfamilies of methods, the most widely adopted of which are the MoClo and Golden Braid standards. Moreover, specialized toolboxes tailored to specific applications or organisms are also available. Still, the quantity and range of assembly methods can constitute a barrier to adoption for new users, and even experienced scientists might find it difficult to discern which tools are best suited toward their goals. In this review, we provide a beginner-friendly guide to Golden Gate assembly, compare the different available standards, and detail the specific features and quirks of commonly used toolboxes. We also provide an update on the state-of-the-art in Golden Gate technology, discussing recent advances and challenges to inform existing users and promote standard practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine
E. Bird
- School
of Computing, Faculty of Science Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Marles-Wright
- Biosciences
Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United
Kingdom,
| | - Andrea Giachino
- Biosciences
Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United
Kingdom,School
of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4NT, United Kingdom
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20
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Assembly of plant virus agroinfectious clones using biological material or DNA synthesis. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101716. [PMID: 36149792 PMCID: PMC9519601 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious clone technology is universally applied for biological characterization and engineering of viruses. This protocol describes procedures that implement synthetic biology advances for streamlined assembly of virus infectious clones. Here, I detail homology-based cloning using biological material, as well as SynViP assembly using type IIS restriction enzymes and chemically synthesized DNA fragments. The assembled virus clones are based on compact T-DNA binary vectors of the pLX series and are delivered to host plants by Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Pasin et al. (2017, 2018) and Pasin (2021).
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21
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Cochrane RR, Shrestha A, Severo de Almeida MM, Agyare-Tabbi M, Brumwell SL, Hamadache S, Meaney JS, Nucifora DP, Say HH, Sharma J, Soltysiak MPM, Tong C, Van Belois K, Walker EJL, Lachance MA, Gloor GB, Edgell DR, Shapiro RS, Karas BJ. Superior Conjugative Plasmids Delivered by Bacteria to Diverse Fungi. BIODESIGN RESEARCH 2022; 2022:9802168. [PMID: 37850145 PMCID: PMC10521675 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9802168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi are nature's recyclers, allowing for ecological nutrient cycling and, in turn, the continuation of life on Earth. Some fungi inhabit the human microbiome where they can provide health benefits, while others are opportunistic pathogens that can cause disease. Yeasts, members of the fungal kingdom, have been domesticated by humans for the production of beer, bread, and, recently, medicine and chemicals. Still, the great untapped potential exists within the diverse fungal kingdom. However, many yeasts are intractable, preventing their use in biotechnology or in the development of novel treatments for pathogenic fungi. Therefore, as a first step for the domestication of new fungi, an efficient DNA delivery method needs to be developed. Here, we report the creation of superior conjugative plasmids and demonstrate their transfer via conjugation from bacteria to 7 diverse yeast species including the emerging pathogen Candida auris. To create our superior plasmids, derivatives of the 57 kb conjugative plasmid pTA-Mob 2.0 were built using designed gene deletions and insertions, as well as some unintentional mutations. Specifically, a cluster mutation in the promoter of the conjugative gene traJ had the most significant effect on improving conjugation to yeasts. In addition, we created Golden Gate assembly-compatible plasmid derivatives that allow for the generation of custom plasmids to enable the rapid insertion of designer genetic cassettes. Finally, we demonstrated that designer conjugative plasmids harboring engineered restriction endonucleases can be used as a novel antifungal agent, with important applications for the development of next-generation antifungal therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R. Cochrane
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Arina Shrestha
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Mariana M. Severo de Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Michelle Agyare-Tabbi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Stephanie L. Brumwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Samir Hamadache
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Jordyn S. Meaney
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Daniel P. Nucifora
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Henry Heng Say
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Jehoshua Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | | | - Cheryl Tong
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Katherine Van Belois
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Emma J. L. Walker
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Marc-André Lachance
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Gregory B. Gloor
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - David R. Edgell
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Rebecca S. Shapiro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Bogumil J. Karas
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
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22
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Gutiérrez Mena J, Kumar S, Khammash M. Dynamic cybergenetic control of bacterial co-culture composition via optogenetic feedback. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4808. [PMID: 35973993 PMCID: PMC9381578 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Communities of microbes play important roles in natural environments and hold great potential for deploying division-of-labor strategies in synthetic biology and bioproduction. However, the difficulty of controlling the composition of microbial consortia over time hinders their optimal use in many applications. Here, we present a fully automated, high-throughput platform that combines real-time measurements and computer-controlled optogenetic modulation of bacterial growth to implement precise and robust compositional control of a two-strain E. coli community. In addition, we develop a general framework for dynamic modeling of synthetic genetic circuits in the physiological context of E. coli and use a host-aware model to determine the optimal control parameters of our closed-loop compositional control system. Our platform succeeds in stabilizing the strain ratio of multiple parallel co-cultures at arbitrary levels and in changing these targets over time, opening the door for the implementation of dynamic compositional programs in synthetic bacterial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Gutiérrez Mena
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sant Kumar
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mustafa Khammash
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
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23
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Shortill SP, Frier MS, Wongsangaroonsri P, Davey M, Conibear E. The VINE complex is an endosomal VPS9-domain GEF and SNX-BAR coat. eLife 2022; 11:77035. [PMID: 35938928 PMCID: PMC9507130 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking pathways perform important roles in establishing and maintaining the endosomal network. Retrograde protein sorting from the endosome is promoted by conserved SNX-BAR-containing coat complexes including retromer which enrich cargo at tubular microdomains and generate transport carriers. In metazoans, retromer cooperates with VARP, a conserved VPS9-domain GEF, to direct an endosomal recycling pathway. The function of the yeast VARP homolog Vrl1 has been overlooked due to an inactivating mutation found in commonly studied strains. Here, we demonstrate that Vrl1 has features of a SNX-BAR coat protein and forms an obligate complex with Vin1, the paralog of the retromer SNX-BAR protein Vps5. Unique features in the Vin1 N-terminus allow Vrl1 to distinguish it from Vps5, thereby forming a complex that we have named VINE. The VINE complex occupies endosomal tubules and redistributes a conserved mannose 6-phosphate receptor-like protein from endosomes. We also find that membrane recruitment by Vin1 is essential for Vrl1 GEF activity, suggesting that VINE is a multifunctional coat complex that regulates trafficking and signaling events at the endosome. All healthy cells have a highly organized interior: different compartments with specialized roles are in different places, and in order to do their jobs properly, proteins need to be in the right place. Endosomes are membrane-bound compartments that act as transport hubs where proteins are sorted into small vesicles and delivered to other parts of the cell. Two groups of proteins regulate this transport: the first group, known as VPS9 GEFs, switches on the enzymes that recruit the second group of proteins, called the sorting nexins. This second group is responsible for forming the transport vesicles via which proteins are distributed all over the cell. Defects in protein sorting can lead to various diseases, including neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson’s disease and juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Scientists often use budding yeast cells to study protein sorting, because these cells are similar to human cells, but easier to grow in large numbers and examine in the laboratory. Previous work showed that a yeast protein called Vrl1 is equivalent to a VPS9 GEF from humans called VARP. However, Vrl1 only exists in wild forms of budding yeast, and not in laboratory strains of the organism. Therefore, researchers had not studied Vrl1 in detail, and its roles remained unclear. To learn more about Vrl1, Shortill et al. started by re-introducing the protein into laboratory strains of budding yeast and observing what happened to protein sorting in these cells. Like VARP, Vrl1 was found in the endosomes of budding yeast. However, biochemical experiments revealed that, while human VARP binds to a protein called retromer, Vrl1 does not bind to the equivalent protein in yeast. Instead, Vrl1 itself has features of both the VPS9 GEFs and the sorting nexins. Shortill et al. also found that Vrl1 interacted with a different protein in the sorting nexin family called Vin1. In the absence of Vrl1, Vin1 was found floating around the cell, but once Vrl1 was re-introduced into the budding yeast, Vin1 relocated to the endosomes. Vrl1 uses its VPS9 GEF part to move itself to the endosome membrane, and Vin1 controls this movement, highlighting the interdependence between the two proteins. Once they are at the endosome together, Vrl1 and Vin1 help redistribute proteins to other parts of the cell. This study suggests that, like VARP, Vrl1 cooperates with sorting nexins to transport proteins. Since many previous experiments about protein sorting were carried out in yeast cells lacking Vrl1, it is possible that this process was overlooked despite its potential importance. These new findings could also help other researchers investigating how endosomes and protein sorting work, or do not work, in the context of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P Shortill
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mia S Frier
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Michael Davey
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Conibear
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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24
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Malcı K, Watts E, Roberts TM, Auxillos JY, Nowrouzi B, Boll HO, Nascimento CZSD, Andreou A, Vegh P, Donovan S, Fragkoudis R, Panke S, Wallace E, Elfick A, Rios-Solis L. Standardization of Synthetic Biology Tools and Assembly Methods for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Emerging Yeast Species. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:2527-2547. [PMID: 35939789 PMCID: PMC9396660 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
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As redesigning organisms using engineering principles
is one of
the purposes of synthetic biology (SynBio), the standardization of
experimental methods and DNA parts is becoming increasingly a necessity.
The synthetic biology community focusing on the engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been in the foreground in this
area, conceiving several well-characterized SynBio toolkits widely
adopted by the community. In this review, the molecular methods and
toolkits developed for S. cerevisiae are discussed
in terms of their contributions to the required standardization efforts.
In addition, the toolkits designed for emerging nonconventional yeast
species including Yarrowia lipolytica, Komagataella
phaffii, and Kluyveromyces marxianus are
also reviewed. Without a doubt, the characterized DNA parts combined
with the standardized assembly strategies highlighted in these toolkits
have greatly contributed to the rapid development of many metabolic
engineering and diagnostics applications among others. Despite the
growing capacity in deploying synthetic biology for common yeast genome
engineering works, the yeast community has a long journey to go to
exploit it in more sophisticated and delicate applications like bioautomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koray Malcı
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, EH9 3BF Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, EH9 3BD Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Watts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, EH9 3JW Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jamie Yam Auxillos
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, EH9 3BD Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, EH9 3FF Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Behnaz Nowrouzi
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, EH9 3BF Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, EH9 3BD Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Heloísa Oss Boll
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Andreas Andreou
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, EH9 3BD Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Vegh
- Edinburgh Genome Foundry, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Donovan
- Edinburgh Genome Foundry, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Rennos Fragkoudis
- Edinburgh Genome Foundry, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Sven Panke
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edward Wallace
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, EH9 3BD Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, EH9 3FF Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Elfick
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, EH9 3BF Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, EH9 3BD Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardo Rios-Solis
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, EH9 3BF Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, EH9 3BD Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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25
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A fully automated high-throughput plasmid purification workstation for the generation of mammalian cell expression-quality DNA. SLAS Technol 2022; 27:227-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Aragonés V, Aliaga F, Pasin F, Daròs JA. Simplifying plant gene silencing and genome editing logistics by a one-Agrobacterium system for simultaneous delivery of multipartite virus vectors. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2100504. [PMID: 35332696 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Viral vectors provide a quick and effective way to express exogenous sequences in eukaryotic cells and to engineer eukaryotic genomes through the delivery of CRISPR/Cas components. Here, we present JoinTRV, an improved vector system based on tobacco rattle virus (TRV) that simplifies gene silencing and genome editing logistics. Our system consists of two mini T-DNA vectors from which TRV RNA1 (pLX-TRV1) and an engineered version of TRV RNA2 (pLX-TRV2) are expressed. The two vectors have compatible origins that allow their cotransformation and maintenance into a single Agrobacterium cell, as well as their simultaneous delivery to plants by a one-Agrobacterium/two-vector approach. The JoinTRV vectors are substantially smaller than those of any known TRV vector system, and pLX-TRV2 can be easily customized to express desired sequences by one-step digestion-ligation and homology-based cloning. The system was successfully used in Nicotiana benthamiana for launching TRV infection, for recombinant protein production, as well as for robust virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of endogenous transcripts using bacterial suspensions at low optical densities. JoinTRV-mediated delivery of single-guide RNAs in a Cas9 transgenic host allowed somatic cell editing efficiencies of ≈90%; editing events were heritable and >50% of the progeny seedlings showed mutations at the targeted loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Aragonés
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València), Valencia, Spain
| | - Flavio Aliaga
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València), Valencia, Spain
- Dirección de Desarrollo Tecnológico Agrario, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Lima, Peru
- Centro Experimental La Molina (CELM), Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Lima, Peru
| | - Fabio Pasin
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València), Valencia, Spain
- School of Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - José-Antonio Daròs
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València), Valencia, Spain
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27
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De Saeger J, Vermeersch M, Gaillochet C, Jacobs TB. Simple and Efficient Modification of Golden Gate Design Standards and Parts Using Oligo Stitching. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:2214-2220. [PMID: 35675166 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The assembly of DNA parts is a critical aspect of contemporary biological research. Gibson assembly and Golden Gate cloning are two popular options. Here, we explore the use of single stranded DNA oligos with Gibson assembly to augment Golden Gate cloning workflows in a process called "oligo stitching". Our results show that oligo stitching can efficiently convert Golden Gate parts between different assembly standards and directly assemble incompatible Golden Gate parts without PCR amplification. Building on previous reports, we show that it can also be used to assemble de novo sequences. As a final application, we show that restriction enzyme recognition sites can be removed from plasmids and utilize the same concept to perform saturation mutagenesis. Given oligo stitching's versatility and high efficiency, we expect that it will be a useful addition to the molecular biologist's toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas De Saeger
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mattias Vermeersch
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Gaillochet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas B Jacobs
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Pryor JM, Potapov V, Bilotti K, Pokhrel N, Lohman GJS. Rapid 40 kb Genome Construction from 52 Parts through Data-optimized Assembly Design. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:2036-2042. [PMID: 35613368 PMCID: PMC9208013 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Large DNA constructs
(>10 kb) are invaluable tools for genetic
engineering and the development of therapeutics. However, the manufacture
of these constructs is laborious, often involving multiple hierarchical
rounds of preparation. To address this problem, we sought to test
whether Golden Gate assembly (GGA), an in vitro DNA
assembly methodology, can be utilized to construct a large DNA target
from many tractable pieces in a single reaction. While GGA is routinely
used to generate constructs from 5 to 10 DNA parts in one step, we
found that optimization permitted the assembly of >50 DNA fragments
in a single round. We applied these insights to genome construction,
successfully assembling the 40 kb T7 bacteriophage genome from up
to 52 parts and recovering infectious phage particles after cellular
transformation. The assembly protocols and design principles described
here can be applied to rapidly engineer a wide variety of large and
complex assembly targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Pryor
- Research Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938, United States
| | - Vladimir Potapov
- Research Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938, United States
| | - Katharina Bilotti
- Research Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938, United States
| | - Nilisha Pokhrel
- Research Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938, United States
| | - Gregory J. S. Lohman
- Research Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938, United States
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29
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Moniruzzaman M, Zhong Y, Huang Z, Zhong G. Having a Same Type IIS Enzyme's Restriction Site on Guide RNA Sequence Does Not Affect Golden Gate (GG) Cloning and Subsequent CRISPR/Cas Mutagenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4889. [PMID: 35563297 PMCID: PMC9101711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Golden gate/modular cloning facilitates faster and more efficient cloning by utilizing the unique features of the type IIS restriction enzymes. However, it is known that targeted insertion of DNA fragment(s) must not include internal type IIS restriction recognition sites. In the case of cloning CRISPR constructs by using golden gate (GG) cloning, this narrows down the scope of guide RNA (gRNA) picks because the selection of a good gRNA for successful genome editing requires some obligation of fulfillment, and it is unwanted if a good gRNA candidate cannot be picked only because it has an internal type IIS restriction recognition site. In this article, we have shown that the presence of a type IIS restriction recognition site in a gRNA does not affect cloning and subsequent genome editing. After each step of GG reactions, correct insertions of gRNAs were verified by colony color and restriction digestion and were further confirmed by sequencing. Finally, the final vector containing a Cas12a nuclease and four gRNAs was used for Agrobacterium-mediated citrus cell transformation. Sequencing of PCR amplicons flanking gRNA-2 showed a substitution (C to T) mutation in transgenic plants. The knowledge derived from this study could widen the scope of GG cloning, particularly of gRNAs selection for GG-mediated cloning into CRISPR vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Moniruzzaman
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.H.)
- Center for Viticulture and Small Fruit Research, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32308, USA
| | - Yun Zhong
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Guangyan Zhong
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.H.)
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30
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Tan LL, Heng E, Zulkarnain N, Hsiao WC, Wong FT, Zhang MM. CRISPR/Cas-Mediated Genome Editing of Streptomyces. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2479:207-225. [PMID: 35583741 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2233-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Streptomyces are an important source and reservoir of natural products with diverse applications in medicine, agriculture, and food. Engineered Streptomyces strains have also proven to be functional chassis for the discovery and production of bioactive compounds and enzymes. However, genetic engineering of Streptomyces is often laborious and time-consuming. Here we describe protocols for CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing of Streptomyces. Starting from the design and assembly of all-in-one CRISPR/Cas constructs for efficient double-strand break-mediated genome editing, we also present protocols for intergeneric conjugation, CRISPR/Cas plasmid curing, and validation of edited strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Ling Tan
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elena Heng
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nadiah Zulkarnain
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan-Chi Hsiao
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Fong Tian Wong
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Mingzi M Zhang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan.
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31
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Park S, Mani V, Kim JA, Lee SI, Lee K. Combinatorial transient gene expression strategies to enhance terpenoid production in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1034893. [PMID: 36582649 PMCID: PMC9793405 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1034893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The monoterpenoid linalool and sesquiterpenoid costunolide are ubiquitous plant components that have been economically exploited for their respective essential oils and pharmaceutical benefits. In general, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes are produced by the plastid 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) and cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathways, respectively. Herein, we investigated the individual and combinatorial potential of MEP and MVA pathway genes in increasing linalool and costunolide production in Nicotiana benthamiana. METHODS First, six genes from the MEP (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase, geranyl pyrophosphate synthase, and linalool synthase) and MVA (acetoacetyl-CoA-thiolase, hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, germacrene A synthase, germacrene A oxidase, and costunolide synthase) pathways were separately cloned into the modular cloning (MoClo) golden gateway cassette. Second, the cassettes were transformed individually or in combination into the leaves of N. benthamiana by agroinfiltration. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Five days post infiltration (DPI), all selected genes were transiently 5- to 94-fold overexpressed. Quantification using gas chromatography-Q-orbitrap-mass spectrometry (GC-Q-Orbitrap-MS) determined that the individual and combinatorial expression of MEP genes increased linalool production up to 50-90ng.mg-1 fresh leaf weight. Likewise, MVA genes increased costunolide production up to 70-90ng.mg-1 fresh leaf weight. Our findings highlight that the transient expression of MEP and MVA pathway genes (individually or in combination) enhances linalool and costunolide production in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kijong Lee
- *Correspondence: Kijong Lee, ; Vimalraj Mani,
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32
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Mortensen S, Cole LF, Bernal-Franco D, Sathitloetsakun S, Cram EJ, Lee-Parsons CWT. EASI Transformation Protocol: An Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Transformation Protocol for Catharanthus roseus Seedlings. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2505:249-262. [PMID: 35732950 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2349-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Catharanthus roseus produces medicinal terpenoid indole alkaloids, including the critical anti-cancer compounds vinblastine and vincristine in its leaves. Recently, we developed a highly efficient transient expression method relying on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of seedlings to facilitate rapid and high-throughput studies on the regulation of terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis in C. roseus . We detail our optimized protocol known as efficient Agrobacterium-mediated seedling infiltration method (EASI), including the development of constructs used in EASI and an example experimental design that includes appropriate controls. We applied our EASI method to rapidly screen and evaluate transcriptional activators and repressors and promoter activity. Our EASI method can be used for promoter transactivation studies or transgene overexpression paired with downstream analyses like quantitative PCR or metabolite analysis. Our protocol takes about 16 days from sowing seeds to obtaining the results of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren F Cole
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diana Bernal-Franco
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Suphinya Sathitloetsakun
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erin J Cram
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carolyn W T Lee-Parsons
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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33
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González B, Vazquez-Vilar M, Sánchez-Vicente J, Orzáez D. Optimization of Vectors and Targeting Strategies Including GoldenBraid and Genome Editing Tools: GoldenBraid Assembly of Multiplex CRISPR /Cas12a Guide RNAs for Gene Editing in Nicotiana benthamiana. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2480:193-214. [PMID: 35616865 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2241-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
New breeding techniques, especially CRISPR/Cas, could facilitate the expansion and diversification of molecular farming crops by speeding up the introduction of new traits that improve their value as biofactories. One of the main advantages of CRISPR/Cas is its ability to target multiple loci simultaneously, a key feature known as multiplexing. This characteristic is especially relevant for polyploid species, as it is the case of Nicotiana benthamiana and other species of the same genus widely used in molecular farming. Here, we describe in detail the making of a multiplex DNA construct for genome editing in N. benthamiana using the GoldenBraid modular cloning platform. In this case, the procedure is adapted for the requirements of LbCas12a (Lachnospiraceae bacterium Cas12a), a nuclease whose cloning strategy differs from that of the more often used SpCas9 (Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9) enzyme. LbCas12a-mediated edition has several advantages, as its high editing efficiency, described for different plant species, and its T/A-rich PAM sequence, which expands the range of genomic loci that can be targeted by site-specific nucleases. The protocol also includes recommendations for the selection of protospacer sequences and indications for the analysis of editing results.
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34
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Yang SA, Salazar JL, Li-Kroeger D, Yamamoto S. Functional Studies of Genetic Variants Associated with Human Diseases in Notch Signaling-Related Genes Using Drosophila. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2472:235-276. [PMID: 35674905 PMCID: PMC9396741 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2201-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rare variants in the many genes related to Notch signaling cause diverse Mendelian diseases that affect myriad organ systems. In addition, genome- and exome-wide association studies have linked common and rare variants in Notch-related genes to common diseases and phenotypic traits. Moreover, somatic mutations in these genes have been observed in many types of cancer, some of which are classified as oncogenic and others as tumor suppressive. While functional characterization of some of these variants has been performed through experimental studies, the number of "variants of unknown significance" identified in patients with diverse conditions keeps increasing as high-throughput sequencing technologies become more commonly used in the clinic. Furthermore, as disease gene discovery efforts identify rare variants in human genes that have yet to be linked to a disease, the demand for functional characterization of variants in these "genes of unknown significance" continues to increase. In this chapter, we describe a workflow to functionally characterize a rare variant in a Notch signaling related gene that was found to be associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease. This pipeline involves informatic analysis of the variant of interest using diverse human and model organism databases, followed by in vivo experiments in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. The protocol described here can be used to study variants that affect amino acids that are not conserved between human and fly. By "humanizing" the almondex gene in Drosophila with mutant alleles and heterologous genomic rescue constructs, a missense variant in TM2D3 (TM2 Domain Containing 3) was shown to be functionally damaging. This, and similar approaches, greatly facilitate functional interpretations of genetic variants in the human genome and propel personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-An Yang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jose L Salazar
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Li-Kroeger
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Development, Disease Models and Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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35
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Jiang S, Jardinaud MF, Gao J, Pecrix Y, Wen J, Mysore K, Xu P, Sanchez-Canizares C, Ruan Y, Li Q, Zhu M, Li F, Wang E, Poole PS, Gamas P, Murray JD. NIN-like protein transcription factors regulate leghemoglobin genes in legume nodules. Science 2021; 374:625-628. [PMID: 34709882 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg5945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyu Jiang
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jinpeng Gao
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yann Pecrix
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France.,CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, Saint-Pierre 97410, France
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | | | - Ping Xu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resource, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | | | - Yiting Ruan
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiujiu Li
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Meijun Zhu
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuyu Li
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Phillip S Poole
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Pascal Gamas
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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36
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Liu Z, Wang J, Nielsen J. Yeast synthetic biology advances biofuel production. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 65:33-39. [PMID: 34739924 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concerns of environmental impacts and global warming calls for urgent need to switch from use of fossil fuels to renewable technologies. Biofuels represent attractive alternatives of fossil fuels and have gained continuous attentions. Through the use of synthetic biology it has become possible to engineer microbial cell factories for efficient biofuel production in a more precise and efficient manner. Here, we review advances on yeast-based biofuel production. Following an overview of synthetic biology impacts on biofuel production, we review recent advancements on the design, build, test, learn steps of yeast-based biofuel production, and end with discussion of challenges associated with use of synthetic biology for developing novel processes for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihe Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Junyang Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Jens Nielsen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; BioInnovation Institute, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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37
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Wang W, Zheng G, Lu Y. Recent Advances in Strategies for the Cloning of Natural Product Biosynthetic Gene Clusters. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:692797. [PMID: 34327194 PMCID: PMC8314000 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.692797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial natural products (NPs) are a major source of pharmacological agents. Most NPs are synthesized from specific biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). With the rapid increase of sequenced microbial genomes, large numbers of NP BGCs have been discovered, regarded as a treasure trove of novel bioactive compounds. However, many NP BGCs are silent in native hosts under laboratory conditions. In order to explore their therapeutic potential, a main route is to activate these silent NP BGCs in heterologous hosts. To this end, the first step is to accurately and efficiently capture these BGCs. In the past decades, a large number of effective technologies for cloning NP BGCs have been established, which has greatly promoted drug discovery research. Herein, we describe recent advances in strategies for BGC cloning, with a focus on the preparation of high-molecular-weight DNA fragment, selection and optimization of vectors used for carrying large-size DNA, and methods for assembling targeted DNA fragment and appropriate vector. The future direction into novel, universal, and high-efficiency methods for cloning NP BGCs is also prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guosong Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinhua Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
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38
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Grützner R, Martin P, Horn C, Mortensen S, Cram EJ, Lee-Parsons CW, Stuttmann J, Marillonnet S. High-efficiency genome editing in plants mediated by a Cas9 gene containing multiple introns. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100135. [PMID: 33898975 PMCID: PMC8060730 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery of the mode of action of the CRISPR/Cas9 system has provided biologists with a useful tool for generating site-specific mutations in genes of interest. In plants, site-targeted mutations are usually obtained by the stable transformation of a Cas9 expression construct into the plant genome. The efficiency of introducing mutations in genes of interest can vary considerably depending on the specific features of the constructs, including the source and nature of the promoters and terminators used for the expression of the Cas9 gene and the guide RNA, and the sequence of the Cas9 nuclease itself. To optimize the efficiency of the Cas9 nuclease in generating mutations in target genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, we investigated several features of its nucleotide and/or amino acid sequence, including the codon usage, the number of nuclear localization signals (NLSs), and the presence or absence of introns. We found that the Cas9 gene codon usage had some effect on its activity and that two NLSs worked better than one. However, the highest efficiency of the constructs was achieved by the addition of 13 introns into the Cas9 coding sequence, which dramatically improved the editing efficiency of the constructs. None of the primary transformants obtained with a Cas9 gene lacking introns displayed a knockout mutant phenotype, whereas between 70% and 100% of the primary transformants generated with the intronized Cas9 gene displayed mutant phenotypes. The intronized Cas9 gene was also found to be effective in other plants such as Nicotiana benthamiana and Catharanthus roseus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Grützner
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Patrick Martin
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Claudia Horn
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Erin J. Cram
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carolyn W.T. Lee-Parsons
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sylvestre Marillonnet
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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39
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Pasin F. Oligonucleotide abundance biases aid design of a type IIS synthetic genomics framework with plant virome capacity. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2000354. [PMID: 33410597 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic genomics-driven dematerialization of genetic resources facilitates flexible hypothesis testing and rapid product development. Biological sequences have compositional biases, which, I reasoned, could be exploited for engineering of enhanced synthetic genomics systems. In proof-of-concept assays reported herein, the abundance of random oligonucleotides in viral genomic components was analyzed and used for the rational design of a synthetic genomics framework with plant virome capacity (SynViP). Type IIS endonucleases with low abundance in the plant virome, as well as Golden Gate and No See'm principles were combined with DNA chemical synthesis for seamless viral clone assembly by one-step digestion-ligation. The framework described does not require subcloning steps, is insensitive to insert terminal sequences, and was used with linear and circular DNA molecules. Based on a digital template, DNA fragments were chemically synthesized and assembled by one-step cloning to yield a scar-free infectious clone of a plant virus suitable for Agrobacterium-mediated delivery. SynViP allowed rescue of a genuine virus without biological material, and has the potential to greatly accelerate biological characterization and engineering of plant viruses as well as derived biotechnological tools. Finally, computational identification of compositional biases in biological sequences might become a common standard to aid scalable biosystems design and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Pasin
- School of Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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40
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Grützner R, Schubert R, Horn C, Yang C, Vogt T, Marillonnet S. Engineering Betalain Biosynthesis in Tomato for High Level Betanin Production in Fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:682443. [PMID: 34177999 PMCID: PMC8220147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.682443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are pigments found in plants of the Caryophyllales order, and include the red-purple betacyanins and the yellow-orange betaxanthins. The red pigment from red beets, betanin, is made from tyrosine by a biosynthetic pathway that consists of a cytochrome P450, a L-DOPA dioxygenase, and a glucosyltransferase. The entire pathway was recently reconstituted in plants that do not make betalains naturally including potato and tomato plants. The amount of betanin produced in these plants was however not as high as in red beets. It was recently shown that a plastidic arogenate dehydrogenase gene involved in biosynthesis of tyrosine in plants is duplicated in Beta vulgaris and other betalain-producing plants, and that one of the two encoded enzymes, BvADHα, has relaxed feedback inhibition by tyrosine, contributing to the high amount of betanin found in red beets. We have reconstituted the complete betanin biosynthetic pathway in tomato plants with or without a BvADHα gene, and with all genes expressed under control of a fruit-specific promoter. The plants obtained with a construct containing BvADHα produced betanin at a higher level than plants obtained with a construct lacking this gene. These results show that use of BvADHα can be useful for high level production of betalains in heterologous hosts. Unlike red beets that produce both betacyanins and betaxanthins, the transformed tomatoes produced betacyanins only, conferring a bright purple-fuschia color to the tomato juice.
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41
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Yuan G, Hassan MM, Liu D, Lim SD, Yim WC, Cushman JC, Markel K, Shih PM, Lu H, Weston DJ, Chen JG, Tschaplinski TJ, Tuskan GA, Yang X. Biosystems Design to Accelerate C 3-to-CAM Progression. BIODESIGN RESEARCH 2020; 2020:3686791. [PMID: 37849902 PMCID: PMC10521703 DOI: 10.34133/2020/3686791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Global demand for food and bioenergy production has increased rapidly, while the area of arable land has been declining for decades due to damage caused by erosion, pollution, sea level rise, urban development, soil salinization, and water scarcity driven by global climate change. In order to overcome this conflict, there is an urgent need to adapt conventional agriculture to water-limited and hotter conditions with plant crop systems that display higher water-use efficiency (WUE). Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) species have substantially higher WUE than species performing C3 or C4 photosynthesis. CAM plants are derived from C3 photosynthesis ancestors. However, it is extremely unlikely that the C3 or C4 crop plants would evolve rapidly into CAM photosynthesis without human intervention. Currently, there is growing interest in improving WUE through transferring CAM into C3 crops. However, engineering a major metabolic plant pathway, like CAM, is challenging and requires a comprehensive deep understanding of the enzymatic reactions and regulatory networks in both C3 and CAM photosynthesis, as well as overcoming physiometabolic limitations such as diurnal stomatal regulation. Recent advances in CAM evolutionary genomics research, genome editing, and synthetic biology have increased the likelihood of successful acceleration of C3-to-CAM progression. Here, we first summarize the systems biology-level understanding of the molecular processes in the CAM pathway. Then, we review the principles of CAM engineering in an evolutionary context. Lastly, we discuss the technical approaches to accelerate the C3-to-CAM transition in plants using synthetic biology toolboxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Yuan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Md. Mahmudul Hassan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Degao Liu
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Center for Precision Plant Genomics, and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Sung Don Lim
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Cheol Yim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - John C. Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Kasey Markel
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Patrick M. Shih
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Haiwei Lu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - David J. Weston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Jin-Gui Chen
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Timothy J. Tschaplinski
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Gerald A. Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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42
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Pryor JM, Potapov V, Kucera RB, Bilotti K, Cantor EJ, Lohman GJS. Enabling one-pot Golden Gate assemblies of unprecedented complexity using data-optimized assembly design. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238592. [PMID: 32877448 PMCID: PMC7467295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA assembly is an integral part of modern synthetic biology, as intricate genetic engineering projects require robust molecular cloning workflows. Golden Gate assembly is a frequently employed DNA assembly methodology that utilizes a Type IIS restriction enzyme and a DNA ligase to generate recombinant DNA constructs from smaller DNA fragments. However, the utility of this methodology has been limited by a lack of resources to guide experimental design. For example, selection of the DNA sequences at fusion sites between fragments is based on broad assembly guidelines or pre-vetted sets of junctions, rather than being customized for a particular application or cloning project. To facilitate the design of robust assembly reactions, we developed a high-throughput DNA sequencing assay to examine reaction outcomes of Golden Gate assembly with T4 DNA ligase and the most commonly used Type IIS restriction enzymes that generate three-base and four-base overhangs. Next, we incorporated these findings into a suite of webtools that design assembly reactions using the experimental data. These webtools can be used to create customized assemblies from a target DNA sequence or a desired number of fragments. Lastly, we demonstrate how using these tools expands the limits of current assembly systems by carrying out one-pot assemblies of up to 35 DNA fragments. Full implementation of the tools developed here enables direct expansion of existing assembly standards for modular cloning systems (e.g. MoClo) as well as the formation of robust new high-fidelity standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Pryor
- Research Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Potapov
- Research Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rebecca B. Kucera
- Applications and Product Development, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katharina Bilotti
- Research Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Cantor
- Applications and Product Development, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. S. Lohman
- Research Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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43
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Sarrion-Perdigones A, Gonzalez Y, Venken KJT. Rapid and Efficient Synthetic Assembly of Multiplex Luciferase Reporter Plasmids for the Simultaneous Monitoring of Up to Six Cellular Signaling Pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 131:e121. [PMID: 32539183 DOI: 10.1002/cpmb.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput cell-based screening assays are valuable tools in the discovery of chemical probes and therapeutic agents. Such assays are designed to examine the effects of small compounds on targets, pathways, or phenotypes participating in normal and disease processes. While most cell-based assays measure single quantities, multiplexed assays seek to address these limitations by obtaining multiple simultaneous measurements. The signals from such measurements should be independently detectable and cover large dynamic ranges. Luciferases are good candidates for generation of such signals. They are genetically encoded, versatile, and cost-effective, and their output signals can be sensitively detected. We recently developed a multiplex luciferase assay that allows monitoring the activity of five experimental pathways against one control simultaneously. We used synthetic assembly cloning to assemble all six luciferase reporter units into a single vector over eight stitching rounds. Because all six reporters are on a single piece of DNA, a single vector ensures stoichiometric ratios of each transcriptional unit in each transfected cell, resulting in lower experimental variation. Our proof-of-concept multiplex hextuple luciferase assay was designed to simultaneously monitor the p53, TGF-β, NF-κβ, c-Myc, and MAPK/JNK signaling pathways. The same synthetic assembly cloning pipeline allows the stitching of numerous other cellular pathway luciferase reporters. Here we present an improved three-step synthetic assembly protocol to quickly and efficiently generate multiplex hextuple luciferase reporter plasmids for other signaling pathways of interest. This improved assembly protocol provides the opportunity to analyze any five desired pathways at once much more quickly. Protocols are provided on how to prepare DNA components and destination vector plasmids, design synthetic DNA, perform assembly cloning of new transcriptional reporter elements, implement multipartite synthetic assembly cloning of single-pathway luciferase reporters, and carry out one-step assembly of final multiplex hextuple luciferase vectors. We present protocols on how to perform multiplex hextuple luciferase in an accompanying Current Protocols in Molecular Biology article. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of DNA parts and destination vectors for synthetic assembly cloning Basic Protocol 2: DNA synthesis and assembly cloning of a typical transcriptional reporter element Alternate Protocol: DNA synthesis and assembly cloning of a challenging transcriptional reporter element Basic Protocol 3: Multipartite synthetic assembly cloning of individual pathway luciferase reporters Basic Protocol 4: One step assembly into final multiplex hextuple luciferase vectors Support Protocol: Generation of home-made chemocompetent E. coli DH10B-T1R cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sarrion-Perdigones
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yezabel Gonzalez
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Koen J T Venken
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Therapeutic Innovation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,McNair Medical Institute at The Robert and Janice McNair Foundation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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