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Zhuang Y, Yin T, Li J, Zang Y, Li X. An Allysine-Conjugatable Probe for Fluorogenically Imaging Fibrosis. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9034-9042. [PMID: 38773734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Allysine, a pivotal biomarker in fibrogenesis, has prompted the development of various radioactive imaging probes. However, fluorogenic probes targeting allysine remain largely unexplored. Herein, by leveraging the equilibrium between the nonfluorescent spirocyclic and the fluorescent zwitterionic forms of rhodamine-cyanine hybrid fluorophores, we systematically fine-tuned the environmental sensitivity of this equilibrium toward the development of fluorogenic probes for fibrosis. The trick lies in modulating the nucleophilicity of the ortho-carboxyl group, which is terminated with a hydrazide group for allysine conjugation. Probe B2 was developed with this strategy, which featured an N-sulfonyl amide group and exhibited superior fibrosis-to-control imaging contrast. Initially presenting as nonfluorescent spirocyclic aggregates in aqueous solutions, B2 displayed a notable fluorogenic response upon conjugation with protein allysine through its hydrazide group, inducing deaggregation and switching to the fluorescent zwitterionic form. Probe B2 outperformed the traditional Masson stain in imaging contrast, achieving an about 260-2600-fold ratio for fibrosis-to-control detection depending on fibrosis severity. Furthermore, it demonstrated efficacy in evaluating antifibrosis drugs. Our results emphasize the potential of this fluorogenic probe as an alternative to conventional fibrosis detection methods. It emerges as a valuable tool for antifibrosis drug evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilian Zhuang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Street, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Street, Hangzhou 310058, China
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314100, China
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Montero-Vallejo R, Maya-Miles D, Ampuero J, Martín F, Romero-Gómez M, Gallego-Durán R. Novel insights into metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease preclinical models. Liver Int 2024; 44:644-662. [PMID: 38291855 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) encompasses a wide spectrum of metabolic conditions associated with an excess of fat accumulation in the liver, ranging from simple hepatic steatosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Finding appropriate tools to study its development and progression is essential to address essential unmet therapeutic and staging needs. This review discusses advantages and shortcomings of different dietary, chemical and genetic factors that can be used to mimic this disease and its progression in mice from a hepatic and metabolic point of view. Also, this review will highlight some additional factors and considerations that could have a strong impact on the outcomes of our model to end up providing recommendations and a checklist to facilitate the selection of the appropriate MASLD preclinical model based on clinical aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Montero-Vallejo
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/CSIC/Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Douglas Maya-Miles
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/CSIC/Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier Ampuero
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/CSIC/Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Sevilla, Spain
- Digestive Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Franz Martín
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, University Pablo Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases-CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/CSIC/Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Sevilla, Spain
- Digestive Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío Gallego-Durán
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/CSIC/Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Sevilla, Spain
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Fu Q, Frick JM, O'Neil MF, Eller OC, Morris EM, Thyfault JP, Christianson JA, Lane RH. Early-life stress perturbs the epigenetics of Cd36 concurrent with adult onset of NAFLD in mice. Pediatr Res 2023; 94:1942-1950. [PMID: 37479748 PMCID: PMC10665193 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases in the U.S. and worldwide. The roles of early postnatal life stress (EPLS) and the fatty acid translocase (CD36) on the pathogenesis of adult-onset NAFLD remain unknown. We hypothesized that EPLS, in the form of neonatal maternal separation (NMS), would predispose mice towards developing adult NAFLD, increase hepatic CD36 expression, and differentially methylate Cd36 promoter concurrently. METHODS NMS was performed on mice from postnatal day 1 to 21 and a high-fat/high-sucrose (HFS) diet was started at 4 weeks of age to generate four experimental groups: Naive-control diet (CD), Naive-HFS, NMS-CD, and NMS-HFS. RESULTS NMS alone caused NAFLD in adult male mice at 25 weeks of age. The effects of NMS and HFS were generally additive in terms of NAFLD, hepatic Cd36 mRNA levels, and hepatic Cd36 promoter DNA hypomethylation. Cd36 promoter methylation negatively correlated with Cd36 mRNA levels. Two differentially methylated regions (DMRs) within Cd36 promoter regions appeared to be vulnerable to NMS in the mouse. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that NMS increases the risk of an individual, particularly male, towards NAFLD when faced with a HFS diet later in life. IMPACT The key message of this article is that neonatal maternal separation and a postweaning high-fat/high-sucrose diet increased the risk of an individual, particularly male, towards NAFLD in adult life. What this study adds to the existing literature includes the identification of two vulnerable differentially methylated regions in hepatic Cd36 promoters whose methylation levels very strongly negatively correlated with Cd36 mRNA. The impact of this article is that it provides an early-life environment-responsive gene/promoter methylation model and an animal model for furthering the mechanistic study on how the insults in early-life environment are "transmitted" into adulthood and caused NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fu
- Department of Research Administration, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jenna M Frick
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Maura F O'Neil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Olivia C Eller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - E Matthew Morris
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Research Service, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Julie A Christianson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Robert H Lane
- Department of Administration, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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Al Jadani JM, Albadr NA, Alshammari GM, Almasri SA, Alfayez FF, Yahya MA. Esculeogenin A, a Glycan from Tomato, Alleviates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Rats through Hypolipidemic, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects. Nutrients 2023; 15:4755. [PMID: 38004149 PMCID: PMC10675668 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the preventative effects of esculeogenin A (ESGA), a newly discovered glycan from tomato, on liver damage and hepatic steatosis in high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed male rats. The animals were divided into six groups (each of eight rats): a control group fed a normal diet, control + ESGA (200 mg/kg), HFD, and HFD + ESAG in 3 doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg). Feeding and treatments were conducted for 12 weeks. Treatment with ESGA did not affect gains in the body or fat weight nor increases in fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR or serum levels of free fatty acids (FFAs), tumor-necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 (IL-6). On the contrary, it significantly reduced the serum levels of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total triglycerides (TGs), cholesterol (CHOL), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) in the HFD-fed rats. In addition, it improved the liver structure, attenuating the increase in fat vacuoles; reduced levels of TGs and CHOL, and the mRNA levels of SREBP1 and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC); and upregulated the mRNA levels of proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) in HFD-fed rats. These effects were concomitant with increases in the mRNA, cytoplasmic, and nuclear levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO); a reduction in the nuclear activity of nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κB); and inhibition of the activity of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit beta (IKKβ). All of these effects were dose-dependent effects in which a normal liver structure and normal levels of all measured parameters were seen in HFD + ESGA (200 mg/kg)-treated rats. In conclusion, ESGA prevents NAFLD in HFD-fed rats by attenuating hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation by acting locally on Nrf2, NF-κB, SREBP1, and PPARα transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jwharah M. Al Jadani
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (J.M.A.J.); (G.M.A.); (S.A.A.); (M.A.Y.)
| | - Nawal A. Albadr
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (J.M.A.J.); (G.M.A.); (S.A.A.); (M.A.Y.)
| | - Ghedeir M. Alshammari
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (J.M.A.J.); (G.M.A.); (S.A.A.); (M.A.Y.)
| | - Soheir A. Almasri
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (J.M.A.J.); (G.M.A.); (S.A.A.); (M.A.Y.)
| | - Farah Fayez Alfayez
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed Abdo Yahya
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (J.M.A.J.); (G.M.A.); (S.A.A.); (M.A.Y.)
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Alabdulaali B, Al-rashed F, Al-Onaizi M, Kandari A, Razafiarison J, Tonui D, Williams MR, Blériot C, Ahmad R, Alzaid F. Macrophages and the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1195699. [PMID: 37377968 PMCID: PMC10291618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1195699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the site of first pass metabolism, detoxifying and metabolizing blood arriving from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery. It is made up of multiple cell types, including macrophages. These are either bona fide tissue-resident Kupffer cells (KC) of embryonic origin, or differentiated from circulating monocytes. KCs are the primary immune cells populating the liver under steady state. Liver macrophages interact with hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells to maintain homeostasis, however they are also key contributors to disease progression. Generally tolerogenic, they physiologically phagocytose foreign particles and debris from portal circulation and participate in red blood cell clearance. However as immune cells, they retain the capacity to raise an alarm to recruit other immune cells. Their aberrant function leads to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD refers to a spectrum of conditions ranging from benign steatosis of the liver to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. In NAFLD, the multiple hit hypothesis proposes that simultaneous influences from the gut and adipose tissue (AT) generate hepatic fat deposition and that inflammation plays a key role in disease progression. KCs initiate the inflammatory response as resident immune effectors, they signal to neighbouring cells and recruit monocytes that differentiated into recruited macrophages in situ. Recruited macrophages are central to amplifying the inflammatory response and causing progression of NAFLD to its fibro-inflammatory stages. Given their phagocytic capacity and their being instrumental in maintaining tissue homeostasis, KCs and recruited macrophages are fast-becoming target cell types for therapeutic intervention. We review the literature in the field on the roles of these cells in the development and progression of NAFLD, the characteristics of patients with NAFLD, animal models used in research, as well as the emerging questions. These include the gut-liver-brain axis, which when disrupted can contribute to decline in function, and a discussion on therapeutic strategies that act on the macrophage-inflammatory axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bader Alabdulaali
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | | | - Mohammed Al-Onaizi
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Anwar Kandari
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Joanna Razafiarison
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Dorothy Tonui
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | | | - Camille Blériot
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- Inserm U1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Fawaz Alzaid
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Yang X, Sun L, Feng D, Deng Y, Liao W. A Lipidomic Study: Nobiletin ameliorates hepatic steatosis through regulation of lipid alternation. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 118:109353. [PMID: 37116815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic lipidome has been given emphasis for years since hepatic steatosis is the most remarkable character of nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases, an increasingly serious health issue worldwide. Nobiletin (NOB), one of the citrus flavonoids, exerted outstanding effect on lipid metabolism disorder. However, the underlying mechanism of NOB exerting effect on hepatic lipid alternation remains unclear. In this study, the animal model was built by feeding APOE-/- mice with high fat diet (HFD). The results of Oil Red O-stained liver section and the biochemical assay of lipid parameters confirmed the protective effect of NOB on hepatic steatosis and global lipid metabolism disorder in APOE-/- mice. The hepatic lipidomic study revealed a total of 958 lipids significantly altered by HFD and a total of 86, 116, 212 lipid metabolites changed by L-NOB (50 mg/kg/d NOB), M-NOB (100 mg/kg/d NOB) and H-NOB (200 mg/kg/d NOB) respectively. In the further screening analysis, an amount of 60 lipids were identified as the potential lipid markers of NOB treatment, most of which belonged to glycerophospholipids lipid categories and exhibited obvious correlation with each other and the lipid parameters related to hepatic steatosis. Taken together, our data demonstrated that glycerophospholipids metabolism played an indispensable role in the progression of hepatic steatosis and the protective effect of NOB. Besides, the modulation towards genes involved in lipid synthesis were observed after NOB administration in this study. These finding illustrated the anti-hepatic steatosis effect of NOB based on altering hepatic lipidome, particularly the glycerophospholipids metabolism, and provided a new insight in the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xushan Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No.1023 South Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Linye Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No.1023 South Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Dongliang Feng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No.1023 South Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yudi Deng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No.1023 South Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wenzhen Liao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No.1023 South Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Kitamura H. Ubiquitin-Specific Proteases (USPs) and Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3219. [PMID: 36834633 PMCID: PMC9966627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination and deubiquitination are reversible processes that modify the characteristics of target proteins, including stability, intracellular localization, and enzymatic activity. Ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs) constitute the largest deubiquitinating enzyme family. To date, accumulating evidence indicates that several USPs positively and negatively affect metabolic diseases. USP22 in pancreatic β-cells, USP2 in adipose tissue macrophages, USP9X, 20, and 33 in myocytes, USP4, 7, 10, and 18 in hepatocytes, and USP2 in hypothalamus improve hyperglycemia, whereas USP19 in adipocytes, USP21 in myocytes, and USP2, 14, and 20 in hepatocytes promote hyperglycemia. In contrast, USP1, 5, 9X, 14, 15, 22, 36, and 48 modulate the progression of diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, and/or retinopathy. USP4, 10, and 18 in hepatocytes ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), while hepatic USP2, 11, 14, 19, and 20 exacerbate it. The roles of USP7 and 22 in hepatic disorders are controversial. USP9X, 14, 17, and 20 in vascular cells are postulated to be determinants of atherosclerosis. Moreover, mutations in the Usp8 and Usp48 loci in pituitary tumors cause Cushing syndrome. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the modulatory roles of USPs in energy metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kitamura
- Laboratory of Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan
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8
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Loss of hepatic Nmnat1 has no impact on diet-induced fatty liver disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 636:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Shedding light on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathogenesis, molecular mechanisms, models, and emerging therapeutics. Life Sci 2022; 312:121185. [PMID: 36375569 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disorder globally impacting an estimated 25% of the population associated with severe consequences such as cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and overall mortality. Fatty liver disease is triggered through multiple pathways, but the most prominent cause is either diabetes or obesity, or a combination of both. Therefore, hepatic glucose, insulin and fatty acid signaling becomes a dire need to understand which is well elaborated in this review. This review summarizes the popular two-hit pathogenesis of NAFLD, the molecular mechanisms underlying hepatic insulin resistance. As fatty liver disease gets advanced, it requires in-vitro as well as in-vivo models closer to disease progression in humans for better understanding the pathological state and identifying a novel therapeutic target. This review summarizes in-vitro (2D cell-culture/co-culture, 3D spheroid/organoid/liver-on-a-chip) models as well as in-vivo (genetically/dietary/chemically induced fatty liver disease) research models. Fatty liver disease research has gathered lots of attention recently since there is no FDA approved therapy available so far. However, there have been numerous promising targets to treat fatty liver disease including potential therapeutic targets under clinical trials are listed in this review.
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10
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Liver Protective Effect of Fenofibrate in NASH/NAFLD Animal Models. PPAR Res 2022; 2022:5805398. [PMID: 35754743 PMCID: PMC9232374 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5805398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is initiated by excessive fat buildup in the liver, affecting around 35% of the world population. Various circumstances contribute to the initiation and progression of NAFLD, and it encompasses a wide range of disorders, from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Although several treatments have been proposed, there is no definitive cure for NAFLD. In recent decades, several medications related to other metabolic disorders have been evaluated in preclinical studies and in clinical trials due to the correlation of NAFLD with other metabolic diseases. Fenofibrate is a fibrate drug approved for dyslipidemia that could be used for modulation of hepatic fat accumulation, targeting peroxisome proliferator-activator receptors, and de novo lipogenesis. This drug offers potential therapeutic efficacy for NAFLD due to its capacity to decrease the accumulation of hepatic lipids, as well as its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic properties. To better elucidate the pathophysiological processes underlying NAFLD, as well as to test therapeutic agents/interventions, experimental animal models have been extensively used. In this article, we first reviewed experimental animal models that have been used to evaluate the protective effects of fenofibrate on NAFLD/NASH. Next, we investigated the impact of fenofibrate on the hepatic microcirculation in NAFLD and then summarized the beneficial effects of fenofibrate, as compared to other drugs, for the treatment of NAFLD. Lastly, we discuss possible adverse side effects of fenofibrate on the liver.
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Karkucinska-Wieckowska A, Simoes ICM, Kalinowski P, Lebiedzinska-Arciszewska M, Zieniewicz K, Milkiewicz P, Górska-Ponikowska M, Pinton P, Malik AN, Krawczyk M, Oliveira PJ, Wieckowski MR. Mitochondria, oxidative stress and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A complex relationship. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 52:e13622. [PMID: 34050922 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the 'multiple-hit' hypothesis, several factors can act simultaneously in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression. Increased nitro-oxidative (nitroso-oxidative) stress may be considered one of the main contributors involved in the development and risk of NAFLD progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) characterized by inflammation and fibrosis. Moreover, it has been repeatedly postulated that mitochondrial abnormalities are closely related to the development and progression of liver steatosis and NAFLD pathogenesis. However, it is difficult to determine with certainty whether mitochondrial dysfunction or oxidative stress are primary events or a simple consequence of NAFLD development. On the one hand, increasing lipid accumulation in hepatocytes could cause a wide range of effects from mild to severe mitochondrial damage with a negative impact on cell fate. This can start the cascade of events, including an increase of cellular reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that promotes disease progression from simple steatosis to more severe NAFLD stages. On the other hand, progressing mitochondrial bioenergetic catastrophe and oxidative stress manifestation could be considered accompanying events in the vast spectrum of abnormalities observed during the transition from NAFL to NASH and cirrhosis. This review updates our current understanding of NAFLD pathogenesis and clarifies whether mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS/RNS are culprits or bystanders of NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ines C M Simoes
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Kalinowski
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Lebiedzinska-Arciszewska
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Zieniewicz
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Milkiewicz
- Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Translational Medicine Group, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Afshan N Malik
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marcin Krawczyk
- Laboratory of Metabolic Liver Diseases, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariusz R Wieckowski
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Yang X, Deng Y, Tu Y, Feng D, Liao W. Nobiletin mitigates NAFLD via lipophagy and inflammation. Food Funct 2022; 13:10186-10199. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01682f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), an increasingly serious health issue in the world, was characterized as lipid metabolic disorder without a satisfactory treatment. Nobiletin (NOB), a citrus flavonoid, was considered...
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13
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Green CD, Dozmorov MG, Spiegel S. Analysis of Liver Responses to Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis by mRNA-Sequencing. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2455:163-179. [PMID: 35212994 PMCID: PMC9210455 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2128-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a major cause of chronic liver disease that can ultimately lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although NASH is associated with excessive liver lipid accumulation, hepatocyte injury, inflammation, and fibrosis, its etiology remains incompletely understood. These can be characterized by determining transcriptional changes in specific genes previously found to be involved in these processes. As an inherently multifaceted disease, studies of NASH often require unbiased examination of major genes and pathways to identify the mechanisms involved in this disorder. To address this need, quantitative approaches such as mRNA-sequencing have been developed for the global assessment of gene expression. Here, we describe a protocol for bulk mRNA-sequencing that can be utilized for both liver samples and specific cell types isolated from the liver. This approach provides an important resource to further understand the molecular changes that occur during the development of NASH that can be utilized to design better therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Mikhail G Dozmorov
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- School of Medicine and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA
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14
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JNK signaling prevents biliary cyst formation through a CASPASE-8-dependent function of RIPK1 during aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2007194118. [PMID: 33798093 PMCID: PMC8000530 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007194118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
JNK signaling has been studied intensively in models of liver physiology and disease, but previous studies had focused on young mice. However, it had not been recognized that JNK plays a fundamental role in maintaining liver homeostasis and preventing the formation of biliary cysts in aging mice. These observations call for caution in all long-term pharmacological inhibition strategies targeting the JNK pathway. Finally, our results provide evidence of a molecular link between JNK and the cell-death mediator RIPK1. The specific overexpression of RIPK1 in cysts of a subset of patients with polycystic liver disease suggests that RIPK1 might be mechanistically involved in the pathogenesis of human biliary cysts. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway mediates adaptation to stress signals and has been associated with cell death, cell proliferation, and malignant transformation in the liver. However, up to now, its function was experimentally studied mainly in young mice. By generating mice with combined conditional ablation of Jnk1 and Jnk2 in liver parenchymal cells (LPCs) (JNK1/2LPC-KO mice; KO, knockout), we unraveled a function of the JNK pathway in the regulation of liver homeostasis during aging. Aging JNK1/2LPC-KO mice spontaneously developed large biliary cysts that originated from the biliary cell compartment. Mechanistically, we could show that cyst formation in livers of JNK1/2LPC-KO mice was dependent on receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), a known regulator of cell survival, apoptosis, and necroptosis. In line with this, we showed that RIPK1 was overexpressed in the human cyst epithelium of a subset of patients with polycystic liver disease. Collectively, these data reveal a functional interaction between JNK signaling and RIPK1 in age-related progressive cyst development. Thus, they provide a functional linkage between stress adaptation and programmed cell death (PCD) in the maintenance of liver homeostasis during aging.
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15
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Buscato M, Davezac M, Zahreddine R, Adlanmerini M, Métivier R, Fillet M, Cobraiville G, Moro C, Foidart JM, Lenfant F, Gourdy P, Arnal JF, Fontaine C. Estetrol prevents Western diet-induced obesity and atheroma independently of hepatic estrogen receptor α. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E19-E29. [PMID: 33135461 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00211.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Estetrol (E4), a natural estrogen synthesized by the human fetal liver, is currently evaluated in phase III clinical studies as a new menopause hormone therapy. Indeed, E4 significantly improves vasomotor and genito-urinary menopausal symptoms and prevents bone demineralization. Compared with other estrogens, E4 was found to have limited effects on coagulation factors in the liver of women allowing to expect less thrombotic events. To fully delineate its clinical potential, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of E4 on metabolic disorders. Here, we studied the pathophysiological consequences of a Western diet (42% kcal fat, 0.2% cholesterol) in ovariectomized female mice under chronic E4 treatment. We showed that E4 reduces body weight gain and improves glucose tolerance in both C57Bl/6 and LDLR-/- mice. To evaluate the role of hepatic estrogen receptor (ER) α in the preventive effect of E4 against obesity and associated disorders such as atherosclerosis and steatosis, mice harboring a hepatocyte-specific ERα deletion (LERKO) were crossed with LDLR-/- mice. Our results demonstrated that, whereas liver ERα is dispensable for the E4 beneficial actions on obesity and atheroma, it is necessary to prevent steatosis in mice. Overall, these findings suggest that E4 could prevent metabolic, hepatic, and vascular disorders occurring at menopause, extending the potential medical interest of this natural estrogen as a new hormonal treatment.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Estetrol prevents obesity, steatosis, and atherosclerosis in mice fed a Western diet. Hepatic ERα is necessary for the prevention of steatosis, but not of obesity and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Buscato
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Morgane Davezac
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Rana Zahreddine
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marine Adlanmerini
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Raphaël Métivier
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Institut de Génétique De Rennes), Rennes, France
| | - Marianne Fillet
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege, Quartier Hôpital, Liege, Belgium
| | - Gael Cobraiville
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege, Quartier Hôpital, Liege, Belgium
| | - Cedric Moro
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Michel Foidart
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Gourdy
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Département de Diabétologie, Maladies Métaboliques et Nutrition, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Coralie Fontaine
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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16
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Soret PA, Magusto J, Housset C, Gautheron J. In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Critical Appraisal. J Clin Med 2020; 10:jcm10010036. [PMID: 33374435 PMCID: PMC7794936 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), represents the hepatic manifestation of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Due to the spread of the obesity epidemic, NAFLD is becoming the most common chronic liver disease and one of the principal indications for liver transplantation. However, no pharmacological treatment is currently approved to prevent the outbreak of NASH, which leads to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Preclinical research is required to improve our knowledge of NAFLD physiopathology and to identify new therapeutic targets. In the present review, we summarize advances in NAFLD preclinical models from cellular models, including new bioengineered platforms, to in vivo models, with a particular focus on genetic and dietary mouse models. We aim to discuss the advantages and limits of these different models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Antoine Soret
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; (P.-A.S.); (J.M.); (C.H.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hepatology Department, Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis, Saint-Antoine Hospital, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Julie Magusto
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; (P.-A.S.); (J.M.); (C.H.)
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Chantal Housset
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; (P.-A.S.); (J.M.); (C.H.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hepatology Department, Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis, Saint-Antoine Hospital, 75012 Paris, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Gautheron
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; (P.-A.S.); (J.M.); (C.H.)
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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A Translational Mouse Model for NASH with Advanced Fibrosis and Atherosclerosis Expressing Key Pathways of Human Pathology. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092014. [PMID: 32883049 PMCID: PMC7565967 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a fast-growing liver disorder that is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Animal models adequately mimicking this condition are scarce. We herein investigate whether Ldlr−/−. Leiden mice on different high-fat diets represent a suitable NASH model. Ldlr−/−. Leiden mice were fed a healthy chow diet or fed a high-fat diet (HFD) containing lard or a fast food diet (FFD) containing milk fat. Additionally, the response to treatment with obeticholic acid (OCA) was evaluated. Both high-fat diets induced obesity, hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. Mice on both diets developed progressive macro- and microvesicular steatosis, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis, along with atherosclerosis. HFD induced more severe hyperinsulinemia, while FFD induced more severe hepatic inflammation with advanced (F3) bridging fibrosis, as well as more severe atherosclerosis. OCA treatment significantly reduced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, and it did not affect atherosclerosis. Hepatic transcriptome analysis was compared with human NASH and illustrated similarity. The present study defines a translational model of NASH with progressive liver fibrosis and simultaneous atherosclerosis development. By adaptation of the fat content of the diet, either insulin resistance (HFD) or hepatic inflammation and fibrosis (FFD) can be aggravated.
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18
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NAFLD Preclinical Models: More than a Handful, Less of a Concern? Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8020028. [PMID: 32046285 PMCID: PMC7167756 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of liver diseases ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. Due to its increasing prevalence, NAFLD is currently a major public health concern. Although a wide variety of preclinical models have contributed to better understanding the pathophysiology of NAFLD, it is not always obvious which model is best suitable for addressing a specific research question. This review provides insights into currently existing models, mainly focusing on murine models, which is of great importance to aid in the identification of novel therapeutic options for human NAFLD.
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19
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Fang M, Yao M, Yang J, Zheng WJ, Wang L, Yao DF. Abnormal CD44 activation of hepatocytes with nonalcoholic fatty accumulation in rat hepatocarcinogenesis. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2020; 12:66-76. [PMID: 31966914 PMCID: PMC6960074 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v12.i1.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly increasing, and NAFLD has become one of the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide. With abnormal CD44 activation, the severe form of NAFLD can progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Thus, the molecular mechanism of CD44 in NAFLD needs to be identified.
AIM To investigate the relationship between CD44 activation and malignant transformation of rat hepatocytes under nonalcoholic lipid accumulation.
METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat (HF) for 12 wk to entice NAFLD and then with HF plus 2-fluorenylacetamide (0.05%) to induce HCC. Rats were sacrificed every 2 wk, and subsequently divided into the groups based on liver pathological examination (hematoxylin and eosin staining): NAFLD, denaturation, precancerosis, HCC, and control. Liver CD44 mRNA was detected by OneArray. Liver fat as assessed by Oil red O staining or CD44 by immunohistochemical assay was compared with their integral optic density. Serum CD44, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and AFP levels were quantitatively tested.
RESULTS Elevated CD44 was first reported in hepatocarcinogenesis, with increasing expression from NAFLD to HCC at the protein or mRNA level. The CD44 integral optic density values were significantly different between the control group and the NAFLD (t = 25.433, P < 0.001), denaturation (t = 48.822, P < 0.001), precancerosis (t = 27.751, P < 0.001), and HCC (t = 16.239, P < 0.001) groups, respectively. Hepatic CD44 can be secreted into the blood, and serum CD44 levels in HCC or precancerous rats were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than those in any of the other rats. Positive correlations were found between liver CD44 and CD44 mRNA (rs = 0.373, P = 0.043) and serum CD44 (rs = 0.541, P = 0.002) and between liver CD44 mRNA and serum CD44 (rs = 0.507, P = 0.004). Moreover, significant correlations were found between liver CD44 and liver AFP (rs = 0.572, P = 0.001), between serum CD44 and serum AFP (rs = 0.608, P < 0.001), and between CD44 mRNA and AFP mRNA (rs = 0.370, P = 0.044).
CONCLUSION The data suggested that increasing CD44 expression is associated with the malignant transformation of hepatocytes in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Fang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min Yao
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen-Jie Zheng
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Deng-Fu Yao
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
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20
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Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced by High-Fat Diet in C57bl/6 Models. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11123067. [PMID: 31888190 PMCID: PMC6949901 DOI: 10.3390/nu11123067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers have a range of animal models in which to study Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Induction of NAFLD by a high-fat diet in the C57BL/6 strain is the most widely used among mice. In this study, we review works that performed NAFLD induction by a high-fat diet using the C57BL/6 strain, focusing on experiments on the effects of lipid ingestion. Studies are initially distinguished into researches in which mice received lipids by oral gavage and studies in which lipid was added to the diet, and each of these designs has peculiarities that must be considered. Oral gavage can be stressful for animals and needs trained handlers but allows accurate control of the dose administered. The addition of oils to the diet can prevent stress caused to mice by gavage, but possible changes in the consistency, taste, and smell of the diet should be considered. Regarding the experimental design, some variables, such as animal sex, treatment time, and diet-related variables, appear to have a definite pattern. However, no pattern was found regarding the number of animals per group, age at the beginning of the experiment, time of adaptation, the substance used as a vehicle, and substance used as a control.
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21
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Simoes IC, Janikiewicz J, Bauer J, Karkucinska-Wieckowska A, Kalinowski P, Dobrzyń A, Wolski A, Pronicki M, Zieniewicz K, Dobrzyń P, Krawczyk M, Zischka H, Wieckowski MR, Potes Y. Fat and Sugar-A Dangerous Duet. A Comparative Review on Metabolic Remodeling in Rodent Models of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122871. [PMID: 31771244 PMCID: PMC6950566 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common disease in Western society and ranges from steatosis to steatohepatitis to end-stage liver disease such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The molecular mechanisms that are involved in the progression of steatosis to more severe liver damage in patients are not fully understood. A deeper investigation of NAFLD pathogenesis is possible due to the many different animal models developed recently. In this review, we present a comparative overview of the most common dietary NAFLD rodent models with respect to their metabolic phenotype and morphological manifestation. Moreover, we describe similarities and controversies concerning the effect of NAFLD-inducing diets on mitochondria as well as mitochondria-derived oxidative stress in the progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines C.M. Simoes
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Justyna Janikiewicz
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Judith Bauer
- Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany; (J.B.); (H.Z.)
| | | | - Piotr Kalinowski
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (K.Z.)
| | - Agnieszka Dobrzyń
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Andrzej Wolski
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Maciej Pronicki
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.-W.); (M.P.)
| | - Krzysztof Zieniewicz
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (K.Z.)
| | - Paweł Dobrzyń
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Marcin Krawczyk
- Laboratory of Metabolic Liver Diseases, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Hans Zischka
- Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany; (J.B.); (H.Z.)
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mariusz R. Wieckowski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-5892372
| | - Yaiza Potes
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
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22
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Zinger A, Koren L, Adir O, Poley M, Alyan M, Yaari Z, Noor N, Krinsky N, Simon A, Gibori H, Krayem M, Mumblat Y, Kasten S, Ofir S, Fridman E, Milman N, Lübtow MM, Liba L, Shklover J, Shainsky-Roitman J, Binenbaum Y, Hershkovitz D, Gil Z, Dvir T, Luxenhofer R, Satchi-Fainaro R, Schroeder A. Collagenase Nanoparticles Enhance the Penetration of Drugs into Pancreatic Tumors. ACS NANO 2019; 13:11008-11021. [PMID: 31503443 PMCID: PMC6837877 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Overexpressed extracellular matrix (ECM) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) limits drug penetration into the tumor and is associated with poor prognosis. Here, we demonstrate that a pretreatment based on a proteolytic-enzyme nanoparticle system disassembles the dense PDAC collagen stroma and increases drug penetration into the pancreatic tumor. More specifically, the collagozome, a 100 nm liposome encapsulating collagenase, was rationally designed to protect the collagenase from premature deactivation and prolonged its release rate at the target site. Collagen is the main component of the PDAC stroma, reaching 12.8 ± 2.3% vol in diseased mice pancreases, compared to 1.4 ± 0.4% in healthy mice. Upon intravenous injection of the collagozome, ∼1% of the injected dose reached the pancreas over 8 h, reducing the level of fibrotic tissue to 5.6 ± 0.8%. The collagozome pretreatment allowed increased drug penetration into the pancreas and improved PDAC treatment. PDAC tumors, pretreated with the collagozome followed by paclitaxel micelles, were 87% smaller than tumors pretreated with empty liposomes followed by paclitaxel micelles. Interestingly, degrading the ECM did not increase the number of circulating tumor cells or metastasis. This strategy holds promise for degrading the extracellular stroma in other diseases as well, such as liver fibrosis, enhancing tissue permeability before drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Zinger
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Lilach Koren
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Omer Adir
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Maria Poley
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Mohammed Alyan
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Zvi Yaari
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Nadav Noor
- The School for Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997800, Israel
| | - Nitzan Krinsky
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Assaf Simon
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Hadas Gibori
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997800, Israel
| | - Majd Krayem
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yelena Mumblat
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Shira Kasten
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Sivan Ofir
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Eran Fridman
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Rambam Healthcare Campus, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200000, Israel
| | - Neta Milman
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Rambam Healthcare Campus, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200000, Israel
| | - Michael M. Lübtow
- Functional Polymer Materials, Lehrstuhl für Chemische Technologie der Materialsynthese, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, Würzburg 97070, Germany
| | - Lior Liba
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Jeny Shklover
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Janna Shainsky-Roitman
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yoav Binenbaum
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Rambam Healthcare Campus, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200000, Israel
| | - Dov Hershkovitz
- Department of Pathology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997800, Israel
| | - Ziv Gil
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Rambam Healthcare Campus, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200000, Israel
| | - Tal Dvir
- The School for Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997800, Israel
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials, Lehrstuhl für Chemische Technologie der Materialsynthese, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, Würzburg 97070, Germany
| | - Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997800, Israel
| | - Avi Schroeder
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Corresponding author: (AS)
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23
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Rohrbach TD, Asgharpour A, Maczis MA, Montefusco D, Cowart LA, Bedossa P, Sanyal AJ, Spiegel S. FTY720/fingolimod decreases hepatic steatosis and expression of fatty acid synthase in diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1311-1322. [PMID: 31110049 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m093799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a leading cause of liver dysfunction, is a metabolic disease that begins with steatosis. Sphingolipid metabolites, particularly ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), have recently received attention for their potential roles in insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. FTY720/fingolimod, a prodrug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, is phosphorylated in vivo to its active phosphorylated form by sphingosine kinase 2 and has been shown to interfere with the actions of S1P and to inhibit ceramide biosynthesis. Therefore, in this study we investigated the effects of FTY720 in a diet-induced animal model of NAFLD (DIAMOND) that recapitulates the hallmarks of the human disease. The oral administration of FTY720 to these mice fed a high-fat diet and sugar water improved glucose tolerance and reduced steatosis. In addition to decreasing liver triglycerides, FTY720 also reduced hepatic sphingolipid levels, including ceramides, monohexosylceramides, and sphingomyelins, particularly the C16:0 and C24:1 species, as well as S1P and dihydro-S1P. FTY720 administration decreased diet-induced fatty acid synthase (FASN) expression in DIAMOND mice without affecting other key enzymes in lipogenesis. FTY720 had no effect on the expression of SREBP-1c, which transcriptionally activates FASN. However, in agreement with the notion that the active phosphorylated form of FTY720 is an inhibitor of histone deacetylases, FTY720-P accumulated in the liver, and histone H3K9 acetylation was markedly increased in these mice. Hence, FTY720 might be useful for attenuating FASN expression and triglyceride accumulation associated with steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Rohrbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Amon Asgharpour
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Melissa A Maczis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - David Montefusco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - L Ashley Cowart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA.,Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Pierre Bedossa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
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24
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Farrell G, Schattenberg JM, Leclercq I, Yeh MM, Goldin R, Teoh N, Schuppan D. Mouse Models of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Toward Optimization of Their Relevance to Human Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2019; 69:2241-2257. [PMID: 30372785 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) arises from a variable interplay between environmental factors and genetic determinants that cannot be completely replicated in animals. Notwithstanding, preclinical models are needed to understand NASH pathophysiology and test mechanism-based therapies. Among several mouse models of NASH, some exhibit the key pathophysiologic as well as histopathologic criteria for human NASH, whereas others may be useful to address specific questions. Models based on overnutrition with adipose restriction/inflammation and metabolic complications, particularly insulin resistance, may be most useful to investigate critical etiopathogenic factors. In-depth pathologic description is required for all models. Some models demonstrate hepatocyte ballooning, which can be confused with microvesicular steatosis, whereas demonstration of an inflammatory infiltrate and pattern of liver fibrosis compatible with human NASH is desirable in models used for pharmacologic testing. When mice with specific genetic strains or mutations that cause overeating consume a diet enriched with fat, modest amounts of cholesterol, and/or simple sugars ("Western diet"), they readily develop obesity with liver disease similar to human NASH, including significant fibrosis. Purely dietary models, such as high-fat/high-cholesterol, Western diet, and choline-deficient, amino acid-defined, are similarly promising. We share concern about using models without weight gain, adipose pathology, or insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia and with inadequate documentation of liver pathology. NASH-related fibrosis is a key endpoint in trials of possible therapies. When studied for this purpose, NASH models should be reproducible and show steatohepatitis (ideally with ballooning) and at least focal bridging fibrosis, while metabolic factors/disordered lipid partitioning should contribute to etiopathogenesis. Because murine models are increasingly used to explore pharmacologic therapies for NASH, we propose a minimum set of requirements that investigators, drug companies, and journals should consider to optimize their translational value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff Farrell
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Isabelle Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthew M Yeh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Robert Goldin
- Department of Histopathology, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Narci Teoh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Australian National University at The Canberra Hospital, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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25
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Resaz R, Rosa F, Grillo F, Basso L, Segalerba D, Puglisi A, Bosco MC, Mastracci L, Neumaier CE, Varesio L, Eva A. Characterization of high- and low-risk hepatocellular adenomas by magnetic resonance imaging in an animal model of glycogen storage disease type 1A. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.038026. [PMID: 30898969 PMCID: PMC6505483 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.038026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular adenomas (HCAs) are benign tumors, of which the most serious complications are hemorrhage and malignant transformation to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Among the various subtypes of HCA, the β-catenin-activated subtype (bHCA) is associated with greatest risk of malignant transformation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important tool to differentiate benign and malignant hepatic lesions, and preclinical experimental approaches may help to develop a method to identify MRI features associated with bHCA. HCAs are associated with various pathologies, including glycogen storage disease 1a (GSD1a). Here, we utilized a mouse model for GSD1a that develops HCA and HCC, and analyzed the mice in order to distinguish low-risk from high-risk tumors. Animals were scanned by MRI using a hepato-specific contrast agent. The mice were sacrificed after MRI and their lesions were classified using immunohistochemistry. We observed that 45% of the animals developed focal lesions, and MRI identified four different patterns after contrast administration: isointense, hyperintense and hypointense lesions, and lesions with peripheral contrast enhancement. After contrast administration, only bHCA and HCC were hypointense in T1-weighted imaging and mildly hyperintense in T2-weighted imaging. Thus, high-risk adenomas display MRI features clearly distinguishable from those exhibited by low-risk adenomas, indicating that MRI is a reliable method for early diagnosis and classification of HCA, necessary for correct patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Resaz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Rosa
- Department of Science of Health (DISSAL), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy.,Department of Radiology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Grillo
- Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy.,Anatomic Pathology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Basso
- Department of Science of Health (DISSAL), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy.,Department of Radiology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Segalerba
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Puglisi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Bosco
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Mastracci
- Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy.,Anatomic Pathology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Carlo E Neumaier
- Department of Radiology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi Varesio
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Eva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
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26
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Pingitore P, Sasidharan K, Ekstrand M, Prill S, Lindén D, Romeo S. Human Multilineage 3D Spheroids as a Model of Liver Steatosis and Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071629. [PMID: 30986904 PMCID: PMC6480107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disorder in western countries. Despite the high prevalence of NAFLD, the underlying biology of the disease progression is not clear, and there are no approved drugs to treat non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the most advanced form of the disease. Thus, there is an urgent need for developing advanced in vitro human cellular systems to study disease mechanisms and drug responses. We attempted to create an organoid system genetically predisposed to NAFLD and to induce steatosis and fibrosis in it by adding free fatty acids. We used multilineage 3D spheroids composed by hepatocytes (HepG2) and hepatic stellate cells (LX-2) with a physiological ratio (24:1). HepG2 and LX-2 cells are homozygotes for the PNPLA3 I148M sequence variant, the strongest genetic determinant of NAFLD. We demonstrate that hepatic stellate cells facilitate the compactness of 3D spheroids. Then, we show that the spheroids develop accumulations of fat and collagen upon exposure to free fatty acids. Finally, this accumulation was rescued by incubating spheroids with liraglutide or elafibranor, drugs that are in clinical trials for the treatment of NASH. In conclusion, we have established a simple, easy to handle, in vitro model of genetically induced NAFLD consisting of multilineage 3D spheroids. This tool may be used to understand molecular mechanisms involved in the early stages of fibrogenesis induced by lipid accumulation. Moreover, it may be used to identify new compounds to treat NASH using high-throughput drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Pingitore
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Kavitha Sasidharan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Matias Ekstrand
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Sebastian Prill
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Daniel Lindén
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Stefano Romeo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
- Cardiology Department, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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27
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Disease Progression and Pharmacological Intervention in a Nutrient-Deficient Rat Model of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:1238-1256. [PMID: 30511198 PMCID: PMC6548202 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a marked need for improved animal models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to facilitate the development of more efficacious drug therapies for the disease. METHODS Here, we investigated the development of fibrotic NASH in male Wistar rats fed a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet with or without cholesterol supplementation for subsequent assessment of drug treatment efficacy in NASH biopsy-confirmed rats. The metabolic profile and liver histopathology were evaluated after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of dieting. Subsequently, rats with biopsy-confirmed NASH were selected for pharmacological intervention with vehicle, elafibranor (30 mg/kg/day) or obeticholic acid (OCA, 30 mg/kg/day) for 5 weeks. RESULTS The CDAA diet led to marked hepatomegaly and fibrosis already after 4 weeks of feeding, with further progression of collagen deposition and fibrogenesis-associated gene expression during the 12-week feeding period. Cholesterol supplementation enhanced the stimulatory effect of CDAA on gene transcripts associated with fibrogenesis without significantly increasing collagen deposition. Pharmacological intervention with elafibranor, but not OCA, significantly reduced steatohepatitis scores, and fibrosis-associated gene expression, however, was unable to prevent progression in fibrosis scores. CONCLUSION CDAA-fed rats develop early-onset progressive NASH, which offers the opportunity to probe anti-NASH compounds with potential disease-modifying properties.
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28
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Acosta-Cota SDJ, Aguilar-Medina EM, Ramos-Payán R, Ruiz-Quiñónez AK, Romero-Quintana JG, Montes-Avila J, Rendón-Maldonado JG, Sánchez-López A, Centurión D, Osuna-Martínez U. Histopathological and biochemical changes in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease induced by high-sucrose diet at different times. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 97:23-36. [PMID: 30388378 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The high intake of sweetened drinks is associated with obesity and insulin resistance. These pathologies are directly related to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), considered a condition of metabolic syndrome (MS). Due to their increasing worldwide prevalence, experimental animal models have been developed to gain a better understanding of its physiopathology; notwithstanding, few studies have evaluated its progression in association with MS and ingestion of sweetened drinks. Therefore, the aim of this study was to understand the pathophysiologic characteristics of NAFLD related to sucrose concentration and time of ingestion in rats. Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups with free access to either tap water or 30% sucrose, and euthanized at 12, 16, or 20 weeks; and 2 additional groups were given free access to either 40% or 50% sucrose and were euthanized at 20 weeks. Biochemical parameters and levels of serum cytokines were measured, and histology was performed. Ingestion of 30% sucrose induced liver steatosis until 16 weeks (grade 2) and 20 weeks (grade 3). Meanwhile, during 20 weeks, 40% sucrose induced grade 5 of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and 50% sucrose induced grade 6 of NASH and fibrosis. This study demonstrated that increasing time of induction and concentration of sucrose ingestion resulted in a higher grade of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene de Jesús Acosta-Cota
- a Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. las Américas y Blvd. Universitarios S/N, CP 80010, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Elsa Maribel Aguilar-Medina
- a Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. las Américas y Blvd. Universitarios S/N, CP 80010, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Rosalio Ramos-Payán
- a Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. las Américas y Blvd. Universitarios S/N, CP 80010, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Ana Karen Ruiz-Quiñónez
- a Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. las Américas y Blvd. Universitarios S/N, CP 80010, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - José Geovanni Romero-Quintana
- a Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. las Américas y Blvd. Universitarios S/N, CP 80010, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Julio Montes-Avila
- a Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. las Américas y Blvd. Universitarios S/N, CP 80010, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - José Guadalupe Rendón-Maldonado
- a Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. las Américas y Blvd. Universitarios S/N, CP 80010, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Araceli Sánchez-López
- b Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav Sede Sur, Czda. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Del. Tlalpan, CP 14330, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - David Centurión
- b Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav Sede Sur, Czda. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Del. Tlalpan, CP 14330, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ulises Osuna-Martínez
- a Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. las Américas y Blvd. Universitarios S/N, CP 80010, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
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29
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Human hepatic 3D spheroids as a model for steatosis and insulin resistance. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14297. [PMID: 30250238 PMCID: PMC6155201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32722-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a public health concern as reflected in its widespread distribution in the general population. Yet, treatment options are scarce which is at least in part due to lack of reliable human in vitro disease models. Here, we report a human hepatic 3D spheroid system cultured under defined chemical conditions that has the potential to mimic steatotic conditions in a reversible manner, useful for identification of novel drug treatment conditions. Primary human hepatocytes (PHH) from different donors were cultured as spheroid microtissues in physiological in vivo -like culture conditions. Hepatic steatosis was induced over the course of three weeks in culture by supplementing the culture medium with pathophysiological concentrations of free fatty acids, carbohydrates and insulin. Effects of steatosis in the 3D system were evaluated on transcriptional, metabolomic and lipidomic levels. Free fatty acids on one hand as well as a combination of insulin and monosaccharides, promoted lipid accumulation in hepatocytes and increased expression of lipogenic genes, such as fatty acid synthase. This milieu also promoted development of insulin resistance within 2 weeks as manifested by an increase in gluconeogenic and insulin resistance markers, which are observed in type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Induced steatosis was reversible after withdrawal of lipogenic substrates and a further reduction in cellular fat content was observed following treatment with different antisteatotic compounds, such as metformin, glucagon, olaparib and antioxidants. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the 3D hepatic spheroids can serve as a valuable, HTS compatible model for the study of liver steatosis and facilitate translational discovery of novel drug targets.
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30
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Wu Q, Liu J, Liu L, Chen Y, Wang J, Leng L, Yu Q, Duan Z, Wang Y. Establishment of an ex Vivo Model of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Using a Tissue-Engineered Liver. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:3016-3026. [PMID: 33435021 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Wu
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lijin Liu
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ling Leng
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qunfang Yu
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yunfang Wang
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
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31
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Haczeyni F, Yeh MM, Ioannou GN, Leclercq IA, Goldin R, Dan YY, Yu J, Teoh NC, Farrell GC. Mouse models of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A reflection on recent literature. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33:1312-1320. [PMID: 29424123 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is strongly associated with overnutrition, insulin resistance, and predisposition to type 2 diabetes. To critically analyze the translational significance of currently used animal models of NASH, we reviewed articles published during the last 3 years that studied NASH pathogenesis using mouse models. Among 146 articles, 34 (23%) used models in which overnutrition was reported, and 36 (25%) demonstrated insulin resistance, with or without glucose intolerance. Half the articles contained no information on whether mice exhibited overnutrition or insulin resistance. While 75 papers (52%) reported > 2-fold increase of serum/plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) compared with controls, ALT levels were near normal or not reported in 48%. Liver pathology was assessed by a pathologist with an interest in liver pathology in 53% of articles published in gastroenterology/hepatology journals, versus 43-44% in other journals. While there appears to be a trend to use models that are potentially relevant to the pathogenesis of human NASH, journals currently publish data on mouse models in which overnutrition and insulin resistance do not occur, without ALT increase or appropriate analysis of NASH pathology. We recommend that investigators, reviewers, and journal editors carefully consider the validity of NASH models in current use and that moves are made to reach a consensus on what the minimal criteria should be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahrettin Haczeyni
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Matthew M Yeh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - George N Ioannou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Isabelle A Leclercq
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robert Goldin
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yock Young Dan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Narcissus C Teoh
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Geoffrey C Farrell
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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32
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Animal models of NAFLD from the pathologist's point of view. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:929-942. [PMID: 29746920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Fatty liver disease is a multifactorial world-wide health problem resulting from a complex interplay between liver, adipose tissue and intestine and initiated by alcohol abuse, overeating, various types of intoxication, adverse drug reactions and genetic or acquired metabolic defects. Depending on etiology fatty liver disease is commonly categorized as alcoholic or non-alcoholic. Both types may progress from simple steatosis to the necro-inflammatory lesion of alcoholic (ASH) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), respectively, and finally to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Animal models are helpful to clarify aspects of pathogenesis and progression. Generally, they are classified as nutritional (dietary), toxin-induced and genetic, respectively, or represent a combination of these factors. Numerous reviews are dealing with NASH animal models designed to imitate as closely as possible the metabolic situation associated with human disease. This review focuses on currently used mouse models of NASH with particular emphasis on liver morphology. Despite metabolic similarities most models (except those with chemically or genetically induced porphyria or keratin 18-deficiency) fail to develop the morphologic key features of NASH, namely hepatocyte ballooning and formation of histologically and immunohistochemically well-defined Mallory-Denk-Bodies (MDBs). Although MDBs are not universally detectable in ballooned hepatocytes in NASH their experimental reproduction and analysis may, however, significantly contribute to our understanding of important pathogenic aspects of NASH despite the obvious differences in etiology.
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Morrison MC, Kleemann R, van Koppen A, Hanemaaijer R, Verschuren L. Key Inflammatory Processes in Human NASH Are Reflected in Ldlr -/-.Leiden Mice: A Translational Gene Profiling Study. Front Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29527177 PMCID: PMC5829089 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: It is generally accepted that metabolic inflammation in the liver is an important driver of disease progression in NASH and associated matrix remodeling/fibrosis. However, the exact molecular inflammatory mechanisms are poorly defined in human studies. Investigation of key pathogenic mechanisms requires the use of pre-clinical models, for instance for time-resolved studies. Such models must reflect molecular disease processes of importance in patients. Herein we characterized inflammation in NASH patients on the molecular level by transcriptomics and investigated whether key human disease pathways can be recapitulated experimentally in Ldlr−/−.Leiden mice, an established pre-clinical model of NASH. Methods: Human molecular inflammatory processes were defined using a publicly available NASH gene expression profiling dataset (GSE48452) allowing the comparison of biopsy-confirmed NASH patients with normal controls. Gene profiling data from high-fat diet (HFD)-fed Ldlr−/−.Leiden mice (GSE109345) were used for assessment of the translational value of these mice. Results: In human NASH livers, we observed regulation of 65 canonical pathways of which the majority was involved in inflammation (32%), lipid metabolism (16%), and extracellular matrix/remodeling (12%). A similar distribution of pathways across these categories, inflammation (36%), lipid metabolism (24%) and extracellular matrix/remodeling (8%) was observed in HFD-fed Ldlr−/−.Leiden mice. Detailed evaluation of these pathways revealed that a substantial proportion (11 out of 13) of human NASH inflammatory pathways was recapitulated in Ldlr−/−.Leiden mice. Furthermore, the activation state of identified master regulators of inflammation (i.e., specific transcription factors, cytokines, and growth factors) in human NASH was largely reflected in Ldlr−/−.Leiden mice, further substantiating its translational value. Conclusion: Human NASH is characterized by upregulation of specific inflammatory processes (e.g., “Fcγ Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis in Macrophages and Monocytes,” “PI3K signaling in B Lymphocytes”) and master regulators (e.g., TNF, CSF2, TGFB1). The majority of these processes and regulators are modulated in the same direction in Ldlr−/−.Leiden mice fed HFD with a human-like macronutrient composition, thus demonstrating that specific experimental conditions recapitulate human disease on the molecular level of disease pathways and upstream/master regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine C Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Arianne van Koppen
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Roeland Hanemaaijer
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
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Cole BK, Feaver RE, Wamhoff BR, Dash A. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) models in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 13:193-205. [PMID: 29190166 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1410135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The progressive disease spectrum of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which includes non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is a rapidly emerging public health crisis with no approved therapy. The diversity of various therapies under development highlights the lack of consensus around the most effective target, underscoring the need for better translatable preclinical models to study the complex progressive disease and effective therapies. Areas covered: This article reviews published literature of various mouse models of NASH used in preclinical studies, as well as complex organotypic in vitro and ex vivo liver models being developed. It discusses translational challenges associated with both kinds of models, and describes some of the studies that validate their application in NAFLD. Expert opinion: Animal models offer advantages of understanding drug distribution and effects in a whole body context, but are limited by important species differences. Human organotypic in vitro and ex vivo models with physiological relevance and translatability need to be used in a tiered manner with simpler screens. Leveraging newer technologies, like metabolomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics, and the future development of validated disease biomarkers will allow us to fully utilize the value of these models to understand disease and evaluate novel drugs in isolation or combination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ajit Dash
- b Early Development Safety , Genentech Inc , South San Francisco , CA , USA
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van Koppen A, Verschuren L, van den Hoek AM, Verheij J, Morrison MC, Li K, Nagabukuro H, Costessi A, Caspers MP, van den Broek TJ, Sagartz J, Kluft C, Beysen C, Emson C, van Gool AJ, Goldschmeding R, Stoop R, Bobeldijk-Pastorova I, Turner SM, Hanauer G, Hanemaaijer R. Uncovering a Predictive Molecular Signature for the Onset of NASH-Related Fibrosis in a Translational NASH Mouse Model. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 5:83-98.e10. [PMID: 29276754 PMCID: PMC5738456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The incidence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is increasing. The pathophysiological mechanisms of NASH and the sequence of events leading to hepatic fibrosis are incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the dynamics of key molecular processes involved in NASH and to rank early markers for hepatic fibrosis. METHODS A time-course study in low-density lipoprotein-receptor knockout. Leiden mice on a high-fat diet was performed to identify the temporal dynamics of key processes contributing to NASH and fibrosis. An integrative systems biology approach was used to elucidate candidate markers linked to the active fibrosis process by combining transcriptomics, dynamic proteomics, and histopathology. The translational value of these findings were confirmed using human NASH data sets. RESULTS High-fat-diet feeding resulted in obesity, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and NASH with fibrosis in a time-dependent manner. Temporal dynamics of key molecular processes involved in the development of NASH were identified, including lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. A data-integrative approach enabled identification of the active fibrotic process preceding histopathologic detection using a novel molecular fibrosis signature. Human studies were used to identify overlap of genes and processes and to perform a network biology-based prioritization to rank top candidate markers representing the early manifestation of fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS An early predictive molecular signature was identified that marked the active profibrotic process before histopathologic fibrosis becomes manifest. Early detection of the onset of NASH and fibrosis enables identification of novel blood-based biomarkers to stratify patients at risk, development of new therapeutics, and help shorten (pre)clinical experimental time frames.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- DEG, differentially expressed genes
- Diagnosis
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- HFD, high-fat diet
- IPA, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
- LDLr-/-, low-density lipoprotein receptor knock out
- Liver Disease
- Metabolic Syndrome
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- Systems Biology
- THBS1, thrombospontin-1
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne van Koppen
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joanne Verheij
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kelvin Li
- Kinemed, Inc, Emeryville, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alain J. van Gool
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Reinout Stoop
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Animal Models of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-A Starter's Guide. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101072. [PMID: 28953222 PMCID: PMC5691689 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) constitutes a major health concern with the increasing incidence of obesity and diabetes in many Western countries, reaching a prevalence of up to 30% in the general population. Animal models have played a vital role in elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms of NAFLD and continue to do so. A myriad of different models exists, each with its advantages and disadvantages. This review presents a brief overview of these models with a particular focus on the basic mechanisms and physical, biochemical and histological phenotype. Both nutritional and chemically induced, as well as genetic models are examined, including models combining different approaches.
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