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Chalker JM, Worthington MJH, Lundquist NA, Esdaile LJ. Synthesis and Applications of Polymers Made by Inverse Vulcanization. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2019; 377:16. [PMID: 31111247 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0242-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Elemental sulfur is an abundant and inexpensive chemical feedstock, yet it is underused as a starting material in chemical synthesis. Recently, a process coined inverse vulcanization was introduced in which elemental sulfur is converted into polymers by ring-opening polymerization, followed by cross-linking with an unsaturated organic molecule such as a polyene. The resulting materials have high sulfur content (typically 50-90% sulfur by mass) and display a range of interesting properties such as dynamic S-S bonds, redox activity, high refractive indices, mid-wave IR transparency, and heavy metal affinity. These properties have led to a swell of applications of these polymers in repairable materials, energy generation and storage, optical devices, and environmental remediation. This article will discuss the synthesis of polymers by inverse vulcanization and review case studies on their diverse applications. An outlook is also presented to discuss future opportunities and challenges for further advancement of polymers made by inverse vulcanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Chalker
- Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia.
| | - Max J H Worthington
- Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Lundquist
- Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Louisa J Esdaile
- Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
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2
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Tanini D, Scarpelli S, Ermini E, Capperucci A. Seleno‐Michael Reaction of Stable Functionalised Alkyl Selenols: A Versatile Tool for the Synthesis of Acyclic and Cyclic Unsymmetrical Alkyl and Vinyl Selenides. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Tanini
- Dipartimento di Chimica ”Ugo Schiff”Università di Firenze Via della Lastruccia 3–13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Simone Scarpelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica ”Ugo Schiff”Università di Firenze Via della Lastruccia 3–13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Elena Ermini
- Dipartimento di Chimica ”Ugo Schiff”Università di Firenze Via della Lastruccia 3–13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Antonella Capperucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica ”Ugo Schiff”Università di Firenze Via della Lastruccia 3–13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
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Boyd DA, Nguyen VQ, McClain CC, Kung FH, Baker CC, Myers JD, Hunt MP, Kim W, Sanghera JS. Optical Properties of a Sulfur-Rich Organically Modified Chalcogenide Polymer Synthesized via Inverse Vulcanization and Containing an Organometallic Comonomer. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:113-116. [PMID: 35619417 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inverse vulcanization is the method by which molten sulfur can be combined with comonomers to form stable polymers termed "organically modified chalcogenide" or "ORMOCHALC" polymers. One advantage to ORMOCHALC polymers is that they can possess important optical properties, such as high refractive index and strong infrared (IR) transmission, while being easier to fabricate than glass materials with similar optical properties. In the present work, a new ORMOCHALC is fabricated by using tetravinyltin as a comomoner with sulfur. This is the first example of an organometallic molecule being used as a comonomer to develop ORMOCHALCs. The result is an ORMOCHALC polymer that has the highest refractive index reported for a "sulfur and comonomer" polymer and that demonstrates unprecedented transmission in the IR region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl A. Boyd
- Optical Sciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Vinh Q. Nguyen
- Optical Sciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Collin C. McClain
- University Research Foundation, 6411 Ivy Lane, Ste 110, Greenbelt, Maryland 20770, United States
| | - Frederic H. Kung
- University Research Foundation, 6411 Ivy Lane, Ste 110, Greenbelt, Maryland 20770, United States
| | - Colin C. Baker
- Optical Sciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Jason D. Myers
- Optical Sciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Michael P. Hunt
- Optical Sciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Woohong Kim
- Optical Sciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Jasbinder S. Sanghera
- Optical Sciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
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Dong P, Han KS, Lee JI, Zhang X, Cha Y, Song MK. Controlled Synthesis of Sulfur-Rich Polymeric Selenium Sulfides as Promising Electrode Materials for Long-Life, High-Rate Lithium Metal Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:29565-29573. [PMID: 30091586 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High-energy lithium/sulfur (Li/S) batteries still suffer from unsatisfactory cycle life and poor rate capability caused by the polysulfides shuttle and insulating nature of S cathodes. Here, we report our findings in the controlled synthesis of selenium (Se)-containing S-rich co-polymers of various compositions as novel cathode materials through a facile inverse vulcanization of S with selenium disulfide (SeS2) and 1,3-diisopropenylbenzene (DIB) as co-monomers. Nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results show that divinyl functional groups of DIB were chemically cross-linked with S/SeS2 chain radicals through a ring-opening polymerization. The newly formed bonds of C-S, C-Se, and S-Se in novel S-SeS2-DIB co-polymers effectively alleviate the shuttle effects of polysulfides/polyselenides. Furthermore, various electrochemical techniques confirm the positive roles of Se-containing co-polymers in enhancing the electrode reaction kinetics and the formation of stable solid electrolyte interphase layer with low charge-transfer resistance, leading to improved high-rate performances. The as-synthesized co-polymer was then infiltrated into well-interconnected, porous nanocarbon networks (Ketjenblack EC600JD, KB600) to provide effective paths for the fast electron transport. Due to the synergistic combination of chemical and physical confinement of the reaction intermediates during cycling, good reversibility for 500 cycles with a low decay rate of 0.0549% per cycle was achieved at 1000 mA g-1. These encouraging results suggest that the combination of chemical incorporation of SeS2 into S-rich co-polymer and the physical confinement of carbon networks is a promising strategy for advancing Li/S batteries and their viability for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kee Sung Han
- Materials Sciences , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
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Cappel UB, Liu P, Johansson FOL, Philippe B, Giangrisostomi E, Ovsyannikov R, Lindblad A, Kloo L, Gardner JM, Rensmo H. Electronic Structure Characterization of Cross-Linked Sulfur Polymers. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1041-1047. [PMID: 29451358 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cross-linked polymers of elemental sulfur are of potential interest for electronic applications as they enable facile thin-film processing of an abundant and inexpensive starting material. Here, we characterize the electronic structure of a cross-linked sulfur/diisopropenyl benzene (DIB) polymer by a combination of soft and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (SOXPES and HAXPES). Two different approaches for enhancing the conductivity of the polymer are compared: the addition of selenium in the polymer synthesis and the addition of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) during film preparation. For the former, we observe the incorporation of Se into the polymer structure resulting in a changed valence-band structure. For the latter, a Fermi level shift in agreement with p-type doping of the polymer is observed and also the formation of a surface layer consisting mostly of TFSI anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute B Cappel
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Molecular and Condensed Matter Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peng Liu
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik O L Johansson
- Division of Molecular and Condensed Matter Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bertrand Philippe
- Division of Molecular and Condensed Matter Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erika Giangrisostomi
- Institute Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruslan Ovsyannikov
- Institute Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Lindblad
- Division of Molecular and Condensed Matter Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Kloo
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James M Gardner
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Rensmo
- Division of Molecular and Condensed Matter Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hennessey S, Farràs P. The Quest for Sulfur-Containing Photoactive Materials: Molecular Precursors, Structures and Applications. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201700145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seán Hennessey
- School of Chemistry; National University of Ireland, Galway; H91 CF50 Galway Ireland
| | - Pau Farràs
- School of Chemistry; National University of Ireland, Galway; H91 CF50 Galway Ireland
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