Preventive effect of aripiprazole once-monthly on relapse into mood episodes in bipolar disorder: A multicenter, one-year, retrospective, mirror image study

BACKGROUND

We conducted a one-year, retrospective, mirror-image study to investigate the clinical effectiveness and safety of aripiprazole once monthly (AOM) in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). We compared pre-treatment conditions with outcomes after 12 months of AOM treatment.

METHODS

Seventy-five bipolar patients were recruited from 12 hospitals in Korea. We included 75 patients with BD who had received at least three AOM treatments from September 2019 to September 2022 and had accessible electronic medical record (EMRs) for the year before and after the baseline visit.

RESULTS

The overall number of mood episodes significantly decreased from a mean of 1.5 ± 1.2 episodes pre-AOM to 0.5 ± 1.2 episodes post-AOM. Manic episodes significantly decreased from 0.8 ± 0.8 episodes pre-AOM to 0.2 ± 0.5 episodes post-AOM, and depressive episodes significantly decreased from 0.5 ± 0.8 episodes pre-AOM to 0.2 ± 0.6 episodes post-AOM (p = 0.017). Moreover, the number of psychiatric medications and pills and the proportion of patients treated with complex polypharmacy were significantly decreased post-AOM.

LIMITATIONS

The small sample size was insufficient to fully represent the entire population of individuals with BD, and potential selection bias was introduced due to only including subjects who received AOM three or more times.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study suggest that AOM can reduce mood episode relapse and may be clinically beneficial in the treatment of BD patients, potentially reducing issues associated with polypharmacy in some individuals.

Monolithic 3D integration of 2D materials-based electronics towards ultimate edge computing solutions

Three-dimensional (3D) hetero-integration technology is poised to revolutionize the field of electronics by stacking functional layers vertically, thereby creating novel 3D circuity architectures with high integration density and unparalleled multifunctionality. However, the conventional 3D integration technique involves complex wafer processing and intricate interlayer wiring. Here we demonstrate monolithic 3D integration of two-dimensional, material-based artificial intelligence (AI)-processing hardware with ultimate integrability and multifunctionality. A total of six layers of transistor and memristor arrays were vertically integrated into a 3D nanosystem to perform AI tasks, by peeling and stacking of AI processing layers made from bottom-up synthesized two-dimensional materials. This fully monolithic-3D-integrated AI system substantially reduces processing time, voltage drops, latency and footprint due to its densely packed AI processing layers with dense interlayer connectivity. The successful demonstration of this monolithic-3D-integrated AI system will not only provide a material-level solution for hetero-integration of electronics, but also pave the way for unprecedented multifunctional computing hardware with ultimate parallelism.

Toward High-Performance Metal-Organic-Framework-Based Quasi-Solid-State Electrolytes: Tunable Structures and Electrochemical Properties

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been reported as promising materials for electrochemical applications owing to their tunable porous structures and ion-sieving capability. However, it remains challenging to rationally design MOF-based electrolytes for high-energy lithium batteries. In this work, by combining advanced characterization and modeling tools, a series of nanocrystalline MOFs is designed, and the effects of pore apertures and open metal sites on ion-transport properties and electrochemical stability of MOF quasi-solid-state electrolytes are systematically studied. It isdemonstrated that MOFs with non-redox-active metal centers can lead to a much wider electrochemical stability window than those with redox-active centers. Furthermore, the pore aperture of MOFs is found to be a dominating factor that determines the uptake of lithium salt and thus ionic conductivity. The ab initio molecular dynamics simulations further demonstrate that open metal sites of MOFs can facilitate the dissociation of lithium salt and immobilize anions via Lewis acid-base interaction, leading to good lithium-ion mobility and high transference number. The MOF quasi-solid-state electrolyte demonstrates great battery performance with commercial LiFePO4 and LiCoO2 cathodes at 30 °C. This work provides new insights into structure-property relationships between tunable structure and electrochemical properties of MOFs that can lead to the development of advanced quasi-solid-state electrolytes for high-energy lithium batteries.

Recent Advances and Future Prospects for Memristive Materials, Devices, and Systems

Memristive technology has been rapidly emerging as a potential alternative to traditional CMOS technology, which is facing fundamental limitations in its development. Since oxide-based resistive switches were demonstrated as memristors in 2008, memristive devices have garnered significant attention due to their biomimetic memory properties, which promise to significantly improve power consumption in computing applications. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in memristive technology, including memristive devices, theory, algorithms, architectures, and systems. In addition, we discuss research directions for various applications of memristive technology including hardware accelerators for artificial intelligence, in-sensor computing, and probabilistic computing. Finally, we provide a forward-looking perspective on the future of memristive technology, outlining the challenges and opportunities for further research and innovation in this field. By providing an up-to-date overview of the state-of-the-art in memristive technology, this review aims to inform and inspire further research in this field.

Unravelling the Complex LiOH-Based Cathode Chemistry in Lithium-Oxygen Batteries

The LiOH-based cathode chemistry has demonstrated potential for high-energy Li-O₂ batteries. However, the understanding of such complex chemistry remains incomplete. Herein, we use the combined experimental methods with ab initio calculations to study LiOH chemistry. We provide a unified reaction mechanism for LiOH formation during discharge via net 4 e^- oxygen reduction, in which Li₂ O₂ acts as intermediate in low water-content electrolyte but LiHO₂ as intermediate in high water-content electrolyte. Besides, LiOH decomposes via 1 e^- oxidation during charge, generating surface-reactive hydroxyl species that degrade organic electrolytes and generate protons. These protons lead to early removal of LiOH, followed by a new high-potential charge plateau (1 e^- water oxidation). At following cycles, these accumulated protons lead to a new high-potential discharge plateau, corresponding to water formation. Our findings shed light on understanding of 4 e^- cathode chemistries in metal-air batteries.

Circularly polarized light-sensitive, hot electron transistor with chiral plasmonic nanoparticles

The quantitative detection of circularly polarized light (CPL) is necessary in next-generation optical communication carrying high-density information and in phase-controlled displays exhibiting volumetric imaging. In the current technology, multiple pixels of different wavelengths and polarizers are required, inevitably resulting in high loss and low detection efficiency. Here, we demonstrate a highly efficient CPL-detecting transistor composed of chiral plasmonic nanoparticles with a high Khun's dissymmetry (g-factor) of 0.2 and a high mobility conducting oxide of InGaZnO. The device successfully distinguished the circular polarization state and displayed an unprecedented photoresponsivity of over 1 A/W under visible CPL excitation. This observation is mainly attributed to the hot electron generation in chiral plasmonic nanoparticles and to the effective collection of hot electrons in the oxide semiconducting transistor. Such characteristics further contribute to opto-neuromorphic operation and the artificial nervous system based on the device successfully performs image classification work. We anticipate that our strategy will aid in the rational design and fabrication of a high-performance CPL detector and opto-neuromorphic operation with a chiral plasmonic structure depending on the wavelength and circular polarization state.

Advances in Lithium–Oxygen Batteries Based on Lithium Hydroxide Formation and Decomposition

The rechargeable lithium-oxygen (Li–O2) batteries have been considered one of the promising energy storage systems owing to their high theoretical energy density. As an alternative to Li−O2 batteries based on lithium peroxide (Li2O2) cathode, cycling Li−O2 batteries via the formation and decomposition of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) has demonstrated great potential for the development of practical Li−O2 batteries. However, the reversibility of LiOH-based cathode chemistry remains unclear at the fundamental level. Here, we review the recent advances made in Li−O2 batteries based on LiOH formation and decomposition, focusing on the reaction mechanisms occurring at the cathode, as well as the stability of Li anode and cathode binder. We also provide our perspectives on future research directions for high-performance, reversible Li−O2 batteries.

Vacuum-free solution-based metallization (VSM) of a-IGZO using trimethylaluminium solution

This research demonstrates a method to reduce the resistance of amorphous indium–gallium–zinc–oxide (a-IGZO) using a “vacuum-free solution-based metallization” (VSM) process, which revolutionizes the metallization process thanks to its simplicity, by simply dipping the a-IGZO into trimethyl aluminium (TMA, (CH₃)₃Al) solution. From the XPS results, it was found that oxygen vacancies were generated after the VSM process, resulting in the enhanced conductivity. Various metallization time and solution temperature conditions were investigated, and the measured conductivity of the a-IGZO could be enhanced up to 20.32 S cm⁻¹, which is over 10⁵ times larger compared to that of the untreated a-IGZO. By utilizing the VSM process, self-aligned top-gate (SATG) a-IGZO thin-film-transistors (TFTs) were successfully fabricated, and to provide an explanation for the mechanism, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed.

We propose a vacuum-free solution-based metallization technique for AOSs, using TMA solution.

In Situ Probing Potassium-Ion Intercalation-Induced Amorphization in Crystalline Iron Phosphate Cathode Materials

Na-ion and K-ion batteries are promising alternatives for large-scale energy storage due to their abundance and low cost. Intercalation of these large ions could cause irreversible structural deformation and partial to complete amorphization in the crystalline electrodes. A lack of understanding of the dynamic changes in the amorphous nanostructure during battery operation is the bottleneck for further developments. Here, we report the utilization of in-operando digital image correlation and XRD techniques to probe dynamic changes in the amorphous phase of iron phosphate during potassium ion intercalation. In-operando XRD demonstrates amorphization in the electrode's nanostructure during the first charge and discharge cycle. Additionally, ex situ HR-TEM further confirms the amorphization after potassium-ion intercalation. An in situ strain analysis detects reversible deformations associated with redox reactions in the amorphous phases. Our approach offers new insights into the mechanism of ion intercalation in the amorphous nanostructure which are highly potent for the development of next-generation batteries.

Prognosis Score System to Predict Survival for COVID-19 Cases: a Korean Nationwide Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, an initial risk-adapted allocation is crucial for managing medical resources and providing intensive care.

OBJECTIVE

In this study, we aimed to identify factors that predict the overall survival rate for COVID-19 cases and develop a COVID-19 prognosis score (COPS) system based on these factors. In addition, disease severity and the length of hospital stay for patients with COVID-19 were analyzed.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed a nationwide cohort of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases between January and April 2020 in Korea. The cohort was split randomly into a development cohort and a validation cohort with a 2:1 ratio. In the development cohort (n=3729), we tried to identify factors associated with overall survival and develop a scoring system to predict the overall survival rate by using parameters identified by the Cox proportional hazard regression model with bootstrapping methods. In the validation cohort (n=1865), we evaluated the prediction accuracy using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. The score of each variable in the COPS system was rounded off following the log-scaled conversion of the adjusted hazard ratio.

RESULTS

Among the 5594 patients included in this analysis, 234 (4.2%) died after receiving a COVID-19 diagnosis. In the development cohort, six parameters were significantly related to poor overall survival: older age, dementia, chronic renal failure, dyspnea, mental disturbance, and absolute lymphocyte count <1000/mm3. The following risk groups were formed: low-risk (score 0-2), intermediate-risk (score 3), high-risk (score 4), and very high-risk (score 5-7) groups. The COPS system yielded an area under the curve value of 0.918 for predicting the 14-day survival rate and 0.896 for predicting the 28-day survival rate in the validation cohort. Using the COPS system, 28-day survival rates were discriminatively estimated at 99.8%, 95.4%, 82.3%, and 55.1% in the low-risk, intermediate-risk, high-risk, and very high-risk groups, respectively, of the total cohort (P<.001). The length of hospital stay and disease severity were directly associated with overall survival (P<.001), and the hospital stay duration was significantly longer among survivors (mean 26.1, SD 10.7 days) than among nonsurvivors (mean 15.6, SD 13.3 days).

CONCLUSIONS

The newly developed predictive COPS system may assist in making risk-adapted decisions for the allocation of medical resources, including intensive care, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Synaptic transistors based on a tyrosine-rich peptide for neuromorphic computing

In this article, we propose an artificial synaptic device based on a proton-conducting peptide material. By using the redox-active property of tyrosine, the Tyr–Tyr–Ala–Cys–Ala–Tyr–Tyr peptide film was utilized as a gate insulator that shows synaptic plasticity owing to the formation of proton electric double layers. The ion gating effects on the transfer characteristics and temporal current responses are shown. Further, timing-dependent responses, including paired-pulse facilitation, synaptic potentiation, and transition from short-term plasticity to long-term plasticity, have been demonstrated for the electrical emulation of biological synapses in the human brain. Herein, we provide a novel material platform that is bio-inspired and biocompatible for use in brain-mimetic electronic devices.

In this article, we propose an artificial synaptic device based on a proton-conducting peptide material.

Proton-enabled activation of peptide materials for biological bimodal memory

The process of memory and learning in biological systems is multimodal, as several kinds of input signals cooperatively determine the weight of information transfer and storage. This study describes a peptide-based platform of materials and devices that can control the coupled conduction of protons and electrons and thus create distinct regions of synapse-like performance depending on the proton activity. We utilized tyrosine-rich peptide-based films and generalized our principles by demonstrating both memristor and synaptic devices. Interestingly, even memristive behavior can be controlled by both voltage and humidity inputs, learning and forgetting process in the device can be initiated and terminated by protons alone in peptide films. We believe that this work can help to understand the mechanism of biological memory and lay a foundation to realize a brain-like device based on ions and electrons.

The structural programmability and functionality of peptide materials can be leverage for various next-generation devices such as non-volatile memories. The authors report a proton-coupled mechanism in tyrosine-rich peptides for realizing multimodal memory devices.

Quantitative analysis of the coupling between proton and electron transport in peptide/manganese oxide hybrid films

A novel platform is proposed to quantify the coupling phenomenon between electrons and protons in tyrosine-rich peptide/manganese oxide hybrid films at room temperature.

Identifying key gait features associated with the radiological grade of knee osteoarthritis

PURPOSE

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is characterized by pain and decreased gait function. This study assessed key features that can be used as mechanical biomarkers for KOA severity and progression. The identified features were validated statistically and were further examined by developing a classification model based on a machine-learning algorithm.

METHODS

The study included 227 volunteers with various grades of KOA. The severity of KOA was graded using the Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) system. A total of 165 features were extracted from the gait data. The key features were selected using neighborhood component analysis. The selected features were validated using the t-test. Then, the features were examined by building a classification model using a random forest algorithm.

RESULTS

Twenty features were identified that could discriminate the grade of KOA, including nine features extracted from the knee joint, seven from the hip, two from the ankle and two from the spatiotemporal gait parameters. The t-test showed that some features differed significantly between health and sever group, while some were significantly different among the severe group, and others were significantly different for all KL grades. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for classification were 0.974, 0.992, 0.845, 0.894, and 0.905 for KL grades 0 through 4, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Key gait features reflecting the grade of KOA were identified. The results of the statistical analysis and machine-learning algorithm show that the features can discriminate the severity of disease according to the KL grade.

Hierarchically Porous Co-MOF-74 Hollow Nanorods for Enhanced Dynamic CO2 Separation

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with coordinatively unsaturated (open) metal sites have been intensively investigated in gas separations because their active sites can selectively interact with targeted molecules such as CO₂. Although such MOFs have shown to exhibit exceptional CO₂ uptake capacity at equilibrium, the dynamic separation behavior is often not satisfactory to be considered in practical applications. Herein, we report a facile and efficient self-sacrifice template strategy based on the nanoscale Kirkendall effect to form novel Co-MOF-74 hollow nanorods enabling adsorption/desorption of gas molecules in a facilitated manner. The time-dependent microscopic and diffraction examinations were performed to elucidate the formation mechanism of Co-MOF-74 hollow nanorods and to obtain insights into the factors critical to maintaining the rodlike morphology. Such nanostructured MOF exhibited much sharper CO₂ molecular separation behavior than conventional MOF bulk crystals under a dynamic flow condition, because of its enhanced adsorption kinetics through the shortened diffusion distance. Such enhanced dynamic molecular separation behavior was further confirmed by chromatographic separations where a significant peak narrowing was demonstrated.

Physically Transient Field-Effect Transistors Based on Black Phosphorus

Black phosphorus (BP) has shown great potential as a semiconductor material beyond graphene and MoS₂ because of its intrinsic band gap and high mobility. Moreover, the biocompatibility of the final biodegradation products of BP has led to extensive research on biomedical applications. Herein, physically transient field-effect transistors (FETs) based on black phosphorus have been demonstrated using peptide insulator as a gate dielectric layer. The fabricated devices show high hole mobility up to 468 cm² V^-1 s^-1 and on-off current ratio over 10³. The combined use of black phosphorus, peptide, and molybdenum provides rapid disappearance of the devices within 36 h. Dissolution kinetics and cytotoxicity of black phosphorus are assessed to clarify its availability to be applied in transient electronics. This work provides transient FETs with high degradability and high performance based on biocompatible black phosphorus.

Two-Dimensional WSe2/MoS2 p-n Heterojunction-Based Transparent Photovoltaic Cell and Its Performance Enhancement by Fluoropolymer Passivation

As a means to overcome the limitation of installation space and to promote the utilization of the solar cell in various applications, a transparent thin-film solar cell has been studied by many researchers. To achieve a transparent solar cell, the choice of materials which are transparent enough and showing the photovoltaic property at the same time is the key. Here, we suggest a two-dimensional (2D) p-n heterojunction of WSe₂/MoS₂ and an indium tin oxide electrode to fabricate a transparent thin-film photovoltaic cell. Because of advantages that 2D materials possess, a highly transparent (∼80%) solar cell with considerable efficiency was achieved. Furthermore, by introducing a transparent passivation layer composed of a fluoropolymer, the photovoltaic performance was much improved. With the passivation layer, our WSe₂/MoS₂ transparent photovoltaic cell reached an efficiency of ∼10%. A comparison of photovoltaic parameters before and after applying passivation and analysis on the origin of such differences are also discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to fabricate a 2D material-based fully transparent photovoltaic device. Our result exhibits a great potential of the van der Waals p-n heterojunction of 2D semiconductors to be utilized for an active layer of a highly transparent and lightweight thin-film solar cell.

Optical properties of the crumpled pattern of selectively layered MoS2

Crumple-structured two-dimensional MoS₂ was evaluated as an essential element for future optoelectronic and stretchable devices owing to its interesting optical properties. This Letter reports the characteristics of the crumpled structure of MoS₂ directly layered on a MoS₂ sheet by chemical vapor deposition. The crumpling structure is presented as a method for selectively layering MoS₂ with crumpled layered patterning and tunable optical properties as a crumpled structure on a single substrate. Optical analysis by the fast Fourier transform revealed the distribution characteristics of the crumple structure, and a Raman, photoluminescence, and optical absorption analysis confirmed the change in peak shift and intensity according to the degree of the crumpled structure. This material has potential future optoelectronic applications.

Controlled Synthesis of Sulfur-Rich Polymeric Selenium Sulfides as Promising Electrode Materials for Long-Life, High-Rate Lithium Metal Batteries

High-energy lithium/sulfur (Li/S) batteries still suffer from unsatisfactory cycle life and poor rate capability caused by the polysulfides shuttle and insulating nature of S cathodes. Here, we report our findings in the controlled synthesis of selenium (Se)-containing S-rich co-polymers of various compositions as novel cathode materials through a facile inverse vulcanization of S with selenium disulfide (SeS₂) and 1,3-diisopropenylbenzene (DIB) as co-monomers. Nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results show that divinyl functional groups of DIB were chemically cross-linked with S/SeS₂ chain radicals through a ring-opening polymerization. The newly formed bonds of C-S, C-Se, and S-Se in novel S-SeS₂-DIB co-polymers effectively alleviate the shuttle effects of polysulfides/polyselenides. Furthermore, various electrochemical techniques confirm the positive roles of Se-containing co-polymers in enhancing the electrode reaction kinetics and the formation of stable solid electrolyte interphase layer with low charge-transfer resistance, leading to improved high-rate performances. The as-synthesized co-polymer was then infiltrated into well-interconnected, porous nanocarbon networks (Ketjenblack EC600JD, KB600) to provide effective paths for the fast electron transport. Due to the synergistic combination of chemical and physical confinement of the reaction intermediates during cycling, good reversibility for 500 cycles with a low decay rate of 0.0549% per cycle was achieved at 1000 mA g^-1. These encouraging results suggest that the combination of chemical incorporation of SeS₂ into S-rich co-polymer and the physical confinement of carbon networks is a promising strategy for advancing Li/S batteries and their viability for practical applications.

3D graphene-based hybrid materials: synthesis and applications in energy storage and conversion

Porous 3D graphene-based hybrid materials (3D GBHMs) are currently attractive nanomaterials employed in the field of energy. Heteroatom-doped 3D graphene and metal, metal oxide, and polymer-decorated 3D graphene with modified electronic and atomic structures provide promising performance as electrode materials in energy storage and conversion. Numerous synthesis methods such as self-assembly, templating, electrochemical deposition, and supercritical CO2, pave the way to mass production of 3D GBHMs in the commercialization of energy devices. This review summarizes recent advances in the fabrication of 3D GBHMs with well-defined architectures such as finely controlled pore sizes, heteroatom doping types and levels. Moreover, current progress toward applications in fuel cells, supercapacitors and batteries employing 3D GBHMs is also highlighted, along with the detailed mechanisms of the enhanced electrochemical performance. Furthermore, current critical issues, challenges and future prospects with respect to applications of 3D GBHMs in practical devices are discussed at the end of this review.

Comparison of Effect of Two-Hour Exposure to Forest and Urban Environments on Cytokine, Anti-Oxidant, and Stress Levels in Young Adults

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two-hour exposure to a forest environment on cytokine, anti-oxidant and stress levels among university students and to compare the results to those measured in urban environments. Forty-one subjects were recruited. For our crossover design, subjects were divided into two groups based on similar demographic characteristics. Group A remained in the urban environment and was asked to perform regular breathing for 2 h. Blood samples were collected and the serum levels of cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were examined. Subjects were moved to a small town in a rural area for an equal amount of time to exclude carryover effects, and then remained for another 2 h in a forest environment. The second set of blood samples was collected to assess the effect of exposure to the forest environment. Using the same method, Group B was first exposed to the forest environment, followed by exposure to the urban environment. Blood samples collected after the subjects were exposed to the forest environment showed significantly lower levels of IL-8 and TNF-α compared to those in samples collected after urban environment exposure (10.76 vs. 9.21, t = 4.559, p < 0.001, and 0.97 vs. 0.87, t = 4.130, p < 0.001). The GPx concentration increased significantly after exposure to the forest environment (LnGPx = 5.09 vs. LnGPx = 5.21, t = −2.039, p < 0.05).

Encapsulation of redox polysulphides via chemical interaction with nitrogen atoms in the organic linkers of metal-organic framework nanocrystals

Lithium polysulphides generated during discharge in the cathode of a lithium-sulphur redox cell are important, but their dissolution into the electrolyte from the cathode during each redox cycle leads to a shortened cycle life. Herein, we use in situ spectroelectrochemical measurements to demonstrate that sp² nitrogen atoms in the organic linkers of nanocrystalline metal-organic framework-867 (nMOF-867) are able to encapsulate lithium polysulphides inside the microcages of nMOF-867, thus helping to prevent their dissolution into the electrolyte during discharge/charge cycles. This encapsulation mechanism of lithiated/delithiated polysulphides was further confirmed by observations of shifted FTIR spectra for the C = N and C-N bonds, the XPS spectra for the Li-N bonds from nMOF-867, and a visualization method, demonstrating that nMOF-867 prevents lithium polysulphides from being dissolved in the electrolyte. Indeed, a cathode fabricated using nMOF-867 exhibited excellent capacity retention over a long cycle life of 500 discharge/charge cycles, with a capacity loss of approximately 0.027% per cycle from a discharge capacity of 788 mAh/g at a high current rate of 835 mA/g.

Mitochondria-Targeted Vitamin E Protects Skin from UVB-Irradiation

Mitochondria-targeted vitamin E (MVE) is designed to accumulate within mitochondria and is applied to decrease mitochondrial oxidative damage. However, the protective effects of MVE in skin cells have not been identified. We investigated the protective effect of MVE against UVB in dermal fibroblasts and immortalized human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). In addition, we studied the wound-healing effect of MVE in animal models. We found that MVE increased the proliferation and survival of fibroblasts at low concentration (i.e., nM ranges). In addition, MVE increased collagen production and downregulated matrix metalloproteinase1. MVE also increased the proliferation and survival of HaCaT cells. UVB increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in fibroblasts and HaCaT cells, while MVE decreased ROS production at low concentration. In an animal experiment, MVE accelerated wound healing from laser-induced skin damage. These results collectively suggest that low dose MVE protects skin from UVB irradiation. Therefore, MVE can be developed as a cosmetic raw material.

Pandemic influenza virus, pH1N1, induces asthmatic symptoms via activation of innate lymphoid cells

BACKGROUND

The pandemic strain of the influenza A virus (pH1N1) in 2009 caused many complications in patients. In this study, we introduce asthmatic symptoms as a complication of pH1N1 infection in children, not having a relationship with asthma history. The aim of this study was to quantify asthmatic symptoms in pH1N1-infected children and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) induced in a murine model of pH1N1 infection.

METHODS

As a retrospective study, pH1N1-infected children who were hospitalized with moderate to severe acute asthmatic symptoms were enrolled and administered a methacholine challenge test (MCT) at 3 months post-discharge. Additionally, the induction of AHR by pH1N1 infection was measured by MCT in wild-type and Rag1(-/-) mice. The effect of the innate immune response on the development of AHR following pH1N1 infection was investigated.

RESULTS

More than 70% of the pH1N1-infected children without a pre-infection diagnosis of asthma had a negative response on the MCT. None of these children had recurrent wheezing or asthma during the 3 years following pH1N1 infection. The development of AHR in pH1N1-infected mice was associated with an elevation in IL-33 and innate lymphoid cells 2 (ILC2).

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates that pH1N1 infection directly induces transient asthmatic symptoms in patients regardless of their medical history. pH1N1 infection was shown to stimulate the rapid development of AHR and Th2-type cytokine secretion in mice via the activation of ILC2; it may be activated independently of adaptive immunity.

Decontamination method using heat and relative humidity for radish seeds achieves a 7-log reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 without affecting product quality

We developed a novel decontamination method to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 on radish seeds without adversely affecting seed germination or product quality. The use of heat (55, 60, and 65 °C) combined with relative humidity (RH; 25, 45, 65, 85, and 100%) for 24h was evaluated for effective microbial reduction and preservation of seed germination rates. A significant two-way interaction of heat and RH was observed for both microbial reduction and germination rate (P<0.0001). Increases in heat and RH were associated with corresponding reductions in E. coli O157:H7 and in germination rate (P<0.05). The order of lethality for the different treatments was generally as follows: no treatment <55 °C/25-65% RH ≒60 °C/25-45% RH ≒65 °C/25% RH <55 °C/85% RH =60 °C/65% RH <55 °C/100% RH =60 °C/85-100% RH =65 °C/45-100% RH. The most effective condition, 65 °C/45% RH, completely inactivated E. coli O157:H7 on the seeds (7.0 log CFU/g reduction) and had no significant effect on the germination rate (85.4%; P>0.05) or product quality. The method uses only heat and relative humidity without chemicals, and is thus applicable as a general decontamination procedure in spout producing plants where the use of growth chambers is the norm.

Effects of Defaunation on Fermentation Characteristics and Methane Production by Rumen Microbes In vitro When Incubated with Starchy Feed Sources

An in vitro experiment was conducted to examine the effects of defaunation (removal of protozoa) on ruminal fermentation characteristics, CH₄ production and degradation by rumen microbes when incubated with cereal grains (corn, wheat and rye). Sodium lauryl sulfate as a defaunation reagent was added into the culture solution at a concentration of 0.000375 g/ml, and incubated anaerobically for up to 12 h at 39°C. Following defaunation, live protozoa in the culture solution were rarely observed by microscopic examination. A difference in pH was found among grains regardless of defaunation at all incubation times (p<0.01 to 0.001). Defaunation significantly decreased pH at 12 h (p<0.05) when rumen fluid was incubated with grains. Ammonia-N concentration was increased by defaunation for all grains at 6 h (p<0.05) and 12 h (p<0.05) incubation times. Total VFA concentration was increased by defaunation at 6 h (p<0.05) and 12 h (p<0.01) for all grains. Meanwhile, defaunation decreased acetate and butyrate proportions at 6 h (p<0.05, p<0.01) and 12 h (p<0.01, p<0.001), but increased the propionate proportion at 3 h, 6 h and 12 h incubation (p<0.01 to 0.001) for all grains. Defaunation increased in vitro effective degradability of DM (p<0.05). Production of total gas and CO₂ was decreased by defaunation for all grains at 1 h (p<0.05, p<0.05) and then increased at 6 h (p<0.05, p<0.05) and 12 h (p<0.05, p<0.05). CH₄ production was higher from faunation than from defaunation at all incubation times (p<0.05).

Gender-specific pleiotropic bone-muscle relationship in the elderly from a nationwide survey (KNHANES IV)

SUMMARY

The aim of this study was to examine the gender-specific association between sarcopenia and bone geometry/metabolic parameters. Low muscle mass was associated with greater deterioration of bone than in deterioration of glucose or lipid profiles. This bone-muscle relationship was more prominent in men than in women.

INTRODUCTION

There are few studies that report on gender differences in the effects of low muscle mass on bone and metabolic parameters in elderly subjects. This study aimed to assess the gender-specific influence of muscle mass on bone and metabolic parameters.

METHODS

A total of 2,264 participants (940 men and 1,324 women) whose age ranged from 65 to 92 years were analyzed using data from The Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2008-2009). We measured bone mineral density (BMD) and appendicular muscle mass using the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and also measured metabolic profiles.

RESULTS

The age-related trend in bone and muscle coincided in men but not in women. Femoral neck (FN) and total hip (TH) BMD were highly correlated with muscle mass in both genders. However, in women, this correlation was not significant in the lumbar spine (LS). In addition, this positive correlation was stronger in the FN or TH than in the LS and was stronger in men than in women. Subjects with sarcopenia were at a higher risk for osteoporosis in the FN, TH, and LS in men, and in the TH and FN in women. The degree of association between muscle mass and metabolic profiles was relatively very weak.

CONCLUSION

Bone-muscle relationship was more prominent in men than in women. The gender differences in bone-muscle relationship may be helpful for the development of gender-specific preventive strategies in the elderly, especially in men.

Tetrazole-based, anhydrous proton exchange membranes for fuel cells

A tetrazole-based polymer electrolyte membrane showed high conductivity at 20-120°C under dry conditions, offering the potential to dramatically simplify fuel cells for many applications over a wide temperature range without the need for cumbersome humidification and pressurization.

Understanding the degradation mechanism of rechargeable lithium/sulfur cells: a comprehensive study of the sulfur–graphene oxide cathode after discharge–charge cycling

Degradation mechanism of rechargeable lithium/sulfur-graphene oxide cell was studied using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy.

A long-life, high-rate lithium/sulfur cell: a multifaceted approach to enhancing cell performance

Lithium/sulfur (Li/S) cells are receiving significant attention as an alternative power source for zero-emission vehicles and advanced electronic devices due to the very high theoretical specific capacity (1675 mA·h/g) of the sulfur cathode. However, the poor cycle life and rate capability have remained a grand challenge, preventing the practical application of this attractive technology. Here, we report that a Li/S cell employing a cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)-modified sulfur-graphene oxide (S-GO) nanocomposite cathode can be discharged at rates as high as 6C (1C = 1.675 A/g of sulfur) and charged at rates as high as 3C while still maintaining high specific capacity (~ 800 mA·h/g of sulfur at 6C), with a long cycle life exceeding 1500 cycles and an extremely low decay rate (0.039% per cycle), perhaps the best performance demonstrated so far for a Li/S cell. The initial estimated cell-level specific energy of our cell was ~ 500 W·h/kg, which is much higher than that of current Li-ion cells (~ 200 W·h/kg). Even after 1500 cycles, we demonstrate a very high specific capacity (~ 740 mA·h/g of sulfur), which corresponds to ~ 414 mA·h/g of electrode: still higher than state-of-the-art Li-ion cells. Moreover, these Li/S cells with lithium metal electrodes can be cycled with an excellent Coulombic efficiency of 96.3% after 1500 cycles, which was enabled by our new formulation of the ionic liquid-based electrolyte. The performance we demonstrate herein suggests that Li/S cells may already be suitable for high-power applications such as power tools. Li/S cells may now provide a substantial opportunity for the development of zero-emission vehicles with a driving range similar to that of gasoline vehicles.

Lithium/sulfur batteries with high specific energy: old challenges and new opportunities

In this review, we begin with a brief discussion of the operating principles and scientific/technical challenges faced by the development of lithium/sulfur cells. We then introduce some recent progress in exploring cathodes, anodes, and electrolytes for lithium/sulfur cells. In particular, several effective strategies used to enhance energy/power density, obtain good efficiencies, and prolong cycle life will be highlighted. We also discuss recent advancements in techniques for investigating electrode reactions in real time and monitoring structural/morphological changes of electrode materials under cell operating conditions to gain a better understanding of the mechanistic details of electrode processes. Finally, the opportunities and perspective for future research directions will be discussed.

Conjugated linoleic acid synthesis-related protein proteasome subunit α 5 (PSMA5) is increased by vaccenic acid treatment in goat mammary tissue

This study was conducted to identify proteins associated with the endogenous synthesis of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) from trans-vaccenic acid (TVA; trans-11 C18:1, a precursor for CLA endogenous synthesis) in mammary tissues. Six lactating goats were divided into 2 groups. One group was given an intravenous bolus injection of TVA (150mg) twice daily over 4 d; the other group received saline injections. Treatment with TVA increased the concentration of cis-9,trans-11 CLA and TVA in goat milk. Additionally, TVA treatment increased the expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in mammary tissue. Using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, 3 proteins affected by infusions of TVA were identified. Proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit α type 5 (PSMA5) was upregulated, whereas peroxiredoxin-1 and translationally controlled tumor protein 1 were downregulated in TVA-treated animals compared with the vehicle-injected controls. Only the effect of TVA on PSMA5 could be confirmed by Western blot analysis. To further explore the regulation of PSMA5 in mammary epithelial cells when TVA is converted into CLA, we used a differentiated bovine mammary epithelial cell line treated with TVA for 6h. Changes in cis-9,trans-11 CLA concentrations and mRNA expression patterns of both SCD and PSMA5 were monitored. The concentration of cis-9,trans-11 CLA increased after TVA treatment. The mRNA expression level of PSMA5 was significantly elevated to 6h, but SCD mRNA expression only increased in 2h after TVA treatment. These results indicate that PSMA5 is highly expressed in goat mammary tissue and bovine mammary epithelial cells when TVA is converted into CLA. Our data suggest that PSMA5 protein is associated with CLA biosynthesis in mammary tissue.

Nanostructured Li₂S-C composites as cathode material for high-energy lithium/sulfur batteries

With a theoretical capacity of 1166 mA·h·g(-1), lithium sulfide (Li(2)S) has received much attention as a promising cathode material for high specific energy lithium/sulfur cells. However, the insulating nature of Li(2)S prevents the achievement of high utilization (or high capacity) and good rate capability. Various efforts have been made to ameliorate this problem by improving the contact between Li(2)S and electronic conductors. In the literature, however, a relatively high capacity was only obtained with the Li(2)S content below 50 wt %; therefore, the estimated cell specific energy values are often below 350 W·h·kg(-1), which is insufficient to meet the ever-increasing requirements of newly emerging technologies. Here, we report a cost-effective way of preparing nanostructured Li(2)S-carbon composite cathodes by high-energy dry ball milling of commercially available micrometer-sized Li(2)S powder together with carbon additives. A simple but effective electrochemical activation process was used to dramatically improve the utilization and reversibility of the Li(2)S-C electrodes, which was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. We further improved the cycling stability of the Li(2)S-C electrodes by adding multiwalled carbon nanotubes to the nanocomposites. With a very high specific capacity of 1144 mA·h·g(-1) (98% of the theoretical value) obtained at a high Li(2)S content (67.5 wt %), the estimated specific energy of our cell was ∼610 W·h·kg(-1), which is the highest demonstrated so far for the Li/Li(2)S cells. The cells also maintained good rate capability and improved cycle life. With further improvement in capacity retention, nanostructured Li(2)S-C composite cathodes may offer a significant opportunity for the development of rechargeable cells with a much higher specific energy.

Anomalous pseudocapacitive behavior of a nanostructured, mixed-valent manganese oxide film for electrical energy storage

While pseudocapacitors represent a promising option for electrical energy storage, the performance of the existing ones must be dramatically enhanced to meet today's ever-increasing demands for many emerging applications. Here we report a nanostructured, mixed-valent manganese oxide film that exhibits anomalously high specific capacitance (∼2530 F/g of manganese oxide, measured at 0.61 A/g in a two-electrode configuration with loading of active materials ∼0.16 mg/cm(2)) while maintaining excellent power density and cycling life. The dramatic performance enhancement is attributed to its unique mixed-valence state with porous nanoarchitecture, which may facilitate rapid mass transport and enhance surface double-layer capacitance, while promoting facile redox reactions associated with charge storage by both Mn and O sites, as suggested by in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and density functional theory calculations. The new charge storage mechanisms (in addition to redox reactions of cations) may offer critical insights to rational design of a new-generation energy storage devices.

Conjugated linoleic acids content in M.longissimus dorsi of Hanwoo steers fed a concentrate supplemented with soybean oil, sodium bicarbonate-based monensin, fish oil

We hypothesized that increasing ruminal pH would lead to enrichment of adipose tissue with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Twenty-four Korean native (Hanwoo) steers were used to investigate the additive effects of monensin (30ppm, SO-BM) and/or fish oil (0.7%, SO-BMF) in the diets along with soybean oil (7%) and sodium bicarbonate (0.5%, SO-B) on cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLAs in adipose tissue. The steers were assigned to randomly four groups of six animals each based on body weight. The control group (CON) was fed a commercial concentrate for the late fattening stage. Supplementation of oil and sodium bicarbonate reduced feed intake and daily gain, and fish oil further decreased feed intake (P<0.001) and daily gain (P<0.087) compared to steers fed other diets. Total CLA and CLA isomers in M.longissimus dorsi were not affected when steers were fed SO-B and SO-BM diets compared with those of steers fed CON and SO-BMF diets. However, total poly unsaturated fatty acids were higher (P=0.03) in steers fed SO than in CON steers.

Body weight reduction in rats by oral treatment with zinc plus cyclo-(His-Pro)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

We have previously shown that treatment with zinc plus cyclo-(His-Pro) (CHP) significantly stimulated synthesis of the insulin degrading enzyme and lowered plasma insulin and blood glucose levels, alongside improving oral glucose tolerance in genetically type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (G-K) rats and in aged obese Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats. Thus, we postulated that zinc plus CHP (ZC) treatment might also improve body weight control in these rats. We therefore determined the effects of ZC treatment on body weights in both genetically diabetic, mature G-K rats and non-diabetic, obese S-D rats.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

G-K rats aged 1.5-10 months and non-diabetic overweight or obese S-D rats aged 6-18 months were treated with 0-6 mg CHP plus 0-10 mg zinc L(-1) drinking water for 2-4 weeks, and changes in weight, serum leptin and adiponectin levels, food and water intakes were measured.

KEY RESULTS

The optimal dose of CHP (in combination with zinc) to reduce weight and plasma leptin levels and to increase plasma adiponectin levels was close to 0.1 mg kg(-1) day(-1), in either mature G-K rats and aged overweight or obese S-D rats. Food and water intake significantly decreased in ZC treated rats in both aged S-D rats and mature G-K rats, but not in young S-D and G-K rats.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

ZC treatment improved weight control and may be a possible treatment for overweight and obesity.

Characterization of Nafion/zirconium sulphophenyl phosphate nanocomposite membrane for direct methanol fuel cells

Layered structure zirconium sulphophenyl phosphate (ZrSPP) was prepared from the precipitation of Zr4+ ion and m-sulphophenyl phosphonic (SPP) acid at a mole ratio of P to Zr = 2.0. The reflective index measurement indicated that the methanol permeability of unmodified Nafion 117 was 2.3 x 10(-6) cm2/s at RT while that of the Nafion/ZrSPP membrane (approximately 50 micro/m thick) decreased to 6.5 x 10(-7) cm2/s. Nafion/ZrSPP (10 wt%) nanocomposite membranes delivered constant power output 104 mW/cm2 at 0.4 V under 1 M MeOH/dry air at 70 degrees C even in the wide range of air stoichiometry from 1.5 to 3.0.

The clinical and immunogenetic characteristics of adult-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus in Korea

Although the HLA class II alleles and immunological abnormalities are associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in all racial groups, there are considerable variations in the genotypes and the prevalence of autoantibodies. In order to investigate the characteristics of the immunogenetic patterns and to use these as an early diagnostic tool and guideline for a therapeutic plan, we examined the clinical characteristics and the patterns of anti-GAD antibody (GADA), IA-2 antibody (IA-2A), HLA-DR and HLA-DQ in Korean adult-onset T1DM patients. Adult-onset patients had higher serum C-peptide levels than child-onset patients. In adult-onset patients, the prevalence of GADA and IA-2A were 59.5% and 15.3% respectively, and increased frequencies of HLADR4 and-DR9 were found. The frequencies of HLADQA1,-DQB1 and-DQ heterodimers were similar to those of the control, but child-onset patients had high frequencies of the HLA-DR3,-DR4,-DR9, DQA1*0301, DQA1*0501 and DQB1*0201 genotypes. In conclusion, Korean adult-onset T1DM patients had a lower prevalence of GADA, which was comparable to that found in Caucasian patients. The detection of GADA might help to predict the insulin dependency of adult-onset diabetes. Difference in the frequencies of diabetes associated with HLA type suggests that there might be a heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of diabetes according to the age of onset.