1
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Farac NF, Lough AJ, Bender TP. Bulking Up the Bay-Position Substituents Enables Enhanced Selectivity of Cs-Symmetric Boron Subphthalocyanine-Subnaphthalocyanine Hybrids. PRECISION CHEMISTRY 2024; 2:161-181. [PMID: 38665332 PMCID: PMC11041118 DOI: 10.1021/prechem.4c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The precise synthesis of subporphyrinoid hybrids with π-expanded topologies and unique material properties plays a promising role in the design of functional macrocycles. Easy, selective, and controllable routes to boron subphthalocyanine-subnaphthalocyanine hybrids, Bsub(Pc3-p-Ncp)s, are desirable for this purpose yet synthetically challenging due to random mixtures of Cs-, C3v-, and, in some cases, C1-symmetric compounds that form during traditional statistical mixed cyclotrimerizations. Herein, we addressed this issue by developing a sterically driven mixed cyclotrimerization with enhanced selectivity for the targeted Cs-symmetric hybrid and complete suppression of sterically crowded macrocyclic byproducts. This process, coupled with a rationally designed precursor bearing bulky phenyl substituents, enabled the synthesis and characterization of bay-position phenylated Ph2-(Rp)8Bsub(Pc2-Nc1) hybrids with halogens (Rp = Cl or F) in their peripheral isoindole rings. Reaction selectivity ranged between 59 and 72% with remarkable yields, significantly higher than that of conventional mixed cyclotrimerizations. These findings were augmented by theoretical calculations on precursor Lewis basicity as guiding principles into hybrid macrocycle formation. Additionally, the incorporation of unfused phenyl groups and halogen atoms into the hybrid framework resulted in fine-tuned optical, structural, electronic, and electrochemical properties. This straightforward approach achieved improved selectivity and controlled narrowing of the product distribution, affording the efficient synthesis of structurally sophisticated Bsub(Pc2-Nc1) hybrids. This then expands the library of 3-dimensional π-extended macrocycles for use in a range of applications, such as in optoelectronic devices with precisely tailored optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina F. Farac
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Alan J. Lough
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Timothy P. Bender
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Toronto, 184 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
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2
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García-Calvo J, Chen XX, Sakai N, Matile S, Torres T. Subphthalocyanine-flipper dyads for selective membrane staining. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4759-4765. [PMID: 38252531 PMCID: PMC10829537 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05476d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The design, synthesis and evaluation of a subphthalocyanine-flipper (SubPc-Flipper) amphiphilic dyad is reported. This dyad combines two fluorophores that function in the visible region (420-800 nm) for the simultaneous sensing of both ordered and disordered lipidic membranes. The flipper probes part of the dyad possesses mechanosensitivity, long fluorescence lifetimes (τ = 3.5-5 ns) and selective staining of ordered membranes. On the other hand, subphthalocyanines (SubPc) are short-lifetime (τ = 1-2.5 ns) fluorophores that are insensitive to membrane tension. As a result of a Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) process, the dyad not only retains the mechanosensitivity of flippers but also demonstrates high selectivity and emission in different kinds of lipidic membranes. The dyad exhibits high emission and sensitivity to membrane tension (Δτ = 3.5 ns) when tested in giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) with different membrane orders. Overall, the results of this study represent a significant advancement in the applications of flippers and dyads in mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- José García-Calvo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain.
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Xiao-Xiao Chen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain.
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
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3
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Guragain M, Pinjari D, Misra R, D'Souza F. Zinc Tetrapyrrole Coordinated to Imidazole Functionalized Tetracyanobutadiene or Cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-diylidene-expanded-tetracyanobutadiene Conjugates: Dark vs. Light-Induced Electron Transfer. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302665. [PMID: 37704573 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Using the popular metal-ligand axial coordination self-assembly approach, donor-acceptor conjugates have been constructed using zinc tetrapyrroles (porphyrin (ZnP), phthalocyanine (ZnPc), and naphthalocyanine (ZnNc)) as electron donors and imidazole functionalized tetracyanobutadiene (Im-TCBD) and cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-diylidene-expanded-tetracyanobutadiene (Im-DCNQ) as electron acceptors. The newly formed donor-acceptor conjugates were fully characterized by a suite of physicochemical methods, including absorption and emission, electrochemistry, and computational methods. The measured binding constants for the 1 : 1 complexes were in the order of 104 -105 M-1 in o-dichlorobenzene. Free-energy calculations and the energy level diagrams revealed the high exergonicity for the excited state electron transfer reactions. However, in the case of the ZnNc:Im-DCNQ complex, owing to the facile oxidation of ZnNc and facile reduction of Im-DCNQ, slow electron transfer was witnessed in the dark without the aid of light. Systematic transient pump-probe studies were performed to secure evidence of excited state charge separation and gather their kinetic parameters. The rate of charge separation was as high as 1011 s-1 suggesting efficient processes. These findings show that the present self-assembly approach could be utilized to build donor-acceptor constructs with powerful electron acceptors, TCBD and DCNQ, to witness ground and excited state charge transfer, fundamental events required in energy harvesting, and building optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manan Guragain
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Dilip Pinjari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
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4
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Franco LR, Cardenuto MH. Unraveling the Impact of Flexibility and Solvent Effects on the UV-Vis Absorption Spectrum of Subphthalocyanine in Liquid Chloroform within the Born-Oppenheimer Molecular Dynamics Approach. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7937-7942. [PMID: 37703093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
A study based on Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) of the subphthalocyanine (SubPc) with a chloride attached to the central boron atom was carried out. The BOMD simulation is used to access the dynamic evolution of the SubPc in liquid chloroform, and the electronic absorption spectrum is calculated using the Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) considering explicit solvent models. We show that the conformational changes and solvent effects produce a red shift of the Q-band, where the largest contribution is due to the geometry changes of the symmetric structure of SubPc. A large splitting (0.2 eV) of the first electronic transition is also described, and it originates as a shoulder in the Q-band, which according to previous experimental studies is attributed to a vibronic origin. The red shift is obtained in agreement with experiment within less than 0.1 eV. The splitting is a consequence of the symmetry breaking in the SubPc central ring structure occurring during the molecular dynamics, with a significant contribution to the large red shift and the broadening of the spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo Hidalgo Cardenuto
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Popli C, Jang Y, Misra R, D'Souza F. Charge Resonance and Photoinduced Charge Transfer in Bis( N, N-dimethylaminophenyl-tetracyanobutadiene)-diketopyrrolopyrrole Multimodular System. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:4286-4299. [PMID: 37133351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) or charge resonance is often observed in redox-active systems encompassed of two identical electroactive groups, where one of the groups is either oxidized or reduced and serves as a model system to improve our fundamental understanding of charge transfer. This property has been explored in the present study in a multimodular push-pull system carrying two N,N-dimethylaminophenyl-tetracyanobutadiene (DMA-TCBD) entities covalently linked to the opposite ends of bis(thiophenyl)diketopyrrolopyrrole (TDPP). Electrochemical or chemical reduction of one of the TCBDs promoted electron resonance between them, exhibiting an IVCT absorption peak in the near-infrared area. The comproportionation energy, -ΔGcom, and equilibrium constant, Kcom, evaluated from the split reduction peak were, respectively, 1.06 × 104 J/mol and 72.3 M-1. Excitation of the TDPP entity in the system promoted the thermodynamically feasible sequential charge transfer and separation of charges in benzonitrile, wherein the IVCT peak formed upon charge separation served as a signature peak in characterizing the product. Further, transient data analyzed using Global Target Analysis revealed the charge separation to take place in a ps time scale (k ∼ 1010 s-1) as a result of close positioning and strong electronic interaction between the entities. The significance of IVCT in probing excited-state processes is evidenced by the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Popli
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Youngwoo Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
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6
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Sheokand M, Alsaleh AZ, D'Souza F, Misra R. Excitation Wavelength-Dependent Charge Stabilization in Highly Interacting Phenothiazine Sulfone-Derived Donor-Acceptor Constructs. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:2761-2773. [PMID: 36938962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Prolonging the lifetime of charge-separated states (CSS) is of paramount importance in artificial photosynthetic donor-acceptor (DA) constructs to build the next generation of light-energy-harvesting devices. This becomes especially important when the DA constructs are closely spaced and highly interacting. In the present study, we demonstrate extending the lifetime of the CSS in highly interacting DA constructs by making use of the triplet excited state of the electron donor and with the help of excitation wavelength selectivity. To demonstrate this, π-conjugated phenothiazine sulfone-based push-pull systems, PTS2-PTS6 have been newly designed and synthesized via the Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling followed by [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization reactions. Modulation of the spectral and photophysical properties of phenothiazine sulfones (PTZSO2) and terminal phenothiazines (PTZ) was possible by incorporating powerful electron acceptors, 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobutadiene (TCBD) and cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-diylidene-expanded TCBD (exTCBD). The quadrupolar PTS2 displayed solvatochromism, aggregation-induced emission, and mechanochromic behaviors. From the energy calculations, excitation wavelength-dependent charge stabilization was envisioned in PTS2-PTS6, and the subsequent pump-probe spectroscopic studies revealed charge stabilization when the systems were excited at the locally excited peak positions, while such effect was minimal when the samples were excited at wavelengths corresponding to the CT transitions. This work reveals the impact of wavelength selectivity to induce charge separation from the triplet excited state in ultimately prolonging the lifetime of CCS in highly interacting push-pull systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Sheokand
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Ajyal Z Alsaleh
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
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7
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Storm FE, Folkmann LM, Hansen T, Mikkelsen KV. Machine learning the frontier orbital energies of SubPc based triads. J Mol Model 2022; 28:313. [PMID: 36098806 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaic devices are promising candidates for efficient energy harvesting from sunlight. Designing new dye molecules suitable for such devices is a challenging task restricted by the rapid increase of computational cost with system size. Solar cell material properties are closely related to the electronic structure of the dye, and an effective molecular orbital energy screening method for a family of dyes is therefore desired. In this work, a machine learning approach is used to sort through the chemical space of peripheral double-substituted boron-Subphthalocyanine dyes. A database of 12,102 PM6 optimized structures was built and for each of the structures time-dependent density functional theory (LC-[Formula: see text]HPBE/6-31+G(d)) calculations were performed. We investigated the changes of the molecular orbital energies of the molecular orbitals related to reduction and oxidation of the compounds. With the Electrotopological-state index moleculear representation all the tested algorithms, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest Regression, Neural Network, and Simple Linear Regression, captured the calculated frontier orbital energies with a prediction root-mean-square-error in the order of 0.05 eV. Finally, frontier orbital energies were predicted for more than 40,000 new structures by the trained Support Vector Machine algorithm. Compared to the parent boron-Subphthalocyanine structure, 237 and 132 functionalized dyes were predicted to have upshifted molecular orbital energies using the Electrotopological-state index and OneHot encoding feature vector, respectively. Out of 27 investigated donor and acceptor ligands, the acetamide and hydroxyl ligands gave rise to the desired increase in frontier molecular orbital energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freja E Storm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linnea M Folkmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorsten Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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8
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Yadav IS, Jang Y, Rout Y, Thomas MB, Misra R, D'Souza F. Near-IR Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Strongly Interacting Diphenothiazene-TCBD and Diphenothiazene-DCNQ Push-Pull Triads. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200348. [PMID: 35275434 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Three types of phenothiazines dimers (PTZ-PTZ, 1-3), covalently linked with one or two acetylene linkers, were synthesized by copper-mediated Eglinton and Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling reactions in excellent yields. The dimers 1-3 were further engaged in [2+2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization reactions with strong electron acceptors, tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) to yield tetracyanobutadiene (TCBD, 1 a-3 a), and dicyanoquinodimethane (DCNQ, 1 b-3 b) functionalized donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugates, respectively. The conjugates were examined by a series of spectral, computational, and electrochemical studies. Strong ground state polarization leading to new optical transitions was witnessed in both series of D-A conjugates. In the case of DCNQ derived D-A system 1 b, the optical coverage extended until 1200 nm in benzonitrile, making this a rare class of D-A ICT system. Multiple redox processes were witnessed in these D-A systems, and the frontier orbitals generated on DFT optimized structures further supported the ICT phenomenon. Photochemical studies performed using femtosecond pump-probe studies confirmed solvent polarity dependent excited state charge transfer and separation in these novel multi-modular D-A conjugates. The charge-separated states lasted up to 70 ps in benzonitrile while in toluene slightly prolonged lifetime of up to 100 ps was witnessed. The significance of phenothiazine dimer in wide-band optical capture all the way into the near-IR region and promoting ultrafast photoinduced charge transfer in the D-A-D configured multi-modular systems, and the effect of donor-acceptor distance and the solvent polarity was the direct outcome of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indresh S Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, 453552, Indore, India
| | - Youngwoo Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Yogajivan Rout
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, 453552, Indore, India
| | - Michael B Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, 453552, Indore, India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
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9
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Rasmussen MG, Jespersen MF, Blacque O, Mikkelsen KV, Juríček M, Nielsen MB. Subphthalocyanine-triangulene dyads: Property tuning for light-harvesting device applications. ENERGY SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:1752-1762. [PMID: 35909459 PMCID: PMC9306930 DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics relies on the development of stable chromophores and redox-active organic molecules with tailor-made HOMO/LUMO energies. Here, we present the synthesis and properties of novel dyads composed of boron subphthalocyanine (SubPc) and triangulene units, connected either at the peripheral position of the subphthalocyanine or at the axial boron. The connectivity has strong implications for the absorption and fluorescence properties of the dyads, as well as their redox properties. While the SubPc unit has a bowl shape, triangulene is a planar structural unit that allows dyads to dimerize in the solid state on account of π-stacking interactions as shown by X-ray crystallography of one of the dyads. The electronic properties were also studied computationally by density functional theory methods. Excellent agreement between experimental and computed data were obtained, showing that our computational method is a strong tool in the rational design of optimum molecules to ultimately obtain finely tuned molecules for device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Michal Juríček
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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10
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Lavarda G, Labella J, Martínez-Díaz MV, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Osuka A, Torres T. Recent advances in subphthalocyanines and related subporphyrinoids. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9482-9619. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Subporphyrinoids constitute a class of extremely versatile and attractive compounds. Herein, a comprehensive review of the most recent advances in the fundamentals and applications of these cone-shaped aromatic macrocycles is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lavarda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Labella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Martínez-Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Sekaran B, Dawson A, Jang Y, MohanSingh KV, Misra R, D'Souza F. Charge-Transfer in Panchromatic Porphyrin-Tetracyanobuta-1,3-Diene-Donor Conjugates: Switching the Role of Porphyrin in the Charge Separation Process. Chemistry 2021; 27:14335-14344. [PMID: 34375474 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Using a combination of cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization reaction, free-base and zinc porphyrins (H2 P and ZnP) are decorated at their β-pyrrole positions with strong charge transfer complexes, viz., tetracyanobuta-1,3-diene (TCBD)-phenothiazine (3 and 4) or TCBD-aniline (7 and 8), novel class of push-pull systems. The physico-chemical properties of these compounds (MP-Donor and MP-TCBD-Donor) have been investigated using a range of electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical, DFT as well as steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. Ground-state charge transfer interactions between the porphyrin and the electron-withdrawing TCBD directly attached to the porphyrin π-system extended the absorption features well into the near-infrared region. To visualize the photo-events, energy level diagrams with the help of free-energy calculations have been established. Switching the role of porphyrin from the initial electron acceptor to electron donor was possible to envision. Occurrence of photoinduced charge separation has been established by complementary transient absorption spectral studies followed by global and target data analyses. Better charge stabilization in H2 P derived over ZnP derived conjugates, and in phenothiazine derived over aniline derived conjugates has been possible to establish. These findings highlight the importance of the nature of porphyrins and second electron donor in governing the ground and excited state charge transfer events in closely positioned donor-acceptor conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijesh Sekaran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Andrew Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Youngwoo Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Kusum V MohanSingh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
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12
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Khan F, Jang Y, Patil Y, Misra R, D'Souza F. Photoinduced Charge Separation Prompted Intervalence Charge Transfer in a Bis(thienyl)diketopyrrolopyrrole Bridged Donor‐TCBD Push‐Pull System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faizal Khan
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Youngwoo Jang
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Yuvraj Patil
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
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13
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Khan F, Jang Y, Patil Y, Misra R, D'Souza F. Photoinduced Charge Separation Prompted Intervalence Charge Transfer in a Bis(thienyl)diketopyrrolopyrrole Bridged Donor-TCBD Push-Pull System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20518-20527. [PMID: 34258866 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Intervalence charge transfer (IVCT), a phenomenon observed in molecular systems comprised of two redox centers differing in oxidation states by one unit, is reported in a novel, newly synthesized, multi-modular donor-acceptor system comprised of central bis(thienyl)diketopyrrolopyrrole (TDPP) hosting two phenothiazine-tetracyanobutadiene (PTZ-TCBD) entities on the opposite sides. One-electron reduction of TCBD promoted electron exchange between the two TCBD resulting in IVCT transition in the near-infrared region. The stabilization energy, -ΔGcom and comproportionation equilibrium constant, Kcom calculated from peak potentials of the split reduction waves were found to be 1.06×104 J mol-1 , and 72.3 M-1 , respectively. Further, the IVCT transition was also witnessed during the process of thermodynamically feasible electron transfer upon excitation of the TDPP entity in the system, and served as a diagnostic marker to characterize the electron transfer product. Subsequent transient absorption spectral studies and data analysis by Global and Target analyses revealed occurrence of ultrafast charge separation (kcs ≈1010 s-1 ) owing to the close proximity and good communication between the entities of the multi-modular donor-acceptor system. The role of central TDPP in promoting IVCT is borne out from the present investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizal Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Youngwoo Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Yuvraj Patil
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
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14
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Ding W, Yan L, Cao F, Luo Q. Axial and peripheral tetraarylethylene-modified subphthalocyanines with distinctive fluorescent performances. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Divya VV, Suresh CH. Tuning the donating strength of dye sensitizers using molecular electrostatic potential analysis. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04797j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The significance of electron releasing groups at the donors of D–π–A systems for improving the donating strength and power conversion efficiency of photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velayudhan V. Divya
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Cherumuttathu H. Suresh
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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16
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Pinjari D, Alsaleh AZ, Patil Y, Misra R, D'Souza F. Interfacing High‐Energy Charge‐Transfer States to a Near‐IR Sensitizer for Efficient Electron Transfer upon Near‐IR Irradiation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23697-23705. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Pinjari
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Ajyal Z. Alsaleh
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Yuvraj Patil
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
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17
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Pinjari D, Alsaleh AZ, Patil Y, Misra R, D'Souza F. Interfacing High‐Energy Charge‐Transfer States to a Near‐IR Sensitizer for Efficient Electron Transfer upon Near‐IR Irradiation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Pinjari
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Ajyal Z. Alsaleh
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Yuvraj Patil
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
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18
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Yadav IS, Alsaleh AZ, Misra R, D'Souza F. Charge stabilization via electron exchange: excited charge separation in symmetric, central triphenylamine derived, dimethylaminophenyl-tetracyanobutadiene donor-acceptor conjugates. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1109-1120. [PMID: 34163878 PMCID: PMC8179009 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04648e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoinduced charge separation in donor-acceptor conjugates plays a pivotal role in technology breakthroughs, especially in the areas of efficient conversion of solar energy into electrical energy and fuels. Extending the lifetime of the charge separated species is a necessity for their practical utilization, and this is often achieved by following the mechanism of natural photosynthesis where the process of electron/hole migration occurs distantly separating the radical ion pairs. Here, we hypothesize and demonstrate a new mechanism to stabilize the charge separated states via the process of electron exchange among the different acceptor entities in multimodular donor-acceptor conjugates. For this, star-shaped, central triphenylamine derived, dimethylamine-tetracyanobutadiene conjugates have been newly designed and characterized. Electron exchange was witnessed upon electroreduction in conjugates having multiple numbers of electron acceptors. Using ultrafast spectroscopy, the occurrence of excited state charge separation, and the effect of electron exchange in prolonging the lifetime of charge separated states in the conjugates having multiple acceptors have been successfully demonstrated. This work constitutes the first example of stabilizing charge-separated states via the process of electron exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indresh S Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Ajyal Z Alsaleh
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
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19
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Mogensen J, Michaels H, Roy R, Broløs L, Kilde MD, Freitag M, Nielsen MB. Indenofluorene‐Extended Tetrathiafulvalene Scaffolds for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Mogensen
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Hannes Michaels
- Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory Uppsala University P.O. Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Rajarshi Roy
- Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory Uppsala University P.O. Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Line Broløs
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Martin Drøhse Kilde
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Marina Freitag
- Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory Uppsala University P.O. Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Bedson Building Newcastle University NE1 7RY Newcastle upon Tyne UK
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20
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Cezar HM, Canuto S, Coutinho K. DICE: A Monte Carlo Code for Molecular Simulation Including the Configurational Bias Monte Carlo Method. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:3472-3488. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrique M. Cezar
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-090 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sylvio Canuto
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-090 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kaline Coutinho
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-090 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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21
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Poddar M, Jang Y, Misra R, D'Souza F. Excited‐State Electron Transfer in 1,1,4,4‐Tetracyanobuta‐1,3‐diene (TCBD)‐ and Cyclohexa‐2,5‐diene‐1,4‐diylidene‐Expanded TCBD‐Substituted BODIPY‐Phenothiazine Donor–Acceptor Conjugates. Chemistry 2020; 26:6869-6878. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Poddar
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Youngwoo Jang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
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22
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Rasmussen MG, Gotfredsen H, Kadziola A, Nielsen MB. Towards novel thieno-fused subporphyrazines via functionalized thiophene precursors. J Sulphur Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2020.1753190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrik Gotfredsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Kadziola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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Winterfeld KA, Lavarda G, Guilleme J, Guldi DM, Torres T, Bottari G. Subphthalocyanine-tetracyanobuta-1,3-diene-aniline conjugates: stereoisomerism and photophysical properties. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10997-11005. [PMID: 32055388 PMCID: PMC6979056 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03970h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two subphthalocyanines (SubPcs) decorated at their peripheral (SubPc 1) or peripheral and axial (SubPc 2) positions with tetracyanobuta-1,3-diene (TCBD)-aniline moieties have been prepared as novel electron donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugates. In 1 and 2, the multiple functionalization of C 3-symmetric SubPcs by TCBD moieties, each of them having a chiral axis, results in the formation of several stereoisomers. Variable temperature 1H-NMR studies in chlorinated solvents suggest that these latter species, which are detected at low temperatures, rapidly interconvert - on the NMR timescale - into each other at room temperature. Beside their unique structural and stereochemical features, 1 and 2 present interesting physicochemical properties. Steady-state absorption and fluorescence, as well as electrochemical studies on 1 and 2 clearly point to an important degree of electronic communication between the SubPc, the TCBD and the aniline subunits. Moreover, in both derivatives, photoexcitation of the SubPc moiety yields charge transfer products involving the electron-rich SubPc moiety and the electron-withdrawing TCBD fragment. Interestingly, such polarized excited state species evolve in 1 and 2 in different ways. While in the former compound, it directly decays to the ground state, the fourth axial TCBD moiety in 2 leads to the formation of an intermediate fully charge separated state prior to the ground state deactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Winterfeld
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstr. 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Giulia Lavarda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain . ;
| | - Julia Guilleme
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain . ;
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstr. 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain . ;
- IMDEA-Nanociencia , Campus de Cantoblanco , 28049 Madrid , Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Giovanni Bottari
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain . ;
- IMDEA-Nanociencia , Campus de Cantoblanco , 28049 Madrid , Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain
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24
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Tejerina L, Martínez-Díaz MV, Torres T. One-Pot Synthesis of π-Extended Fluorenone-Fused Subphthalocyanines. Org Lett 2019; 21:2908-2912. [PMID: 30958683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A family of inherently chiral nonplanar aromatic chromophores, comprising Subphthalocyanines bearing fluorenone-fused units (SubFcs), have been prepared by an innovative one-pot synthesis, which relies on the standard cross-cyclotrimerization of phthalonitriles followed by intramolecular Friedel-Crafts acylation. Their Q-band absorption experiences a ca. 20 nm red shift per fused fluorenone as a consequence of the enlarged conjugated π-system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Tejerina
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - M Victoria Martínez-Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco , 28049 Madrid , Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) , UAM , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco , 28049 Madrid , Spain.,Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)-Nanociencia , c/Faraday 9, Cantoblanco , 28049 Madrid , Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) , UAM , 28049 Madrid , Spain
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