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Kotásková L, Jewula P, Herchel R, Nemec I, Neugebauer P. Photoswitchable hydrazones with pyridine-based rotors and halogen substituents. RSC Adv 2024; 14:20856-20866. [PMID: 38952940 PMCID: PMC11216040 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02909g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The Z,E-photoisomerization of pyridine-based hydrazone switches is typically suppressed due to the presence of pyridine-based rotors. The crystal structures of studied compounds were investigated using theoretical methods combining DFT and QT-AIM calculations to unveil the nature and properties of the intramolecular hydrogen bonding. In this study, we introduced a new series of pyridine-based hydrazones anchored with o-halogen substituents (2-X) and investigated their photoswitching abilities using 1H NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The efficiency of the photoisomerization from initial 2-X-Z to the 2-X-E isomer varied, with the highest yield observed for 2-Cl-E (55%). Our findings, supported by DFT calculations, revealed the formation of a new diastereomer, 2-X-E*, upon back-photoisomerization. We demonstrated that hydrazones from the 2-X series can be reversibly photoswitched using irradiation from the UV-Vis range, and additionally, we explored the effect of the halogen atom on their switching capabilities and also on their thermodynamics and kinetics of photoswitching, determining their molecular solar thermal energy storage potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Kotásková
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology Purkyňova 656/123 61200 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Pawel Jewula
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology Purkyňova 656/123 61200 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Radovan Herchel
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Palacký University 17 listopadu 1192/12 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Nemec
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology Purkyňova 656/123 61200 Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Palacký University 17 listopadu 1192/12 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Petr Neugebauer
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology Purkyňova 656/123 61200 Brno Czech Republic
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Raman A, Neelambra AU, Karunakaran V, Easwaramoorthi S. Solvent-Controlled Photoswitching of Azobenzene: An Excited State Shuttle. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201112. [PMID: 36546595 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The light-controlled excited state trans-cis isomerization process is a key to the development of conversion of light energy to mechanical motion at the molecular level. Considerable efforts have been made in tuning the isomerization process with electron donor and acceptor substituents by altering the excited state reaction coordinate. Here, we report a two novel push-pull series of para-diethylamino (DEA) and diphenylamino (DPA) substituted (E)-4'-((4-(diethylamino)phenyl)diazenyl)-N,N-diphenyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-amine (1) and (E)-4'-((4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)diazenyl)-N,N-diphenyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-amine (2). Compounds 1 and 2 undergo both photochemical and photophysical excited state deactivation pathways which can be controlled by varying the solvent polarity. These structural motifs of 1 and 2 would undergo torsional motions upon excitation to exhibit either trans→cis photoisomerization or to form a twisted intramolecular charge transfer state and both the process originates from the same excited state and competes with each other. Thus, alternations in the surrounding environment such as solvent polarity, solution viscosity, and protonation were employed to understand the preferential excited state deactivation pathway and thereby these systems could be employed as a new class of azobenzene-based luminescent photochromic molecules. For instance, in nonpolar solvent, toluene photoisomerization is preferred over TICT, but polar solvent, ethanol preferentially stabilizes the TICT state by virtue of N-C rotation which renders the energy barrier unfavourable for photoisomerization. The photostationary state of 1 in toluene is predominantly the Z isomer, whereas in ethanol E isomer is nearly two-fold higher than the Z isomer. These feature sets up a new approach towards the construction of multinary molecular switches and subsequent development in diverse fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunachalam Raman
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute Adyar, Chennai, 600 020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Afeefah U Neelambra
- Photosciences & Photonics Section Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR - National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, 695 019, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Venugopal Karunakaran
- Photosciences & Photonics Section Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR - National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, 695 019, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Shanmugam Easwaramoorthi
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute Adyar, Chennai, 600 020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
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Volarić J, Szymanski W, Simeth NA, Feringa BL. Molecular photoswitches in aqueous environments. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12377-12449. [PMID: 34590636 PMCID: PMC8591629 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches enable dynamic control of processes with high spatiotemporal precision, using light as external stimulus, and hence are ideal tools for different research areas spanning from chemical biology to smart materials. Photoswitches are typically organic molecules that feature extended aromatic systems to make them responsive to (visible) light. However, this renders them inherently lipophilic, while water-solubility is of crucial importance to apply photoswitchable organic molecules in biological systems, like in the rapidly emerging field of photopharmacology. Several strategies for solubilizing organic molecules in water are known, but there are not yet clear rules for applying them to photoswitchable molecules. Importantly, rendering photoswitches water-soluble has a serious impact on both their photophysical and biological properties, which must be taken into consideration when designing new systems. Altogether, these aspects pose considerable challenges for successfully applying molecular photoswitches in aqueous systems, and in particular in biologically relevant media. In this review, we focus on fully water-soluble photoswitches, such as those used in biological environments, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. We discuss the design principles and prospects for water-soluble photoswitches to inspire and enable their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Volarić
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja A Simeth
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Medved' M, Hoorens MWH, Di Donato M, Laurent AD, Fan J, Taddei M, Hilbers M, Feringa BL, Buma WJ, Szymanski W. Tailoring the optical and dynamic properties of iminothioindoxyl photoswitches through acidochromism. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4588-4598. [PMID: 34163724 PMCID: PMC8179557 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc07000a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-responsive functional molecules are key for obtaining user-defined control of the properties and functions of chemical and biological systems. In this respect, pH-responsive photochromes, whose switching can be directed with light and acid-base equilibria, have emerged as highly attractive molecular units. The challenge in their design comes from the need to accommodate application-defined boundary conditions for both light- and protonation-responsivity. Here we combine time-resolved spectroscopic studies, on time scales ranging from femtoseconds to seconds, with density functional theory (DFT) calculations to elucidate and apply the acidochromism of a recently designed iminothioindoxyl (ITI) photoswitch. We show that protonation of the thermally stable Z isomer leads to a strong batochromically-shifted absorption band, allowing for fast isomerization to the metastable E isomer with light in the 500-600 nm region. Theoretical studies of the reaction mechanism reveal the crucial role of the acid-base equilibrium which controls the populations of the protonated and neutral forms of the E isomer. Since the former is thermally stable, while the latter re-isomerizes on a millisecond time scale, we are able to modulate the half-life of ITIs over three orders of magnitude by shifting this equilibrium. Finally, stable bidirectional switching of protonated ITI with green and red light is demonstrated with a half-life in the range of tens of seconds. Altogether, we designed a new type of multi-responsive molecular switch in which protonation red-shifts the activation wavelength by over 100 nm and enables efficient tuning of the half-life in the millisecond-second range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Medved'
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 CZ-771 46 Olomouc Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University Tajovského 40 SK-97400 Banská Bystrica Slovak Republic
| | - Mark W H Hoorens
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- ICCOM-CNR via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Adèle D Laurent
- Laboratoire CEISAM UMR UN-CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes Nantes F-44000 France
| | - Jiayun Fan
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Maria Taddei
- European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Michiel Hilbers
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory Toernooiveld 7c 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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Shao B, Aprahamian I. Planarization-Induced Activation Wavelength Red-Shift and Thermal Half-Life Acceleration in Hydrazone Photoswitches. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:191-194. [PMID: 32025464 PMCID: PMC6996581 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The optimization and modulation of the properties of photochromic compounds, such as their activation wavelengths and thermal relaxation half-lives (τ1/2), are essential for their adaptation in various applications. In this work, we studied the effect of co-planarization of the rotary fragment of two photochromic hydrazones with the core of the molecule on their switching properties. The Z and E isomers of both compounds exhibit red-shifted absorption bands relative to their twisted versions, allowing for their photoswitching using longer wavelengths of light. Additionally, the thermal half-lives of both hydrazones are drastically shortened from hundreds of years to days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihao Shao
- Department of Chemistry Dartmouth College, 6128 Burke Laboratory Hanover New Hampshire 03755 USA
| | - Ivan Aprahamian
- Department of Chemistry Dartmouth College, 6128 Burke Laboratory Hanover New Hampshire 03755 USA
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Rice AM, Martin CR, Galitskiy VA, Berseneva AA, Leith GA, Shustova NB. Photophysics Modulation in Photoswitchable Metal-Organic Frameworks. Chem Rev 2019; 120:8790-8813. [PMID: 31638383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this Review, we showcase the upsurge in the development and fundamental photophysical studies of more than 100 metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as versatile stimuli-responsive platforms. The goal is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the field of photoresponsive MOFs while delving into the underlying photophysical properties of various classes of photochromic molecules including diarylethene, azobenzene, and spiropyran as well as naphthalenediimide and viologen derivatives integrated inside a MOF matrix as part of a framework backbone, as a ligand side group, or as a guest. In particular, the geometrical constraints, photoisomerization rates, and electronic structures of photochromic molecules integrated inside a rigid MOF scaffold are discussed. Thus, this Review reflects on the challenges and opportunities of using photoswitchable MOFs in next-generation multifunctional stimuli-responsive materials while highlighting their use in optoelectronics, erasable inks, or as the next generation of sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Corey R Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Vladimir A Galitskiy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Anna A Berseneva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Gabrielle A Leith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Natalia B Shustova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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