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Wei K, Tang C, Ma H, Fang X, Yang R. 3D-printed microrobots for biomedical applications. Biomater Sci 2024. [PMID: 39041236 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00674g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Microrobots, which can perform tasks in difficult-to-reach parts of the human body under their own or external power supply, are potential tools for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, microsurgery, imaging and monitoring, tissue engineering, and sensors and actuators. Compared with traditional fabrication methods for microrobots, recent improvements in 3D printers enable them to print high-precision microrobots, breaking through the limitations of traditional micromanufacturing technologies that require high skills for operators and greatly shortening the design-to-production cycle. Here, this review first introduces typical 3D printing technologies used in microrobot manufacturing. Then, the structures of microrobots with different functions and application scenarios are discussed. Next, we summarize the materials (body materials, propulsion materials and intelligent materials) used in 3D microrobot manufacturing to complete body construction and realize biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery, imaging and monitoring). Finally, the challenges and future prospects of 3D printed microrobots in biomedical applications are discussed in terms of materials, manufacturing and advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, 3D-Printing and Tissue Engineering Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Chenlong Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, 3D-Printing and Tissue Engineering Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Hui Ma
- School of Biomedical Engineering, 3D-Printing and Tissue Engineering Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Xingmiao Fang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, 3D-Printing and Tissue Engineering Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Runhuai Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, 3D-Printing and Tissue Engineering Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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2
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Goldbach E, Allonas X, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Ley C, Halbardier L, L'Hostis G. Influence of thiocarbonylthio- RAFT agents on the homogeneity of polymer network and mechanical properties of 3D printed polymers. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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3
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Ley C, Eicher M, Chaumeil H, Schuller AS, Halbardier L, Allonas X. Free-radical photoring-opening polymerization of cyclic allylic sulfide: From photocleavable photoinitiators to three components photoredox systems. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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4
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Bao Y. Recent Trends in Advanced Photoinitiators for Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200202. [PMID: 35579565 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
3D printing has revolutionized the way of manufacturing with a huge impact on various fields, in particular biomedicine. Vat photopolymerization-based 3D printing techniques such as stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) attracted considerable attention owing to their superior print resolution, relatively high speed, low cost and flexibility in resin material design. As one key element of the SLA/DLP resin, photoinitiators or photoinitiating systems have experienced significant development in recent years, in parallel with the exploration of 3D printing (macro)monomers. The design of new photoinitiating systems can not only offer faster 3D printing speed and enable low-energy visible light fabrication, but also can bring new functions to the 3D printed products and even generate new printing methods in combination with advanced optics. This review evaluates recent trends in the development and application of advanced photoinitiators and photoinitiating systems for vat photopolymerization 3D printing, with a wide range of small molecules, polymers and nanoassemblies involved. Personal perspectives on the current limitations and future directions are eventually provided. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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5
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Champion A, Metral B, Schuller A, Croutxé‐Barghorn C, Ley C, Halbardier L, Allonas X. A Simple and Efficient Model to Determine the Photonic Parameters of a Photopolymerizable Resin Usable in 3D Printing. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Champion
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaires Université de Haute Alsace 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
- Mäder Group 130 rue de la Mer Rouge 68200 Mulhouse France
| | - Boris Metral
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaires Université de Haute Alsace 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Anne‐Sophie Schuller
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaires Université de Haute Alsace 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Céline Croutxé‐Barghorn
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaires Université de Haute Alsace 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Christian Ley
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaires Université de Haute Alsace 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Lucile Halbardier
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaires Université de Haute Alsace 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaires Université de Haute Alsace 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
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6
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Zhao X, Zhao Y, Li MD, Li Z, Peng H, Xie T, Xie X. Efficient 3D printing via photooxidation of ketocoumarin based photopolymerization. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2873. [PMID: 34001898 PMCID: PMC8129151 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Photopolymerization-based three-dimensional (3D) printing can enable customized manufacturing that is difficult to achieve through other traditional means. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to achieve efficient 3D printing due to the compromise between print speed and resolution. Herein, we report an efficient 3D printing approach based on the photooxidation of ketocoumarin that functions as the photosensitizer during photopolymerization, which can simultaneously deliver high print speed (5.1 cm h-1) and high print resolution (23 μm) on a common 3D printer. Mechanistically, the initiating radical and deethylated ketocoumarin are both generated upon visible light exposure, with the former giving rise to rapid photopolymerization and high print speed while the latter ensuring high print resolution by confining the light penetration. By comparison, the printed feature is hard to identify when the ketocoumarin encounters photoreduction due to the increased lateral photopolymerization. The proposed approach here provides a viable solution towards efficient additive manufacturing by controlling the photoreaction of photosensitizers during photopolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhao
- Key Lab for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
- National Anti-Counterfeit Engineering Research Center, HUST, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Lab for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
- National Anti-Counterfeit Engineering Research Center, HUST, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming-De Li
- Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Department of Chemistry, Shantou University (STU), Shantou, China
| | - Zhong'an Li
- Key Lab for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Haiyan Peng
- Key Lab for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.
- National Anti-Counterfeit Engineering Research Center, HUST, Wuhan, China.
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University (ZJU), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- Key Lab for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.
- National Anti-Counterfeit Engineering Research Center, HUST, Wuhan, China.
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7
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Bae JH, Won JC, Lim WB, Lee JH, Min JG, Kim SW, Kim JH, Huh P. Highly Flexible and Photo-Activating Acryl-Polyurethane for 3D Steric Architectures. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060844. [PMID: 33801858 PMCID: PMC7999262 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An acryl-functionalized polyurethane (PU) series was successfully synthesized using poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (PTMG-MDI) oligomer based on urethane methacrylates to control the flexibility of photo-cured 3D printing architectures. The mass ratio of acryl-urethane prepolymer: 1,4-butanediol (BD) chain-extender: diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO) photoinitiator was 10:0.25:1. To produce suitably hard and precisely curved 3D architectures, the optimal UV absorbance and exposure energy of the acryl-PTMG-MDI resin were controlled precisely. Owing to the optimized viscosity of the acryl-PTMG-MDI resins, they could be printed readily by digital light processing (DLP) to form precisely curved 3D architectures after mixing with 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA). The acryl-PTMG-MDI formulations showed much better flexural resolution than the neat resins. The printed 3D structure exhibited high surface hardness, good mechanical strength, and high elasticity for flexible applications in consumer/industrial and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - PilHo Huh
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-510-3637
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Bae JH, Won JC, Lim WB, Min JG, Lee JH, Kwon CR, Lee GH, Huh P. Synthesis and Characteristics of Eco-Friendly 3D Printing Material Based on Waterborne Polyurethane. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:polym13010044. [PMID: 33374360 PMCID: PMC7794856 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photo-cured 3D architectures are successfully printed using the designed waterborne polyurethane-acrylate (WPUA) formulation. A WPUA series is synthesized in the presence of polycaprolactone diol (PCL) and 4,4′-methylene dicyclohexyl diisocyanate (H12MDI) as the soft segment part, dimethylolbutanoic acid (DMBA) as the emulsifier, and triethylamine (TEA) as the neutralizer, as a function of prepolymer molecular weight. The compatibility of WPUA and the photo-activating acryl monomer is as a key factor to guarantee the high resolution of 3D digital light processing (DLP) printing. The optimized blending formulations are tuned by using triacrylate monomers instead of diacrylate derivatives. For the high-accuracy and fine features of 3D DLP printing, WPUA are designed to be a suitable molecular structure for a 385 nm wavelength source, and the target viscosity is achieved in the range from 150 to 250 Cp. Photo-cured 3D architectures based on WPUA exhibit good flexural strength and high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pilho Huh
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-510-3637
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9
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Ley C, IShak A, Metral B, Brendlé J, Allonas X. Tailoring a hybrid three-component photoinitiating system for 3D printing. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:20507-20514. [PMID: 32966421 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03153d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the field of additive manufacturing DLP vat technologies are promising 3D printing techniques. The need of highly efficient photoiniating systems drives us to the development of photocyclic 3-component initiators. In order to improve the 3D printing sensitivity, we present in this paper the use of synthesized clay to tune up the photochemistry underlying the initiating radical production. Therefore, a three-component initiating system, based on a cationic dye, two coinitiators and with a clay filler suitable for DLP 3D printing of acrylate resins leading to high quality of parts and low printing time, is developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ley
- LPIM, UHA, 3b rue A. Werner, 68200 Mulhouse, France.
| | - A IShak
- LPIM, UHA, 3b rue A. Werner, 68200 Mulhouse, France.
| | - B Metral
- LPIM, UHA, 3b rue A. Werner, 68200 Mulhouse, France.
| | - J Brendlé
- IS2M, CNRS UMR 7361, 15 Rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse, France
| | - X Allonas
- LPIM, UHA, 3b rue A. Werner, 68200 Mulhouse, France.
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10
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Topa M, Ortyl J. Moving Towards a Finer Way of Light-Cured Resin-Based Restorative Dental Materials: Recent Advances in Photoinitiating Systems Based on Iodonium Salts. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4093. [PMID: 32942676 PMCID: PMC7560344 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The photoinduced polymerization of monomers is currently an essential tool in various industries. The photopolymerization process plays an increasingly important role in biomedical applications. It is especially used in the production of dental composites. It also exhibits unique properties, such as a short time of polymerization of composites (up to a few seconds), low energy consumption, and spatial resolution (polymerization only in irradiated areas). This paper describes a short overview of the history and classification of different typical monomers and photoinitiating systems such as bimolecular photoinitiator system containing camphorquinone and aromatic amine, 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione, phosphine derivatives, germanium derivatives, hexaarylbiimidazole derivatives, silane-based derivatives and thioxanthone derivatives used in the production of dental composites with their limitations and disadvantages. Moreover, this article represents the challenges faced when using the latest inventions in the field of dental materials, with a particular focus on photoinitiating systems based on iodonium salts. The beneficial properties of dental composites cured using initiation systems based on iodonium salts have been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Topa
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
- Photo HiTech Ltd., Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
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11
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Coloured random graphs explain the structure and dynamics of cross-linked polymer networks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14627. [PMID: 32884043 PMCID: PMC7471966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Step-growth and chain-growth are two major families of chemical reactions that result in polymer networks with drastically different physical properties, often referred to as hyper-branched and cross-linked networks. In contrast to step-growth polymerisation, chain-growth forms networks that are history-dependent. Such networks are defined not just by the degree distribution, but also by their entire formation history, which entails a modelling and conceptual challenges. We show that the structure of chain-growth polymer networks corresponds to an edge-coloured random graph with a defined multivariate degree distribution, where the colour labels represent the formation times of chemical bonds. The theory quantifies and explains the gelation in free-radical polymerisation of cross-linked polymers and predicts conditions when history dependance has the most significant effect on the global properties of a polymer network. As such, the edge colouring is identified as the key driver behind the difference in the physical properties of step-growth and chain-growth networks. We expect that this findings will stimulate usage of network science tools for discovery and design of cross-linked polymers.
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12
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Topa M, Hola E, Galek M, Petko F, Pilch M, Popielarz R, Morlet-Savary F, Graff B, Lalevée J, Ortyl J. One-component cationic photoinitiators based on coumarin scaffold iodonium salts as highly sensitive photoacid generators for 3D printing IPN photopolymers under visible LED sources. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00677g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of new coumarin chromophore-based iodonium salts as efficient one-component cationic photoinitiators upon LEDs irradiation with maximum emission under the UV-A region at 365 nm and under visible light at 405 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Topa
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| | - Emilia Hola
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| | | | | | - Maciej Pilch
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| | - Roman Popielarz
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| | - Fabrice Morlet-Savary
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2 M
- UMR CNRS 7361
- Cedex 68057 Mulhouse
- France
| | - Bernadette Graff
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2 M
- UMR CNRS 7361
- Cedex 68057 Mulhouse
- France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2 M
- UMR CNRS 7361
- Cedex 68057 Mulhouse
- France
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
- Photo HiTech Ltd
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