1
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Mallétroit J, Djian A, Nakatani K, Xie J, Métivier R, Laurent G. Complete kinetic and photochemical characterization of the multi-step photochromic reaction of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 39376197 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02267j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASA) are negative photochromic compounds exhibiting a multi-step photoisomerization mechanism. Previous studies have described a first photoactivated step, followed by a thermally controlled one. This study emphasizes the key role of the intermediate species, using high-rate acquisition photokinetic absorption spectroscopy. We have investigated the multi-step processes at different temperatures and irradiation power values. For the first time, we have combined our experimental setup with a three-species photokinetic model to determine the kinetic constants and quantum yields of each step of a DASA compound. Finally, we have identified the key role of the intermediate species, showing that double irradiation experiments allow the tuning of the photochromic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Mallétroit
- Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, University Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France.
| | - Aurélie Djian
- Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, University Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France.
| | - Keitaro Nakatani
- Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, University Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France.
| | - Juan Xie
- Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, University Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France.
| | - Rémi Métivier
- Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, University Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France.
| | - Guillaume Laurent
- Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, University Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France.
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2
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Wagay SA, Ali R. The Hamilton Receptor in Supramolecular Polymer Sciences. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 382:27. [PMID: 39033235 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-024-00471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers are polymeric materials of monomeric fragments, held jointly by reversible and directional non-covalent interactions such as multiple hydrogen-bonding, charge transfer effects, host-guest interactions, metal coordination, and aromatic stacking. This review article on the Hamilton-based supramolecular polymers aims to shed light on the molecular recognition achievements by the Hamilton-based polymeric systems, evaluate Hamilton receptor's future prospects, and capitalize its potential applications in supramolecular chemistry. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first elaborative and sole manuscript in which polymeric Hamilton receptors are being exposed in detail. The first portion of this manuscript is related to the importance and urgency of polymers along with the historic background of Hamilton receptors. The middle section discloses the potential applications of Hamilton-type receptors in various fields, e.g., dendrimers, mechanically polymeric rotaxanes, and self-assemblies. The final section of the manuscript discloses the future aspects and the importance of novel polymer-based Hamilton-type receptors in the modern era. We believe that this first review in this emerging yet immature field will be useful to inspire scientists around the world to find the unseen future prospects, thereby boosting the field related to this valued artificial receptor in the province of supramolecular chemistry and also in other domains of scientific fields and technology, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafieq Ahmad Wagay
- Organic and Supramolecular Functional Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Okhla, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Rashid Ali
- Organic and Supramolecular Functional Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Okhla, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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3
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Clerc M, Sandlass S, Rifaie-Graham O, Peterson JA, Bruns N, Read de Alaniz J, Boesel LF. Visible light-responsive materials: the (photo)chemistry and applications of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts in polymer science. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8245-8294. [PMID: 37905554 PMCID: PMC10680135 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00508a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA) photoswitches have gained a lot of attention since their discovery in 2014. Their negative photochromism, visible light absorbance, synthetic tunability, and the large property changes between their photoisomers make them attractive candidates over other commonly used photoswitches for use in materials with responsive or adaptive properties. The development of such materials and their translation into advanced technologies continues to widely impact forefront materials research, and DASAs have thus attracted considerable interest in the field of visible-light responsive molecular switches and dynamic materials. Despite this interest, there have been challenges in understanding their complex behavior in the context of both small molecule studies and materials. Moreover, incorporation of DASAs into polymers can be challenging due to their incompatibility with the conditions for most common polymerization techniques. In this review, therefore, we examine and critically discuss the recent developments and challenges in the field of DASA-containing polymers, aiming at providing a better understanding of the interplay between the properties of both constituents (matrix and photoswitch). The first part summarizes current understanding of DASA design and switching properties. The second section discusses strategies of incorporation of DASAs into polymers, properties of DASA-containing materials, and methods for studying switching of DASAs in materials. We also discuss emerging applications for DASA photoswitches in polymeric materials, ranging from light-responsive drug delivery systems, to photothermal actuators, sensors and photoswitchable surfaces. Last, we summarize the current challenges in the field and venture on the steps required to explore novel systems and expand both the functional properties and the application opportunities of DASA-containing polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Clerc
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- University of Fribourg, Department of Chemistry, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
- Swiss National Center of Competence in Research Bio-Inspired Materials, Switzerland
| | - Sara Sandlass
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Omar Rifaie-Graham
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Julie A Peterson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.
| | - Nico Bruns
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
- Swiss National Center of Competence in Research Bio-Inspired Materials, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.
| | - Luciano F Boesel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- Swiss National Center of Competence in Research Bio-Inspired Materials, Switzerland
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4
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Castagna R, Maleeva G, Pirovano D, Matera C, Gorostiza P. Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adduct Displaying Reversible Photoswitching in Water and Neuronal Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15595-15602. [PMID: 35976640 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The interest in the photochromism and functional applications of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) soared in recent years owing to their outstanding advantages and flexible design. However, their low solubility and irreversible conversion in aqueous solutions hampered exploring DASAs for biology and medicine. It is notably unknown whether the barbiturate electron acceptor group retains the pharmacological activity of drugs such as phenobarbital, which targets γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-type A receptors (GABAARs) in the brain. Here, we have developed the model compound DASA-barbital based on a scaffold of red-switching second-generation DASAs, and we demonstrate that it is active in GABAARs and alters the neuronal firing rate in a physiological medium at neutral pH. DASA-barbital can also be reversibly photoswitched in acidic aqueous solutions using cyclodextrin, an approved ingredient of drug formulations. These findings clarify the path toward the biological applications of DASAs and to exploit the versatility displayed in polymers and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Castagna
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,CIBER, Madrid 282029, Spain
| | - Galyna Maleeva
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Deborah Pirovano
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Carlo Matera
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,CIBER, Madrid 282029, Spain
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,CIBER, Madrid 282029, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
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5
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Cheung LH, Kajitani T, Leung FKC. Visible-light controlled supramolecular transformations of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts amphiphiles at multiple length-scale. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 628:984-993. [PMID: 35970131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Designing responsive, adaptive, and dynamic supramolecular systems in water, the incorporation of photoresponsive units in amphiphilic molecular structures enables functional responses in a non-invasive way by using light. However, in aqueous media, vast majority of reported synthetic photoresponsive molecular amphiphiles are commonly driven by high energy and bio-damaging UV-light for supramolecular transformation at multiple length-scale. Herein, we present newly designed visible-light controlled supramolecular assembly of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts amphiphiles (DA) with excellent stability and solubility in aqueous media. The excellent photoswitchability in organic media and photoresponsiveness in aqueous media driven by visible-light are found, as confirmed with UV-vis absorption and NMR spectroscopies. Supramolecular assembly at multiple length-scale of DAs is investigated with electron microscopies and X-ray diffraction to show large aspect-ratio of nanostructures assembled into macroscopic soft scaffolds. Upon visible-light irradiation, the large geometrical transformation of DAs enables supramolecular transformations, and subsequently destabilizes the macroscopic soft scaffold to release fluorophores from the scaffolds. These results provide the feasibility in developing the next generation of visible-light controlled macroscopic soft functional scaffold from supramolecular assembly across multiple length-scale without and offer ample opportunity to design future soft robotic materials and functional biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leong-Hung Cheung
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Takashi Kajitani
- Open Facility Development Office, Open Facility Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Franco King-Chi Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
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6
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A multi-stage single photochrome system for controlled photoswitching responses. Nat Chem 2022; 14:942-948. [PMID: 35681046 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ability of molecular photoswitches to convert on/off responses into large macroscale property change is fundamental to light-responsive materials. However, moving beyond simple binary responses necessitates the introduction of new elements that control the chemistry of the photoswitching process at the molecular scale. To achieve this goal, we designed, synthesized and developed a single photochrome, based on a modified donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA), capable of independently addressing multiple molecular states. The multi-stage photoswitch enables complex switching phenomena. To demonstrate this, we show spatial control of the transformation of a three-stage photoswitch by tuning the population of intermediates along the multi-step reaction pathway of the DASAs without interfering with either the first or final stage. This allows for a photonic three-stage logic gate where the secondary wavelength solely negates the input of the primary wavelength. These results provide a new strategy to move beyond traditional on/off binary photochromic systems and enable the design of future molecular logic systems.
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7
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Duan Y, Zhao H, Xue G, Sun F, Stricker F, Wang Z, Mao L, He C, de Alaniz JR, Zheng Y, Wang D. Controlling the Isomerization of Photoresponsive Molecules through a Limiting Tautomerization Strategy. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3347-3354. [PMID: 35471969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the multistage photoresponsivity remains a challenge, in part, due to the spontaneous tautomerization between isomers. Herein, we present a strategy to access three independent states (linear, cyclic keto, and cyclic enolate) of crown ether (CE)-substituted donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) by limiting the tautomerization of the closed isomers. The linear-cyclic keto isomerization is reversibly triggered by treatment with metal ions (Na+ or K+) and CE, while the linear-cyclic enolate isomerization is induced by green light and heat. Density functional theory and molecular dynamics calculation results suggest that the steric effect and supramolecular interaction between the electron-donating and electron-withdrawing moieties play an important role in hindering the tautomerization between cyclic keto and cyclic enolate DASA-CE. The strategy to influence key steps in the photoswitching process inspires well-controlled multistage isomerization of photoresponsive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Duan
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Haiquan Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Guodong Xue
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Fanxi Sun
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Friedrich Stricker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5050, United States
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Lijun Mao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Chao He
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5050, United States
| | - Yonghao Zheng
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.,Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong, Dongguang 523808, China
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8
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Clerc M, Tekin C, Ulrich S, Freire RVM, Salentinig S, Bruns N, Boesel LF. Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adduct-Polydimethylsiloxane-Conjugates for Enhanced Photoswitching in Bulk Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200120. [PMID: 35396766 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) are a rapidly emerging class of visible light-activated photochromes and DASA-functionalized polymers hold great promise as biocompatible photoresponsive materials. However, the photoswitching performance of DASAs in solid polymer matrices is often low, particularly in polymeric materials below their glass transition temperature. To overcome this limitation, DASAs are conjugated to polydimethylsiloxanes which have a glass transition temperature far below room temperature and which can create a mobile molecular environment around the DASAs for achieving more solution-like photoswitching kinetics in bulk polymers. The dispersion of DASAs conjugated to such flexible oligomers into solid polymer matrices allows for more effective and tunable DASA photoswitching in stiff polymers, such as poly(methyl methacrylate), without requiring modifications of the matrix. The photoswitching of conjugates with varying polymer molecular weight, linker type and architecture is characterized via time-dependent UV-Vis spectroscopy in organic solvents and blended into polymethacrylate films. In addition, DASA-functionalized polydimethylsiloxane networks that are accessible by the same synthetic route provide an alternative solution for achieving fast and efficient DASA photoswitching in the bulk owing to their intrinsic softness and flexibility. These findings may contribute to the development of DASA-functionalized materials with better tunable, more effective, and more reversible modulation of their optical properties. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Clerc
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland.,University of Fribourg, Department of Chemistry, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Cem Tekin
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Ulrich
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
| | - Rafael V M Freire
- University of Fribourg, Department of Chemistry, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Salentinig
- University of Fribourg, Department of Chemistry, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Luciano F Boesel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
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9
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Peterson JA, Stricker F, Read de Alaniz J. Improving the kinetics and dark equilibrium of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct by triene backbone design. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2303-2306. [PMID: 35075464 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06235b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations were used to find an optimal substitution site on the triene backbone of a donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct photoswitch to tune the equillibrium and switching kinetics of DASA without modifying the donor and acceptor groups. Using this approach we demonstrate a new means to tuning DASA based photoswitches by increasing the energy of the closed form relative to the open form. To highlight the potential of this approach a new DASA derivative bearing a methyl substituent on the 5-position of the triene was synthesized and the effect of this substitution was studied using 1H NMR spectroscopy, time-dependent UV-Vis and solvatochromic analysis. The new DASA derivative shows a higher dark equillibrium, favoring the open form, and drastically faster thermal recovery than the unsubstituted derivative with the same donor and acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Peterson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Friedrich Stricker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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10
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Wang H, Bisoyi H, Zhang X, Hassan F, Li Q. Visible Light-Driven Molecular Switches and Motors: Recent Developments and Applications. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103906. [PMID: 34964995 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by human vision, a diverse range of light-driven molecular switches and motors has been developed for fundamental understanding and application in material science and biology. Recently, the design and synthesis of visible light-driven molecular switches and motors have been actively pursued. This emerging trend is partly motivated to avoid the harmful effects of ultraviolet light, which was necessary to drive the classical molecular switches and motors at least in one direction, impeding their employment in biomedical and photopharmacology applications. Moreover, visible light-driven molecular switches and motors are demonstrated to enable benign optical materials for advanced photonic devices. Therefore, during the past several years, visible light-driven molecular switches based on azobenzene derivatives, diarylethenes, 1,2-dicyanodithienylethenes, hemithioindigo derivatives, iminothioindoxyls, donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts, and overcrowded alkene based molecular motors have been judiciously designed, synthesized, and used in the development of functional materials and systems for a wide range of applications. In this Review, we present the recent developments toward the design of visible light-driven molecular switches and motors, with their applications in the fabrication of functional materials and systems in material science, bioscience, pharmacology, etc . The visible light-driven molecular switches and motors realized so far undoubtedly widen the scope of these interesting compounds for technological and biological applications. We hope this Review article could provide additional impetus and inspire further research interests for future exploration of visible light-driven advanced materials, systems, and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Kent State University, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, UNITED STATES
| | - Hari Bisoyi
- Kent State University, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, UNITED STATES
| | - Xinfang Zhang
- Kent State University, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institue, UNITED STATES
| | - Fathy Hassan
- Kent State University, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, UNITED STATES
| | - Quan Li
- Kent State University, Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdiscinplary Program, 3273 Crown Pointe Drive, 44224, Stow, UNITED STATES
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11
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Volarić J, Szymanski W, Simeth NA, Feringa BL. Molecular photoswitches in aqueous environments. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12377-12449. [PMID: 34590636 PMCID: PMC8591629 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches enable dynamic control of processes with high spatiotemporal precision, using light as external stimulus, and hence are ideal tools for different research areas spanning from chemical biology to smart materials. Photoswitches are typically organic molecules that feature extended aromatic systems to make them responsive to (visible) light. However, this renders them inherently lipophilic, while water-solubility is of crucial importance to apply photoswitchable organic molecules in biological systems, like in the rapidly emerging field of photopharmacology. Several strategies for solubilizing organic molecules in water are known, but there are not yet clear rules for applying them to photoswitchable molecules. Importantly, rendering photoswitches water-soluble has a serious impact on both their photophysical and biological properties, which must be taken into consideration when designing new systems. Altogether, these aspects pose considerable challenges for successfully applying molecular photoswitches in aqueous systems, and in particular in biologically relevant media. In this review, we focus on fully water-soluble photoswitches, such as those used in biological environments, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. We discuss the design principles and prospects for water-soluble photoswitches to inspire and enable their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Volarić
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja A Simeth
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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12
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Thumser S, Köttner L, Hoffmann N, Mayer P, Dube H. All-Red-Light Photoswitching of Indirubin Controlled by Supramolecular Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18251-18260. [PMID: 34665961 PMCID: PMC8867725 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Red-light responsiveness
of photoswitches is a highly desired property
for many important application areas such as biology or material sciences.
The main approach to elicit this property uses strategic substitution
of long-known photoswitch motives such as azobenzenes or diarylethenes.
Only very few photoswitches possess inherent red-light absorption
of their core chromophore structures. Here, we present a strategy
to convert the long-known purple indirubin dye into a prolific red-light-responsive
photoswitch. In a supramolecular approach, its photochromism can be
changed from a negative to a positive one, while at the same time,
significantly higher yields of the metastable E-isomer
are obtained upon irradiation. E- to Z-photoisomerization can then also be induced by red light of longer
wavelengths. Indirubin therefore represents a unique example of reversible
photoswitching using entirely red light for both switching directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Thumser
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laura Köttner
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadine Hoffmann
- Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Henry Dube
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Sabahi-Agabager L, Eskandari H, Nasiri F, Shamkhali AN, Baghi Sefidan S. Properties of a furan ring-opening reaction in aqueous micellar solutions for selective sensing of mesalazine. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 258:119846. [PMID: 33933944 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel and efficient non-azo formation based method was developed for trace sensing of mesalazine (MES), a pharmaceutical aromatic amine. MES was simply coupled with a Meldrum's activated furan (MAF) reagent via a furan ring opening reaction to form a colored product. The intense purple colored solution was detected at 575 nm. The reaction of MES with MAF was monitored by employing 1H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. In addition, density functional theory (DFT) was applied to optimize the structure of the colored product and its λmax (the wavelength of maximum absorbance) in dimethyl sulfoxide and water. The colored product was considered in three possible structures, and the most possible structures in dimethyl sulfoxide and in water were identified by employing the DFT calculations. Both of the most possible structures indicated only a local excitation in their λmax and no charge transfer was observed. However, one of the structures in dimethyl sulfoxide presented charge transfer properties occurring through NCCC moiety. A univariate optimization method was also used to attain the optimum condition for analysis. In addition, the dependence of the analytical response on the three main affecting parameters (reaction time (X1), Triton X-100 concentration (X2) and MAF concentration (X3)) was identified by employing a central composite design (CCD) approach. The CCD study showed that the analytical response depends complexly on the parameters. Beer's law was obeyed within the range of 0.06-9.30 μg mL-1 of MES (155 fold linearity) at 575 nm, under the optimum condition introduced by the CCD approach. Also, the limit of detection was obtained 0.04 μg mL-1 of MES. The method showed precision (as relative standard deviation) and accuracy (as recovery) within the ranges of 0.6-3.2 % and 96.3-100.8%, respectively. Various organic and inorganic species, amino-pharmaceuticals, and amino acids were tested to evaluate the selectivity of the method. The selectivity of the analytical method was satisfactory. The method was successfully applied for detection of MES in various water matrices and pharmaceutical tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Sabahi-Agabager
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran
| | - Habibollah Eskandari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran.
| | - Farough Nasiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran
| | - Amir Nasser Shamkhali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran
| | - Somayyeh Baghi Sefidan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran
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14
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Shepherd ND, Wang T, Ding B, Beves JE, D'Alessandro DM. Visible Light Stimulated Bistable Photo-Switching in Defect Engineered Metal-Organic Frameworks. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:11706-11710. [PMID: 33745281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of photoactive donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA) moieties into Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) provides a new route to the development of visible light switching materials. Herein, a DUT-5 mixed-linker defect series was exploited to produce a derivative group of DASA-modified materials via postsynthetic modification (PSM). The photoactive MOFs exhibited conversion stimulated by visible wavelengths and were stable following multiple cycles. Thermodynamic and metastable states persisted over an extended time period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiesheng Wang
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bowen Ding
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jonathon E Beves
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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15
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Zheng C, Yu Y, Kuang S, Zhu B, Zhou H, Zhang SQ, Yang J, Shi L, Ran C. β-Amyloid Peptides Manipulate Switching Behaviors of Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9887-9896. [PMID: 34235921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular switching plays a critical role in biological and displaying systems. Donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) is a newly re-discovered series of switchable photochromes, and light is the most used approach to control its switching behavior. In this report, we speculated that hydrophobic binding pockets of biologically relevant peptides/proteins could be harnessed to alter its switching behavior without the assistance of light. We designed and synthesized a DASA compound SHA-2, and we demonstrated that the Aβ40 species could stabilize SHA-2 in the linear conformation and decrease the rate of molecular switching via fluorescence spectral studies. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulation revealed that SHA-2 could bind to the hydrophobic fragment of the peptide and resulted in substantial changes in the tertiary structure of Aβ40 monomer. This structural change is likely to impede the aggregation of Aβ40, as evidenced by the results from thioflavin T fluorescence and ProteoStat aggregation detection experiments. We believe that our study opens a new window to alter the switching behavior of DASA via DASA-peptide/protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zheng
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States.,PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Shi Kuang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Biyue Zhu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Heng Zhou
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Shao-Qing Zhang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Jing Yang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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16
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Electrochemical Switching of First-Generation Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts (DASAs): An Alternative Stimulus for Triene Cyclisation. CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry3030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) are a photo-switch class that undergoes triene cyclisation in response to visible light. Herein, electrochemical oxidation is demonstrated as an effective alternative stimulus for the triene cyclisation commonly associated with photo-switching.
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17
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Mukhopadhyay S, Sarkar A, Ghoshal S, Sarkar P, Dhara K, Chattopadhyay P. Encapsulation and Stabilization of a Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adduct Isomer in Water Inside the Blue Box: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Approach. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7222-7230. [PMID: 34181423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized two types of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs), a new type of photochromic molecules showing dual color in two different isomeric forms in solution phase, using Meldrum acid (DASA-Mel) and barbituric acid (DASA-Bar), along with a naphthalimide derivative to obtain interesting fluorescence properties. DASA-Mel was found to have fast photochromic conversion in comparison to DASA-Bar, evident from ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and fluorescence spectroscopic studies. The colored form of DASA-Mel was encapsulated inside the water-soluble Stoddart's blue box and became soluble in water much faster than DASA-Bar. Interestingly, the competitive encapsulation experiment showed that DASA-Mel was selectively encapsulated inside the blue box in water whereas DASA-Bar was mostly separated out from the solution after centrifugation, and this phenomenon was confirmed by 1H and DOSY NMR and mass spectroscopies. Moreover, we found through density functional theory (DFT) optimization that the open form of DASA-Mel was more stable during the encapsulation reaction in a water medium in comparison to DASA-Bar. The calculated binding energies of encapsulated DASA-Mel and DASA-Bar are -10.2 and -9.9 kcal/mol, respectively, clearly showing that the former is more stable by 0.3 kcal. Consequently, the organic macrocycle selectively separating one kind of DASA from a mixture by encapsulation in water is reported for the first time with experimental and theoretical support in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Arnab Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourav Ghoshal
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Pranab Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Koushik Dhara
- Department of Chemistry, Sambhu Nath College, Labpur, Birbhum 731303, West Bengal, India
| | - Pabitra Chattopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
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18
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Clerc M, Stricker F, Ulrich S, Sroda M, Bruns N, Boesel LF, Read de Alaniz J. Promoting the Furan Ring-Opening Reaction to Access New Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts with Hexafluoroisopropanol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10219-10227. [PMID: 33503292 PMCID: PMC8068666 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) are visible-light-responsive photoswitches with a variety of emerging applications in photoresponsive materials. Their two-step modular synthesis, centered on the nucleophilic ring opening of an activated furan, makes DASAs readily accessible. However, the use of less reactive donors or acceptors renders the process slow and low yielding, which has limited their development. We demonstrate here that 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) promotes the ring-opening reaction and stabilizes the open isomer, allowing greatly reduced reaction times and increased yields for known derivatives. In addition, it provides access to previously unattainable DASA-based photoswitches and DASA-polymer conjugates. The role of HFIP and the photochromic properties of a set of new DASAs is probed using a combination of 1 H NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The use of sterically hindered, electron-poor amines enabled the dark equilibrium to be decoupled from closed-isomer half-lives for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Clerc
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Friedrich Stricker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Sebastian Ulrich
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Miranda Sroda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Nico Bruns
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Luciano F Boesel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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19
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Clerc M, Stricker F, Ulrich S, Sroda M, Bruns N, Boesel LF, Read de Alaniz J. Promoting the Furan Ring‐Opening Reaction to Access New Donor–Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts with Hexafluoroisopropanol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Clerc
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry University of Fribourg 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Friedrich Stricker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Sebastian Ulrich
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - Miranda Sroda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Nico Bruns
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Luciano F. Boesel
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
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20
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Duan Y, Zhao H, Xiong C, Mao L, Wang D, Zheng Y. Learning from Spiropyrans: How to Make Further Developments of
Donor‐Acceptor
Stenhouse Adducts. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Duan
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Jianshe North Road Section 2 No. 4, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong Zongbu Second Road No. 17 Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
| | - Haiquan Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Jianshe North Road Section 2 No. 4, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong Zongbu Second Road No. 17 Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
| | - Chaoyue Xiong
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Jianshe North Road Section 2 No. 4, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong Zongbu Second Road No. 17 Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
| | - Lijun Mao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Jianshe North Road Section 2 No. 4, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong Zongbu Second Road No. 17 Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Jianshe North Road Section 2 No. 4, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong Zongbu Second Road No. 17 Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
| | - Yonghao Zheng
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Jianshe North Road Section 2 No. 4, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong Zongbu Second Road No. 17 Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
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21
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Connolly SW, Tiwari R, Holder SJ, Shepherd HJ. A simple strategy to overcome concentration dependence of photoswitching properties in donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2775-2779. [PMID: 33492320 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06312f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photoswitchable donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) have been reported to exhibit an undesirable concentration dependence, where photoswitching is greatly inhibited with increasing photochrome concentration. Here we show that the use of piperazine-based donor moieties eliminates this concentration dependence and results in complete, rapid and reversible photoswitching behaviour for first generation DASAs, even in chlorinated solvents. Structural data and computational studies reveal proton transfer during isomerisation to the terminal amine rather than the donor amine. The improvement in photoswitching efficiency is attributed to resultant differences in supramolecular association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Connolly
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Rahul Tiwari
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK. and School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Simon J Holder
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Helena J Shepherd
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
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22
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Xiong C, Xue G, Mao L, Gu L, He C, Zheng Y, Wang D. Carbon Spacer Strategy: Control the Photoswitching Behavior of Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:802-809. [PMID: 33406356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between chemical structure and photoswitching property of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) is necessary for developments and applications of the novel photoresponsive molecule. In the current work, we demonstrated a close relationship between the length of carbon spacer and photoswitching property of DASAs. A series of DASAs with barbituric acid substituted electron-withdrawing part and N-methylaniline substituted electron-donating part were synthesized. With shortening the carbon spacer between the phenyl and amine groups in the electron-donating part, the efficiency and rate of the light-induced linear-to-cyclic isomerization are improved in all the test solvents. The molecular energy variation during the isomerization process was investigated by density functional theory calculation to further understand the mechanism. This work provides a reliable carbon spacer strategy to control the photoswitching behavior of DASAs using chemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyue Xiong
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Guodong Xue
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Lijun Mao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Lianghong Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Chao He
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yonghao Zheng
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong, Dongguan 523808, China
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23
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Zhao G, Liu J. The modulation effect of pi–pi interactions on the electronic and photochromic properties of viologen complexes containing N, N′-bis(carboxyethyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium. RSC Adv 2021; 11:24500-24507. [PMID: 35481020 PMCID: PMC9036876 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02469h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two viologen complexes containing N,N′-bis(carboxyethyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium (BCEbpy) were prepared, namely [Zn(H2O)6]·(BCEbpy)·(p-BDC)·3H2O (1) and [Co(H2O)6]·(BCEbpy)·(p-BDC)·3H2O (2) (p-H2BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid), and their crystal structures, photochromism, frontier molecular orbitals, Hirshfeld surfaces and 2D fingerprint plots were investigated. The modulation effects of pi–pi interactions were explored on the electronic and photochromic properties of compounds 1 and 2. Due to the existence of photo-response viologen radicals, both complexes 1 and 2 display excellent photo-response properties in the sequence 1 < 2. The results indicate that compound 1 exhibits intramolecular electron transfer; compound 2 exhibits both intramolecular and intermolecular electron transfer, which is mainly due to the change of electronic and steric structures caused by pi–pi interactions with a faster photo-response rate than that of compound 1. The donor–acceptor modes, matching principles and inter/intramolecular atom–atom close contacts were illustrated by the density functional theory (DFT)-B3LYP/6-311(d,p) method. Two viologen complexes containing BCEbpy were prepared and displayed excellent photo-response properties by the modulation effect of pi–pi interactions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules
- Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education
- The School of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shanxi Normal University
- Linfen 041004
| | - Jinjian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules
- Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education
- The School of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shanxi Normal University
- Linfen 041004
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