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Cavalera S, Serra T, Abad-Fuentes A, Mercader JV, Abad-Somovilla A, Nardo FD, D'Avolio A, De Nicolò A, Testa V, Chiarello M, Baggiani C, Anfossi L. Development and In-House Validation of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and a Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Dosage of Tenofovir in Human Saliva. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:667. [PMID: 37367032 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) includes very potent drugs that are often characterized by high toxicity. Tenofovir (TFV) is a widely used drug prescribed mainly for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PreP) and the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The therapeutic range of TFV is narrow, and adverse effects occur with both underdose and overdose. The main factor contributing to therapeutic failure is the improper management of TFV, which may be caused by low compliance or patient variability. An important tool to prevent inappropriate administration is therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of compliance-relevant concentrations (ARCs) of TFV. TDM is performed routinely using time-consuming and expensive chromatographic methods coupled with mass spectrometry. Immunoassays, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs), are based on antibody-antigen specific recognition and represent key tools for real-time quantitative and qualitative screening for point-of-care testing (POCT). Since saliva is a non-invasive and non-infectious biological sample, it is well-suited for TDM. However, saliva is expected to have a very low ARC for TFV, so tests with high sensitivity are required. Here, we have developed and validated a highly sensitive ELISA (IC50 1.2 ng/mL, dynamic range 0.4-10 ng/mL) that allows the quantification of TFV in saliva at ARCs and an extremely sensitive LFIA (visual LOD 0.5 ng/mL) that is able to distinguish between optimal and suboptimal ARCs of TFV in untreated saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Thea Serra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio Abad-Fuentes
- Institute of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Technology, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Josep V Mercader
- Institute of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Technology, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Abad-Somovilla
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Avolio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Amedeo De Nicolò
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Testa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Chiarello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Pierce J, Hiebert JB, Mahoney D, Shen Q, Peltzer J, Rahman F, Johnson S, Pierce JT. Development of a point-of-contact technique to measure adenosine triphosphate: A quality improvement study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2019; 41:29-32. [PMID: 31011421 PMCID: PMC6462498 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) experience fatigue due to impaired myocardial bioenergetics. Cardiomyocyte function depends on the delivery of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), yet there is no convenient bedside method to measure ATP. The purpose of this study was to develop a point-of-contact measurement of ATP that can be used in a clinical setting. Methods In a laboratory setting, digital finger punctures were conducted using 5 μl and 10 μl of capillary blood placed into various amounts of water (H2O). After mixing the solution for 10 s, a Hygiena AquaSnapTM Free ATP probe was placed into the solution for 10 s for the detection of ATP. The probe was then placed into the Hygiena luminometer for 15 s, and a value in relative light units (RLU) was obtained. Results Test samples using 10 μl of blood diluted from 50 to 500 mls of H2O produced ATP readings of 10,000-7569 RLUs. Using 5 μl of blood in 375–900 ml of H2O decreased the ATP values to 6459-4189 RLUs. Dilutional volume sparing experiments were conducted with ATP standards to determine the concentration of ATP per RLUs. Conclusion Patients with HFpEF have increased metabolic demand and impaired myocardial bioenergetics. Thus, identifying a method to measure ATP that is quick and accurate is imperative to accurately assess cellular energy production in this population. Point-of-contact measures, such as ATP, are needed for precision-guided treatment. Data from this study provides the first step toward developing evidence for health policies related to managing fatigue. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is required for almost all cells to produce energy. A point-of-contact instrument is needed in the clinical setting to measure ATP. To assess the symptom of fatigue, a measure of ATP is preferred. Using blood from a finger stick, an ATP measurement can be obtained in 2 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Pierce
- University of Kansas Medical Center, School of Nursing, Mail Stop 4043, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - John B Hiebert
- University of Kansas Medical Center, School of Nursing, Mail Stop 4043, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Diane Mahoney
- University of Kansas Medical Center, School of Nursing, Mail Stop 4043, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Qiuhua Shen
- University of Kansas Medical Center, School of Nursing, Mail Stop 4043, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Jill Peltzer
- University of Kansas Medical Center, School of Nursing, Mail Stop 4043, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Faith Rahman
- University of Kansas Medical Center, School of Nursing, Mail Stop 4043, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Samantha Johnson
- University of Kansas Medical Center, School of Nursing, Mail Stop 4043, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - John T Pierce
- University of Kansas Medical Center, School of Nursing, Mail Stop 4043, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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