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Mazurkiewicz Ł, Czernikiewicz K, Grygiel-Górniak B. Immunogenetic Aspects of Sarcopenic Obesity. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:206. [PMID: 38397196 PMCID: PMC10888391 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a combination of obesity and sarcopenia, with diagnostic criteria defined as impaired skeletal muscle function and altered body composition (e.g., increased fat mass and reduced muscle mass). The mechanism of SO is not yet perfectly understood; however, the pathogenesis includes aging and its complications, chronic inflammation, insulin resistance (IR), and hormonal changes. Genetic background is apparent in the pathogenesis of isolated obesity, which is most often polygenic and is characterized by the additive effect of various genetic factors. The genetic etiology has not been strictly established in SO. Still, many data confirm the existence of pathogenic gene variants, e.g., Fat Mass and Obesity Associated Gene (FTO), beta-2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) gene, melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) and others with obesity. The literature on the role of these genes is scarce, and their role has not yet been thoroughly established. On the other hand, the involvement of systemic inflammation due to increased adipose tissue in SO plays a significant role in its pathophysiology through the synthesis of various cytokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-1Ra, IL-15, adiponectin or CRP. The lack of anti-inflammatory cytokine (e.g., IL-15) can increase SO risk, but further studies are needed to evaluate the exact mechanisms of implications of various cytokines in SO individuals. This manuscript analyses various immunogenetic and non-genetic factors and summarizes the recent findings on immunogenetics potentially impacting SO development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bogna Grygiel-Górniak
- Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
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Zanker J, Scott D, Szoeke C, Vogrin S, Patel S, Blackwell T, Bird S, Kirk B, Center J, Alajlouni DA, Gill T, Jones G, Pasco JA, Waters DL, Cawthon PM, Duque G. Predicting Slow Walking Speed From a Pooled Cohort Analysis: Sarcopenia Definitions, Agreement, and Prevalence in Australia and New Zealand. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2023; 78:2415-2425. [PMID: 37428864 PMCID: PMC10692428 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glad165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent operational definitions of sarcopenia have not been replicated and compared in Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) populations. We aimed to identify sarcopenia measures that discriminate ANZ adults with slow walking speed (<0.8 m/s) and determine the agreement between the Sarcopenia Definitions and Outcomes Consortium (SDOC) and revised European Working Group for Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2) operational definitions of sarcopenia. METHODS Eight studies comprising 8 100 ANZ community-dwelling adults (mean age ± standard deviation, 62.0 ± 14.4 years) with walking speed, grip strength (GR), and lean mass data were combined. Replicating the SDOC methodology, 15 candidate variables were included in sex-stratified classification and regression tree models and receiver operating characteristic curves on a pooled cohort with complete data to identify variables and cut points discriminating slow walking speed (<0.8 m/s). Agreement and prevalence estimates were compared using Cohen's Kappa (CK). RESULTS Receiver operating characteristic curves identified GR as the strongest variable for discriminating slow from normal walking speed in women (GR <20.50 kg, area under curve [AUC] = 0.68) and men (GR <31.05 kg, AUC = 0.64). Near-perfect agreement was found between the derived ANZ cut points and SDOC cut points (CK 0.8-1.0). Sarcopenia prevalence ranged from 1.5% (EWGSOP2) to 37.2% (SDOC) in women and 1.0% (EWGSOP2) to 9.1% (SDOC) in men, with no agreement (CK <0.2) between EWGSOP2 and SDOC. CONCLUSIONS Grip strength is the primary discriminating characteristic for slow walking speed in ANZ women and men, consistent with findings from the SDOC. Sarcopenia Definitions and Outcomes Consortium and EWGSOP2 definitions showed no agreement suggesting these proposed definitions measure different characteristics and identify people with sarcopenia differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Zanker
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Scott
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cassandra Szoeke
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara Vogrin
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheena Patel
- Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Terri Blackwell
- Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stefanie Bird
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben Kirk
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Center
- Skeletal Diseases Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dima A Alajlouni
- Skeletal Diseases Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tiffany Gill
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Graeme Jones
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Julie A Pasco
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
- IMPACT-Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon HealthDeakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Debra L Waters
- Department of Medicine, School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Peggy M Cawthon
- Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Sui SX, Balanta-Melo J, Pasco JA, Plotkin LI. Musculoskeletal Deficits and Cognitive Impairment: Epidemiological Evidence and Biological Mechanisms. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:260-272. [PMID: 35764750 PMCID: PMC9522710 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cognitive impairment is associated with obesity, sarcopenia, and osteoporosis. However, no critical appraisal of the literature on the relationship between musculoskeletal deficits and cognitive impairment, focusing on the epidemiological evidence and biological mechanisms, has been published to date. Herein, we critically evaluate the literature published over the past 3 years, emphasizing interesting and important new findings, and provide an outline of future directions that will improve our understanding of the connections between the brain and the musculoskeletal system. RECENT FINDINGS Recent literature suggests that musculoskeletal deficits and cognitive impairment share pathophysiological pathways and risk factors. Cytokines and hormones affect both the brain and the musculoskeletal system; yet, lack of unified definitions and standards makes it difficult to compare studies. Interventions designed to improve musculoskeletal health are plausible means of preventing or slowing cognitive impairment. We highlight several musculoskeletal health interventions that show potential in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia X Sui
- Epi-Centre for Healthy Ageing, Deakin University, IMPACT - Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, PO Box 281 (Barwon Health), Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Julián Balanta-Melo
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS5022A, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Universidad del Valle School of Dentistry, Cali, Colombia
| | - Julie A Pasco
- Epi-Centre for Healthy Ageing, Deakin University, IMPACT - Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, PO Box 281 (Barwon Health), Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
- Department of Medicine-Western Campus, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS5022A, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Pasco JA, Sui SX, West EC, Anderson KB, Rufus-Membere P, Tembo MC, Hyde NK, Williams LJ, Liu ZSJ, Kotowicz MA. Fatty Liver Index and Skeletal Muscle Density. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 110:649-657. [PMID: 35028685 PMCID: PMC9108103 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00939-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of fat in the liver and skeletal muscle is associated with obesity and poor health outcomes. Liver steatosis is a characteristic of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and myosteatosis, of poor muscle quality in sarcopenia. In this study of 403 men (33-96 years), we investigated associations between the fatty liver index (FLI) and muscle density, as markers of fat accumulation in these organs. We also investigated associations between the FLI and parameters of sarcopenia, including DXA-derived appendicular lean mass (ALM) and handgrip strength by dynamometry. Muscle density was measured using pQCT at the radius and tibia. FLI was calculated from BMI, waist circumference, and levels of triglycerides and gamma-glutamyltransferase. There was a pattern of decreasing muscle density across increasing quartiles of FLI. After adjusting for age and lifestyle, mean radial muscle density in Q4 was 2.1% lower than Q1 (p < 0.001) and mean tibial muscle density was 1.8% lower in Q3 and 3.0% lower in Q4, compared to Q1 (p = 0.022 and < 0.001, respectively). After adjusting for age and sedentary lifestyle, participants in the highest FLI quartile were sixfold more likely to have sarcopenia. In conclusion, our results suggest that fat accumulation in the liver co-exists with fat infiltration into skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Pasco
- Deakin University, IMPACT – Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Geelong, VIC Australia
- Department of Medicine – Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC Australia
- Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Sophia X. Sui
- Deakin University, IMPACT – Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - Emma C. West
- Deakin University, IMPACT – Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - Kara B. Anderson
- Deakin University, IMPACT – Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - Pamela Rufus-Membere
- Deakin University, IMPACT – Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - Monica C. Tembo
- Deakin University, IMPACT – Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - Natalie K. Hyde
- Deakin University, IMPACT – Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - Lana J. Williams
- Deakin University, IMPACT – Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - Zoe S. J. Liu
- Deakin University, IMPACT – Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - Mark A. Kotowicz
- Deakin University, IMPACT – Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Geelong, VIC Australia
- Department of Medicine – Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC Australia
- Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC Australia
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Sui SX, Holloway-Kew KL, Hyde NK, Williams LJ, Tembo MC, West E, Pasco JA. How Well Do Low Population-Specific Values for Muscle Parameters Associate with Indices of Poor Physical Health? Cross-Sectional Data from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102906. [PMID: 35629032 PMCID: PMC9143052 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to examine associations between skeletal muscle deficits and indices of poor health. Cut-points for skeletal muscle deficits were derived using data from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study and definitions from the revised European Consensus on Definition and Diagnosis and the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health. Participants (n = 665; 323 women) aged 60–96 year had handgrip strength measured by dynamometry and appendicular lean mass by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Physical performance was assessed using the Timed Up and Go test. Sex-specific cut-points were equivalent to two standard deviations below the mean young reference range from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Indices of poor health included fractures, falls, and hospitalisations. Low trauma fractures since age 50 year (excluding skull, face, digits) were self-reported and confirmed using radiological reports. Falls (≥1 in the past 12 months) and hospitalisations (past month) were self-reported. Logistic regression models (age- and sex-adjusted) were used to examine associations. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves were applied to determine optimal cut-points for handgrip strength, Timed Up and Go, appendicular lean mass/height2, and appendicular lean mass/body mass index that discriminated poor health outcomes. There were 48 participants (6.9%) with hospitalisations, 94 (13.4%) with fractures, and 177 (25.3%) with at least one fall (≥1). For all cut-points, low handgrip strength was consistently associated with falls. There was little evidence to support an association between low appendicular lean mass, using any cut-point, and indices of poor health. Optimal cut-offs for predicting falls (≥1) were: handgrip strength 17.5 kg for women and 33.5 kg for men; Timed Up and Go 8.6 s for women and 9.9 s for men; appendicular lean mass/height2 6.2 kg/m2 for women and 7.46 kg/m2 for men; and appendicular lean mass/body mass index 0.6 m2 for women and 0.9 m2 for men. In conclusion, muscle strength and function performed better than lean mass to indicate poor health. These findings add to the growing evidence base to inform decisions regarding the selection of skeletal muscle parameters and their optimal cut-points for identifying sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia X. Sui
- IMPACT—Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (K.L.H.-K.); (N.K.H.); (L.J.W.); (M.C.T.); (E.W.); (J.A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-4215-3306; Fax: +61-3-4215-3491
| | - Kara L. Holloway-Kew
- IMPACT—Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (K.L.H.-K.); (N.K.H.); (L.J.W.); (M.C.T.); (E.W.); (J.A.P.)
| | - Natalie K. Hyde
- IMPACT—Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (K.L.H.-K.); (N.K.H.); (L.J.W.); (M.C.T.); (E.W.); (J.A.P.)
| | - Lana J. Williams
- IMPACT—Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (K.L.H.-K.); (N.K.H.); (L.J.W.); (M.C.T.); (E.W.); (J.A.P.)
| | - Monica C. Tembo
- IMPACT—Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (K.L.H.-K.); (N.K.H.); (L.J.W.); (M.C.T.); (E.W.); (J.A.P.)
| | - Emma West
- IMPACT—Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (K.L.H.-K.); (N.K.H.); (L.J.W.); (M.C.T.); (E.W.); (J.A.P.)
| | - Julie A. Pasco
- IMPACT—Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (K.L.H.-K.); (N.K.H.); (L.J.W.); (M.C.T.); (E.W.); (J.A.P.)
- Department of Medicine–Western Campus, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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Sui SX, Williams LJ, Holloway-Kew KL, Hyde NK, Leach S, Pasco JA. Associations Between Muscle Quality and Cognitive Function in Older Men: Cross-Sectional Data From the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. J Clin Densitom 2022; 25:133-140. [PMID: 33879389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia-related declines appear to be adversely associated with cognition in the elderly. Poor muscle quality is a marker for sarcopenia, yet little research has examined the concurrence of poor muscle quality and poor cognition. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between muscle quality and cognitive function, overall and in specific domains, in older men. This study involved 342 men from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study (ages 60-96 years). Handgrip strength (HGS, kg) was measured by dynamometry (Vernier, LoggerPro3), and lean mass of arms (kg) and appendicular lean mass (ALM, kg) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Lunar). Muscle quality was expressed as HGS/(arm lean mass) (kg/kg) as well as HGS/ALM (kg/kg). Cognitive function was assessed in 4 domains: visual attention, psychomotor function, working memory and visual learning. Overall cognitive function scores were calculated. Higher scores represent poorer cognitive performance in attention, psychomotor function and working memory, but better performance for visual memory/learning and overall cognitive function. Additionally, cognitive impairment was determined by the mini-mental state exam (score ≤ 24). Linear regression analyses and logistic regression were performed. There were age-related declines observed for all measures relating to muscle and cognition. Muscle quality (HGS/arm lean mass) was associated with all cognition assessments before and after adjusting for age, except for age-adjusted working memory. Muscle quality (HGS/arm lean mass) was associated with psychomotor function (B -0.01, 95% CI -0.02, -0.005) and overall cognitive function (b + 0.07, 95% CI 0.03, 0.11) after adjusting for age and education. Greater muscle quality was also associated with the likelihood of cognitive impairment OR 0.64 (95%CI 0.46-0.88) after adjusting for age; associations with attention and visual memory/learning were attenuated after further adjustment for confounders. Similar patterns were observed when muscle quality was determined as HGS/ALM. Our data support an association between muscle quality and cognitive function. Further research is needed to examine temporal changes between the Two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia X Sui
- Deakin University, IMPACT (Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Geelong, Victoria, Australia; University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Lana J Williams
- Deakin University, IMPACT (Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Geelong, Victoria, Australia; University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kara L Holloway-Kew
- Deakin University, IMPACT (Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Geelong, Victoria, Australia; University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie K Hyde
- Deakin University, IMPACT (Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Geelong, Victoria, Australia; University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Leach
- University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; GMHBA, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie A Pasco
- Deakin University, IMPACT (Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Geelong, Victoria, Australia; University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; GMHBA, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, Victoria, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Which is the best alternative to estimate muscle mass for sarcopenia diagnosis when DXA is unavailable? Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2021; 97:104517. [PMID: 34547538 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2021.104517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is widely adopted to estimate muscle mass for research, but for daily practice is only available in a limited number of facilities. AIM To elucidate if it is anthropometry or bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) the method more concordant with DXA in estimating muscle mass for sarcopenia diagnosis among older adults, and to investigate the impact of several cut-off points in sarcopenia frequency. METHODS 159 older adults (≥65 years) were included in a cross-sectional analysis. Sarcopenia was identified using the 2018 EWGSOP2 definition, plus previous definitions for muscle mass. Estimation of muscle mass by DXA (appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) and ASM/height2), by BIA (skeletal muscle mass/height2 (SMM/height2) and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI)), and anthropometry (calf and mid-arm muscle circumferences (CC and MAMC, respectively)) was carried out, as well as measurements of handgrip strength and gait speed. RESULTS Sarcopenia frequency varied from 5.0 to 42.1% depending on the method and cut-off point applied. All surrogate diagnostic criteria had a higher agreement with the DXA defined criterion ASM over ASM/height2. A substantial agreement was also found with BIA SMM/height2 (κ= 0.67), and with BIA SMI (κ= 0.65), and a moderate agreement with MAMC (κ= 0.42), p<0.001. Using the DXA ASM and ASM/height2 criteria as reference, CC showed a specificity of 100% and 94%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS BIA is a suitable method to evaluate muscle mass in sarcopenia diagnosis when DXA is unavailable. Furthermore, CC showed to be a valid indicator to rule in the presence of sarcopenia.
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Pasco JA, Sui SX, West EC, Holloway‐Kew KL, Hyde NK, Stuart AL, Gaston J, Williams LJ. Operational definitions of sarcopenia should consider depressive symptoms. JCSM CLINICAL REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/crt2.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Pasco
- Deakin University, IMPACT ‐ Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
- Department of Medicine‐Western Health The University of Melbourne St Albans VIC Australia
- Barwon Health Geelong VIC Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Sophia X. Sui
- Deakin University, IMPACT ‐ Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Emma C. West
- Deakin University, IMPACT ‐ Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Kara L. Holloway‐Kew
- Deakin University, IMPACT ‐ Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Natalie K. Hyde
- Deakin University, IMPACT ‐ Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Amanda L. Stuart
- Deakin University, IMPACT ‐ Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
| | - James Gaston
- Deakin University, IMPACT ‐ Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Lana J. Williams
- Deakin University, IMPACT ‐ Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
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Sui SX, Hordacre B, Pasco JA. Are Sarcopenia and Cognitive Dysfunction Comorbid after Stroke in the Context of Brain-Muscle Crosstalk? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020223. [PMID: 33671531 PMCID: PMC7926475 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability and is responsible for a significant economic burden. Sarcopenia and cognitive dysfunction are common consequences of stroke, but there is less awareness of the concurrency of these conditions. In addition, few reviews are available to guide clinicians and researchers on how to approach sarcopenia and cognitive dysfunction as comorbidities after stroke, including how to assess and manage them and implement interventions to improve health outcomes. This review synthesises current knowledge about the relationship between post-stroke sarcopenia and cognitive dysfunction, including the physiological pathways, assessment tools, and interventions involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia X. Sui
- IMPACT—The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Deakin University, Victoria, VIC 3220, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-42153306 (ext. 53306); Fax: +61-3-42153491
| | - Brenton Hordacre
- IIMPACT in Health, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Julie A. Pasco
- IMPACT—The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Deakin University, Victoria, VIC 3220, Australia;
- Department of Medicine–Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
- Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, VIC 3181, Australia
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High Prevalence of Probable Sarcopenia in a Representative Sample From Colombia: Implications for Geriatrics in Latin America. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2020; 22:859-864.e1. [PMID: 33197411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2) recently defined the new concept of probable sarcopenia to help improve screening and prevent future sarcopenia. We investigated the prevalence of probable sarcopenia, defined as weak grip strength, in community-dwelling older Colombian adults, and examined the long-term associated conditions. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Urban and rural Colombian older adults from the "Estudio Nacional de Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento (SABE) study". PARTICIPANTS 5237 Colombian older adults aged ≥60 years. MEASUREMENTS Probable sarcopenia was assessed following the cut-off points for weak grip strength recommended by EWGSOP2 guidelines. Odds ratios (ORs) of the relationship between long-term conditions and probable sarcopenia were determined using logistic regression. RESULTS The prevalence of probable sarcopenia defined as weak grip strength was 46.5% [95% confidence interval (CI), 45.1-47.8]. Physical inactivity "proxy" (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.14-1.59); diabetes (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.11-1.56); and arthritis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatism (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.25-1.67) were independently associated with probable sarcopenia. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We found that almost half of all the Colombian older adults in our sample had probable sarcopenia. Individuals with physical inactivity, diabetes, arthritis, or osteoarthritis and rheumatism had a higher prevalence of probable sarcopenia. Probable sarcopenia is clinically highly relevant, and several of the factors associated with this condition are potentially preventable, treatable, and reversible.
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