1
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Bhandari S, Rangarajan S, Li S, Scaranto J, Singh S, Maravelias CT, Dumesic JA, Mavrikakis M. A Coverage Self-Consistent Microkinetic Model for Vapor-Phase Formic Acid Decomposition over Pd/C Catalysts. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Bhandari
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Srinivas Rangarajan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Jessica Scaranto
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Suyash Singh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Christos T. Maravelias
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706, Wisconsin, United States
| | - James A. Dumesic
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Manos Mavrikakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706, Wisconsin, United States
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2
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Yaacoub L, Dutta I, Werghi B, Chen BWJ, Zhang J, Hamad EA, Ling Ang EP, Pump E, Sedjerari AB, Huang KW, Basset JM. Formic Acid Dehydrogenation via an Active Ruthenium Pincer Catalyst Immobilized on Tetra-Coordinated Aluminum Hydride Species Supported on Fibrous Silica Nanospheres. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Layal Yaacoub
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering and KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Indranil Dutta
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering and KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Baraa Werghi
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering and KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Benjamin W. J. Chen
- Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Institute of High Performance Computing, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16−16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Jia Zhang
- Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Institute of High Performance Computing, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16−16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Edy Abou Hamad
- Imaging and Characterization Department, KAUST Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eleanor Pei Ling Ang
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering and KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eva Pump
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering and KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anissa Bendjeriou Sedjerari
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering and KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering and KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Institute of Materials Research and Engineering and Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Jean-Marie Basset
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering and KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Cedex 05 75231, Paris
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3
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Hijazi A, Khalaf N, Kwapinski W, Leahy JJ. Catalytic valorisation of biomass levulinic acid into gamma valerolactone using formic acid as a H 2 donor: a critical review. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13673-13694. [PMID: 35530384 PMCID: PMC9073962 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01379g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review sheds light on the catalytic valorisation of agroforestry biomass through levulinic acid and formic acid towards γ-valerolactone and other higher-value chemicals. γ-Valerolactone is produced by the hydrogenation of levulinic acid, which can be achieved through an internal hydrogen transfer reaction with formic acid in the presence of catalyst. By reviewing corresponding catalysts, the paper underlines the most efficient steps constituting an integrated sustainable process that eliminates the need for external H2 sources while producing biofuels as an alternative energy source. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the role of catalysts in the hydrogenation of levulinic acid, with special focus on heterogeneous catalysts. The authors highlighted the dual role of different catalysts by comparing their activity, morphology, electronic structure, synergetic relation between support and doped species, as well as their deactivation and recyclability. Acknowledging the need for green and sustainable H2 production, the review extends to cover the role of photo catalysis in dissociating H2-donor solvents for reducing levulinic acid into γ-valerolactone under mild temperatures. To wrap up, the critical discussion presented enables readers to hone their knowledge about different schools and emphasizes research gaps emerging from experimental work. The review concludes with a comprehensive table summarizing the recent catalysts reported between the years 2017-2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Hijazi
- Chemical and Environmental Science Department, University of Limerick Limerick V94 T9PX Ireland +353-83-3783841
| | - Nidal Khalaf
- Chemical and Environmental Science Department, University of Limerick Limerick V94 T9PX Ireland +353-83-3783841
| | - Witold Kwapinski
- Chemical and Environmental Science Department, University of Limerick Limerick V94 T9PX Ireland +353-83-3783841
| | - J J Leahy
- Chemical and Environmental Science Department, University of Limerick Limerick V94 T9PX Ireland +353-83-3783841
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4
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The Hydrolysis of Ball-Milled Aluminum–Bismuth–Nickel Composites for On-Demand Hydrogen Generation. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15072356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The hydrolysis of aluminum (Al) is a promising method for on-demand hydrogen generation for low-power proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) applications. In this study, Al composites were mechanochemically activated using bismuth (Bi) and nickel (Ni) as activation compounds. The main objective was to determine the effects of Bi and Ni on Al particles during mechanochemical processing, and the hydrolysis activity of the Al-Bi-Ni composites. Successfully formulated ternary Al-Bi-Ni composites were hydrolyzed with de-ionized water under standard ambient conditions to determine the reactivity of the composite (extent of hydrogen production). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that Bi and Ni were distributed relatively uniformly throughout the Al particles, resulting in numerous micro-galvanic interactions between the anodic Al and cathodic Bi/Ni during hydrolysis reaction. The addition of >1 wt% Ni resulted in incomplete activation of Al, and such composites were non-reactive. All successfully prepared composites had near-complete hydrogen yields. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that no mineralogical interaction occurred between Al, Bi, and/or Ni. The main phases detected were Al, Bi, and minute traces of Ni (ascribed to low Ni content). In addition, the effect of the mass ratio (mass Al:mass water) and water quality were also determined.
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5
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Cesari C, Bortoluzzi M, Femoni C, Carmela Iapalucci M, Zacchini S. Synthesis, molecular structure and fluxional behavior of the elusive [HRu 4(CO) 12] 3- carbonyl anion. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:2250-2261. [PMID: 35060580 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03622j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The elusive mono-hydride tri-anion [HRu4(CO)12]3- (4) has been isolated and fully characterized for the first time. Cluster 4 can be obtained by the deprotonation of [H3Ru4(CO)12]- (2) with NaOH in DMSO. A more convenient synthesis is represented by the reaction of [HRu3(CO)11]- (6) with an excess of NaOH in DMSO. The molecular structure of 4 has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) as the [NEt4]3[4] salt. It displays a tetrahedral structure of pseudo C3v symmetry with the unique hydride ligand capping a triangular Ru3 face. Variable temperature (VT) 1H and 13C{1H} NMR experiments indicate that 4 is fluxional in solution and reveal an equilibrium between the C3v isomer found in the solid state and a second isomer with Cs symmetry. Protonation-deprotonation reactions inter-converting H4Ru4(CO)12 (1), [H3Ru4(CO)12]- (2), [H2Ru4(CO)12]2- (3), [HRu4(CO)12]3- (4) and the purported [Ru4(CO)12]4- (5) have been monitored by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Whilst attempting the optimization of the synthesis of 4, crystals of [NEt4]2[Ru3(CO)9(CO3)] ([NEt4]2[7]) were obtained. Anion 7 contains an unprecedented CO32- ion bonded to a zero-valent Ru3(CO)9 fragment. Finally, the reaction of 6 as the [N(PPh3)2]+ ([PPN]+) salt with NaOH in DMSO affords [Ru3(CO)9(NPPh3)]- (9) instead of 4. Computational DFT studies have been carried out in order to support experimental evidence and the location of the hydride ligands as well as to shed light on possible isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30175 Mestre (Ve), Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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6
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Kipshagen A, Baums J, Hartmann H, Besmehn A, Hausoul P, Palkovits R. Formic Acid as H2 Storage System: Hydrogenation of CO2 and Decomposition of Formic Acid by Solid Molecular Phosphine Catalysts. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00608a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and decomposition of formic acid (FA) in aqueous triethylamine (NEt3) with solid molecular phosphine catalysts is demonstrated. Ru-catalyst based on the polymeric analog of 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane presented the highest...
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7
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Keshipour S, Mohammad-Alizadeh S. Nickel phthalocyanine@graphene oxide/TiO 2 as an efficient degradation catalyst of formic acid toward hydrogen production. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16148. [PMID: 34373517 PMCID: PMC8352921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95382-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A new photocatalytic system was introduced to degrade formic acid toward hydrogen production using nickel(II) phthalocyanine (NiPc)@graphene oxide (GO)/TiO2 as the catalyst. Synthesis of NiPc was performed in the presence of GO leading to a homogeneous distribution of NiPc on GO. While TiO2 promoted the reaction using each of NiPc and GO under visible light, the reaction was carried out with superior rate using NiPc@GO/TiO2. In this reaction, GO minimized the band gap of TiO2 through contributing its Fermi levels and NiPc escalated the photocatalytic reaction rate as a sensitizing agent. The reaction released hydrogen with the rate of 1.38 mmol h−1 and TOF = 77 h−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Keshipour
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
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8
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Guo J, Yin CK, Zhong DL, Wang YL, Qi T, Liu GH, Shen LT, Zhou QS, Peng ZH, Yao H, Li XB. Formic Acid as a Potential On-Board Hydrogen Storage Method: Development of Homogeneous Noble Metal Catalysts for Dehydrogenation Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2655-2681. [PMID: 33963668 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen can be used as an energy carrier for renewable energy to overcome the deficiency of its intrinsically intermittent supply. One of the most promising application of hydrogen energy is on-board hydrogen fuel cells. However, the lack of a safe, efficient, convenient, and low-cost storage and transportation method for hydrogen limits their application. The feasibility of mainstream hydrogen storage techniques for application in vehicles is briefly discussed in this Review. Formic acid (FA), which can reversibly be converted into hydrogen and carbon dioxide through catalysis, has significant potential for practical application. Historic developments and recent examples of homogeneous noble metal catalysts for FA dehydrogenation are covered, and the catalysts are classified based on their ligand types. The Review primarily focuses on the structure-function relationship between the ligands and their reactivity and aims to provide suggestions for designing new and efficient catalysts for H2 generation from FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, 932 Lushan Road, Changsha city, Hunan Province, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Chengkai K Yin
- Hangzhou Katal Catalyst & Metal Material Stock Co., Ltd., 7 Kang Qiao Road, Gong Shu District, Hang Zhou, Zhejiang Province, 310015, P. R. China
| | - Dulin L Zhong
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, 932 Lushan Road, Changsha city, Hunan Province, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yilin L Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, 932 Lushan Road, Changsha city, Hunan Province, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Tiangui Qi
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, 932 Lushan Road, Changsha city, Hunan Province, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Guihua H Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, 932 Lushan Road, Changsha city, Hunan Province, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Leiting T Shen
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, 932 Lushan Road, Changsha city, Hunan Province, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Qiusheng S Zhou
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, 932 Lushan Road, Changsha city, Hunan Province, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong H Peng
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, 932 Lushan Road, Changsha city, Hunan Province, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yao
- Hangzhou Katal Catalyst & Metal Material Stock Co., Ltd., 7 Kang Qiao Road, Gong Shu District, Hang Zhou, Zhejiang Province, 310015, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobin B Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, 932 Lushan Road, Changsha city, Hunan Province, 410083, P. R. China
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9
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Cesari C, Bortoluzzi M, Femoni C, Iapalucci MC, Zacchini S. One-pot atmospheric pressure synthesis of [H 3Ru 4(CO) 12] . Dalton Trans 2021; 50:9610-9622. [PMID: 34160508 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01517f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Reductive carbonylation of RuCl3·3H2O at CO-atmospheric pressure results in the [H3Ru4(CO)12]- (1) polyhydride carbonyl cluster. The one-pot synthesis involves the following steps: heating RuCl3·3H2O at 80 °C in 2-ethoxyethanol for 2 h, addition of three equivalents of KOH, heating at 135 °C for 2 h, addition of a fourth equivalent of KOH and heating at 135 °C for 1 h. The resulting K[1] salt is transformed into [NEt4][1] upon metathesis with [NEt4]Br in H2O. The IR, 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopic data are in agreement with those reported in the literature. [Ru8(CO)16(X)4(CO3)4]4- (X = Cl, Br, I; 2-X) is formed as a by-product during the synthesis of 1, and the two compounds are separated on the basis of their different solubilities in organic solvents. The nature of the halide of 2-X depends on the [NEt4]X salt used for metathesis. 2-Br is transformed into [Ru10(CO)20(Br)4(CO3)4]2- (3) upon reaction with an excess of HBF4·Et2O. 1 is readily deprotonated by strong bases affording the previously known [H2Ru4(CO)12]2- (4). The reaction of 1 with [Cu(MeCN)4][BF4] affords [H3Ru4(CO)12(CuMeCN)] (7), whereas [H2Ru4(CO)12(CuBr)2]2- (8) is obtained from the reaction of 4 with [Cu(MeCN)4][BF4]/[NEt4]Br. All the compounds have been spectroscopically characterized, their molecular structures determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) and investigated using DFT methods in selected cases in order to confirm the hydride positions and to study the relative stability of possible isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30175 Mestre (Ve), Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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10
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Lücken J, Auth T, Mozzi SI, Meyer F. Hexanuclear Copper(I) Hydride from the Reduction-Induced Decarboxylation of a Dicopper(II) Formate. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14347-14354. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Lücken
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Auth
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sara Ida Mozzi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Abstract
Our planet urgently needs sustainable solutions to alleviate the anthropogenic global warming and climate change. Homogeneous catalysis has the potential to play a fundamental role in this process, providing novel, efficient, and at the same time eco-friendly routes for both chemicals and energy production. In particular, pincer-type ligation shows promising properties in terms of long-term stability and selectivity, as well as allowing for mild reaction conditions and low catalyst loading. Indeed, pincer complexes have been applied to a plethora of sustainable chemical processes, such as hydrogen release, CO2 capture and conversion, N2 fixation, and biomass valorization for the synthesis of high-value chemicals and fuels. In this work, we show the main advances of the last five years in the use of pincer transition metal complexes in key catalytic processes aiming for a more sustainable chemical and energy production.
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12
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Bhandari S, Rangarajan S, Maravelias CT, Dumesic JA, Mavrikakis M. Reaction Mechanism of Vapor-Phase Formic Acid Decomposition over Platinum Catalysts: DFT, Reaction Kinetics Experiments, and Microkinetic Modeling. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Bhandari
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Srinivas Rangarajan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Christos T. Maravelias
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - James A. Dumesic
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Manos Mavrikakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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13
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Christopher Jeyakumar T, Sivasankar C. Dehydrogenation of formic acid catalysed by M-embedded nitrogen-doped graphene (M = Fe, Ru, Os): a DFT study. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04738c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dehydrogenation of formic acid to produce H2 and CO2 was studied theoretically by employing group VIII metal-embedded NDG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chinnappan Sivasankar
- Catalysis and Energy Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Pondicherry University (A Central University)
- Puducherry 605 014
- India
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14
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Abstract
Abstract
Changing demands on the energy landscape are causing the need for sustainable approaches. The shift toward alternative, renewable energy sources is closely associated with new demands for energy storage and transportation. Besides storage of electrical energy, also storage of energy by generating and consuming hydrogen (H2) is possible and highly attractive. Notably, both secondary energy vectors, electric energy and hydrogen, have practical advantages so that one should not ask “which one is better?” but “which one fits better the specific application?”
Molecular hydrogen can be stored reversibly in form of formic acid (FA, HCOOH). In the presence of suitable catalysts, FA can be selectively decomposed to hydrogen and carbon dioxide (CO2). A CO2-neutral hydrogen storage cycle can be achieved when carbon dioxide serves as starting material for the production of the FA. Examples of CO2 hydrogenation to FA are known in the literature. Herein, the formal reverse reaction, the decomposition of FA to H2 and CO2 by different catalyst systems is reviewed and selected examples for reversible storage applications based on FA as hydrogen storage compound are discussed.
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15
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Mane S, Li YX, Xue DM, Liu XQ, Sun LB. Rational Design and Fabrication of Nitrogen-Enriched and Hierarchical Porous Polymers Targeted for Selective Carbon Capture. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Mane
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu-Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ding-Ming Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lin-Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
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16
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Xin Z, Zhang J, Sordakis K, Beller M, Du CX, Laurenczy G, Li Y. Towards Hydrogen Storage through an Efficient Ruthenium-Catalyzed Dehydrogenation of Formic Acid. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:2077-2082. [PMID: 29722204 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201800408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen is of fundamental importance for the construction of modern clean-energy supply systems. In this context, the catalytic dehydrogenation of formic acid (FA) is a convenient method to generate H2 gas from an easily available liquid. One of the issues associated with current catalytic dehydrogenation systems is insufficient stability. Here, we present a robust and recyclable system for FA dehydrogenation by combining a ruthenium 1,1,1-tris(diphenylphosphinomethyl)ethane complex and aluminum trifluoromethanesulfonate (Al(OTf)3 ). This robust system allows steady H2 production under pressure and recycling for an additional 14 runs without any apparent loss of activity (turnover frequencies up to 1920 h-1 , turnover numbers up to 20 000). Notably, the catalyst can also be used for the dehydrogenation of formates and the reverse hydrogenation of bicarbonates and CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Katerina Sordakis
- Institute des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein Strasse 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Chen-Xia Du
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Gabor Laurenczy
- Institute des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yuehui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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17
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Wang L, Neumann H, Beller M. A General, Activator-Free Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Arylacetic and Benzoic Acids from Formic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Helfried Neumann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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18
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Wang L, Neumann H, Beller M. A General, Activator-Free Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Arylacetic and Benzoic Acids from Formic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6910-6914. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Helfried Neumann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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19
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Azarnia Mehraban J, Jalali MS, Heydari A. Formic acid catalyzed one-pot synthesis of α-aminophosphonates: an efficient, inexpensive and environmental friendly organocatalyst. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Cohen S, Borin V, Schapiro I, Musa S, De-Botton S, Belkova NV, Gelman D. Ir(III)-PC(sp3)P Bifunctional Catalysts for Production of H2 by Dehydrogenation of Formic Acid: Experimental and Theoretical Study. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b02482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shirel Cohen
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Veniamin Borin
- Institute
of Chemistry, Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics Research, The Hebrew University, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Igor Schapiro
- Institute
of Chemistry, Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics Research, The Hebrew University, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sanaa Musa
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sophie De-Botton
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Natalia V. Belkova
- A.N.Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, 28 Vavilov str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitri Gelman
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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21
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Sordakis K, Tang C, Vogt LK, Junge H, Dyson PJ, Beller M, Laurenczy G. Homogeneous Catalysis for Sustainable Hydrogen Storage in Formic Acid and Alcohols. Chem Rev 2017; 118:372-433. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 608] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Sordakis
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Avenue Forel 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Conghui Tang
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Lydia K. Vogt
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Henrik Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Avenue Forel 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Gábor Laurenczy
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Avenue Forel 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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22
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Matsunami A, Kuwata S, Kayaki Y. A Bifunctional Iridium Catalyst Modified for Persistent Hydrogen Generation from Formic Acid: Understanding Deactivation via Cyclometalation of a 1,2-Diphenylethylenediamine Motif. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Matsunami
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-E4-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kuwata
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-E4-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Kayaki
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-E4-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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23
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Ma QQ, Liu T, Adhikary A, Zhang J, Krause JA, Guan H. Using CS2 to Probe the Mechanistic Details of Decarboxylation of Bis(phosphinite)-Ligated Nickel Pincer Formate Complexes. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Qiang Ma
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron
Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Ting Liu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron
Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Anubendu Adhikary
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Jie Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron
Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Jeanette A. Krause
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Hairong Guan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
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24
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Czaun M, Kothandaraman J, Goeppert A, Yang B, Greenberg S, May RB, Olah GA, Prakash GKS. Iridium-Catalyzed Continuous Hydrogen Generation from Formic Acid and Its Subsequent Utilization in a Fuel Cell: Toward a Carbon Neutral Chemical Energy Storage. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miklos Czaun
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research
Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jotheeswari Kothandaraman
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research
Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Alain Goeppert
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research
Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Bo Yang
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research
Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Samuel Greenberg
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research
Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Robert B. May
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research
Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - George A. Olah
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research
Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - G. K. Surya Prakash
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research
Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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25
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Zhao P, Xu W, Yang D, Luo W, Cheng G. Metal-Organic Framework Immobilized CoAuPd Nanoparticles with High Content of Non-precious Metal for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Generation from Formic Acid. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Defeng Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Wei Luo
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education); Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
- Suzhou Institute of Wuhan University; Suzhou; Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Gongzhen Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
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26
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A prolific catalyst for dehydrogenation of neat formic acid. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11308. [PMID: 27076111 PMCID: PMC4834634 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Formic acid is a promising energy carrier for on-demand hydrogen generation. Because the reverse reaction is also feasible, formic acid is a form of stored hydrogen. Here we present a robust, reusable iridium catalyst that enables hydrogen gas release from neat formic acid. This catalysis works under mild conditions in the presence of air, is highly selective and affords millions of turnovers. While many catalysts exist for both formic acid dehydrogenation and carbon dioxide reduction, solutions to date on hydrogen gas release rely on volatile components that reduce the weight content of stored hydrogen and/or introduce fuel cell poisons. These are avoided here. The catalyst utilizes an interesting chemical mechanism, which is described on the basis of kinetic and synthetic experiments.
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27
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Agglomerated Pd catalysts and their applications in hydrogen production from formic acid decomposition at room temperature. Chem Res Chin Univ 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-016-5331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Transition metal hydride complexes are usually amphoteric, not only acting as hydride donors, but also as Brønsted-Lowry acids. A simple additive ligand acidity constant equation (LAC for short) allows the estimation of the acid dissociation constant Ka(LAC) of diamagnetic transition metal hydride and dihydrogen complexes. It is remarkably successful in systematizing diverse reports of over 450 reactions of acids with metal complexes and bases with metal hydrides and dihydrogen complexes, including catalytic cycles where these reactions are proposed or observed. There are links between pKa(LAC) and pKa(THF), pKa(DCM), pKa(MeCN) for neutral and cationic acids. For the groups from chromium to nickel, tables are provided that order the acidity of metal hydride and dihydrogen complexes from most acidic (pKa(LAC) -18) to least acidic (pKa(LAC) 50). Figures are constructed showing metal acids above the solvent pKa scales and organic acids below to summarize a large amount of information. Acid-base features are analyzed for catalysts from chromium to gold for ionic hydrogenations, bifunctional catalysts for hydrogen oxidation and evolution electrocatalysis, H/D exchange, olefin hydrogenation and isomerization, hydrogenation of ketones, aldehydes, imines, and carbon dioxide, hydrogenases and their model complexes, and palladium catalysts with hydride intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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29
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Wang Z, Lu SM, Wu J, Li C, Xiao J. Iodide-Promoted Dehydrogenation of Formic Acid on a Rhodium Complex. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201501061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Papp G, Ölveti G, Horváth H, Kathó Á, Joó F. Highly efficient dehydrogenation of formic acid in aqueous solution catalysed by an easily available water-soluble iridium(iii) dihydride. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:14516-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01695b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble cis-mer-[IrH2Cl(mtppms)3] selectively dehydrogenated formic acid with a TOF of 298 000 h−1, a final pressure of 140 bar, and a TONmax of 674 000.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Papp
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- Research Group of Homogeneous Catalysis and Reaction Mechanisms
- Debrecen
- H-4002 Hungary
| | - G. Ölveti
- University of Debrecen
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Debrecen
- H-4002 Hungary
| | - H. Horváth
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- Research Group of Homogeneous Catalysis and Reaction Mechanisms
- Debrecen
- H-4002 Hungary
| | - Á. Kathó
- University of Debrecen
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Debrecen
- H-4002 Hungary
| | - F. Joó
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- Research Group of Homogeneous Catalysis and Reaction Mechanisms
- Debrecen
- H-4002 Hungary
- University of Debrecen
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31
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Mellmann D, Sponholz P, Junge H, Beller M. Formic acid as a hydrogen storage material – development of homogeneous catalysts for selective hydrogen release. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:3954-88. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00618j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Liquid energy: formic acid is an ideal candidate for catalytic release and storage of hydrogen.
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32
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Wang WH, Himeda Y, Muckerman JT, Manbeck GF, Fujita E. CO2 Hydrogenation to Formate and Methanol as an Alternative to Photo- and Electrochemical CO2 Reduction. Chem Rev 2015; 115:12936-73. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1023] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hui Wang
- School
of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Yuichiro Himeda
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5-1, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- JST, ACT-C, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - James T. Muckerman
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Gerald F. Manbeck
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Etsuko Fujita
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
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33
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Zell T, Milstein D. Hydrogenation and dehydrogenation iron pincer catalysts capable of metal-ligand cooperation by aromatization/dearomatization. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:1979-94. [PMID: 26079678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The substitution of expensive and potentially toxic noble-metal catalysts by cheap, abundant, environmentally benign, and less toxic metals is highly desirable and in line with green chemistry guidelines. We have recently discovered a new type of metal-ligand cooperation, which is based on the reversible dearomatization/aromatization of different heteroaromatic ligand cores caused by deprotonation/protonation of the ligand. More specifically, we have studied complexes of various transition metals (Ru, Fe, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, and Re) bearing pyridine- and bipyridine-based PNP and PNN pincer ligands, which have slightly acidic methylene protons. In addition, we have discovered long-range metal-ligand cooperation in acridine-based pincer ligands, where the cooperation takes place at the electrophilic C-9 position of the acridine moiety leading to dearomatization of its middle ring. This type of metal-ligand cooperation was used for the activation of chemical bonds, including H-H, C-H (sp(2) and sp(3)), O-H, N-H, and B-H bonds. This unusual reactivity likely takes place in various catalytic hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, and related reactions. In this Account, we summarize our studies on novel bifunctional iron PNP and PNN pincer complexes, which were designed on the basis of their ruthenium congeners. Iron PNP pincer complexes serve as efficient (pre)catalysts for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions under remarkably mild conditions. Their catalytic applications include atom-efficient and industrially important hydrogenation reactions of ketones, aldehydes, and esters to the corresponding alcohols. Moreover, they catalyze the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to sodium formate in the presence of sodium hydroxide, the selective decomposition of formic acid to carbon dioxide and hydrogen, and the E-selective semihydrogenation of alkynes to give E-alkenes. These catalysts feature, compared to other iron-based catalysts, very high catalytic activities which in some cases can even exceed those of state-of-the-art noble-metal catalysts. For the iron PNP systems, we describe the synthesis of the pyridine- and acridine-based PNP iron complexes and their performances and limitations in catalytic reactions, and we present studies on their reactivity with relevance to their catalytic mechanisms. In the case of the bipyridine-based PNN system, we summarize the synthesis of new complexes and describe studies on the noninnocence of the methylene position, which can be reversibly deprotonated, as well as on the noninnocence of the bipyridine unit. Overall, this Account underlines that the combination of cheap and abundant iron with ligands that are capable of metal-ligand cooperation can result in the development of novel, versatile, and efficient catalysts for atom-efficient catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Zell
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - David Milstein
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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34
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Wang Z, Lu SM, Li J, Wang J, Li C. Unprecedentedly High Formic Acid Dehydrogenation Activity on an Iridium Complex with anN,N′-Diimine Ligand in Water. Chemistry 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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35
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Kothandaraman J, Czaun M, Goeppert A, Haiges R, Jones JP, May RB, Prakash GKS, Olah GA. Amine-free reversible hydrogen storage in formate salts catalyzed by ruthenium pincer complex without pH control or solvent change. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:1442-51. [PMID: 25824142 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201403458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to the intermittent nature of most renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, energy storage is increasingly required. Since electricity is difficult to store, hydrogen obtained by electrochemical water splitting has been proposed as an energy carrier. However, the handling and transportation of hydrogen in large quantities is in itself a challenge. We therefore present here a method for hydrogen storage based on a CO2 (HCO3 (-) )/H2 and formate equilibrium. This amine-free and efficient reversible system (>90 % yield in both directions) is catalyzed by well-defined and commercially available Ru pincer complexes. The formate dehydrogenation was triggered by simple pressure swing without requiring external pH control or the change of either the solvent or the catalyst. Up to six hydrogenation-dehydrogenation cycles were performed and the catalyst performance remained steady with high selectivity (CO free H2 /CO2 mixture was produced).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jotheeswari Kothandaraman
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1661 (USA), Fax: (+1) 213-740-5087
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36
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CO2 Hydrogenation Catalyzed by Iridium Complexes with a Proton-Responsive Ligand. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:5114-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ic502904q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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37
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Gao H, Chen L, Chen J, Guo Y, Ye D. A computational study on the hydrogenation of CO2 catalyzed by a tetraphos-ligated cobalt complex: monohydride vs. dihydride. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cy01031k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Compared with the monohydride catalytic pathway, the dihydride catalytic pathway for the hydrogenation of CO2 is much more favoured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- PR China
| | - Limin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- PR China
| | - Jinzhu Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- PR China
| | - Daiqi Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- PR China
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38
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Suna Y, Ertem MZ, Wang WH, Kambayashi H, Manaka Y, Muckerman JT, Fujita E, Himeda Y. Positional Effects of Hydroxy Groups on Catalytic Activity of Proton-Responsive Half-Sandwich Cp*Iridium(III) Complexes. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500832d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Suna
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Mehmed Z. Ertem
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Wan-Hui Wang
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ACT-C, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| | - Hide Kambayashi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yuichi Manaka
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - James T. Muckerman
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Etsuko Fujita
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Yuichiro Himeda
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ACT-C, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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39
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Murray RE, Walter EL, Doll KM. Tandem Isomerization-Decarboxylation for Converting Alkenoic Fatty Acids into Alkenes. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs501019t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rex E. Murray
- Bio-Oils Research
Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural
Research Service (ARS), National Center for Agricultural Utilization
Research, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604, United States
- Department
of Natural and Social Sciences, Wayne State College, 1111 Main Street, Wayne, Nebraska 68787, United States
| | - Erin L. Walter
- Bio-Oils Research
Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural
Research Service (ARS), National Center for Agricultural Utilization
Research, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604, United States
| | - Kenneth M. Doll
- Bio-Oils Research
Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural
Research Service (ARS), National Center for Agricultural Utilization
Research, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604, United States
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Mellmann D, Barsch E, Bauer M, Grabow K, Boddien A, Kammer A, Sponholz P, Bentrup U, Jackstell R, Junge H, Laurenczy G, Ludwig R, Beller M. Base‐Free Non‐Noble‐Metal‐Catalyzed Hydrogen Generation from Formic Acid: Scope and Mechanistic Insights. Chemistry 2014; 20:13589-602. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dörthe Mellmann
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert‐Einstein‐Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381‐1281‐5000
| | - Enrico Barsch
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.‐Lorenz‐Weg 1, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381‐498‐6524
| | - Matthias Bauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn (Germany)
| | - Kathleen Grabow
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert‐Einstein‐Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381‐1281‐5000
| | - Albert Boddien
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert‐Einstein‐Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381‐1281‐5000
| | - Anja Kammer
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert‐Einstein‐Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381‐1281‐5000
| | - Peter Sponholz
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert‐Einstein‐Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381‐1281‐5000
| | - Ursula Bentrup
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert‐Einstein‐Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381‐1281‐5000
| | - Ralf Jackstell
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert‐Einstein‐Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381‐1281‐5000
| | - Henrik Junge
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert‐Einstein‐Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381‐1281‐5000
| | - Gábor Laurenczy
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland)
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.‐Lorenz‐Weg 1, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381‐498‐6524
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert‐Einstein‐Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381‐1281‐5000
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41
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Zhang J, Sun M, Liu X, Han Y. Catalytic oxidative conversion of cellulosic biomass to formic acid and acetic acid with exceptionally high yields. Catal Today 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang WH, Xu S, Manaka Y, Suna Y, Kambayashi H, Muckerman JT, Fujita E, Himeda Y. Formic acid dehydrogenation with bioinspired iridium complexes: a kinetic isotope effect study and mechanistic insight. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:1976-1983. [PMID: 24840600 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201301414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient hydrogen generation from dehydrogenation of formic acid is achieved by using bioinspired iridium complexes that have hydroxyl groups at the ortho positions of the bipyridine or bipyrimidine ligand (i.e., OH in the second coordination sphere of the metal center). In particular, [Ir(Cp*)(TH4BPM)(H2 O)]SO4 (TH4BPM: 2,2',6,6'-tetrahydroxyl-4,4'-bipyrimidine; Cp*: pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) has a high turnover frequency of 39 500 h(-1) at 80 °C in a 1 M aqueous solution of HCO2 H/HCO2 Na and produces hydrogen and carbon dioxide without carbon monoxide contamination. The deuterium kinetic isotope effect study clearly indicates a different rate-determining step for complexes with hydroxyl groups at different positions of the ligands. The rate-limiting step is β-hydrogen elimination from the iridium-formate intermediate for complexes with hydroxyl groups at ortho positions, owing to a proton relay (i.e., pendent-base effect), which lowers the energy barrier of hydrogen generation. In contrast, the reaction of iridium hydride with a proton to liberate hydrogen is demonstrated to be the rate-determining step for complexes that do not have hydroxyl groups at the ortho positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hui Wang
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565 (Japan); Japan Science and Technology Agency, ACT-C, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 (Japan); Current address: School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221 (PR China)
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43
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Goeppert A, Czaun M, Jones JP, Surya Prakash GK, Olah GA. Recycling of carbon dioxide to methanol and derived products - closing the loop. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:7995-8048. [PMID: 24935751 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00122b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 628] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Starting with coal, followed by petroleum oil and natural gas, the utilization of fossil fuels has allowed the fast and unprecedented development of human society. However, the burning of these resources in ever increasing pace is accompanied by large amounts of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, which are outpacing the natural carbon cycle, causing adverse global environmental changes, the full extent of which is still unclear. Even through fossil fuels are still abundant, they are nevertheless limited and will, in time, be depleted. Chemical recycling of CO2 to renewable fuels and materials, primarily methanol, offers a powerful alternative to tackle both issues, that is, global climate change and fossil fuel depletion. The energy needed for the reduction of CO2 can come from any renewable energy source such as solar and wind. Methanol, the simplest C1 liquid product that can be easily obtained from any carbon source, including biomass and CO2, has been proposed as a key component of such an anthropogenic carbon cycle in the framework of a "Methanol Economy". Methanol itself is an excellent fuel for internal combustion engines, fuel cells, stoves, etc. It's dehydration product, dimethyl ether, is a diesel fuel and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) substitute. Furthermore, methanol can be transformed to ethylene, propylene and most of the petrochemical products currently obtained from fossil fuels. The conversion of CO2 to methanol is discussed in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Goeppert
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1661, USA.
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44
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Manaka Y, Wang WH, Suna Y, Kambayashi H, Muckerman JT, Fujita E, Himeda Y. Efficient H2generation from formic acid using azole complexes in water. Catal Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy00830d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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45
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Ruthenium-Catalyzed Hydrogen Generation from Alcohols and Formic Acid, Including Ru-Pincer-Type Complexes. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2014_84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Czaun M, Goeppert A, Kothandaraman J, May RB, Haiges R, Prakash GKS, Olah GA. Formic Acid As a Hydrogen Storage Medium: Ruthenium-Catalyzed Generation of Hydrogen from Formic Acid in Emulsions. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs4007974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miklos Czaun
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research
Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Alain Goeppert
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research
Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jotheeswari Kothandaraman
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research
Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Robert B. May
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research
Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Ralf Haiges
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research
Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - G. K. Surya Prakash
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research
Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - George A. Olah
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research
Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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47
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Aresta M, Dibenedetto A, Angelini A. Catalysis for the Valorization of Exhaust Carbon: from CO 2 to Chemicals, Materials, and Fuels. Technological Use of CO 2. Chem Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cr4002758 pmid: 24313306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Dibenedetto
- CIRCC, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Angelini
- CIRCC, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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48
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Aresta M, Dibenedetto A, Angelini A. Catalysis for the valorization of exhaust carbon: from CO2 to chemicals, materials, and fuels. technological use of CO2. Chem Rev 2013; 114:1709-42. [PMID: 24313306 DOI: 10.1021/cr4002758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1635] [Impact Index Per Article: 148.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Fukuzumi S, Suenobu T. Hydrogen storage and evolution catalysed by metal hydride complexes. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:18-28. [PMID: 23080061 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31823g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The storage and evolution of hydrogen are catalysed by appropriate metal hydride complexes. Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide by hydrogen is catalysed by a [C,N] cyclometalated organoiridium complex, [Ir(III)(Cp*)(4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl-κN(2))benzoic acid-κC(3))(OH(2))](2)SO(4) [Ir-OH(2)](2)SO(4), under atmospheric pressure of H(2) and CO(2) in weakly basic water (pH 7.5) at room temperature. The reverse reaction, i.e., hydrogen evolution from formate, is also catalysed by [Ir-OH(2)](+) in acidic water (pH 2.8) at room temperature. Thus, interconversion between hydrogen and formic acid in water at ambient temperature and pressure has been achieved by using [Ir-OH(2)](+) as an efficient catalyst in both directions depending on pH. The Ir complex [Ir-OH(2)](+) also catalyses regioselective hydrogenation of the oxidised form of β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) to produce the 1,4-reduced form (NADH) under atmospheric pressure of H(2) at room temperature in weakly basic water. In weakly acidic water, the complex [Ir-OH(2)](+) also catalyses the reverse reaction, i.e., hydrogen evolution from NADH to produce NAD(+) at room temperature. Thus, interconversion between NADH (and H(+)) and NAD(+) (and H(2)) has also been achieved by using [Ir-OH(2)](+) as an efficient catalyst and by changing pH. The iridium hydride complex formed by the reduction of [Ir-OH(2)](+) by H(2) and NADH is responsible for the hydrogen evolution. Photoirradiation (λ > 330 nm) of an aqueous solution of the Ir-hydride complex produced by the reduction of [Ir-OH(2)](+) with alcohols resulted in the quantitative conversion to a unique [C,C] cyclometalated Ir-hydride complex, which can catalyse hydrogen evolution from alcohols in a basic aqueous solution (pH 11.9). The catalytic mechanisms of the hydrogen storage and evolution are discussed by focusing on the reactivity of Ir-hydride complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Material and Life Science, Division of Advanced Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, ALCA, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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