1
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Wörner M, Barsuhn A, Zevaco T, Hornung U, Dahmen N. From Pulp to Aromatic Products-Reaction Pathways of Lignin Depolymerization. ENERGY & FUELS : AN AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 2024; 38:6020-6035. [PMID: 38595991 PMCID: PMC11000225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c04509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the depolymerization of lignin into aromatic monomer compounds under hydrothermal conditions. A reaction scheme highlighting secondary alkylation reactions as well as the molecular weight shift was developed based on the experimental data. Lignin is produced in large quantities in paper production and dissolved in what is known as black liquor (BL). To avoid lignin recovery as an additional process step, BL is used directly as feedstock in the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) in this work. We performed various batch experiments in micro autoclaves with BL and model substances at different reaction temperatures (TR = 250-400 °C) and a holdingtime of tR = 20 min, as well as continuous experiments (TR = 325-375 °C, tR = 20 min). We were able to show that different derivatives of catechols are the main products among the monomers in our process. With the help of the model substance experiments, we were able to work out three main reactions: demethoxylation, demethylation, and alkylation. This behavior could be observed in the case of BL from hardwood as well as from softwood. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis has shown that these reactions take place on aromatic monomers as well as on larger aromatic oligomer structures. At higher temperatures, a large fraction of the carbon ends up in the solid product, while the yields of the monomers decrease sharply. 13C NMR spectroscopy of the solid material shows that the monomers are probably incorporated into the solid phase by repolymerization. We were also able to see this effect using size exclusion chromatography analysis based on the relative molecular weight. From all of the analytical results of the products, a reaction scheme was developed that describes the reaction pathways of the lignin during HTL. Based on this, a reaction kinetic model can be developed in the next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Wörner
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and
Development (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Barsuhn
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and
Development (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas Zevaco
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and
Development (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ursel Hornung
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and
Development (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Nicolaus Dahmen
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and
Development (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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2
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Wörner M, Werner L, Hornung U, Islongo Canabarro N, Baudouin D, Dahmen N. The Impact of Sulfur-Containing Inorganic Compounds during the Depolymerization of Lignin by Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Black Liquor. ENERGY & FUELS : AN AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 2024; 38:6036-6047. [PMID: 38595992 PMCID: PMC11000222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c04737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Lignin is a promising resource for the sustainable production of platform chemicals and biofuels. The paper industry produces large quantities of lignin every year, mostly dissolved in a black liquor. With the help of hydrothermal liquefaction, black liquor can be used directly as a feedstock to depolymerize the lignin to desired products. However, because various cooking chemicals (e.g., NaHS, NaOH) used in the Kraft process, dominant in the paper industry, are also dissolved in the black liquor, it is necessary to study in detail their influence on the process as well as their fate. In this work, the focus was on the fate of sulfur and the influence of sulfide (HS-). For this purpose, hydrothermal liquefaction experiments (250-400 °C) were carried out with black liquor and self-prepared model black liquor with different sulfide concentrations (0-3 g·L-1 HS-) in batch reactors (V = 25 mL), and the products were analyzed to understand the chemical pathways involving sulfur. It was found that the inorganic sulfur compounds react with organic matter to produce organic sulfur compounds. Dimethyl sulfide is the most abundant of these products. The HS- concentration correlates with the amount of dimethyl sulfide produced. Because methanethiol has also been qualitatively detected, the reaction mechanism of Karnofski et al. for the formation of dimethyl sulfide in the Kraft process also applies to the hydrothermal liquefaction of black liquor. Increased sulfide concentration in the feed leads to an accelerated depolymerization of lignin. In contrast, the yields of some aromatic monomers decrease slightly, possibly as a result of repolymerization reactions also occurring more quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Wörner
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and Development (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Lukas Werner
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and Development (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Ursel Hornung
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and Development (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Nicholas Islongo Canabarro
- Bioenergy
and Catalysis Laboratory (LBK), Paul-Scherrer-Institute
(PSI), Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - David Baudouin
- Bioenergy
and Catalysis Laboratory (LBK), Paul-Scherrer-Institute
(PSI), Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Nicolaus Dahmen
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and Development (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
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3
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Alagöz O, Yılmaz N, Dilek M. Obtaining bio-oil and activated carbon from waste pomegranate peels by pyrolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:115037-115049. [PMID: 37880403 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to produce beneficial products with pomegranate peel waste through pyrolysis. For this purpose, the usability of the liquid product as a biofuel and the solid product as an adsorbent for dye removal was investigated. To characterize the bio-oil and biochar produced under the best pyrolysis conditions, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), calorific value, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were conducted. When we examine the FT-IR spectrum of the bio-oil, the presence of phenol, alcohol, ketone, and aldehyde groups is seen in the structure. The GC-MS analysis demonstrated that phenol content was 27.9%, aldehyde content was 19%, acid compound content was 18.28%, ketone content was 8.7%, and aromatic compound content was 8.4%. The lower calorific value of bio-oil was determined as 27.33 MJ/kg. It was observed that activated carbon produced from biochar at a 3:1 KOH/biochar impregnation ratio and a carbonization temperature of 800 °C exhibited the highest surface area (1307 m2/g). In adsorption analysis, it was observed that the adsorption efficiency was higher at pH 9 and 35 °C and with 150 ppm initial concentration. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were determined, and the high R2 (0.99) was consistent with the Langmuir methylene blue (MB) adsorption model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oğuzhan Alagöz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Nazan Yılmaz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
| | - Meltem Dilek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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4
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Li W, Shi J. Lignin-derived carbon material for electrochemical energy storage applications: Insight into the process-structure-properties-performance correlations. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1121027. [PMID: 37008027 PMCID: PMC10063803 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1121027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As increasing attention has been paid to applications of lignin-derived energy storage materials in the last decade, most studies pursue the improvement of electrochemical performance obtained from novel lignin sources, or structure and surface modifications of synthesized materials, while the study on the mechanisms of lignin thermochemical conversion is rare. This review emphasizes on establishing a process-structure-properties-performance correlation across multiple key aspects associated with valorizing lignin from a byproduct of biorefineries to high performance energy storage materials. Such information is the key to a rationally designed process for the low-cost production of carbon materials from lignin.
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5
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Houston RW, Abdoulmoumine NH. Investigation of the thermal deconstruction of β-β' and 4-O-5 linkages in lignin model oligomers by density functional theory (DFT). RSC Adv 2023; 13:6181-6190. [PMID: 36825296 PMCID: PMC9941757 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07787f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Model compounds that represent important substructures in lignin have popularly been used to gain a better understanding of the behavior of lignin during thermal deconstruction, such as fast pyrolysis. The β-O-4 linkage of lignin has previously been the focus of many model compound studies as it is the most prevalent linkage found in native lignin. In this work, two lesser studied linkages, the β-β' and 4-O-5, were investigated with density functional theory (DFT). Bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) were calculated for the relevant bonds along each interunit linkage for two model compounds containing these linkages. Conformational analysis of the first model oligomer has a relative enthalpy difference of 1.55 kcal mol-1. For the β-β' linkage, the alpha carbons had the lowest BDEs of the ring opening reactions due to excessive electron delocalization around the aromatic rings. The bonds of the 4-O-5 linkage had similar BDEs but were appreciably higher than the BDEs for other ether linkages, such as β-O-4 and α-O-4. The higher BDEs of the 4-O-5 bonds is a result of the radical being formed on an aromatic carbon compared to an aliphatic carbon. Our results indicate the ring-opening reactions around the alpha-carbon of the β-β' linkage would be a major reaction point during thermal deconstruction of the chosen oligomers. This work provides valuable information on the thermal deconstruction behavior of two lesser studied interunit linkages that builds on the authors' previous work, on β-O-4, α-O-4, and β-5 linkages, to develop a library of reaction information for various lignin interunit linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross W. Houston
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee2506 E. J. Chapman DriveKnoxvilleTN 37996USA
| | - Nourredine H. Abdoulmoumine
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee2506 E. J. Chapman DriveKnoxvilleTN 37996USA,Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee2506 Jacob DriveKnoxvilleTN 37996USA
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6
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Park C, Jang ES, Kim YM. The temperature effect on the production of liquid and solid fuel via wood pellet torrefaction. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-022-1305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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7
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Employing Cu(II) complexes of N,O-donor ligand for catalysis in visible light driven cleavage of lignin C-C bonds. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2023.112947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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8
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Prabhudesai VS, Vinu R. Hydrodeoxygenation of Biomass-derived Oxygenate Mixtures Over Pt/C and HZSM-5 Mixed Catalysts. Top Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-023-01782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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9
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Li S, Park S, Sherman BD, Yoo CG, Leem G. Photoelectrochemical approaches for the conversion of lignin at room temperature. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:401-413. [PMID: 36519448 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05491d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The selective cleavage of C-C/C-O linkages represents a key step toward achieving the chemical conversion of biomass to targeted value-added chemical products under ambient conditions. Using photoelectrosynthetic solar cells is a promising method to address the energy intensive depolymerization of lignin for the production of biofuels and valuable chemicals. This feature article gives an in-depth overview of recent progress using dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthetic solar cells (DSPECs) to initiate the cleavage of C-C/C-O bonds in lignin and related model compounds. This approach takes advantage of N-oxyl mediated catalysis in organic electrolytes and presents a promising direction for the sustainable production of chemicals currently derived from fossil fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Li
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
| | - Seongsu Park
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
| | - Benjamin D Sherman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, USA
| | - Chang Geun Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.,The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Gyu Leem
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA. .,The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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10
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Recent advances in lignin-based carbon materials and their applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:980-1014. [PMID: 36375669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
As the most abundant natural aromatic polymer, tens of million of tons of lignin produced in paper-making or biorefinery industry are used as fuel annually, which is a low-value utilization. Moreover, burning lignin results in large amounts of carbon dioxide and pollutants in the air. The potential of lignin is far from being fully exploited and the search for high value-added application of lignin is highly pursued. Because of the high carbon content of lignin, converting lignin into advanced carbon-based structural or functional materials is regarded as one of the most promising solutions for both environmental protection and utilization of renewable resources. Significant progresses in lignin-based carbon materials (LCMs) including porous carbon, activated carbon, carbon fiber, carbon aerogel, nanostructured carbon, etc., for various valued applications have been witnessed in recent years. Here, this review summarized the recent advances in LCMs from the perspectives of preparation, structure, and applications. In particular, this review attempts to figure out the intrinsic relationship between the structure and functionalities of LCMs from their recent applications. Hopefully, some thoughts and discussions on the structure-property relationship of LCMs can inspire researchers to stride over the present barriers in the preparation and applications of LCMs.
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11
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Improvement of thermoalkaliphilic laccase (CtLac) by a directed evolution and application to lignin degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 107:273-286. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Thermoalkaliphilic laccase (CtLac) from the Caldalkalibacillus thermarum strain TA2.A1 has advantageous properties with potential industrial applications, such as high enzyme activity and stability at 70 °C and pH 8.0. In the present study, a directed evolution approach using a combination of random and site-directed mutagenesis was adopted to enhance the laccase activity of CtLac. Spectrophotometric assay and real-time oxygen measurement techniques were employed to compare and evaluate the enzyme activity among mutants. V243 was targeted for site-directed mutagenesis based on library screening. V243D showed a 25–35% higher laccase activity than wild-type CtLac in the spectrophotometric assay and oxygen consumption measurement results. V243D also showed higher catalytic efficiency than wild-type CtLac with decreased Km and increased kcat values. In addition, V243D enhanced oxidative degradation of the lignin model compound, guaiacylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether (GGGE), by 10% and produced a 5–30% increase in high-value aldehydes than wild-type CtLac under optimal enzymatic conditions (i.e., 70 °C and pH 8.0). Considering the lack of protein structural information, we used the directed evolution approach to predict Val at the 243 position of CtLac as one of the critical amino acids contributing to the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme. Moreover, it found that the real-time oxygen measurement technique could overcome the limitations of the spectrophotometric assay, and apply to evaluate oxidase activity in mutagenesis research.
Key points
• CtLac was engineered for enhanced laccase activity through directed evolution approach
• V243D showed higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) than wild-type CtLac
• V243D produced higher amounts of high-value aldehydes from rice straw than wild-type CtLac
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12
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Néron S, Morency M, Malveau C, Maris T, Iftimie R, Wuest JD. Diphenoquinhydrones and Related Hydrogen-Bonded Charge-Transfer Complexes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15796-15805. [PMID: 36354749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Benzoquinone and hydroquinone cocrystallize to form quinhydrone, a 1:1 complex with a characteristic structure in which the components are positioned by hydrogen bonds and charge-transfer interactions. We have found that analogous diphenoquinhydrones can be made by combining 4,4'-diphenoquinones with the corresponding 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyls. In addition, mixed diphenoquinhydrones can be assembled from components with different substituents, and mismatched quinhydrones can be made from benzoquinones and dihydroxybiphenyls. In all cases, the components of the resulting structures are linked in alternation by O-H···O hydrogen bonds to form essentially planar chains, which stack to produce layers in which π-donors and π-acceptors are aligned by charge-transfer interactions. Geometric parameters, computational studies, and spectroscopic properties of diphenoquinhydrones show that the key intermolecular interactions are stronger than those in simple quinhydrone analogues. These findings demonstrate that the principles of modular construction underlying the formation of classical quinhydrones can be generalized to produce a broad range of hydrogen-bonded charge-transfer materials in which the components are positioned by design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Néron
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Mathieu Morency
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Cédric Malveau
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Radu Iftimie
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - James D Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
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13
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Al‐Naji M, Brandi F, Drieß M, Rosowski F. From Lignin to Chemicals: An Expedition from Classical to Modern Catalytic Valorization Technologies. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Majd Al‐Naji
- Technische Universität Berlin BasCat – UniCat BASF JointLab Hardenbergstraße 36, Sekr. EW K-01 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Francesco Brandi
- KU Leuven Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Matthias Drieß
- Technische Universität Berlin BasCat – UniCat BASF JointLab Hardenbergstraße 36, Sekr. EW K-01 10623 Berlin Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin Department of Chemistry, Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials Straße des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Frank Rosowski
- Technische Universität Berlin BasCat – UniCat BASF JointLab Hardenbergstraße 36, Sekr. EW K-01 10623 Berlin Germany
- BASF SE Process Research and Chemical Engineering 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
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14
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Conder CJ, Mistry S, Jawale H, Wenthold PG. Probing the Pyrolysis of Guaiacol and Dimethoxybenzenes Using Collision-Induced Dissociation Charge-Remote Fragmentation Mass Spectrometry. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7168-7178. [PMID: 36173651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dissociation of lignin model compounds has been examined using mass spectrometry and collision-induced dissociation charge-remote fragmentation (CID-CRF). The model compounds guaiacol and o- and m-dimethoxybenzene containing a remote sulfonate (SO3-) charge group undergo CID by dissociation without the involvement of the anionic group. The first dissociation for all three compounds is loss of methyl radical to form phenoxy radicals. Subsequent dissociation pathways depend on the specific structures being examined The dissociation pathways are compared to those observed upon gas-phase pyrolysis that have been reported previously. While the pathways are largely similar, there are some important differences that are explained by changes in dissociation barriers due to the effect of adding the charged group. This work shows that CID-CRF is an effective approach for tracking the thermolysis of lignin model compounds while eliminating secondary reactions that normally convolute such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory J Conder
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Sabyasachy Mistry
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Harshal Jawale
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Paul G Wenthold
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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15
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Singh‐Morgan A, Puente‐Urbina A, van Bokhoven JA. Technology Overview of Fast Pyrolysis of Lignin: Current State and Potential for Scale-Up. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200343. [PMID: 35474609 PMCID: PMC9400966 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an abundant natural polymer obtained from lignocellulosic biomass and rich in aromatic substructures. When efficiently depolymerized, it has great potential in the production of value-added chemicals. Fast pyrolysis is a promising depolymerization method, but current studies focus mainly on small quantities of lignin. In this Review, to determine the potential for upscaling, systems used in the most relevant unit operations of fast pyrolysis of lignin are evaluated. Fluidized-bed reactors have the most potential. It would be beneficial to combine them with the following: slug injectors for feeding, hot particle filters, cyclones, and fractional condensation for product separation and recovery. Moreover, upgrading lignin pyrolysis oil would allow the necessary quality parameters for particular applications to be reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Singh‐Morgan
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich HCI E 127Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 18093ZurichSwitzerland
- School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghEdinburgh EH9 3FJUnited Kingdom
| | - Allen Puente‐Urbina
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich HCI E 127Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 18093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jeroen A. van Bokhoven
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich HCI E 127Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 18093ZurichSwitzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable ChemistryPaul Scherrer Institute OSUA 201Forschungsstrasse 1115232VilligenSwitzerland
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16
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Néron S, Morency M, Chen L, Maris T, Rochefort D, Iftimie R, Wuest JD. Diphenoquinones Redux. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7673-7695. [PMID: 35667025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Benzoquinones can undergo reversible reductions and are attractive candidates for use as active materials in green carbon-based batteries. Related compounds of potential utility include 4,4'-diphenoquinones, which have extended quinonoid structures with two carbonyl groups in different rings. Diphenoquinones are a poorly explored class of compounds, but a wide variety can be synthesized, isolated, crystallized, and fully characterized. Experimental and computational approaches have established that typical 4,4'-diphenoquinones have nearly planar cores in which two cyclohexadienone rings are joined by an unusually long interannular C═C bond. Derivatives unsubstituted at the 3,3',5,5'-positions react readily by hydration, dimerization, and other processes. Association of diphenoquinones in the solid state normally produces chains or sheets held together by multiple C-H···O interactions, giving structures that differ markedly from those of the corresponding 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyls. Electrochemical studies in solution and in the solid state show that diphenoquinones are reduced rapidly and reversibly at potentials higher than those of analogous benzoquinones. Together, these results help bring diphenoquinones into the mainstream of modern chemistry and provide a foundation for developing redox-active derivatives for use in carbon-based electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Néron
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Mathieu Morency
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Liguo Chen
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Dominic Rochefort
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Radu Iftimie
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - James D Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
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17
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Arroyo-Avirama AF, Ormazábal-Latorre S, Jogi R, Gajardo-Parra NF, Pazo-Carballo C, Ascani M, Virtanen P, Garrido JM, Held C, Mäki-Arvela P, Canales RI. Improving the separation of guaiacol from n-hexane by adding choline chloride to glycol extracting agents. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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18
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Accelerated and Natural Aging of Cellulose-Based Paper: Py-GC/MS Method. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092855. [PMID: 35566206 PMCID: PMC9101372 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Samples of papers artificially (2 to 60 days) and naturally (10, 45, and 56 years) aged were studied by the Py-GC/MS method to identify decomposition products. Possible reaction scenarios for cellulose degradation were developed. One of the degradation products is acetic acid, which can (auto)catalyze the cleavage of cellulose β(1→4)-glycosidic bonds of cellulose polymer chains. However, during 20 s of Py-GC/MS analysis, temperatures of up to 300 °C did not significantly increase or modify the formation of decomposition products of paper components. At 300 °C, the amount of several cellulose decomposition products increased regularly depending on the number of days of artificial aging and natural aging, demonstrated mainly by the generation of 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and levoglucosan and its consecutive dehydration products. No correlation between the amount of lignin decomposition products and the time of aging was found when the pyrolysis was performed at 300 °C and 500 °C. Compounds present in the products of decomposition at 500 °C bear the imprint of the chemical composition of the sampled paper. Pyrograms taken at 300 °C using the Py-GC/MS method can give additional information on the changes in the chemical structure of paper during natural or artificial aging, mainly about the cleavage of β(1→4)-glycosidic bonds during aging.
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Fan Y, Lei M, Han Y, Zhang Z, Kong X, Xu W, Li M, Zhang H, Xiao R, Liu C. Elucidating radical-mediated pyrolysis behaviors of preoxidized lignins. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 350:126908. [PMID: 35227917 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Effect of lignin preoxidation on subsequent radical-mediated pyrolysis was discussed in this study. Technical hot-water-extracted lignin was preoxidized by 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone in diverse degrees and pyrolyzed under different temperatures. Characterizations indicated that preoxidation increased lignin oxygen contents and converted α-hydroxyls to α-carbonyls. These structural modifications caused by preoxidation reduced the thermal stability and pyrolysis reactivity of lignin, shifting lignin thermal decomposition to the low temperature region and inhibiting lignin pyrolysis into bio-oil fractions. However, recognition of species and yields of specific compounds via analytical pyrolysis declared that although preoxidation reduced product yields, it did not alter the reaction pathways. The fixed bed experiments proved the above findings and gave the gas compositions, mainly CO2 derived through decarbonylation. Both radicals in chars and bio-oils were monitored, and char radical concentrations were proportional to the preoxidation degrees. This work sorted out the performances of lignin pyrolysis after preoxidation and determined their negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Ming Lei
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Yue Han
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China; China Energy Engineering Group Jiangsu Power Design Institute Co., Ltd, Nanjing 211102, PR China
| | - Zhengxue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Xiangchen Kong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Weicong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China.
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20
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Feng Z, Chen N, Liu T, Feng C. KHCO 3 activated biochar supporting MgO for Pb(II) and Cd(II) adsorption from water: Experimental study and DFT calculation analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:128059. [PMID: 34920220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy that simultaneous use of KHCO3 activated biochar and nano-MgO incorporation for Pb2+ and Cd2+ removal from water was raised. After activating by KHCO3, the BC showed a higher surface area and could carry more MgO nanoparticles the BC owned. The synthesized MgO-K-BC had a large adsorption capacity for Pb2+ (1625.5 mg/g) and Cd2+ (480.8 mg/g). Multiple characterization and comparative test have been performed to demonstrate that ion-exchange, precipitation, and complexation are the main mechanisms for Pb2+ and Cd2+ removal by MgO-K-BC. In order to further explore the adsorption mechanism in-depth, the density functional theory (DFT) calculation combined with experimental results were performed. The O-top of MgO was the most stable adsorption site for Pb2+/Cd2+ adsorption compared with other adsorption sites (Mg-top, bridge, and hollow). In addition, the results of charge density maps and projected density of state (PDOS) showed that the overlap of electron cloud and orbits between MgO and Pb2+ were denser than Cd2+, indicating that MgO-K-BC had a stronger affinity for Pb2+ than Cd2+, so that, MgO-K-BC had a higher adsorption capacity for Pb2+ than Cd2+. This work provides a deep understand of the mechanism for heavy metals adsorption by metal oxide and a practical and theoretical guidance for adsorbent preparation with high adsorption ability for heavy metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyuan Feng
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Nan Chen
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Tong Liu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Chuanping Feng
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China.
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21
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Bilal M, Qamar SA, Yadav V, Cheng H, Khan M, Adil SF, Taherzadeh MJ, Iqbal HM. Exploring the potential of ligninolytic armory for lignin valorization – A way forward for sustainable and cleaner production. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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22
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Kumar A, Biswas B, Kaur R, Krishna BB, Thallada B. Oxidative valorisation of lignin into valuable phenolics: Effect of acidic and basic catalysts and reaction parameters. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 338:125513. [PMID: 34273630 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aromatic nature of lignin makes it a good source for the production of numerous platform chemicals. The valorization of lignin into valuable compounds depends upon the type of bonds and functionality present in lignin. Here, we have studied the depolymerization of rice straw alkali lignin in N2 and O2 with acidic (ZSM-5), basic (MgO) catalyst and with their mixtures (1:1, 3:7 and 7:3). The effect of hydrogen peroxide on lignin depolymerization was also examined. Maximum yield of bio-oil (50 wt%) was obtained with pure ZSM-5 and 1 ml hydrogen peroxide in nitrogen atmosphere, while maximum conversion (60%) was observed in oxygen environment during the non-catalytic depolymerization of lignin. Bio-oil characterization through GC-MS showed maximum selectivity towards 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol with 38.5 area% in the bio-oil of ZSM-5-N2. The bio-oils have also been characterized using 1H NMR, FT-IR and GC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avnish Kumar
- Sustainability Impact Assessment Area (SIA), Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Bijoy Biswas
- Sustainability Impact Assessment Area (SIA), Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Sustainability Impact Assessment Area (SIA), Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Bhavya B Krishna
- Sustainability Impact Assessment Area (SIA), Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Bhaskar Thallada
- Sustainability Impact Assessment Area (SIA), Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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23
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Azad T, Torres HF, Auad ML, Elder T, Adamczyk AJ. Isolating key reaction energetics and thermodynamic properties during hardwood model lignin pyrolysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20919-20935. [PMID: 34541592 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02917g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Computational studies on the pyrolysis of lignin using electronic structure methods have been largely limited to dimeric or trimeric models. In the current work we have modeled a lignin oligomer consisting of 10 syringyl units linked through 9 β-O-4' bonds. A lignin model of this size is potentially more representative of the polymer in angiosperms; therefore, we used this representative model to examine the behavior of hardwood lignin during the initial steps of pyrolysis. Using this oligomer, the present work aims to determine if and how the reaction enthalpies of bond cleavage vary with positions within the chain. To accomplish this, we utilized a composite method using molecular mechanics based conformational sampling and quantum mechanically based density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our key results show marked differences in bond dissociation enthalpies (BDE) with the position. In addition, we calculated standard thermodynamic properties, including enthalpy of formation, heat capacity, entropy, and Gibbs free energy for a wide range of temperatures from 25 K to 1000 K. The prediction of these thermodynamic properties and the reaction enthalpies will benefit further computational studies and cross-validation with pyrolysis experiments. Overall, the results demonstrate the utility of a better understanding of lignin pyrolysis for its effective valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzina Azad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Hazl F Torres
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Maria L Auad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA. .,Center for Polymer and Advanced Composites, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Thomas Elder
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Andrew J Adamczyk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
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Abstract
The International Panel on Climate Change and the 2015 Climate Summit in Paris have recommended that efforts to reduce carbon emissions be coupled with carbon removal from the atmosphere. Carbon negative energy combines net carbon removal with the production of energy products or other revenue-generating products beyond sequestered carbon. Even though both biochemical and thermochemical approaches to carbon negative energy can be envisioned, this paper considers the prospects for the latter including pyrolysis and gasification. The fundamentals of these two processes are described to better understand how they would be integrated with carbon removal. Characteristics of pyrolysis and gasification are related to the kinds of sequestration agents they would produce, the scale of their deployment, the fraction of biomass carbon that could ultimately sequestered, the challenges of effectively sequestering these different forms of carbon and the economics of thermochemical carbon negative energy.
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25
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Duan M, Cheng Q, Wang M, Wang Y. In situ hydrodeoxygenation of vanillin over Ni-Co-P/HAP with formic acid as a hydrogen source. RSC Adv 2021; 11:10996-11003. [PMID: 35423576 PMCID: PMC8695862 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00979f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new noble metal-free Ni-Co-P/HAP (hydroxyapatite) amorphous alloy catalyst was synthesized by an impregnation-chemical reduction method; the structure and properties of the catalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM, BET, XPS and DSC. Based on the model of the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of vanillin to 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol (MMP) with formic acid as a hydrogen source, the catalytic performance of the catalyst was studied. The results found that the Ni-Co-P/HAP catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic activity for the in situ HDO reaction of vanillin compared with Ni-P and Ni-Co-P. The conversion of vanillin could be high to 97.86% with MMP selectivity of 93.97% under optimized reaction conditions. In addition, mechanism studies have shown that the side reaction of carbocation and vanillyl alcohol (HMP) condensation can be effectively reduced with increasing the hydrogenation rate, thereby the selectivity of MMP was effectively increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and High Efficient Energy Saving of Hebei Province, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety Tianjin 300130 China
| | - Qingyan Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and High Efficient Energy Saving of Hebei Province, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety Tianjin 300130 China
| | - Mingming Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and High Efficient Energy Saving of Hebei Province, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety Tianjin 300130 China
| | - Yanji Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and High Efficient Energy Saving of Hebei Province, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety Tianjin 300130 China
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26
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Shang H, Fu Q, Zhang S, Zhu X. Heating temperature dependence of molecular characteristics and biological response for biomass pyrolysis volatile-derived water-dissolved organic matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143749. [PMID: 33223178 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of biomass pyrolysis volatile-derived water-dissolved organic matter (WOM, often called wood vinegar) determines sustainable recycling of biomass. Further, pyrolysis temperature significantly controls the cracking of biomass components, resulting in various molecular compositions and biological responses of WOM. Although it has been widely used in the agriculture, the relationship between molecular compositions and biological responses affected by heating temperature is still unclear. Here, it was observed that the WOM concentration increased with increasing temperatures and the pyrolysis of 1 g biomass can generate ~ WOM with 36.24 mg C. Moreover, with increasing pyrolysis temperatures, the generated WOM consisted of more phenols but fewer alcohols, furans, acids, and ketones, and demonstrated characteristics of higher aromaticity and lower m/z molecular weight. Due to the enhanced polarity, high temperatures promoted the solubility of WOM. Germination tests show that low pyrolysis temperatures-derived WOM (< 400 °C) with large-molecular-weight and low oxygen-containing (low O/Cwa) promoted plant growth, while high temperatures-derived WOM (> 400 °C) with small-molecular-weight and high oxygen-containing (high O/Cwa) inhibited growth. These results suggest that WOM can be separately collected at different pyrolysis temperatures to achieve sustainable recycling of pyrolysis volatile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qinglong Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Pollution Control and Resource Utilization of Organic Wastes, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Pollution Control and Resource Utilization of Organic Wastes, Shanghai 200438, China.
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27
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Influence of Biomass Inorganics on the Functionality of H+ZSM-5 Catalyst during In-Situ Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the contamination of H+ZSM-5 catalyst by calcium, potassium and sodium was investigated by deactivating the catalyst with various concentrations of these inorganics, and the subsequent changes in the properties of the catalyst are reported. Specific surface area analysis of the catalysts revealed a progressive reduction with increasing concentrations of the inorganics, which could be attributed to pore blocking and diffusion resistance. Chemisorption studies (NH3-TPD) showed that the Bronsted acid sites on the catalyst had reacted with potassium and sodium, resulting in a clear loss of active sites, whereas the presence of calcium did not appear to cause extensive chemical deactivation. Pyrolysis experiments revealed the progressive loss in catalytic activity, evident due the shift in selectivity from producing only aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalenes and others) with the fresh catalyst to oxygenated compounds such as phenols, guaiacols, furans and ketones with increasing contamination by the inorganics. The carbon yield of aromatic hydrocarbons decreased from 22.3% with the fresh catalyst to 1.4% and 2.1% when deactivated by potassium and sodium at 2 wt %, respectively. However, calcium appears to only cause physical deactivation.
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28
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Dai L, Wang Y, Liu Y, He C, Ruan R, Yu Z, Jiang L, Zeng Z, Wu Q. A review on selective production of value-added chemicals via catalytic pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:142386. [PMID: 33370899 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing fossil fuel consumption and global warming has been driving the worldwide revolution towards renewable energy. Biomass is abundant and low-cost resource whereas it requires environmentally friendly and cost-effective conversion technique. Pyrolysis of biomass into valuable bio-oil has attracted much attention in the past decades due to its feasibility and huge commercial outlook. However, the complex chemical compositions and high water content in bio-oil greatly hinder the large-scale application and commercialization. Therefore, catalytic pyrolysis of biomass for selective production of specific chemicals will stand out as a unique pathway. This review aims to improve the understanding for the process by illustrating the chemistry of non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis of biomass at the temperatures ranging from 400 to 650 °C. The focus is to introduce recent progress about producing value-added hydrocarbons, phenols, anhydrosugars, and nitrogen-containing compounds from catalytic pyrolysis of biomass over zeolites, metal oxides, etc. via different reaction pathways including cracking, Diels-Alder/aromatization, ketonization/aldol condensation, and ammoniation. The potential challenges and future directions for this technique are discussed in deep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Yunpu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China.
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China.
| | - Chao He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Roger Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Zhenting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Zihong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Qiuhao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
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29
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Wulandari YR, Chen SS, Hermosa GC, Hossain MSA, Yamauchi Y, Ahamad T, Alshehri SM, Wu KCW, Wu HS. Effect of N 2 flow rate on kinetic investigation of lignin pyrolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 190:109976. [PMID: 32750555 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fast pyrolysis of lignin can obtain valuable products such as bio-oil, bio-chemical, syngas, and biochar. In this study, two types of lignin known as brown solid from the byproduct of cellulosic ethanol fermentation and commercial dealkaline lignin from the papermaking process were used for pyrolysis in a 3-L batch reactor at 300-450 °C. The product composition in the liquid and gas phases were analyzed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/Flame-ionization detector/thermal conductivity detector (GC-MS/FID/TCD). Increasing the N2 flow rate to 150 mL/min was sufficient to increase the production of bio-oil/bio-organics up to 15% for brown solid pyrolysis. In contrast, the biochemical production during dealkaline lignin pyrolysis was not sensitive to the change of the N2 flow rate. The amount of biochar produced in the pyrolysis (~60%) slightly changed at various pyrolysis temperature and gas flow rate, which could be due to the relatively low pyrolysis temperature that was insufficient to decompose the lignin. The GC-MS analysis also revealed that C7-C8 compounds, which represented the phenolic compounds, were the most abundant in the liquid products. Kinetic models of the pyrolysis were established based on the thermogravimetric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeni Ria Wulandari
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-li, Taoyuan, 32003, Taiwan.
| | - Season S Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Glemarie C Hermosa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-li, Taoyuan, 32003, Taiwan.
| | - Md Shahriar A Hossain
- School of Mechanical & Mining Engineering, and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- School of Mechanical & Mining Engineering, and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia; Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Tansir Ahamad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad M Alshehri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kevin C W Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Shing Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-li, Taoyuan, 32003, Taiwan.
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Jing Y, Dong L, Guo Y, Liu X, Wang Y. Chemicals from Lignin: A Review of Catalytic Conversion Involving Hydrogen. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4181-4198. [PMID: 31886600 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant biopolymer with aromatic building blocks and its valorization to sustainable chemicals and fuels has extremely great potential to reduce the excessive dependence on fossil resources, although such conversions remain challenging. The purpose of this Review is to present an insight into the catalytic conversion of lignin involving hydrogen, including reductive depolymerization and the hydrodeoxygenation of lignin-derived monomers to arenes, cycloalkanes and phenols, with a main focus on the catalyst systems and reaction mechanisms. The roles of hydrogenation sites (Ru, Pt, Pd, Rh) and acid sites (Nb, Ti, Mo), as well as their interaction in selective hydrodeoxygenation reactions are emphasized. Furthermore, some inspirational strategies for the production of other value-added chemicals are mentioned. Finally, some personal perspectives are provided to highlight the opportunities within this attractive field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxuan Jing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Research, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
| | - Lin Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Research, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
| | - Yong Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Research, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Research, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
| | - Yanqin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Research, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
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31
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Jeon W, Choi IH, Park JY, Lee JS, Hwang KR. Alkaline wet oxidation of lignin over Cu-Mn mixed oxide catalysts for production of vanillin. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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An Eco-Friendly Fluidizable FexOy/CaO-γ-Al2O3 Catalyst for Tar Cracking during Biomass Gasification. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10070806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study deals with the development, characterization, and performance evaluation of an eco-friendly catalyst, using 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol (2M4MP) as a surrogate tar. The 2M4MP was selected due to its chemical functionalities and the fact that it is a good model compound to represent the tar formed during biomass low temperature gasification. The eco-friendly catalyst was prepared using the typical Fe and Ca minerals which are present in ash. These ash components were added to a fluidizable γ-Al2O3 support using a multistep incipient impregnation, yielding Fe oxides as an active phase and CaO as the promoter. The prepared catalyst displayed a 120 m2/g BET specific surface area, with few γ-Al2O3 bulk phase changes, as observed with XRD. TPD-NH3 and pyridine FTIR allowed us to show the significant influence of CaO reduced support acidity. A TPR analysis provided evidence of catalyst stability during consecutive reduction–oxidation cycles. Furthermore, catalyst evaluation vis-à-vis catalytic steam 2M4MP gasification was performed using the fluidized CREC riser simulator. The obtained results confirm the high performance of the developed catalyst, with 2M4MP conversion being close to 100% and with selectivities of up to 98.6% for C1-C2 carbon-containing species, at 500 °C, with a 7.5 s reaction time and 1.5 g steam/g 2M4MP. These high tar conversions are promising efficiency indicators for alumina catalysts doped with Fe and Ca. In addition, the used catalyst particles could be blended with biochar to provide an integrated solid supplement that could return valuable mineral supplements to the soil.
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Hudzik JM, Barekati-Goudarzi M, Khachatryan L, Bozzelli JW, Ruckenstein E, Asatryan R. OH-Initiated Reactions of para-Coumaryl Alcohol Relevant to the Lignin Pyrolysis. Part II. Kinetic Analysis. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4875-4904. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Hudzik
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | | | - Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Joseph W. Bozzelli
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Eli Ruckenstein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14226, United States
| | - Rubik Asatryan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14226, United States
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Limlamthong M, Yip ACK. Recent advances in zeolite-encapsulated metal catalysts: A suitable catalyst design for catalytic biomass conversion. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 297:122488. [PMID: 31796381 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal clusters and nanoparticles, which have been used to tune the acidity of zeolite support, are beneficial for promoting the catalytic performance of various reaction processes, including biomass conversion. However, catalytic instabilities resulting from metal coalescence, sintering and leaching are major problems that need to be resolved. Therefore, metal encapsulation within the zeolite structure has been proposed as a feasible solution for this issue, particularly for biomass conversions that require high temperatures. In this current review, recent developments in metal confinement techniques are described along with experimental examples of biomass upgrading reactions. The present and future perspectives of zeolite-encapsulated metal catalysts in biomass conversions are also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutjalin Limlamthong
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, The University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Alex C K Yip
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, The University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
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35
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Chen X, Zhu L, Cui C, Zhu Y, Zhou Z, Qi F. In Situ Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Mass Spectrometric Monitoring of Initial Pyrolysis Products of Biomass in Real Time. Anal Chem 2020; 92:603-606. [PMID: 31846300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge on the initial and intermediate pyrolysis products of biomass is essential for the mechanistic investigation of biomass pyrolysis and further optimization of upgrading processes. The conventional method can only detect the final products, which do not resemble the initial or intermediate pyrolysis products. Here, we introduce a direct orifice sampling combined with atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (APPI-MS) for in situ online analysis of the evolved volatile initial products from the pyrolysis of biomass. Pyrolysis experiments of both dimeric model compound (guaiacylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether, GGGE) and poplar wood were carried out to validate the generality of the method. Generally, secondary reactions can be reduced by shortening the distance between the sample and sampling orifice. Large molecular-weight initial products up to trimers were detected during the pyrolysis of poplar wood, and no initial products larger than trimers were detected. It is inferred that in situ APPI immediately after sample extraction ensures efficient and effective product detection. Furthermore, the present work offers a promising feasible method for online tracing of reaction intermediates not only in pyrolysis but also in various reactive processes (e.g., catalytic reaction, oxidation) under operando conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiamin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Mechanical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
| | - Linyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Mechanical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
| | - Cunhao Cui
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Mechanical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Mechanical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
| | - Zhongyue Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Mechanical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
| | - Fei Qi
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Mechanical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
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Pratali Maffei L, Pelucchi M, Faravelli T, Cavallotti C. Theoretical study of sensitive reactions in phenol decomposition. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00418a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of phenol is of utmost importance in combustion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Pratali Maffei
- CRECK Modeling Lab
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering
- Politecnico di Milano
- Italy
| | - Matteo Pelucchi
- CRECK Modeling Lab
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering
- Politecnico di Milano
- Italy
| | - Tiziano Faravelli
- CRECK Modeling Lab
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering
- Politecnico di Milano
- Italy
| | - Carlo Cavallotti
- CRECK Modeling Lab
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering
- Politecnico di Milano
- Italy
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37
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Terrell E, Dellon LD, Dufour A, Bartolomei E, Broadbelt LJ, Garcia-Perez M. A Review on Lignin Liquefaction: Advanced Characterization of Structure and Microkinetic Modeling. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan Terrell
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Lauren D. Dellon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anthony Dufour
- LRGP, CNRS, Universite de Lorraine, ENSIC, 54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Linda J. Broadbelt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Manuel Garcia-Perez
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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38
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Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Lignin Isolated by Hybrid Organosolv—Steam Explosion Pretreatment of Hardwood and Softwood Biomass for the Production of Phenolics and Aromatics. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9110935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin, one of the three main structural biopolymers of lignocellulosic biomass, is the most abundant natural source of aromatics with a great valorization potential towards the production of fuels, chemicals, and polymers. Although kraft lignin and lignosulphonates, as byproducts of the pulp/paper industry, are available in vast amounts, other types of lignins, such as the organosolv or the hydrolysis lignin, are becoming increasingly important, as they are side-streams of new biorefinery processes aiming at the (bio)catalytic valorization of biomass sugars. Within this context, in this work, we studied the thermal (non-catalytic) and catalytic fast pyrolysis of softwood (spruce) and hardwood (birch) lignins, isolated by a hybrid organosolv–steam explosion biomass pretreatment method in order to investigate the effect of lignin origin/composition on product yields and lignin bio-oil composition. The catalysts studied were conventional microporous ZSM-5 (Zeolite Socony Mobil–5) zeolites and hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolites with intracrystal mesopores (i.e., 9 and 45 nm) or nano-sized ZSM-5 with a high external surface. All ZSM-5 zeolites were active in converting the initially produced via thermal pyrolysis alkoxy-phenols (i.e., of guaiacyl and syringyl/guaiacyl type for spruce and birch lignin, respectively) towards BTX (benzene, toluene, xylene) aromatics, alkyl-phenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, mainly naphthalenes), with the mesoporous ZSM-5 exhibiting higher dealkoxylation reactivity and being significantly more selective towards mono-aromatics compared to the conventional ZSM-5, for both spruce and birch lignin.
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Yerrayya A, Natarajan U, Vinu R. Fast pyrolysis of guaiacol to simple phenols: Experiments, theory and kinetic model. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Lu K, Hao N, Meng X, Luo Z, Tuskan GA, Ragauskas AJ. Investigating the correlation of biomass recalcitrance with pyrolysis oil using poplar as the feedstock. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 289:121589. [PMID: 31207412 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis of five poplar samples with differing degrees of recalcitrance was performed; the correlations between the poplar enzymatic hydrolysis glucose yields and the physicochemical properties of pyrolysis product were investigated in this study. Sugar release of five poplar samples varied from 48.1 to 112.3 mg/g for glucose, and 12.0 to 32.4 mg/g for xylose. The yield of pyrolysis products was calculated and the molecular weight distribution of pyrolysis oils was measured by GPC, ranging from 268 to 289 g/mol for its weight-average molecular weight. GC-MS analysis of the bio-oil exhibited a strong correlation between biomass recalcitrance and guaiacyl-type structures in bio-oils. The correlation between biomass recalcitrance and the ratio of syringyl-to-guaiacyl-type-related structures was also assessed. The results from quantitative 31P NMR indicated some correlation between biomass recalcitrance and the guaiacyl hydroxyl groups in bio-oils. These results illustrate correlations and differences between converting biomass to biofuels via the biological and thermal platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Naijia Hao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Zhongyang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
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41
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Lin F, Liu C, Wang X, Hu C, Wu S, Xiao R. Catalytic oxidation of biorefinery corncob lignin via zirconium(IV) chloride and sodium hydroxide in acetonitrile/water: A functionality study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 675:203-212. [PMID: 31030128 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to realize the efficient utilization of biorefinery corncob lignin, the promising catalytic oxidation strategy was carried out by using ZrCl4 and NaOH as the co-catalyst and dioxygen as the oxidant in MeCN/H2O. GC/MS, GC-FID, and MALDI-TOF/MS were employed to recognize the produced monomers and oligomers, and GPC was used to monitor the molecular weight changes of lignin fragments. In addition, specific structural evolution of corncob lignin during ZrCl4/NaOH-catalyzed oxidation were revealed by quantitative 13C (Q13C) and 2D HSQC NMR techniques. Results showed that the total yields of produced oxidation monomers reached 6.8 wt%, and aromatic aldehydes were the major species, in which vanillin and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde were the two dominant products. After ZrCl4/NaOH-catalyzed oxidation, the weight-average molecular weight of corncob lignin and its products decreased from 2000 Da to 300 Da after oxidation with 16 h. Moreover, Q13C NMR analysis showed the decrease percentage of CO aliphatic carbons (including methoxyl carbons), the increase percentage of CC aliphatic and carbonyl carbons, and the relative stable percentage of aromatic carbons with reaction prolonged. These results combined with the further confirmation from HSQC indicated the oxidative cleavage of CO aliphatic linkages and removal of methoxy groups within corncob lignin, as well as the formation of CC aliphatic bonds and carbonyl groups. The work presented a comprehensive insight into the catalytic oxidative depolymerization of biorefinery corncob lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Xing Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Changsong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Shiliang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China.
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42
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Arapova OV, Bondarenko GN, Tsodikov MV. IR Study of Fe and Ni Nanoscale Particles in the Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Lignin. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024419070021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ponnusamy VK, Nguyen DD, Dharmaraja J, Shobana S, Banu JR, Saratale RG, Chang SW, Kumar G. A review on lignin structure, pretreatments, fermentation reactions and biorefinery potential. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 271:462-472. [PMID: 30270050 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, lignin valorization is commercially an important and advanced sustainable process for lignocellulosic biomass-based industries, primarily through the depolymerization path. The conversion of the lignin moieties into biofuels and other high value-added products are still challenging to the researchers due to the heterogeneity and complex structure of lignin-containing biomass. Besides, the involvement of different microorganisms that carries varying metabolic and enzymatic complex systems towards degradation and conversion of the lignin moieties also discussed. These microorganisms are frequently short of the traits which are obligatory for the industrial application to achieve maximum yields and productivity. This review mainly focuses on the current progress and developments in the pretreatment routes for enhancing lignin degradation and also assesses the liquid and gaseous biofuel production by fermentation, gasification and hybrid technologies along with the biorefinery schemes which involves the synthesis of high value-added chemicals, biochar and other valuable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Dinh Duc Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeyaprakash Dharmaraja
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Sree Sowdambika College of Engineering, Aruppukottai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sutha Shobana
- Department of Chemistry and Research Centre, Aditanar College of Arts and Science, Virapandianpatnam, Tiruchendur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J Rajesh Banu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Regional Campus Anna University Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rijuta Ganesh Saratale
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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Aubriet F, Ghislain T, Hertzog J, Sonnette A, Dufour A, Mauviel G, Carré V. Characterization of biomass and biochar by LDI-FTICRMS - Effect of the laser wavelength and biomass material. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1951-1962. [PMID: 30062475 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The pyrolysis of the lignocellulosic biomass is a promising process to produce biofuels or green chemicals. Specific analytical methods have to be developed in order to better understand the composition of biomass and of its pyrolysis products and therefore to optimize the design of pyrolysis processes. For this purpose, different biomasses (Douglas and Miscanthus) and one biochar were analyzed by laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LDI FT-ICR MS). This method allowed the biomass and biochar to be analyzed without any sample preparation and with a spatial resolution of about 100 μm. The influence of LDI conditions (laser wavelength and laser irradiance) and the nature of the biomass and biochar on the obtained mass spectrum were investigated. The nature and origin of the observed ions highly depended on LDI conditions. In the softest laser-biomass interaction conditions (low laser irradiance), the detected ions were related to the nature of the investigated biomass. Indeed, the main part of the detected species came from the different biomass subunits and was produced by photolysis of covalent bonds. When more severe laser irradiation conditions were used, the obtained mass spectra gathered the ions relative to (i) the chemical components of the investigated samples, (ii) the recombination products of these species in the gas phase after their ejection from the sample surface, and (iii) the compounds produced by laser pyrolysis of the sample. This was expected to be useful to mimic thermal pyrolysis. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Aubriet
- LCP-A2MC, FR 2843 Institut Jean Barriol de Chimie et Physique Moléculaires et Biomoléculaires, FR 3624 Réseau National de Spectrométrie de Masse FT-ICR à très haut champ, Université de Lorraine, ICPM, 1 boulevard Arago, 57078, Metz Cedex 03, France.
| | - Thierry Ghislain
- LRGP, CNRS, ENSIC, Université de Lorraine, 1, Rue Grandville, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Jasmine Hertzog
- LCP-A2MC, FR 2843 Institut Jean Barriol de Chimie et Physique Moléculaires et Biomoléculaires, FR 3624 Réseau National de Spectrométrie de Masse FT-ICR à très haut champ, Université de Lorraine, ICPM, 1 boulevard Arago, 57078, Metz Cedex 03, France
| | - Alexander Sonnette
- LCP-A2MC, FR 2843 Institut Jean Barriol de Chimie et Physique Moléculaires et Biomoléculaires, FR 3624 Réseau National de Spectrométrie de Masse FT-ICR à très haut champ, Université de Lorraine, ICPM, 1 boulevard Arago, 57078, Metz Cedex 03, France
| | - Anthony Dufour
- LRGP, CNRS, ENSIC, Université de Lorraine, 1, Rue Grandville, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Guillain Mauviel
- LRGP, CNRS, ENSIC, Université de Lorraine, 1, Rue Grandville, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Vincent Carré
- LCP-A2MC, FR 2843 Institut Jean Barriol de Chimie et Physique Moléculaires et Biomoléculaires, FR 3624 Réseau National de Spectrométrie de Masse FT-ICR à très haut champ, Université de Lorraine, ICPM, 1 boulevard Arago, 57078, Metz Cedex 03, France
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van Erven G, Nayan N, Sonnenberg ASM, Hendriks WH, Cone JW, Kabel MA. Mechanistic insight in the selective delignification of wheat straw by three white-rot fungal species through quantitative 13C-IS py-GC-MS and whole cell wall HSQC NMR. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:262. [PMID: 30263063 PMCID: PMC6156916 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The white-rot fungi Ceriporiopsis subvermispora (Cs), Pleurotus eryngii (Pe), and Lentinula edodes (Le) have been shown to be high-potential species for selective delignification of plant biomass. This delignification improves polysaccharide degradability, which currently limits the efficient lignocellulose conversion into biochemicals, biofuels, and animal feed. Since selectivity and time efficiency of fungal delignification still need optimization, detailed understanding of the underlying mechanisms at molecular level is required. The recently developed methodologies for lignin quantification and characterization now allow for the in-depth mapping of fungal modification and degradation of lignin and, thereby, enable resolving underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Wheat straw treated by two strains of Cs (Cs1 and Cs12), Pe (Pe3 and Pe6) and Le (Le8 and Le10) was characterized using semi-quantitative py-GC-MS during fungal growth (1, 3, and 7 weeks). The remaining lignin after 7 weeks was quantified and characterized using 13C lignin internal standard based py-GC-MS and whole cell wall HSQC NMR. Strains of the same species showed similar patterns of lignin removal and degradation. Cs and Le outperformed Pe in terms of extent and selectivity of delignification (Cs ≥ Le >> Pe). The highest lignin removal [66% (w/w); Cs1] was obtained after 7 weeks, without extensive carbohydrate degradation (factor 3 increased carbohydrate-to-lignin ratio). Furthermore, though after treatment with Cs and Le comparable amounts of lignin remained, the structure of the residual lignin vastly differed. For example, Cα-oxidized substructures accumulated in Cs treated lignin up to 24% of the total aromatic lignin, a factor two higher than in Le-treated lignin. Contrarily, ferulic acid substructures were preferentially targeted by Le (and Pe). Interestingly, Pe-spent lignin was specifically depleted of tricin (40% reduction). The overall subunit composition (H:G:S) was not affected by fungal treatment. CONCLUSIONS Cs and Le are both able to effectively and selectively delignify wheat straw, though the underlying mechanisms are fundamentally different. We are the first to identify that Cs degrades the major β-O-4 ether linkage in grass lignin mainly via Cβ-O-aryl cleavage, while Cα-Cβ cleavage of inter-unit linkages predominated for Le. Our research provides a new insight on how fungi degrade lignin, which contributes to further optimizing the biological upgrading of lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nazri Nayan
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anton S. M. Sonnenberg
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H. Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - John W. Cone
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Lazaridis PA, Fotopoulos AP, Karakoulia SA, Triantafyllidis KS. Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Kraft Lignin With Conventional, Mesoporous and Nanosized ZSM-5 Zeolite for the Production of Alkyl-Phenols and Aromatics. Front Chem 2018; 6:295. [PMID: 30073162 PMCID: PMC6058026 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The valorization of lignin that derives as by product in various biomass conversion processes has become a major research and technological objective. The potential of the production of valuable mono-aromatics (BTX and others) and (alkyl)phenols by catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignin is investigated in this work by the use of ZSM-5 zeolites with different acidic and porosity characteristics. More specifically, conventional microporous ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 11.5, 25, 40), nano-sized (≤20 nm, by direct synthesis) and mesoporous (9 nm, by mild alkaline treatment) ZSM-5 zeolites were tested in the fast pyrolysis of a softwood kraft lignin at 400-600°C on a Py/GC-MS system and a fixed-bed reactor unit. The composition of lignin (FT-IR, 2D HSQC NMR) was correlated with the composition of the thermal (non-catalytic) pyrolysis oil, while the effect of pyrolysis temperature and catalyst-to-lignin (C/L) ratio, as well as of the Si/Al ratio, acidity, micro/mesoporosity and nano-size of ZSM-5, on bio-oil composition was thoroughly investigated. It was shown that the conventional microporous ZSM-5 zeolites are more selective toward mono-aromatics while the nano-sized and mesoporous ZSM-5 exhibited also high selectivity for (alkyl)phenols. However, the nano-sized ZSM-5 zeolite exhibited the lowest yield of organic bio-oil and highest production of water, coke and non-condensable gases compared to the conventional microporous and mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stamatia A. Karakoulia
- Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos S. Triantafyllidis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Ormond TK, Baraban JH, Porterfield JP, Scheer AM, Hemberger P, Troy TP, Ahmed M, Nimlos MR, Robichaud DJ, Daily JW, Ellison GB. Thermal Decompositions of the Lignin Model Compounds: Salicylaldehyde and Catechol. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:5911-5924. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b03201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K. Ormond
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Joshua H. Baraban
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Jessica P. Porterfield
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Adam M. Scheer
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratory, PO Box 969, Livermore, California 94551-0969, United States
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Femtochemistry and Synchrotron Radiation, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5234 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Tyler P. Troy
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mark R. Nimlos
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - David J. Robichaud
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - John W. Daily
- Center for Combustion and Environmental Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0427, United States
| | - G. Barney Ellison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
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48
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Shuai L, Sitison J, Sadula S, Ding J, Thies MC, Saha B. Selective C–C Bond Cleavage of Methylene-Linked Lignin Models and Kraft Lignin. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Shuai
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jake Sitison
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Sunitha Sadula
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Junhuan Ding
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. Clemson University, 221 Earle Hall, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Mark C. Thies
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. Clemson University, 221 Earle Hall, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Basudeb Saha
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Efika CE, Onwudili JA, Williams PT. Influence of heating rates on the products of high-temperature pyrolysis of waste wood pellets and biomass model compounds. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 76:497-506. [PMID: 29559298 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of heating rates ranging from 5 °C min-1 to 350 °C min-1 on the yields of pyrolysis products of wood and its main pseudo-components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) have been investigated at a temperature of 800 °C in a horizontal fixed bed reactor. Results showed a successive dramatic increase and decrease in gas and liquid yields, respectively, while the yields of solid products showed a gradual decrease as heating rates increased. Increased gas formation and an increasingly aromatic oil/tar support the theory of rapid devolatilization of degradation products with increasing heating rate, leading to extensive cracking of primary pyrolysis vapours. Solid products with coal-like calorific value and large surface areas were obtained. CO became the dominant gas both on a mass and volume basis, at the heating rate of 350 °C min-1 for all samples except xylan, which also produced a significant yield of CO2 (20.3 wt% and 25.4 vol%) compared to the other samples. Cellulose produced a gas product with highest calorific value of 35 MJ kg-1 at the highest heating rate. Results also indicate that the three main pseudo-components of biomass each exert a different influence on the products of high temperature pyrolysis of woody biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidi E Efika
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9 JT, UK
| | - Jude A Onwudili
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Paul T Williams
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9 JT, UK
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50
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Venkatesan K, He S, Seshan K, Selvam P, Vinu R. Selective production of aromatic hydrocarbons from lignocellulosic biomass via catalytic fast-hydropyrolysis using W2C/γ-Al2O3. CATAL COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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