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Kim HK. Redox Shuttle-Based Electrolytes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Comprehensive Guidance, Recent Progress, and Future Perspective. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:6139-6163. [PMID: 36844550 PMCID: PMC9948191 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A redox electrolyte is a crucial part of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), which plays a significant role in the photovoltage and photocurrent of the DSSCs through efficient dye regeneration and minimization of charge recombination. An I-/I3 - redox shuttle has been mostly utilized, but it limits the open-circuit voltage (V oc) to 0.7-0.8 V. To improve the V oc value, an alternative redox shuttle with more positive redox potential is required. Thus, by utilizing cobalt complexes with polypyridyl ligands, a significant power conversion efficiency (PCE) of above 14% with a high V oc of up to 1 V under 1-sun illumination was achieved. Recently, the V oc of a DSSC has exceeded 1 V with a PCE of around 15% by using Cu-complex-based redox shuttles. The PCE of over 34% in DSSCs under ambient light by using these Cu-complex-based redox shuttles also proves the potential for the commercialization of DSSCs in indoor applications. However, most of the developed highly efficient porphyrin and organic dyes cannot be used for the Cu-complex-based redox shuttles due to their higher positive redox potentials. Therefore, the replacement of suitable ligands in Cu complexes or an alternative redox shuttle with a redox potential of 0.45-0.65 V has been required to utilize the highly efficient porphyrin and organic dyes. As a consequence, for the first time, the proposed strategy for a PCE enhancement of over 16% in DSSCs with a suitable redox shuttle is made by finding a superior counter electrode to enhance the fill factor and a suitable near-infrared (NIR)-absorbing dye for cosensitization with the existing dyes to further broaden the light absorption and enhance the short-circuit current density (J sc) value. This review comprehensively analyzes the redox shuttles and redox-shuttle-based liquid electrolytes for DSSCs and gives recent progress and perspectives.
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2
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Inomata T, Matsunaga A, Jin G, Kitagawa T, Muramatsu M, Ozawa T, Masuda H. Improvements in photoelectric performance of dye-sensitised solar cells using ionic liquid-modified TiO 2 electrodes. RSC Adv 2022; 12:19624-19631. [PMID: 35865598 PMCID: PMC9257768 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03230a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major problems in dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs) is the aggregation of dyes on TiO2 electrodes, which leads to undesirable electron transfer. Various anti-aggregation agents, such as deoxycholic acid, have been proposed and applied to prevent dye aggregation on the electrodes. In this study, we designed and synthesised a phosphonium-type ionic liquid that can be modified on the TiO2 electrode surface and used as a new anti-aggregation agent. Although the modification of the ionic liquid onto the electrode reduced the amount of dye adsorbed on the electrode, it showed a significant anti-aggregation effect, thereby improving the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs with N3 and J13 dyes. This finding suggests that ionic liquids are effective as anti-aggregation agents for DSSCs. The modification of the phosphonium-type ionic liquid onto the TiO2 electrode reduced the amount of dye adsorbed on the electrode and showed significant aggregation effect, thereby improving the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Inomata
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Ayaka Matsunaga
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Guangzhu Jin
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Takuma Kitagawa
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Mizuho Muramatsu
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ozawa
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Hideki Masuda
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa-cho Toyota 470-0392 Japan
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3
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Tanaka T, Kiuchi T, Ooe Y, Iwamoto H, Takizawa SY, Murata S, Hasegawa E. A Photocatalytic System Composed of Benzimidazolium Aryloxide and Tetramethylpiperidine 1-Oxyl to Promote Desulfonylative α-Oxyamination Reactions of α-Sulfonylketones. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:4655-4666. [PMID: 35155957 PMCID: PMC8829864 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A new photocatalytic system was developed for carrying out desulfonylative α-oxyamination reactions of α-sulfonylketones in which α-ketoalkyl radicals are generated. The catalytic system is composed of benzimidazolium aryloxide betaines (BI+-ArO-), serving as visible light-absorbing electron donor photocatalysts, and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO), playing dual roles as an electron donor for catalyst recycling and a reagent to capture the generated radical intermediates. Information about the detailed nature of BI+-ArO- and the photocatalytic processes with TEMPO was gained using absorption spectroscopy, electrochemical measurements, and density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Tanaka
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata
University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kiuchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata
University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Yuuki Ooe
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata
University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Hajime Iwamoto
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata
University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Shin-ya Takizawa
- Department
of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Shigeru Murata
- Department
of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Eietsu Hasegawa
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata
University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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4
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Kalle P, Bezzubov SI. Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Cobalt(II/III) Tris-Phenanthrolines with Various Polyiodide Anions. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023621110103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Yang AN, Lin JT, Li CT. Electroactive and Sustainable Cu-MOF/PEDOT Composite Electrocatalysts for Multiple Redox Mediators and for High-Performance Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:8435-8444. [PMID: 33570924 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An electrically conductive Cu-MOF, {[Cu2(6-mercaptonicotinic acid)(6-mercaptonicotinate)]·NH4}n, was successfully electrodeposited on the conductive substrates via using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as the binder. Multiple functionalities of the Cu-MOF microparticle within the Cu-MOF/PEDOT composite electrode were systematically vindicated as (1) releasing the cohesive strength among the PEDOT matrix, thus enhancing the film adhesion to substrate, (2) providing excellent intrinsic heterogeneous rate constant via lowering the reaction active energy, (3) supplying numerous active sites at the center or edges on its (-Cu-S-)n honeycomb-like planes, (4) facilitating the electron transfer through its two-dimensional (-Cu-S-)n plains, and (5) benefiting the penetration of the redox mediators through its porous frameworks. In multiple redox mediators (i.e., I-/I3-, cobalt(II/III)-complex, and copper(I/II)-complex), the composite Cu-MOF/PEDOT electrode exhibited superior electrocatalyst activity and kept almost 100% of its initial redox peak currents after continuous cyclic voltammetric scanning for 300 cycles. As a high-performance electrocatalyst for the counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), the composite Cu-MOF/PEDOT electrode rendered its cell a decent solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency of up to 9.45% at 1 sun and 22.80% at room light illumination. Compared to the traditional platinum electrode (7.67%), the low-cost Cu-MOF/PEDOT composite electrode has great possibility to be used for various electrochemical devices and the Internet-of-things applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Nin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Jiann T Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
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7
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Wilcox DA, Agarkar V, Mukherjee S, Boudouris BW. Stable Radical Materials for Energy Applications. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2018; 9:83-103. [PMID: 29579403 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060817-083945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although less studied than their closed-shell counterparts, materials containing stable open-shell chemistries have played a key role in many energy storage and energy conversion devices. In particular, the oxidation-reduction (redox) properties of these stable radicals have made them a substantial contributor to the progress of organic batteries. Moreover, the use of radical-based materials in photovoltaic devices and thermoelectric systems has allowed for these emerging molecules to have impacts in the energy conversion realm. Additionally, the unique doublet states of radical-based materials provide access to otherwise inaccessible spin states in optoelectronic devices, offering many new opportunities for efficient usage of energy in light-emitting devices. Here, we review the current state of the art regarding the molecular design, synthesis, and application of stable radicals in these energy-related applications. Finally, we point to fundamental and applied arenas of future promise for these designer open-shell molecules, which have only just begun to be evaluated in full.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Wilcox
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;,
| | - Varad Agarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Sanjoy Mukherjee
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;,
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;,
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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8
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Ionic transport and interfacial interaction of iodide/iodine redox mechanism in agarose electrolyte containing colloidal titanium dioxide nanoparticles. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Lang X, Zhao J. Integrating TEMPO and Its Analogues with Visible-Light Photocatalysis. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:599-613. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Lang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Jincai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
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10
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Li CT, Lin RYY, Lin JT. Sensitizers for Aqueous-Based Solar Cells. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:486-496. [PMID: 28070969 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are attractive due to their sustainability, the use of water as a safe solvent for the redox mediators, and their possible applications in photoelectrochemical water splitting. However, the higher tendency of dye leaching by water and the lower wettability of dye molecules are two major obstacles that need to be tackled for future applications of aqueous DSSCs. Sensitizers designed for aqueous DSSCs are discussed based on their functions, such as modification of the molecular skeleton and the anchoring group for better stability against dye leaching by water, and the incorporation of hydrophilic entities into the dye molecule or the addition of a surfactant to the system to increase the wettability of the dye for more facile dye regeneration. Surface treatment of the photoanode to deter dye leaching or improve the wettability of the dye molecule is also discussed. Redox mediators designed for aqueous DSSCs are also discussed. The review also includes quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells, with a focus on improvements in QD loading and suppression of interfacial charge recombination at the photoanode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ting Li
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ryan Yeh-Yung Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jiann T Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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11
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Lin YF, Li CT, Lee CP, Leu YA, Ezhumalai Y, Vittal R, Chen MC, Lin JJ, Ho KC. Multifunctional Iodide-Free Polymeric Ionic Liquid for Quasi-Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with a High Open-Circuit Voltage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:15267-15278. [PMID: 27248206 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A polymeric ionic liquid, poly(oxyethylene)-imide-imidazolium selenocyanate (POEI-IS), was newly synthesized and used for a multifunctional gel electrolyte in a quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell (QSS-DSSC). POEI-IS has several functions: (a) acts as a gelling agent for the electrolyte of the DSSC, (b) possesses a redox mediator of SeCN(-), which is aimed to form a SeCN(-)/(SeCN)3(-) redox couple with a more positive redox potential than that of traditional I(-)/I3(-), (c) chelates the potassium cations through the lone pair electrons of the oxygen atoms of its poly(oxyethylene)-imide-imidazolium (POEI-I) segments, and (d) obstructs the recombination of photoinjected electrons with (SeCN)3(-) ions in the electrolyte through its POEI-I segments. Thus, the POEI-IS renders a high open-circuit voltage (VOC) to the QSS-DSSC due to its functions of b-d and prolongs the stability of the cell due to its function of a. The QSS-DSSC with the gel electrolyte containing 30 wt % of the POEI-IS in liquid selenocyanate electrolyte exhibited a high VOC of 825.50 ± 3.51 mV and a high power conversion efficiency (η) of 8.18 ± 0.02%. The QSS-DSSC with 30 wt % POEI-IS retained up to 95% of its initial η after an at-rest stability test with the period of more than 1,000 h.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yamuna Ezhumalai
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University Chung-Li 32054, Taiwan
| | | | - Ming-Chou Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University Chung-Li 32054, Taiwan
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12
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Chaurasia S, Lin JT. Metal-Free Sensitizers for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. CHEM REC 2016; 16:1311-36. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Chaurasia
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica; Nankang, Taipei-115 (Taiwan)
| | - Jiann T. Lin
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica; Nankang, Taipei-115 (Taiwan)
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13
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Lin RYY, Wu FL, Li CT, Chen PY, Ho KC, Lin JT. High-performance aqueous/organic dye-sensitized solar cells based on sensitizers containing triethylene oxide methyl ether. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:2503-2513. [PMID: 26098636 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Metal-free dyes (EO1 to EO4) containing the hydrophilic triethylene oxide methyl ether (TEOME) unit in the spacer have been synthesized and used in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Efficient lithium-ion trapping by TEOME results in improved open-circuit voltage (VOC ), leading to excellent conversion efficiency of the cells, ranging from 9.02 to 9.98 % with I(-) /I3 (-) electrolyte in acetonitrile under AM 1.5 illumination. The TEOME unit also enhances the wettability of the dye molecules for application in aqueous-based DSSCs. Aqueous-based DSSCs with a dual TEMPO/iodide electrolyte exhibit high VOC values (0.80-0.88 V) and very promising cell performances of up to 5.97 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Yeh-Yung Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang 11529, Taipei (Taiwan)ca.edu.tw
| | - Feng-Ling Wu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang 11529, Taipei (Taiwan)ca.edu.tw
| | - Chun-Ting Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617 (Taiwan)
| | - Pei-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617 (Taiwan)
| | - Kuo-Chuan Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617 (Taiwan).
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617 (Taiwan).
| | - Jiann T Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang 11529, Taipei (Taiwan)ca.edu.tw.
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14
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Li CT, Lee CP, Lee CT, Li SR, Sun SS, Ho KC. Iodide-free ionic liquid with dual redox couples for dye-sensitized solar cells with high open-circuit voltage. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:1244-1253. [PMID: 25772944 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201403204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel ionic-liquid mediator, 1-butyl-3-{2-oxo-2-[(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino]ethyl}-1H-imidazol-3-ium selenocyanate (ITSeCN), has been successfully synthesized for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). ITSeCN possesses dual redox channels, imidazolium-functionalized 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine N-oxyl (TEMPO) and selenocyanate, which can serve as the cationic redox mediator and the anionic redox mediator, respectively. Therefore, ITSeCN has a favorable redox nature, which results in a more positive standard potential, larger diffusivity, and better kinetic heterogeneous rate constant than those of iodide. The DSSC with the ITSeCN electrolyte shows an efficiency of 8.38 % with a high open-current voltage (VOC ) of 854.3 mV, and this VOC value is about 150 mV higher than that for the iodide-based DSSC. Moreover, different electrocatalytic materials were employed to trigger the redox reaction of ITSeCN. The ITSeCN-based DSSC with the CoSe counter electrode achieved the best performance of 9.01 %, which suggested that transition-metal compound-type materials would be suitable for our newly synthesized ITSeCN mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ting Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617 (Taiwan)
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15
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Park JT, Lee CS, Kim JH. High performance electrocatalyst consisting of CoS nanoparticles on an organized mesoporous SnO2 film: its use as a counter electrode for Pt-free, dye-sensitized solar cells. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:670-678. [PMID: 25429695 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr05779a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
High energy conversion efficiencies of 6.6% and 7.5% are demonstrated in solid and liquid states, Pt-free, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), respectively, based on CoS nanoparticles on an organized mesoporous SnO2 (om-SnO2) counter electrode. These results correspond to improvements of 14% and 9%, respectively, compared to a conventional Pt counter electrode and are among the highest values reported for Pt-free DSSCs. The om-SnO2 layer plays a pivotal role as a platform to deposit a large amount of highly electrocatalytically active CoS nanoparticles via a facile solvothermal reaction. The om-SnO2 platform with a high porosity, larger pores, and good interconnectivity is derived from a poly(vinyl chloride)-g-poly(oxyethylene methacrylate) (PVC-g-POEM) graft copolymer template, which provides not only improved interaction sites for the formation of CoS nanoparticles but also enhanced electron transport. The structural, morphological, chemical, and electrochemical properties of CoS on the om-SnO2 platform are investigated using field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. The performance enhancement results from the excellent electron transport at the fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)/counter electrode/electrolyte interface, reduced resistance at the FTO/CoS interface, and better catalytic reduction at the counter electrode/electrolyte interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Tae Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 262 Seongsanno, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea.
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Cong J, Hao Y, Boschloo G, Kloo L. Electrolytes based on TEMPO-Co tandem redox systems outperform single redox systems in dye-sensitized solar cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:264-8. [PMID: 25504818 PMCID: PMC4819522 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new TEMPO-Co tandem redox system with TEMPO and Co(bpy)3 (2+/3+) has been investigated for the use in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). A large open-circuit voltage (VOC ) increase, from 862 mV to 965 mV, was observed in the tandem redox system, while the short-circuit current density (JSC ) was maintained. The conversion efficiency was observed to increase from 7.1 % for cells containing the single Co(bpy)3 (2+/3+) redox couple, to 8.4 % for cells containing the TEMPO-Co tandem redox system. The reason for the increase in VOC and overall efficiency is ascribed to the involvement of partial regeneration of the sensitizing dye molecules by TEMPO. This assumption can be verified through the observed much faster regeneration dynamics exhibited in the presence of the tandem system. Using the tandem redox system, the faster recombination problem of the single TEMPO redox couple is resolved and the mass-transport of the metal-complex-based electrolyte is also improved. This TEMPO-Co tandem system is so far the most efficient tandem redox electrolyte reported not involving iodine. The current results show a promising future for tandem system as replacements for single redox systems in electrolytes for DSSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Cong
- Applied Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE‐100 44 Stockholm (Sweden)
| | - Yan Hao
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE‐751 20, Uppsala (Sweden)
| | - Gerrit Boschloo
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE‐751 20, Uppsala (Sweden)
| | - Lars Kloo
- Applied Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE‐100 44 Stockholm (Sweden)
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17
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Lin RYY, Chuang TM, Wu FL, Chen PY, Chu TC, Ni JS, Fan MS, Lo YH, Ho KC, Lin JT. Anthracene/phenothiazine π-conjugated sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells using redox mediator in organic and water-based solvents. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:105-113. [PMID: 25404282 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201403016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Metal-free dyes (MD1 to MD5) containing an anthracene/phenothiazine unit in the spacer have been synthesized. The conversion efficiency (7.13 %) of the dye-sensitized solar cell using MD3 as the sensitizer reached approximately 85 % of the N719-based standard cell (8.47 %). The cell efficiency (8.42 %) of MD3-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with addition of chenodeoxycholic acid is comparable with that of N719-based standard cell. The MD3 water-based DSSCs using a dual-TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl)/iodide electrolyte exhibited very promising cell performance of 4.96 % with an excellent Voc of 0.77 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Yeh-Yung Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang 11529, Taipei (Taiwan)ca.edu.tw
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18
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Lee CS, Kim JK, Lim JY, Kim JH. One-step process for the synthesis and deposition of anatase, two-dimensional, disk-shaped TiO₂ for dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:20842-50. [PMID: 25397581 DOI: 10.1021/am505217k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report a one-step process for the synthesis and deposition of anatase, two-dimensional (2D), disk-shaped TiO2 (DS-TiO2) using titanium isopropoxide (TTIP), ethyl cellulose (EC), and solvents. The planar structure of EC plays a pivotal role as the sacrificing template to generate the 2D disk-shaped structure with a thickness of 1.5-3.5 μm, while a disk-like structure was well developed in the tetrahydrofuran (THF)/toluene mixed solvent. The quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (qssDSSCs), fabricated with a nanogel electrolyte and a DS-TiO2 layer on a nanocrystalline (NC)-TiO2 photoanode, showed an energy conversion efficiency of 5.0% without any TiCl4 post-treatment, which is higher than that fabricated without DS-TiO2 (4.2%). When utilizing a poly((1-(4-ethenylphenyl)methyl)-3-butyl-imidazolium iodide) (PEBII) as the solid electrolyte, a high efficiency of 6.6% was achieved due to the combination of high mobility PEBII and a bifunctional DS-TiO2 layer with a 2D structure and anatase phase. The bifunctionality of the DS-TiO2 layer allows greater light scattering back into the device and provides additional surface area for improved dye adsorption, resulting in short circuit current density (Jsc).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Soo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University , 262 Seongsanno, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
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Li SR, Lee CP, Liao CW, Su WL, Li CT, Ho KC, Sun SS. Structural engineering of dipolar organic dyes with an electron-deficient diphenylquinoxaline moiety for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lin RYY, Chu TC, Chen PW, Ni JS, Shih PC, Chen YC, Ho KC, Lin JT. Phenothiazinedioxide-conjugated sensitizers and a dual-TEMPO/iodide redox mediator for dye-sensitized solar cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:2221-9. [PMID: 25044488 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Metal-free dyes containing a phenothiazinedioxide entity in the spacer were synthesized. The best conversion efficiency (7.47%) of the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) by using new sensitizers with chenodeoxycholic acid as a co-adsorbent and the I(-) /I3 (-) electrolyte reached over 90% of that of the standard N719-based cell (8.10%). A new type of ionic liquid containing the nitroxide radical (N-O(.) ) and iodide was successfully synthesized and applied to the DSSCs. If the I(-) /I3 (-) electrolyte was replaced with a dual redox electrolyte, that is, a TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl) derivative with a dangling imidazolium iodide entity, the cell exhibited a high open-circuit voltage of 0.85 V and a cell efficiency of 8.36%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Yeh-Yung Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang 11529, Taipei (Taiwan) a.edu.tw; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617 (Taiwan)
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