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Chang D, Wang C, Ul Islam Z, Yu Z. Omics analysis coupled with gene editing revealed potential transporters and regulators related to levoglucosan metabolism efficiency of the engineered Escherichia coli. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:2. [PMID: 35418138 PMCID: PMC8753852 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Bioconversion of levoglucosan, a promising sugar derived from the pyrolysis of lignocellulose, into biofuels and chemicals can reduce our dependence on fossil-based raw materials. However, this bioconversion process in microbial strains is challenging due to the lack of catalytic enzyme relevant to levoglucosan metabolism, narrow production ranges of the native strains, poor cellular transport rate of levoglucosan, and inhibition of levoglucosan metabolism by other sugars co-existing in the lignocellulose pyrolysate. The heterologous expression of eukaryotic levoglucosan kinase gene in suitable microbial hosts like Escherichia coli could overcome the first two challenges to some extent; however, no research has been dedicated to resolving the last two issues till now.
Results
Aiming to resolve the two unsolved problems, we revealed that seven ABC transporters (XylF, MalE, UgpB, UgpC, YtfQ, YphF, and MglA), three MFS transporters (KgtP, GntT, and ActP), and seven regulatory proteins (GalS, MhpR, YkgD, Rsd, Ybl162, MalM, and IraP) in the previously engineered levoglucosan-utilizing and ethanol-producing E. coli LGE2 were induced upon exposure to levoglucosan using comparative proteomics technique, indicating these transporters and regulators were involved in the transport and metabolic regulation of levoglucosan. The proteomics results were further verified by transcriptional analysis of 16 randomly selected genes. Subsequent gene knockout and complementation tests revealed that ABC transporter XylF was likely to be a levoglucosan transporter. Molecular docking showed that levoglucosan can bind to the active pocket of XylF by seven H-bonds with relatively strong strength.
Conclusion
This study focusing on the omics discrepancies between the utilization of levoglucosan and non-levoglucosan sugar, could provide better understanding of levoglucosan transport and metabolism mechanisms by identifying the transporters and regulators related to the uptake and regulation of levoglucosan metabolism. The protein database generated from this study could be used for further screening and characterization of the transporter(s) and regulator(s) for downstream enzymatic/genetic engineering work, thereby facilitating more efficient microbial utilization of levoglucosan for biofuels and chemicals production in future.
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Sáenz de Miera B, Cañadas R, Santiago R, Díaz I, González-Miquel M, González EJ. A pathway to improve detoxification processes by selective extraction of phenols and sugars from aqueous media using sustainable solvents. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Chang D, Islam ZU, Zheng J, Zhao J, Cui X, Yu Z. Inhibitor tolerance and bioethanol fermentability of levoglucosan-utilizing Escherichia coli were enhanced by overexpression of stress-responsive gene ycfR: The proteomics-guided metabolic engineering. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2021; 6:384-395. [PMID: 34853817 PMCID: PMC8605246 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass is crucial for the release of biofermentable sugars for biofuels production, which could greatly alleviate the burgeoning environment and energy crisis caused by the massive usage of traditional fossil fuels. Pyrolysis is a cost-saving pretreatment process that can readily decompose biomass into levoglucosan, a promising anhydrosugar; however, many undesired toxic compounds inhibitory to downstream microbial fermentation are also generated during the pyrolysis, immensely impeding the bioconversion of levoglucosan-containing pyrolysate. Here, we took the first insight into the proteomic responses of a levoglucosan-utilizing and ethanol-producing Escherichia coli to three representative biomass-derived inhibitors, identifying large amounts of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) that could guide the downstream metabolic engineering for the development of inhibitor-resistant strains. Fifteen up- and eight down-regulated DEPs were further identified as the biomarker stress-responsive proteins candidate for cellular tolerance to multiple inhibitors. Among these biomarker proteins, YcfR exhibiting the highest expression fold-change level was chosen as the target of overexpression to validate proteomics results and develop robust strains with enhanced inhibitor tolerance and fermentation performance. Finally, based on four plasmid-borne genes encoding the levoglucosan kinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and protein YcfR, a new recombinant strain E. coli LGE-ycfR was successfully created, showing much higher acetic acid-, furfural-, and phenol-tolerance levels compared to the control without overexpression of ycfR. The specific growth rate, final cell density, ethanol concentration, ethanol productivity, and levoglucosan consumption rate of the recombinant were also remarkably improved. From the proteomics-guided metabolic engineering and phenotypic observations, we for the first time corroborated that YcfR is a stress-induced protein responsive to multiple biomass-derived inhibitors, and also developed an inhibitors-resistant strain that could produce bioethanol from levoglucosan in the presence of inhibitors of relatively high concentration. The newly developed E. coli LGE-ycfR strain that could eliminate the commonly-used costly detoxicification processes, is of great potential for the in situ cost-effective bioethanol production from the biomass-derived pyrolytic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Chang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Zia Ul Islam
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Junfang Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Jie Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Xiaoyong Cui
- Yanshan Earth Critical Zone and Surface Fluxes Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 380 Huaibei Town, Huairou District, Beijing, 101408, PR China
| | - Zhisheng Yu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
- RCEES-IMCAS-UCAS Joint-Lab of Microbial Technology for Environmental Science, Beijing, 100085, PR China
- Corresponding author. College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
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Chang D, Wang C, Ndayisenga F, Yu Z. Mutations in adaptively evolved Escherichia coli LGE2 facilitated the cost-effective upgrading of undetoxified bio-oil to bioethanol fuel. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:105. [PMID: 38650237 PMCID: PMC10991953 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Levoglucosan is a promising sugar present in the lignocellulose pyrolysis bio-oil, which is a renewable and environment-friendly source for various value-added productions. Although many microbial catalysts have been engineered to produce biofuels and chemicals from levoglucosan, the demerits that these biocatalysts can only utilize pure levoglucosan while inhibited by the inhibitors co-existing with levoglucosan in the bio-oil have greatly limited the industrial-scale application of these biocatalysts in lignocellulose biorefinery. In this study, the previously engineered Escherichia coli LGE2 was evolved for enhanced inhibitor tolerance using long-term adaptive evolution under the stress of multiple inhibitors and finally, a stable mutant E. coli-H was obtained after ~ 374 generations' evolution. In the bio-oil media with an extremely acidic pH of 3.1, E. coli-H with high inhibitor tolerance exhibited remarkable levoglucosan consumption and ethanol production abilities comparable to the control, while the growth of the non-evolved strain was completely blocked even when the pH was adjusted to 7.0. Finally, 8.4 g/L ethanol was achieved by E. coli-H in the undetoxified bio-oil media with ~ 2.0% (w/v) levoglucosan, reaching 82% of the theoretical yield. Whole-genome re-sequencing to monitor the acquisition of mutations identified 4 new mutations within the globally regulatory genes rssB, yqhA, and basR, and the - 10 box of the putative promoter of yqhD-dgkA operon. Especially, yqhA was the first time to be revealed as a gene responsible for inhibitor tolerance. The mutations were all responsible for improved fitness, while basR mutation greatly contributed to the fitness improvement of E. coli-H. This study, for the first time, generated an inhibitor-tolerant levoglucosan-utilizing strain that could produce cost-effective bioethanol from the toxic bio-oil without detoxification process, and provided important experimental evidence and valuable genetic/proteinic information for the development of other robust microbial platforms involved in lignocellulose biorefining processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Chang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Fabrice Ndayisenga
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhisheng Yu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
- RCEES-IMCAS-UCAS Joint-Lab of Microbial Technology for Environmental Science, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China.
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Kumar M, You S, Beiyuan J, Luo G, Gupta J, Kumar S, Singh L, Zhang S, Tsang DCW. Lignin valorization by bacterial genus Pseudomonas: State-of-the-art review and prospects. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 320:124412. [PMID: 33249259 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The most prominent aromatic feedstock on Earth is lignin, however, lignin valorization is still an underrated subject. The principal preparatory strategies for lignin valorization are fragmentation and depolymerization which help in the production of fuels and chemicals. Owing to lignin's structural heterogeneity, these strategies result in product generation which requires tedious separation and purification to extract target products. The bacterial genus Pseudomonas has been dominant for its lignin valorization potency, owing to a robust enzymatic machinery that is used to funnel variable lignin derivatives into certain target products such as polyhydroxyalkanotes (PHAs) and cis, cis-muconic acid (MA). In this review, the potential of genus Pseudomonas in lignin valorization is critically reviewed along with the advanced genetic techniques and tools to ease the use of lignin/lignin-model compounds for the synthesis of bioproducts. This review also highlights the research gaps in lignin biovalorization and discuss the challenges and possibilities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; CSIR - National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Siming You
- University of Glasgow, James Watt School of Engineering, Glasgow G12 8 QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jingzi Beiyuan
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Juhi Gupta
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- CSIR - National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Lal Singh
- CSIR - National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Abdilla-Santes R, Rasrendra C, Winkelman J, Heeres H. Conversion of levoglucosan to glucose using an acidic heterogeneous Amberlyst 16 catalyst: Kinetics and packed bed measurements. Chem Eng Res Des 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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Promoting microbial utilization of phenolic substrates from bio-oil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 46:1531-1545. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02208-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The economic viability of the biorefinery concept is limited by the valorization of lignin. One possible method of lignin valorization is biological upgrading with aromatic-catabolic microbes. In conjunction, lignin monomers can be produced by fast pyrolysis and fractionation. However, biological upgrading of these lignin monomers is limited by low water solubility. Here, we address the problem of low water solubility with an emulsifier blend containing approximately 70 wt% Tween® 20 and 30 wt% Span® 80. Pseudomonas putida KT2440 grew to an optical density (OD600) of 1.0 ± 0.2 when supplied with 1.6 wt% emulsified phenolic monomer-rich product produced by fast pyrolysis of red oak using an emulsifier dose of 0.076 ± 0.002 g emulsifier blend per g of phenolic monomer-rich product. This approach partially mitigated the toxicity of the model phenolic monomer p-coumarate to the microbe, but not benzoate or vanillin. This study provides a proof of concept that processing of biomass-derived phenolics to increase aqueous availability can enhance microbial utilization.
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Anthony WE, Carr RR, DeLorenzo DM, Campbell TP, Shang Z, Foston M, Moon TS, Dantas G. Development of Rhodococcus opacus as a chassis for lignin valorization and bioproduction of high-value compounds. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:192. [PMID: 31404385 PMCID: PMC6683499 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The current extraction and use of fossil fuels has been linked to extensive negative health and environmental outcomes. Lignocellulosic biomass-derived biofuels and bioproducts are being actively considered as renewable alternatives to the fuels, chemicals, and materials produced from fossil fuels. A major challenge limiting large-scale, economic deployment of second-generation biorefineries is the insufficient product yield, diversity, and value that current conversion technologies can extract from lignocellulose, in particular from the underutilized lignin fraction. Rhodococcus opacus PD630 is an oleaginous gram-positive bacterium with innate catabolic pathways and tolerance mechanisms for the inhibitory aromatic compounds found in depolymerized lignin, as well as native or engineered pathways for hexose and pentose sugars found in the carbohydrate fractions of biomass. As a result, R. opacus holds potential as a biological chassis for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biodiesel precursors and other value-added products. This review begins by examining the important role that lignin utilization will play in the future of biorefineries and by providing a concise survey of the current lignin conversion technologies. The genetic machinery and capabilities of R. opacus that allow the bacterium to tolerate and metabolize aromatic compounds and depolymerized lignin are also discussed, along with a synopsis of the genetic toolbox and synthetic biology methods now available for engineering this organism. Finally, we summarize the different feedstocks that R. opacus has been demonstrated to consume, and the high-value products that it has been shown to produce. Engineered R. opacus will enable lignin valorization over the coming years, leading to cost-effective conversion of lignocellulose into fuels, chemicals, and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston E. Anthony
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Rhiannon R. Carr
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA
| | - Drew M. DeLorenzo
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA
| | - Tayte P. Campbell
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Zeyu Shang
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA
| | - Marcus Foston
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA
| | - Tae Seok Moon
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA
| | - Gautam Dantas
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108 USA
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Chang D, Yu Z, Ul Islam Z, French WT, Zhang Y, Zhang H. Proteomic and metabolomic analysis of the cellular biomarkers related to inhibitors tolerance in Zymomonas mobilis ZM4. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:283. [PMID: 30356850 PMCID: PMC6190654 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxic compounds present in both the hydrolysate and pyrolysate of lignocellulosic biomass severely hinder the further conversion of lignocellulose-derived fermentable sugars into useful chemicals by common biocatalysts like Zymomonas mobilis, which has remarkable advantages over yeast. Although the extra detoxification treatment prior to fermentation process can help biocatalysts to eliminate the inhibitory environment, it is not environment friendly and cost effective for industrial application. As also reported by previous studies, an ideal and holistic approach to solve this issue is to develop microbial strains with inhibitor tolerance. However, previously engineered strains had the limitation that they could not cope well with the synergistic effect of multiple inhibitors as they are resistant only to a single inhibitor. Hence, understanding the universal cellular responses of Z. mobilis to various inhibitors may guide the designing of rational strategies to obtain more robust engineered strains for biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass. RESULTS Quantitative proteomics and metabolomics approaches were used to determine the cellular responses of Z. mobilis ZM4 to representative biomass-derived inhibitors like formic acid, acetic acid, furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and phenol. The differentially expressed proteins identified under the challenge of single and combined inhibitors were involved in cell wall/membrane biogenesis, energy production, DNA replication, DNA recombination, DNA repair, DNA transcription, RNA translation, posttranslational modification, biosynthesis of amino acids, central carbon metabolism, etc. Metabolomics analysis showed that the up- or down-regulation pattern of metabolites was changed consistently with that of relevant proteins. CONCLUSION Fifteen up-regulated proteins (e.g., Isopropylmalate isomerase LeuC, transcription-repair-coupling factor Mfd, and phosphoglucose isomerase PGI) and thirteen down-regulated proteins (e.g., TonB-dependent transporter ZMO1522, transcription termination factor Rho, and S1/P1 nuclease ZMO0127) were identified as candidate proteins related to all the stress conditions, implying that these proteins are potential biomarkers for the improvement of Z. mobilis ZM4 to resist complex biomass-derived inhibitors. These data can be used to generate a database of inhibitor-tolerance biomarkers, which could provide a basis for engineering Z. mobilis that would be able to grow in the presence of multiple inhibitors and directly ferment the biomass-derived sugars into biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Chang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhisheng Yu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zia Ul Islam
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - W. Todd French
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 9595, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Environmental Protection Bureau, Shunyi District, Beijing, 101300 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
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Stanford JP, Hall PH, Rover MR, Smith RG, Brown RC. Separation of sugars and phenolics from the heavy fraction of bio-oil using polymeric resin adsorbents. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Islam ZU, Klykov SP, Yu Z, Chang D, Hassan EB, Zhang H. Fermentation of Detoxified Acid-Hydrolyzed Pyrolytic Anhydrosugars into Bioethanol with Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2.399. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683818010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Abdilla RM, Rasrendra CB, Heeres HJ. Kinetic Studies on the Conversion of Levoglucosan to Glucose in Water Using Brønsted Acids as the Catalysts. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018; 57:3204-3214. [PMID: 29910534 PMCID: PMC5997467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fast pyrolysis is as a promising and versatile technology to depolymerize and concentrate sugars from lignocellulosic biomass. The pyrolysis liquids produced contain considerable amounts of levoglucosan (1,6-anhydro-β-d-glucopyranose), which is an interesting source for glucose (GLC). Here, we report a kinetic study on the conversion of levoglucosan (LG) to GLC in water using sulfuric and acetic acid as the catalysts under a wide range of conditions in a batch setup. The effects of the initial LG loading (0.1-1 M), sulfuric and acetic acid concentrations (0.05-0.5 M and 0.5-1 M, respectively), and reaction temperatures (80-200 °C) were determined. Highest GLC yields were obtained using sulfuric acid (98 mol %), whereas the yields were lower for acetic acid (maximum 90 mol %) due to the formation of byproducts such as insoluble polymers (humins). The experimental data were modeled using MATLAB software, and relevant kinetic parameters were determined. Good agreement between experimental and model was obtained when assuming that the reaction is first order with respect to LG. The activation energies were 123.4 kJ mol-1 and 120.9 kJ mol-1 for sulfuric and acetic acid, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Abdilla
- Green Chemical Reaction Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Brawijaya, MT. Haryono 167, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - C B Rasrendra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - H J Heeres
- Green Chemical Reaction Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Liu D, Kim KH, Sun J, Simmons BA, Singh S. Cascade Production of Lactic Acid from Universal Types of Sugars Catalyzed by Lanthanum Triflate. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:598-604. [PMID: 29178399 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass conversion into value-added platform chemicals in the non-toxic, water-tolerant Lewis acid, and water solutions bears the hallmark of green chemistry. Lactic acid derived from biomass is an important chemical building block for biodegradable polymers such as polylactide. Herein, a universal method of converting lignocellulosic sugars into lactic acid using catalytic amount of water-stable Lewis acid La(OTf)3 is demonstrated. The lignocellulosic sugars studied in this work include 1) pyrolytic sugars from pyrolysis oil, and 2) sugars derived from ionic liquid (IL)-pretreated biomass. Under moderate conditions (250 °C, 1 h), levoglucosan (major pyrolytic sugar), glucose, and xylose were converted into lactic acid with carbon-based molar yields of 75, 74, and 61 %, respectively. Furthermore, roughly 49 mol % (based on levoglucosan) and 74 wt % (relative to pretreated biomass) of lactic acid were obtained from the conversion of pyrolytic sugars and sugar-rich fraction after lignin removal from switchgrass, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first reported conversion of pyrolytic sugar into lactic acid by chemocatalysis and also lignocellulosic sugars are converted into lactic acid without hydrolysis. This approach could potentially be extended to other lignocellulosic sugars after simple removal of lignin from biomass pretreatment, rendering moderate to high yields of lactic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajiang Liu
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biomass Science and Conversion Technology Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
| | - Kwang Ho Kim
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biomass Science and Conversion Technology Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
| | - Jian Sun
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biomass Science and Conversion Technology Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
| | - Blake A Simmons
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biomass Science and Conversion Technology Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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14
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Jiang L, Wu N, Zheng A, Wang X, Liu M, Zhao Z, He F, Li H, Feng X. Effect of Glycerol Pretreatment on Levoglucosan Production from Corncobs by Fast Pyrolysis. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E599. [PMID: 30965903 PMCID: PMC6418773 DOI: 10.3390/polym9110599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, glycerol was used in corncobs' pretreatment to promote levoglucosan production by fast pyrolysis first and then was further utilized as raw material for chemicals production by microbial fermentation. The effects of glycerol pretreatment temperatures (220⁻240 °C), time (0.5⁻3 h) and solid-to-liquid ratios (5⁻20%) were investigated. Due to the accumulation of crystalline cellulose and the removal of minerals, the levoglucosan yield was as high as 35.8% from corncobs pretreated by glycerol at 240 for 3 h with a 5% solid-to-liquid ratio, which was obviously higher than that of the control (2.2%). After glycerol pretreatment, the fermentability of the recovered glycerol remaining in the liquid stream from glycerol pretreatment was evaluated by Klebsiella pneumoniae. The results showed that the recovered glycerol had no inhibitory effect on the growth and metabolism of the microbe, which was a promising substrate for fermentation. The value-added applications of glycerol could reduce the cost of biomass pretreatment. Correspondingly, this manuscript offers a green, sustainable, efficient and economic strategy for an integrated biorefinery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Nannan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Anqing Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Ming Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Zengli Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Fang He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Haibin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xinjun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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15
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Damage to the microbial cell membrane during pyrolytic sugar utilization and strategies for increasing resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 44:1279-1292. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1958-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is an appealing feedstock for the production of biorenewable fuels and chemicals, and thermochemical processing is a promising method for depolymerizing it into sugars. However, trace compounds in this pyrolytic sugar syrup are inhibitory to microbial biocatalysts. This study demonstrates that hydrophobic inhibitors damage the cell membrane of ethanologenic Escherichia coli KO11+lgk. Adaptive evolution was employed to identify design strategies for improving pyrolytic sugar tolerance and utilization. Characterization of the resulting evolved strain indicates that increased resistance to the membrane-damaging effects of the pyrolytic sugars can be attributed to a glutamine to leucine mutation at position 29 of carbon storage regulator CsrA. This single amino acid change is sufficient for decreasing EPS protein production and increasing membrane integrity when exposed to pyrolytic sugars.
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16
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Kim KH, Brown RC, Daugaard T, Tivol WF, Auer M, Simmons B, Singh S. Strategy for Extending the Stability of Bio-oil-Derived Phenolic Oligomers by Mild Hydrotreatment with Ionic-Liquid-Stabilized Nanoparticles. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:884-893. [PMID: 27992678 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of catalytic transformations and processes is essential to utilize bio-oil and lignin derivatives. Metal nanoparticles (M-NPs) stabilized in ionic liquids (ILs) are promising for the catalytic hydrotreatment of bio-oil because the properties of the catalyst system can be customized by combining the appropriate IL and metal nanoparticles. Herein, we demonstrate an experimental approach to stabilize lignin-derived phenolics isolated from bio-oil with ruthenium NPs stabilized by an ionic copolymer in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2 C1 Im][OAc]). The mild hydrotreatment of phenolic oligomers (POs) was performed with the synthesized M-NP catalyst at 100 °C for 6 h. Hydrotreatment of the POs resulted in enhanced thermal stability of the POs by as much as a factor of three, as determined by the aging index and by reducing reactive functionalities, which was also confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and GC analysis. The results support our hypothesis that M-NPs stabilized in ILs can effectively stabilize POs under mild conditions, which could be applicable to any lignin-derived phenolic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Ho Kim
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Biological and Engineering Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Robert C Brown
- Bioeconomy Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - William F Tivol
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Manfred Auer
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Blake Simmons
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Biological and Engineering Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
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17
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Li X, Kersten SR, Schuur B. Extraction of acetic acid, glycolaldehyde and acetol from aqueous solutions mimicking pyrolysis oil cuts using ionic liquids. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Guarnieri MT, Ann Franden M, Johnson CW, Beckham GT. Conversion and assimilation of furfural and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural by Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Metab Eng Commun 2017; 4:22-28. [PMID: 29468129 PMCID: PMC5779731 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The sugar dehydration products, furfural and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF), are commonly formed during high-temperature processing of lignocellulose, most often in thermochemical pretreatment, liquefaction, or pyrolysis. Typically, these two aldehydes are considered major inhibitors in microbial conversion processes. Many microbes can convert these compounds to their less toxic, dead-end alcohol counterparts, furfuryl alcohol and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfuryl alcohol. Recently, the genes responsible for aerobic catabolism of furfural and HMF were discovered in Cupriavidus basilensis HMF14 to enable complete conversion of these compounds to the TCA cycle intermediate, 2-oxo-glutarate. In this work, we engineer the robust soil microbe, Pseudomonas putida KT2440, to utilize furfural and HMF as sole carbon and energy sources via complete genomic integration of the 12 kB hmf gene cluster previously reported from Burkholderia phytofirmans. The common intermediate, 2-furoic acid, is shown to be a bottleneck for both furfural and HMF metabolism. When cultured on biomass hydrolysate containing representative amounts of furfural and HMF from dilute-acid pretreatment, the engineered strain outperforms the wild type microbe in terms of reduced lag time and enhanced growth rates due to catabolism of furfural and HMF. Overall, this study demonstrates that an approach for biological conversion of furfural and HMF, relative to the typical production of dead-end alcohols, enables both enhanced carbon conversion and substantially improves tolerance to hydrolysate inhibitors. This approach should find general utility both in emerging aerobic processes for the production of fuels and chemicals from biomass-derived sugars and in the biological conversion of high-temperature biomass streams from liquefaction or pyrolysis where furfural and HMF are much more abundant than in biomass hydrolysates from pretreatment. HMF and furfural are common microbial inhibitors in biomass conversion. HMF and furfural gene cluster was isolated from Burkholderia phytofirmans.. We heterologously express the HMF/furfural gene cluster in Pseudomonas putida.. Expression enables cultivation on HMF and furfural as a sole carbon source. Expression also enables enhanced conversion on lignocellulosic hydrolysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Guarnieri
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden CO 80401
| | - Mary Ann Franden
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden CO 80401
| | | | - Gregg T Beckham
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden CO 80401
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19
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Luque L, Oudenhoven S, Westerhof R, van Rossum G, Berruti F, Kersten S, Rehmann L. Comparison of ethanol production from corn cobs and switchgrass following a pyrolysis-based biorefinery approach. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:242. [PMID: 28702087 PMCID: PMC5505144 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0661-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the main obstacles in lignocellulosic ethanol production is the necessity of pretreatment and fractionation of the biomass feedstocks to produce sufficiently pure fermentable carbohydrates. In addition, the by-products (hemicellulose and lignin fraction) are of low value, when compared to dried distillers grains (DDG), the main by-product of corn ethanol. Fast pyrolysis is an alternative thermal conversion technology for processing biomass. It has recently been optimized to produce a stream rich in levoglucosan, a fermentable glucose precursor for biofuel production. Additional product streams might be of value to the petrochemical industry. However, biomass heterogeneity is known to impact the composition of pyrolytic product streams, as a complex mixture of aromatic compounds is recovered with the sugars, interfering with subsequent fermentation. The present study investigates the feasibility of fast pyrolysis to produce fermentable pyrolytic glucose from two abundant lignocellulosic biomass sources in Ontario, switchgrass (potential energy crop) and corn cobs (by-product of corn industry). RESULTS Demineralization of biomass removes catalytic centers and increases the levoglucosan yield during pyrolysis. The ash content of biomass was significantly decreased by 82-90% in corn cobs when demineralized with acetic or nitric acid, respectively. In switchgrass, a reduction of only 50% for both acids could be achieved. Conversely, levoglucosan production increased 9- and 14-fold in corn cobs when rinsed with acetic and nitric acid, respectively, and increased 11-fold in switchgrass regardless of the acid used. After pyrolysis, different configurations for upgrading the pyrolytic sugars were assessed and the presence of potentially inhibitory compounds was approximated at each step as double integral of the UV spectrum signal of an HPLC assay. The results showed that water extraction followed by acid hydrolysis and solvent extraction was the best upgrading strategy. Ethanol yields achieved based on initial cellulose fraction were 27.8% in switchgrass and 27.0% in corn cobs. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that ethanol production from switchgrass and corn cobs is possible following a combined thermochemical and fermentative biorefinery approach, with ethanol yields comparable to results in conventional pretreatments and fermentation processes. The feedstock-independent fermentation ability can easily be assessed with a simple assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Luque
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON Canada
- Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources, University of Western Ontario, 22312 Wonderland Road, Ilderton, ON Canada
| | - Stijn Oudenhoven
- Sustainable Process Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Westerhof
- Sustainable Process Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Guus van Rossum
- Shell Global Solutions International BV, P.O. Box 38000, 1030 BN Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Franco Berruti
- Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources, University of Western Ontario, 22312 Wonderland Road, Ilderton, ON Canada
| | - Sascha Kersten
- Sustainable Process Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Rehmann
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON Canada
- Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources, University of Western Ontario, 22312 Wonderland Road, Ilderton, ON Canada
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20
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Chen J, Liang J, Wu S. Lignin-rich biomass of cotton by-products for biorefineries via pyrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 218:402-409. [PMID: 27393830 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis was demonstrated to investigate the thermal decomposition characteristics and potential of lignin-rich cotton by-products cotton exocarp (CE) and spent mushroom substrate consisted of cotton by-products (MSC) for biorefineries. The chemical component and structure alteration of CE and MSC was found to affect their thermochemical behaviors. The bio-oil yield from CE was 58.13wt% while the maximum yield from MSC was 45.01% at 600°C. The phenolic compounds obtained from CE and MSC were 33.9% and 39.2%, respectively. The yield of acetic acid from MSC between 400 and 600°C was about 30-38% lower than that from CE, which suggests the high quality of bio-oil was obtained. Biochar from MSC via slow pyrolysis had a high mass yield (44.38wt%) with well-developed pore structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Jiajin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Shubin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
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21
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Jiang L, Wu N, Zheng A, Zhao Z, He F, Li H. The integration of dilute acid hydrolysis of xylan and fast pyrolysis of glucan to obtain fermentable sugars. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:196. [PMID: 27651831 PMCID: PMC5022164 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fermentable sugars are important intermediates in the biological conversion of biomass. Hemicellulose and amorphous cellulose are easily hydrolyzed to fermentable sugars in dilute acid, whereas crystalline cellulose is more difficult to be hydrolyzed. Cellulose fast pyrolysis is an alternative method to liberate valuable fermentable sugars from biomass. The amount of levoglucosan generated from lignocellulose by fast pyrolysis is usually lower than the theoretical yield based on the cellulose fraction. Pretreatment is a promising route to improve the yield of levoglucosan from lignocellulose. RESULTS The integration of dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis and fast pyrolysis to obtain fermentable sugars was evaluated in this study. Dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis could remove more than 95.1 and 93.4 % of xylan (the main component of hemicellulose) from sugarcane bagasse and corncob with high yield of xylose. On the other hand, dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis was also an effective pretreatment to enhance levoglucosan yield from lignocellulose. Dilute acid hydrolysis could accumulate glucan (the component of cellulose) and remove most of the alkali and alkaline earth metals which were powerful catalysts during fast pyrolysis. Further increase in dilute acid concentration (from 0 to 2 %) in pretreatment could promote the yield of levoglucosan in fast pyrolysis. The acid pretreated sugarcane bagasse and corncob gave levoglucosan yields of 43.8 and 35.2 % which were obvious higher than those of raw sugarcane bagasse (12.0 %) and corncob (7.0 %). CONCLUSIONS Obtaining fermentable sugars by combination dilute acid hydrolysis of xylan and fast pyrolysis of glucan could make full utilization of biomass, and get fermentable sugars economically from biomass for bio-refinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Guangzhou, 510640 China
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Nannan Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Guangzhou, 510640 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Anqing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Zengli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Fang He
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Haibin Li
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Guangzhou, 510640 China
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22
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Yin W, Tang Z, Venderbosch RH, Zhang Z, Cannilla C, Bonura G, Frusteri F, Heeres HJ. A One-Step Synthesis of C6 Sugar Alcohols from Levoglucosan and Disaccharides Using a Ru/CMK-3 Catalyst. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ENTEG, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhenchen Tang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ENTEG, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Zheng Zhang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ENTEG, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catia Cannilla
- CNR-ITAE, Istituto
di Tecnologie Avanzate per l’Energia “Nicola Giordano”, Via S. Lucia sopra Contesse, 5-98126 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bonura
- CNR-ITAE, Istituto
di Tecnologie Avanzate per l’Energia “Nicola Giordano”, Via S. Lucia sopra Contesse, 5-98126 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Frusteri
- CNR-ITAE, Istituto
di Tecnologie Avanzate per l’Energia “Nicola Giordano”, Via S. Lucia sopra Contesse, 5-98126 Messina, Italy
| | - Hero Jan Heeres
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ENTEG, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Lian J, McKenna R, Rover MR, Nielsen DR, Wen Z, Jarboe LR. Production of biorenewable styrene: utilization of biomass-derived sugars and insights into toxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 43:595-604. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1734-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Fermentative production of styrene from glucose has been previously demonstrated in Escherichia coli. Here, we demonstrate the production of styrene from the sugars derived from lignocellulosic biomass depolymerized by fast pyrolysis. A previously engineered styrene-producing strain was further engineered for utilization of the anhydrosugar levoglucosan via expression of levoglucosan kinase. The resulting strain produced 240 ± 3 mg L−1 styrene from pure levoglucosan, similar to the 251 ± 3 mg L−1 produced from glucose. When provided at a concentration of 5 g L−1, pyrolytic sugars supported styrene production at titers similar to those from pure sugars, demonstrating the feasibility of producing this important industrial chemical from biomass-derived sugars. However, the toxicity of contaminant compounds in the biomass-derived sugars and styrene itself limit further gains in production. Styrene toxicity is generally believed to be due to membrane damage. Contrary to this prevailing wisdom, our quantitative assessment during challenge with up to 200 mg L−1 of exogenously provided styrene showed little change in membrane integrity; membrane disruption was observed only during styrene production. Membrane fluidity was also quantified during styrene production, but no changes were observed relative to the non-producing control strain. This observation that styrene production is much more damaging to the membrane integrity than challenge with exogenously supplied styrene provides insight into the mechanism of styrene toxicity and emphasizes the importance of verifying proposed toxicity mechanisms during production instead of relying upon results obtained during exogenous challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieni Lian
- grid.34421.30 0000000419367312 Bioeconomy Institute Iowa State University 50011-2230 Ames IA USA
| | - Rebekah McKenna
- grid.215654.1 0000000121512636 Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy Arizona State University Phoenix AZ USA
| | - Marjorie R Rover
- grid.34421.30 0000000419367312 Bioeconomy Institute Iowa State University 50011-2230 Ames IA USA
| | - David R Nielsen
- grid.215654.1 0000000121512636 Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy Arizona State University Phoenix AZ USA
| | - Zhiyou Wen
- grid.34421.30 0000000419367312 Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Iowa State University Ames IA USA
| | - Laura R Jarboe
- grid.34421.30 0000000419367312 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Iowa State University 3051 Sweeney Hall 50011-2230 Ames IA USA
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24
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Zhao X, Jarboe L, Wen Z. Utilization of pyrolytic substrate by microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: cell membrane property change as a response of the substrate toxicity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4241-51. [PMID: 26995605 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7439-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acetic acid derived from fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is a promising substrate for microalgae fermentation for producing lipid-rich biomass. However, crude pyrolytic acetic acid solution contains various toxic compounds inhibiting algal growth. It was hypothesized that such an inhibition was mainly due to the cell membrane damage. In this work, the cell membrane property of algal cells was evaluated at various conditions to elucidate the mechanisms of inhibition caused by the pyrolytic substrate solution. It was found that acetic acid itself served a carbon source for boosting algal cell growth but also caused cell membrane leakage. The acetic acid concentration for highest cell density was 4 g/L. Over-liming treatment of crude pyrolytic acetic acid increased the algal growth with a concurrent reduction of cell membrane leakage. Directed evolution of algal strain enhanced cell membrane integrity and thus increased its tolerance to the toxicity of the crude substrate. Statistical analysis shows that there was a significant correlation between the cell growth performance and the cell membrane integrity (leakage) but not membrane fluidity. The addition of cyto-protectants such as Pluronic F68 and Pluronic F127 enhanced the cell membrane integrity and thus, resulted in enhanced cell growth. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of algal cells visually confirmed the cell membrane damage as the mechanism of the pyrolytic substrate inhibition. Collectively, this work indicates that the cell membrane is one major reason for the toxicity of pyrolytic acetic acid when being used for algal culture. To better use this pyrolytic substrate, cell membrane of the microorganism needs to be strengthened through either strain improvement or addition of membrane protectant reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Zhao
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Laura Jarboe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Zhiyou Wen
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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25
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Lian J, Choi J, Tan YS, Howe A, Wen Z, Jarboe LR. Identification of Soil Microbes Capable of Utilizing Cellobiosan. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149336. [PMID: 26872347 PMCID: PMC4752346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 100 million tons of anhydrosugars, such as levoglucosan and cellobiosan, are produced through biomass burning every year. These sugars are also produced through fast pyrolysis, the controlled thermal depolymerization of biomass. While the microbial pathways associated with levoglucosan utilization have been characterized, there is little known about cellobiosan utilization. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of six cellobiosan-utilizing microbes from soil samples. Each of these organisms is capable of using both cellobiosan and levoglucosan as sole carbon source, though both minimal and rich media cellobiosan supported significantly higher biomass production than levoglucosan. Ribosomal sequencing was used to identify the closest reported match for these organisms: Sphingobacterium multivorum, Acinetobacter oleivorans JC3-1, Enterobacter sp SJZ-6, and Microbacterium sps FXJ8.207 and 203 and a fungal species Cryptococcus sp. The commercially-acquired Enterobacter cloacae DSM 16657 showed growth on levoglucosan and cellobiosan, supporting our isolate identification. Analysis of an existing database of 16S rRNA amplicons from Iowa soil samples confirmed the representation of our five bacterial isolates and four previously-reported levoglucosan-utilizing bacterial isolates in other soil samples and provided insight into their population distributions. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA of strains previously reported to utilize levoglucosan and our newfound isolates showed that the organisms isolated in this study are distinct from previously described anhydrosugar-utilizing microbial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieni Lian
- Bioeconomy Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jinlyung Choi
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Yee Shiean Tan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Adina Howe
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Zhiyou Wen
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Laura R. Jarboe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Conversion of levoglucosan and cellobiosan by Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Metab Eng Commun 2016; 3:24-29. [PMID: 29468111 PMCID: PMC5779712 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrolysis offers a straightforward approach for the deconstruction of plant cell wall polymers into bio-oil. Recently, there has been substantial interest in bio-oil fractionation and subsequent use of biological approaches to selectively upgrade some of the resulting fractions. A fraction of particular interest for biological upgrading consists of polysaccharide-derived substrates including sugars and sugar dehydration products such as levoglucosan and cellobiosan, which are two of the most abundant pyrolysis products of cellulose. Levoglucosan can be converted to glucose-6-phosphate through the use of a levoglucosan kinase (LGK), but to date, the mechanism for cellobiosan utilization has not been demonstrated. Here, we engineer the microbe Pseudomonas putida KT2440 to use levoglucosan as a sole carbon and energy source through LGK integration. Moreover, we demonstrate that cellobiosan can be enzymatically converted to levoglucosan and glucose with β-glucosidase enzymes from both Glycoside Hydrolase Family 1 and Family 3. β-glucosidases are commonly used in both natural and industrial cellulase cocktails to convert cellobiose to glucose to relieve cellulase product inhibition and to facilitate microbial uptake of glucose. Using an exogenous β-glucosidase, we demonstrate that the engineered strain of P. putida can grow on levoglucosan up to 60 g/L and can also utilize cellobiosan. Overall, this study elucidates the biological pathway to co-utilize levoglucosan and cellobiosan, which will be a key transformation for the biological upgrading of pyrolysis-derived substrates. Levoglucosan kinase is engineered into Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Cellobiosan can be cleaved to levoglucosan and glucose by β-glucosidases. This provides a path forward to co-utilize levoglucosan and cellobiosan. These transformations will be important for hybrid processing applications.
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Jiang L, Zheng A, Zhao Z, He F, Li H, Wu N. The comparison of obtaining fermentable sugars from cellulose by enzymatic hydrolysis and fast pyrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 200:8-13. [PMID: 26476158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sugars are one of intermediates in the biological and chemical conversion of biomass. The objective of this study was to make comparison of obtaining fermentable sugars by enzymatic hydrolysis and fast pyrolysis of ball milling pretreated cellulose. After ball milling pretreatment for 0-18h, with the accumulation of alkali and alkali earth metals (from 50.8 to 276.4ppm) and decrease of the crystalline structure (from 89.8% to 10.1%), the hydrolysis yields increased from 23.6% to 56.0% in enzymatic saccharification, while the yields of levoglucosan diminished from 61.5% to 45.6% gradually in fast pyrolysis. Both enzymatic saccharification and fast pyrolysis had unique attractive features and unfavorable limitations. The present research provided a concept for considering choices among the technologies and feedstocks currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Anqing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zengli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fang He
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Haibin Li
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Nannan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Shen Y, Jarboe L, Brown R, Wen Z. A thermochemical–biochemical hybrid processing of lignocellulosic biomass for producing fuels and chemicals. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1799-813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Jiang L, Zheng A, Zhao Z, He F, Li H. Comprehensive utilization of glycerol from sugarcane bagasse pretreatment to fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 196:194-9. [PMID: 26241838 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of glycerol pretreatment on subsequent glycerol fermentation and biomass fast pyrolysis were investigated. The liquid fraction from the pretreatment process was evaluated to be feasible for fermentation by Paenibacillus polymyxa and could be an economic substrate. The pretreated biomass was further utilized to obtain levoglucosan by fast pyrolysis. The pretreated sugarcane bagasse exhibited significantly higher levoglucosan yield (47.70%) than that of un-pretreated sample (11.25%). The promotion could likely be attributed to the effective removal of alkali and alkaline earth metals by glycerol pretreatment. This research developed an economically viable manufacturing paradigm to utilize glycerol comprehensively and enhance the formation of levoglucosan effectively from lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Anqing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zengli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fang He
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Haibin Li
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Jiang L, Zheng A, Zhao Z, He F, Li H, Liu W. Obtaining fermentable sugars by dilute acid hydrolysis of hemicellulose and fast pyrolysis of cellulose. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 182:364-367. [PMID: 25690683 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to get fermentable sugars by dilute acid hydrolysis of hemicellulose and fast pyrolysis of cellulose from sugarcane bagasse. Hemicellulose could be easily hydrolyzed by dilute acid as sugars. The remained solid residue of acid hydrolysis was utilized to get levoglucosan by fast pyrolysis economically. Levoglucosan yield from crystalline cellulose could be as high as 61.47%. Dilute acid hydrolysis was also a promising pretreatment for levoglucosan production from lignocellulose. The dilute acid pretreated sugarcane bagasse resulted in higher levoglucosan yield (40.50%) in fast pyrolysis by micropyrolyzer, which was more effective than water washed (29.10%) and un-pretreated (12.84%). It was mainly ascribed to the effective removal of alkali and alkaline earth metals and the accumulation of crystalline cellulose. This strategy seems a promising route to achieve inexpensive fermentable sugars from lignocellulose for biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Anqing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zengli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Fang He
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Haibin Li
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Mathematical modeling of the fermentation of acid-hydrolyzed pyrolytic sugars to ethanol by the engineered strain Escherichia coli ACCC 11177. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:4093-105. [PMID: 25750044 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pyrolysate from waste cotton was acid hydrolyzed and detoxified to yield pyrolytic sugars, which were fermented to ethanol by the strain Escherichia coli ACCC 11177. Mathematical models based on the fermentation data were also constructed. Pyrolysate containing an initial levoglucosan concentration of 146.34 g/L gave a glucose yield of 150 % after hydrolysis, suggesting that other compounds were hydrolyzed to glucose as well. Ethyl acetate-based extraction of bacterial growth inhibitors with an ethyl acetate/hydrolysate ratio of 1:0.5 enabled hydrolysate fermentation by E. coli ACCC 11177, without a standard absorption treatment. Batch processing in a fermenter exhibited a maximum ethanol yield and productivity of 0.41 g/g and 0.93 g/L·h(-1), respectively. The cell growth rate (r x ) was consistent with a logistic equation [Formula: see text], which was determined as a function of cell growth (X). Glucose consumption rate (r s ) and ethanol formation rate (r p ) were accurately validated by the equations [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively. Together, our results suggest that combining mathematical models with fermenter fermentation processes can enable optimized ethanol production from cellulosic pyrolysate with E. coli. Similar approaches may facilitate the production of other commercially important organic substances.
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Santhanaraj D, Rover MR, Resasco DE, Brown RC, Crossley S. Gluconic acid from biomass fast pyrolysis oils: specialty chemicals from the thermochemical conversion of biomass. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:3132-3137. [PMID: 25204798 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fast pyrolysis of biomass to produce a bio-oil followed by catalytic upgrading is a widely studied approach for the potential production of fuels from biomass. Because of the complexity of the bio-oil, most upgrading strategies focus on removing oxygen from the entire mixture to produce fuels. Here we report a novel method for the production of the specialty chemical, gluconic acid, from the pyrolysis of biomass. Through a combination of sequential condensation of pyrolysis vapors and water extraction, a solution rich in levoglucosan is obtained that accounts for over 30% of the carbon in the bio-oil produced from red oak. A simple filtration step yields a stream of high-purity levoglucosan. This stream of levoglucosan is then hydrolyzed and partially oxidized to yield gluconic acid with high purity and selectivity. This combination of cost-effective pyrolysis coupled with simple separation and upgrading could enable a variety of new product markets for chemicals from biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Santhanaraj
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, 100 E. Boyd Street, Room T301 Norman, OK 73019 (USA)
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Johnston PA, Brown RC. Quantitation of sugar content in pyrolysis liquids after acid hydrolysis using high-performance liquid chromatography without neutralization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:8129-8133. [PMID: 25093902 DOI: 10.1021/jf502250n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A rapid method for the quantitation of total sugars in pyrolysis liquids using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed. The method avoids the tedious and time-consuming sample preparation required by current analytical methods. It is possible to directly analyze hydrolyzed pyrolysis liquids, bypassing the neutralization step usually required in determination of total sugars. A comparison with traditional methods was used to determine the validity of the results. The calibration curve coefficient of determination on all standard compounds was >0.999 using a refractive index detector. The relative standard deviation for the new method was 1.13%. The spiked sugar recoveries on the pyrolysis liquid samples were between 104 and 105%. The research demonstrates that it is possible to obtain excellent accuracy and efficiency using HPLC to quantitate glucose after acid hydrolysis of polymeric and oligomeric sugars found in fast pyrolysis bio-oils without neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Johnston
- Bioeconomy Institute and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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