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Li Q, Wu L, Pang Y, Liu B, Zhu X, Zhao C. Novel Fluorinated Anion Exchange Membranes Based on Poly(Pentafluorophenyl-Carbazole) with High Ionic Conductivity and Alkaline Stability for Fuel Cell Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300734. [PMID: 38361081 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Constructing good microphase separation structures by designing different polymer backbones and ion-conducting groups is an effective strategy for improving the ionic conductivity and chemical stability of anion exchange membranes (AEMs). In this study, a series of AEMs based on the poly(pentafluorophenylcarbazole) backbone grafted with different cationic groups are designed and prepared to construct well-defined microphase separation morphology and improve the trade-off between the properties of AEMs. Highly hydrophobic fluorinated backbone and alkyl spaces enhance phase separation and construct interconnected hydrophilic channels for anion transport. The ionic conductivity of the PC-PF-QA membrane is 123 mS cm-1 at 80 °C, and the ionic conductivity of the PC-PF-QA membrane decreased by only 6% after 960 h of immersion at 60 °C in 1 M NaOH aqueous solution. The maximum peak power density of the single cell based on PC-PF-QA is 214 mW cm-2 at 60 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijia Li
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Liming Wu
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yang Pang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Binghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xuanbo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Chengji Zhao
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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2
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Ma W, Tian L, Zhu Q, Zhang S, Wang F, Zhu H. Highly Hydrophilic Zirconia Composite Anion Exchange Membrane for Water Electrolysis and Fuel Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:11849-11859. [PMID: 38411114 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
To prepare anion exchange membranes with high water electrolysis and single fuel cell performance, an inorganic-organic composite (IOC) strategy with click cross-linked membranes coated with different contents of hydrophilic polar nanozirconia is proposed to fabricate composite membranes (CM) PBP-SH-Zrx. The performance test results showed that the CM PBP-SH-Zr4 not only has good through-plane ionic conductivity (167.7 mS cm-1, 80 °C), but also exhibits satisfactory dimensional stability (SR 16.5%, WU 206.4%, 80 °C), especially demonstrating excellent alkaline stability with only 16% degradation (2 M NaOH for 2200 h). In water electrolysis, the "microgap" between the membrane and catalyst layer (solid-solid interface) is alleviated, and the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) interfacial compatibility (liquid-solid-solid interface) is enhanced. The CM PBP-SH-Zr4 showed the lowest charge transfer resistance (Rct, 0.037 Ω cm2) and a high current density of 2.5 A cm-2 at 2.2 V, while the voltage drop was 0.361 mV h-1 after 360 h of endurance (six start-stop cycles) at 60 °C and 500 mA cm-2, proving a good water electrolysis durability. Moreover, an acceptable peak power density of 0.464 W cm-2 at 80 °C is achieved in a H2/O2 fuel cell with a PBP-SH-Zr4-AEM. Therefore, the IOC strategy can enhance the membrane's comprehensive performance and interface compatibility of MEA and may promote the development of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) for water electrolysis and fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuhuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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3
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Wang F, Sun Z, Zhang H, Zhu H. Study on AEMs with Excellent Comprehensive Performance Prepared by Covalently Cross-Linked p-Triphenyl with SEBS Remotely Grafted Piperidine Cations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:7894-7903. [PMID: 38300277 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
A series of SEBS-C6-PIP-yPTP (y = 0-15%) AEMs with good mechanical and chemical stability were prepared by combining the strong rigidity of p-triphenyl, good toughness of SEBS, and excellent stability of PIP cations. After the introduction of a p-triphenyl polymer into the main chain, a clear hydrophilic-hydrophobic phase separation structure was constructed within the membrane, forming a continuous and interconnected ion transport channel to improve ion transport efficiency. Moreover, the molecular chains of the cross-linked AEMs change from chain-like to network-like, and the tighter binding between each molecule increases the tensile strength. The special structure of the six-membered ring makes PIP have a significant constraint effect; when nucleophilic substitution and Hoffman elimination occur at the α and β positions, the required transition state potential energy increases, making the reaction difficult to occur and improving the alkaline stability of the polymer membrane. The SEBS-C6-PIP-15%PTP membrane has the best mechanical properties (Ts = 38.79 MPa, Eb = 183.09% at 80 °C, 100% RH), the highest ion conductivity (102.02 mS. cm-1 at 80 °C), and the best alkaline stability (6.23% degradation at 80 °C in a 2 M NaOH solution for 1400 h). It can be seen that organic-organic covalent cross-linking is an effective means to improve the comprehensive performance of AEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhaonan Sun
- China Fire and Rescue Institute, Beijing 102201, China
| | - Hanfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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Willdorf-Cohen S, Zhegur-Khais A, Ponce-González J, Bsoul-Haj S, Varcoe JR, Diesendruck CE, Dekel DR. Alkaline Stability of Anion-Exchange Membranes. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2023; 6:1085-1092. [PMID: 36937111 PMCID: PMC10016746 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.2c03689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the development of durable anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) has increased in intensity due to their potential to use low-cost, sustainable components. However, the decomposition of the quaternary ammonium (QA) cationic groups in the anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) during cell operation is still a major challenge. Many different QA types and functionalized polymers have been proposed that achieve high AEM stabilities in strongly alkaline aqueous solutions. We previously developed an ex situ technique to measure AEM alkaline stabilities in an environment that simulates the low-hydration conditions in an operating AEMFC. However, this method required the AEMs to be soluble in DMSO solvent, so decomposition could be monitored using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). We now report the extension of this ex situ protocol to spectroscopically measure the alkaline stability of insoluble AEMs. The stability ofradiation-grafted (RG) poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene)-(ETFE)-based poly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium) (ETFE-TMA) and poly(vinylbenzyltriethylammonium) (ETFE-TEA) AEMs were studied using Raman spectroscopy alongside changes in their true OH- conductivities and ion-exchange capacities (IEC). A crosslinked polymer made from poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzyl chloride) random copolymer and N,N,N',N'-tetraethyl-1,3-propanediamine (TEPDA) was also studied. The results are consistent with our previous studies based on QA-type model small molecules and soluble poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide) (PPO) polymers. Our work presents a reliable ex situ technique to measure the true alkaline stability of AEMs for fuel cells and water electrolyzers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapir Willdorf-Cohen
- The
Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa3200003, Israel
| | - Avital Zhegur-Khais
- The
Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa3200003, Israel
| | - Julia Ponce-González
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Surrey, GuildfordGU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Saja Bsoul-Haj
- The
Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa3200003, Israel
| | - John R. Varcoe
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Surrey, GuildfordGU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Charles E. Diesendruck
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa3200003, Israel
- The
Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa3200003, Israel
| | - Dario R. Dekel
- The
Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa3200003, Israel
- The
Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa3200003, Israel
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5
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Motoishi Y, Tanaka N, Fujigaya T. Postmodification of highly delocalized cations in an azide-based polymer via copper-catalyzed cycloaddition for anion exchange membranes. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Samsudin AM, Roschger M, Wolf S, Hacker V. Preparation and Characterization of QPVA/PDDA Electrospun Nanofiber Anion Exchange Membranes for Alkaline Fuel Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3965. [PMID: 36432251 PMCID: PMC9693389 DOI: 10.3390/nano12223965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been considerable interest in anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) as part of fuel cell technology. Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) provide a significant contribution to the development of fuel cells, particularly in terms of performance and efficiency. Polymer composite membranes composed of quaternary ammonium poly(vinyl alcohol) (QPVA) as electrospun nanofiber mats and a combination of QPVA and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) as interfiber voids matrix filler were prepared and characterized. The influence of various QPVA/PDDA mass ratios as matrix fillers on anion exchange membranes and alkaline fuel cells was evaluated. The structural, morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties of AEMs were characterized. To evaluate the AEMs' performances, several measurements comprise swelling properties, ion exchange capacity (IEC), hydroxide conductivity (σ), alkaline stability, and single-cell test in fuel cells. The eQP-PDD0.5 acquired the highest hydroxide conductivity of 43.67 ms cm-1 at 80 °C. The tensile strength of the membranes rose with the incorporation of the filler matrix, with TS ranging from 23.18 to 24.95 Mpa. The peak power density and current density of 24 mW cm-2 and 131 mA cm-2 were achieved with single cells comprising eQP-PDD0.5 membrane at 57 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asep Muhamad Samsudin
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, 8020 Graz, Austria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
| | - Michaela Roschger
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | - Sigrid Wolf
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | - Viktor Hacker
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, 8020 Graz, Austria
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Tang J, Xu X, Tang T, Zhong Y, Shao Z. Perovskite-Based Electrocatalysts for Cost-Effective Ultrahigh-Current-Density Water Splitting in Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer Cell. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2201099. [PMID: 36251791 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Development of cost-effective water splitting technology that allows low-overpotential operation at high current density with non-precious catalysts is the key for large-scale hydrogen production. Herein, it is demonstrated that the versatile perovskite-based oxides, usually applied for operating at low current density and room temperature in alkaline solution, can be developed into low-cost, highly active and durable electrocatalysts for operating at high current densities in a zero-gap anion exchange membrane electrolyzer cell (AEMEC). The composite perovskite with mixed phases of Ruddlesden-Popper and single perovskite is applied as the anode in AEMEC and exhibits highly promising performance with an overall water-splitting current density of 2.01 A cm-2 at a cell voltage of only 2.00 V at 60 °C with stable performance. The elevated temperature to promote anion diffusion in membrane boosts oxygen evolution kinetics by enhancing lattice-oxygen participation. The bifunctionality of perovskites further promises the more cost-effective symmetrical AEMEC configuration, and a primary cell with the composite perovskite as both electrodes delivers 3.00 A cm-2 at a cell voltage of only 2.42 V. This work greatly expands the use of perovskites as robust electrocatalysts for industrial water splitting at high current density with great practical application merit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Tang
- WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering (WASM-MECE), Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Xiaomin Xu
- WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering (WASM-MECE), Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Tony Tang
- Blackstone Minerals Limited, Perth, WA, 6005, Australia
| | - Yijun Zhong
- WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering (WASM-MECE), Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Zongping Shao
- WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering (WASM-MECE), Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
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8
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Wang T, Zhang Y, Wang Y, You W. Transition-metal-free preparation of polyethylene-based anion exchange membranes from commercial EVA. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Ouma CNM, Obodo KO, Bessarabov D. Computational Approaches to Alkaline Anion-Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1051. [PMID: 36363606 PMCID: PMC9693448 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) are key components in relatively novel technologies such as alkaline exchange-based membrane fuel cells and AEM-based water electrolyzers. The application of AEMs in these processes is made possible in an alkaline environment, where hydroxide ions (OH-) play the role of charge carriers in the presence of an electrocatalyst and an AEM acts as an electrical insulator blocking the transport of electrons, thereby preventing circuit break. Thus, a good AEM would allow the selective transport of OH- while preventing fuel (e.g., hydrogen, alcohol) crossover. These issues are the subjects of in-depth studies of AEMs-both experimental and theoretical studies-with particular emphasis on the ionic conductivity, ion exchange capacity, fuel crossover, durability, stability, and cell performance properties of AEMs. In this review article, the computational approaches used to investigate the properties of AEMs are discussed. The different modeling length scales are microscopic, mesoscopic, and macroscopic. The microscopic scale entails the ab initio and quantum mechanical modeling of alkaline AEMs. The mesoscopic scale entails using molecular dynamics simulations and other techniques to assess the alkaline electrolyte diffusion in AEMs, OH- transport and chemical degradation in AEMs, ion exchange capacity of an AEM, as well as morphological microstructures. This review shows that computational approaches can be used to investigate different properties of AEMs and sheds light on how the different computational domains can be deployed to investigate AEM properties.
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Samsudin AM, Bodner M, Hacker V. A Brief Review of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)-Based Anion Exchange Membranes for Alkaline Fuel Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173565. [PMID: 36080640 PMCID: PMC9460312 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Anion exchange membrane fuel cells have unique advantages and are thus gaining increasing attention. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is one of the potential polymers for the development of anion exchange membranes. This review provides recent studies on PVA-based membranes as alternative anion exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cells. The development of anion exchange membranes in general, including the types, materials, and preparation of anion exchange membranes in the last years, are discussed. The performances and characteristics of recently reported PVA-based membranes are highlighted, including hydroxide conductivity, water uptake, swelling degree, tensile strength, and fuel permeabilities. Finally, some challenging issues and perspectives for the future study of anion exchange membranes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asep Muhamad Samsudin
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
| | - Merit Bodner
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Viktor Hacker
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Kuppusamy HG, Dhanasekaran P, Nagaraju N, Neeshma M, Dass BM, Dhavale VM, Unni SM, Bhat SD. Anion Exchange Membranes for Alkaline Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells-A Concise Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5601. [PMID: 36013738 PMCID: PMC9413767 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solid anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolytes are an essential commodity considering their importance as separators in alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells (APEFC). Mechanical and thermal stability are distinguished by polymer matrix characteristics, whereas anion exchange capacity, transport number, and conductivities are governed by the anionic group. The physico-chemical stability is regulated mostly by the polymer matrix and, to a lesser extent, the cationic head framework. The quaternary ammonium (QA), phosphonium, guanidinium, benzimidazolium, pyrrolidinium, and spirocyclic cation-based AEMs are widely studied in the literature. In addition, ion solvating blends, hybrids, and interpenetrating networks still hold prominence in terms of membrane stability. To realize and enhance the performance of an alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cell (APEFC), it is also necessary to understand the transport processes for the hydroxyl (OH-) ion in anion exchange membranes. In the present review, the radiation grafting of the monomer and chemical modification to introduce cationic charges/moiety are emphasized. In follow-up, the recent advances in the synthesis of anion exchange membranes from poly(phenylene oxide) via chloromethylation and quaternization, and from aliphatic polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol) and chitosan via direct quaternization are highlighted. Overall, this review concisely provides an in-depth analysis of recent advances in anion exchange membrane (AEM) and its viability in APEFC.
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Abstract
In recent years, fuel cell (FC) technology has seen a promising increase in its proportion in stationary power production. Several pilot projects are in operation across the world, with the number of running hours steadily rising, either as stand-alone units or as part of integrated gas turbine–electric energy plants. FCs are a potential energy source with great efficiency and zero emissions. To ensure the best performance, they normally function within a confined temperature and humidity range; nevertheless, this makes the system difficult to regulate, resulting in defects and hastened deterioration. For diagnosis, there are two primary approaches: restricted input information, which gives an unobtrusive, rapid yet restricted examination, and advanced characterization, which provides a more accurate diagnosis but frequently necessitates invasive or delayed tests. Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms have shown considerable promise in providing accurate diagnoses with quick data collecting. This work focuses on software models that allow the user to evaluate many different possibilities in the shortest amount of time and is a vital method for proper and dynamic analysis of such entities. The artificial neural network, genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, random forest, support vector machine, and extreme learning machine are common AI approaches discussed in this review. This article examines the modern practice and provides recommendations for future machine learning methodologies in fuel cell diagnostic applications. In this study, these six AI tools are specifically explained with results for a better understanding of the fuel cell diagnosis. The conclusion suggests that these approaches are not only a popular and beneficial tool for simulating the nature of an FC system, but they are also appropriate for optimizing the operational parameters necessary for an ideal FC device. Finally, observations and ideas for future research, enhancements, and investigations are offered.
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Molecular Modeling in Anion Exchange Membrane Research: A Brief Review of Recent Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113574. [PMID: 35684512 PMCID: PMC9182285 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) fuel cells have attracted growing interest, due to their encouraging advantages, including high power density and relatively low cost. AEM is a polymer matrix, which conducts hydroxide (OH−) ions, prevents physical contact of electrodes, and has positively charged head groups (mainly quaternary ammonium (QA) groups), covalently bound to the polymer backbone. The chemical instability of the quaternary ammonium (QA)-based head groups, at alkaline pH and elevated temperature, is a significant threshold in AEMFC technology. This review work aims to introduce recent studies on the chemical stability of various QA-based head groups and transportation of OH− ions in AEMFC, via modeling and simulation techniques, at different scales. It starts by introducing the fundamental theories behind AEM-based fuel-cell technology. In the main body of this review, we present selected computational studies that deal with the effects of various parameters on AEMs, via a variety of multi-length and multi-time-scale modeling and simulation methods. Such methods include electronic structure calculations via the quantum Density Functional Theory (DFT), ab initio, classical all-atom Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, and coarse-grained MD simulations. The explored processing and structural parameters include temperature, hydration levels, several QA-based head groups, various types of QA-based head groups and backbones, etc. Nowadays, many methods and software packages for molecular and materials modeling are available. Applications of such methods may help to understand the transportation mechanisms of OH− ions, the chemical stability of functional head groups, and many other relevant properties, leading to a performance-based molecular and structure design as well as, ultimately, improved AEM-based fuel cell performances. This contribution aims to introduce those molecular modeling methods and their recent applications to the AEM-based fuel cells research community.
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14
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Yuan W, Zeng L, Jiang S, Yuan C, He Q, Wang J, Liao Q, Wei Z. High performance poly(carbazolyl aryl piperidinium) anion exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Binding and Degradation Reaction of Hydroxide Ions with Several Quaternary Ammonium Head Groups of Anion Exchange Membranes Investigated by the DFT Method. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092686. [PMID: 35566033 PMCID: PMC9104685 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercialization of anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) has been limited due to the chemical degradation of various quaternary ammonium (QA) head groups, which affects the transportation of hydroxide (OH−) ions in AEMs. Understanding how various QA head groups bind and interact with hydroxide ions at the molecular level is of fundamental importance to developing high-performance AEMs. In this work, the binding and degradation reaction of hydroxide ions with several QA head groups—(a) pyridinium, (b) 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane (DABCO), (c) benzyltrimethylammonium (BTMA), (d) n-methyl piperidinium, (e) guanidium, and (f) trimethylhexylammonium (TMHA)—are investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) method. Results of binding energies (“∆” EBinding) show the following order of the binding strength of hydroxide ions with the six QA head groups: (a) > (c) > (f) > (d) > (e) > (b), suggesting that the group (b) has a high transportation rate of hydroxide ions via QA head groups of the AEM. This trend is in good agreement with the trend of ion exchange capacity from experimental data. Further analysis of the absolute values of the LUMO energies for the six QA head groups suggests the following order for chemical stability: (a) < (b)~(c) < (d) < (e) < (f). Considering the comprehensive studies of the nucleophilic substitution (SN2) degradation reactions for QA head groups (c) and (f), the chemical stability of QA (f) is found to be higher than that of QA (c), because the activation energy (“∆” EA) of QA (c) is lower than that of QA (f), while the reaction energies (“∆” ER) for QA (c) and QA (f) are similar at the different hydration levels (HLs). These results are also in line with the trends of LUMO energies and available chemical stability data found through experiments.
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16
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Yuan W, Zeng L, Li Y, Wang J, Wang X, Liao Q, Li L, Wei Z. Ultrathin and Super Strong UHMWPE Supported Composite Anion Exchange Membranes with Outstanding Fuel Cells Performance. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105499. [PMID: 34984828 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
For high-performance anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs), the anion exchange membrane (AEMs) should be as thin as possible to reduce the ohmic resistance. However, the mechanical stability of ultrathin AEMs cannot be guaranteed, as well as a huge risk of gas (H2 &O2 ) permeation. In this work, composite AEMs based on ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) are prepared by in situ bulk polymerization. The as-prepared composite membranes can be as thin as 4 µm, and possess super high strength beyond 150 MPa. It also shows extremely low hydrogen permeation, low water uptake, low dimensional swelling, high conductivity, and good alkaline stability. In addition, the fuel cell performance based on the ultrathin composite AEMs exhibits outstanding peak power density of 1014 and 534 mW cm-2 for H2 -O2 and H2 -Air (CO2 -free) at 65 °C, respectively, as well as good short-term durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Lingping Zeng
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Jianchuan Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Xi Wang
- Shenzhen SENIOR Technology Materials Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Qiang Liao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Zidong Wei
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
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17
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Al Munsur AZ, Lee J, Chae JE, Kim HJ, Park CH, Nam SY, Kim TH. Hexyl quaternary ammonium- and fluorobenzoyl-grafted SEBS as hydrophilic–hydrophobic comb-type anion exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Liu M, Hu X, Hu B, Liu L, Li N. Soluble poly(aryl piperidinium) with extended aromatic segments as anion exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cells and water electrolysis. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Yang W, Chen J, Yan J, Liu S, Yan Y, Zhang Q. Advance of click chemistry in anion exchange membranes for energy application. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Yang
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Centre Northwestern Polytechnical University Chongqing People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yan
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Centre Northwestern Polytechnical University Chongqing People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Centre Northwestern Polytechnical University Chongqing People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yan
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Centre Northwestern Polytechnical University Chongqing People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
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20
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Yang Y, Li P, Zheng X, Sun W, Dou SX, Ma T, Pan H. Anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzers and fuel cells. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9620-9693. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00038e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The key components, working management, and operating techniques of anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzers and fuel cells are reviewed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxiong Yang
- Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenping Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Shi Xue Dou
- Institute of Energy Material Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Tianyi Ma
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Hongge Pan
- Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an, 710021, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
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21
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Polynorbornene-based anion exchange membranes with hydrophobic large steric hindrance arylene substituent. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangna Guo
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yingjie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Feng Yan
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 China
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23
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Jheng LC, Hsu CY, Yeh HY. Anion Exchange Membranes Based on Imidazoline Quaternized Polystyrene Copolymers for Fuel Cell Applications. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:901. [PMID: 34832132 PMCID: PMC8623886 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Imidazoline is a five-membered heterocycle derived by the partial reduction of one double bond of the imidazole ring. This work prepared new anion exchange membranes (AEMs) based on imidazoline quaternized polystyrene copolymers bearing N-b-hydroxyethyl oleyl imidazolinium pendent groups to evaluate the application potential for anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). For comparison, an imidazole quaternized polystyrene copolymer was also synthesized. The polymer chemical structure was confirmed by FTIR, NMR, and TGA. In addition, the essential properties of membranes, including ion exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake, and hydroxide conductivity, were measured. The alkaline stabilities of imidazolium-based and imidazolinium-based AEMs were compared by means of the changes in the TGA thermograms, FTIR spectra, and hydroxide conductivity during the alkaline treatment in 1 M KOH at 60 °C for 144 h. The results showed that the imidazolinium-based AEMs exhibited relatively lower hydroxide conductivity (5.77 mS/cm at 70 °C) but much better alkaline stability compared with the imidazolium-based AEM. The imidazolinium-based AEM (PSVBImn-50) retained 92% of its hydroxide conductivity after the alkaline treatment. Besides, the fuel cell performance of the imidazolium-based and imidazolinium-based AEMs was examined by single-cell tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Cheng Jheng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (H.-Y.Y.)
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24
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Enhanced performance of poly(olefin)-based anion exchange membranes cross-linked by triallylmethyl ammonium iodine and divinylbenzene. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Liang X, Ge X, He Y, Xu M, Shehzad MA, Sheng F, Bance‐Soualhi R, Zhang J, Yu W, Ge Z, Wei C, Song W, Peng J, Varcoe JR, Wu L, Xu T. 3D-Zipped Interface: In Situ Covalent-Locking for High Performance of Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102637. [PMID: 34636177 PMCID: PMC8596103 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells can generate high power using a potentially green fuel (H2 ) and zero emissions of greenhouse gas (CO2 ). However, significant mass transport resistances in the interface region of the membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs), between the membrane and the catalyst layers remains a barrier to achieving MEAs with high power densities and long-term stabilities. Here, a 3D-interfacial zipping concept is presented to overcome this challenge. Vinylbenzyl-terminated bi-cationic quaternary-ammonium-based polyelectrolyte is employed as both the anionomer in the anion-exchange membrane (AEM) and catalyst layers. A quaternary-ammonium-containing covalently locked interface is formed by thermally induced inter-crosslinking of the terminal vinyl groups. Ex situ evaluation of interfacial bonding strength and in situ durability tests demonstrate that this 3D-zipped interface strategy prevents interfacial delamination without any sacrifice of fuel cell performance. A H2 /O2 AEMFC test demonstration shows promisingly high power densities (1.5 W cm-2 at 70 °C with 100% RH and 0.2 MPa backpressure gas feeds), which can retain performances for at least 120 h at a usefully high current density of 0.6 A cm-2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Material EngineeringHuainan Normal UniversityHuainanAnhui232001P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Yubin He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Mai Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Material EngineeringHuainan Normal UniversityHuainanAnhui232001P. R. China
| | - Muhammad A. Shehzad
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Fangmeng Sheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | | | - Jianjun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Weisheng Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Zijuan Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Chengpeng Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Wanjie Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Jinlan Peng
- The Center for Micro‐ and Nanoscale Research and FabricationUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - John R. Varcoe
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyGU2 7XHUK
| | - Liang Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Tongwen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
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26
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Xu F, Chen Y, Lin B, Li J, Qiu K, Ding J. Highly Durable Ether-Free Polyfluorene-Based Anion Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1180-1185. [PMID: 35549033 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) with excellent chemical and dimensional stability and high conductivity faces several challenges. In the present work, a novel ether-free durable polyfluorene (PF) without fluorine-bearing pendant piperidinium groups was synthesized by the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. Alkyl groups were introduced into the backbone of PF to enhance the solubility and flexibility of PF-based AEMs, and the transparent and flexible polymer membrane showed a high conductivity of 80.44 mS cm-1 and excellent alkaline stability in 2 M KOH solution at 80 °C. Although the membrane possesses a high ion exchange capacity (IEC) (2.49 mequiv g-1), it exhibits a low swelling ratio (9.4% at 80 °C), excellent mechanical properties, and dimensional stability. The H2/O2 single cell assembled with PFPE-Pi exhibited a maximum power density of 661 mW cm-2 at a current density of 1280 mA cm-2 at 80 °C. The present work provides a simple and effective strategy for the preparation of ether-free polyfluorene-based AEMs with high conductivity, excellent mechanical properties, and dimensional stability for application in alkaline fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Yanbo Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Bencai Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Ke Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Jianning Ding
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
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27
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Cao H, Pan J, Zhu H, Sun Z, Wang B, Zhao J, Yan F. Interaction Regulation Between Ionomer Binder and Catalyst: Active Triple-Phase Boundary and High Performance Catalyst Layer for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101744. [PMID: 34339101 PMCID: PMC8498875 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most crucial components, the catalyst layer (CL) plays a critical role in the performance of anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). However, the effect of the structural evolution of ionomer binder on the micromorphology and catalytic activity of CL is yet to be clarified. In this study, pyrrolidinum and quaternary ammonium cations are attached to the polyphenylene oxide (PPO) backbone through flexible spacer units (five, seven, or nine carbon atoms) with different terminal alkyl groups. The Van der Waals force and electrostatic repulsion between the ionomer binder and catalyst are regulated through the flexible spacer units and terminal alkyl groups to alleviate the agglomeration of catalyst particles and acquire a high catalytic activity. To evaluate the electrochemical stability of the cationic groups, the alkaline stability of the ionomer binder is tested under a constant voltage to simulate the true operational environment of the fuel cells. The results reveal that the degradation of the cation groups of ionomer binder is accelerated under a constant voltage condition. This phenomenon in neglect earlier, may serve as a useful reference for the synthesis and performance enhancement of ionomer binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixing Cao
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Ji Pan
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Hairong Zhu
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Zhe Sun
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Bowen Wang
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Junliang Zhao
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Feng Yan
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
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28
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Pellerite MJ, Lomeda JR. Characterizing Cation Chemistry for Anion Exchange Membranes- para-Alkyl-Substituted Benzyltetramethylimidazolium and Benzyltrimethylammonium Salts in Base. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13481-13490. [PMID: 34543574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Base stability and degradation of imidazolium-functional materials have been a focus of research on anion exchange membranes for electrochemical devices. Despite extensive work, mechanistic questions can cloud efforts to correlate results from model compounds and polymeric membranes. Here, we report an NMR study of behavior in aqueous KOH of benzyltetramethylimidazolium and benzyltrimethylammonium salts with and without para-alkyl-substitution to probe whether base attack at the alkyl substituent plays a role in the reaction pathways. In all cases, the major products from the imidazolium salts are consistent with hydrolytic ring fragmentation as the principal mode of decomposition. Also, relative decomposition kinetics for both types of salts provided no conclusive evidence for a change in reaction mechanism upon introduction of the alkyl substituent. While our data do not rule out base attack at the alkyl group in the cases where rate differences were noted, these differences appear to be better attributed to reaction medium effects of submicrometer oil phase droplets arising from salt aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Pellerite
- Corporate Research Laboratories 3M Company 3M Center, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55144, United States
| | - Jay R Lomeda
- Corporate Research Laboratories 3M Company 3M Center, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55144, United States
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29
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Yang W, Liu S, Yan J, Zhong F, Jia N, Yan Y, Zhang Q. Metallo-Polyelectrolyte-Based Robust Anion Exchange Membranes via Acetalation of a Commodity Polymer. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Yang
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Chongqing 401135, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Chongqing 401135, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yan
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Chongqing 401135, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, P. R. China
| | - Fenglin Zhong
- Queen Mary University of London Engineering School, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, P. R. China
| | - Nanfang Jia
- Beijing BOE Display Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yan
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Chongqing 401135, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, P. R. China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, P. R. China
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30
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Cao J, Ma D, Yu SH. Future directions of material chemistry and energy chemistry. PURE APPL CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2020-1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Energy is an important substantial foundation for the survival and development of humans. However, the over-consumption of resources and environmental pollution have become more prominent. The key factors for solving energy problems are to increase energy utilization efficiency and optimize energy structure. The development of new materials is the research emphasis in the field of material chemistry all the time. For instance, developing new light-capture materials and catalysts to improve the efficiency of existing photovoltaic cells is one of the most effective approaches to increasing solar power capacity radically. The design of high-performance catalytic materials to make better use of energy from fossil fuels and biomass. In addition, it is an important research direction of material chemistry and energy chemistry to deeply understand the reaction mechanism of energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , P. R. China
| | - Ding Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and College of Engineering, and BIC-ESAT, Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
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31
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Yang Q, Sun LX, Gao WT, Zhu ZY, Gao X, Zhang QG, Zhu AM, Liu QL. Crown ether-based anion exchange membranes with highly efficient dual ion conducting pathways. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 604:492-499. [PMID: 34274712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are a crucial constituent for alkaline fuel cells. As the core component of fuel cells, the low performance AEMs restrict the development and application of the fuel cells. Herein, the trade-off between the OH- conductivity and dimensional stability was solved by constructing AEMs with adequate OH- conductivity and satisfactory alkali resistance using Tröger's base (TB) poly (crown ether)s (PCEs) as the main chain, the embedded quaternary ammonium (QA) and Na+-functionalized crown ether units as the cationic group. Crown ether is an electron donator, and can capture Na+ to form Na+-functionalized crown ether units to conveniently transfer OH- and significantly promote the alkaline stability of the AEMs. The influence of the Na+-functionalized crown ether units on the performance of AEMs was studied in detail. The PCEs based AEMs show an obvious hydrophobic-hydrophilic microphase separation. These features make them ideal platforms for the OH- conduction applications. As expected, the as-prepared PCEs-QA-100% (100% is the degree of cross-linking) AEM with an ionic exchange capacity (IEC) of 2.07 meq g-1 has a high OH- conductivity of 159 mS cm-1 at 80 °C. Furthermore, the membrane electrode assemblies fabricated using the PCEs-QA-100% AEM possess a maximum power density of 291 mW cm-2 under the current density of 500 mA cm-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - L X Sun
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - W T Gao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Z Y Zhu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - X Gao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Q G Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - A M Zhu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Q L Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Wang F, Wang D, Nagao Y. OH - Conductive Properties and Water Uptake of Anion Exchange Thin Films. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2694-2697. [PMID: 33928758 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Several investigations have indicated that proton conduction and hydration properties of acidic ionomers differ from those of membranes. However, relations between the OH- conductivity and water uptake in thin film forms of anion exchange membranes have not been reported yet. For this study, new in situ measurements were established to elucidate the OH- conductivity and water uptake without allowing any influence of CO2 from the air. Poly[(9,9-bis(6'-(N,N,N-trimethylammonium)-hexyl)-9H-fluorene)-alt-(1,4-benzene)], denoted as PFB+ , was synthesized as a model ionomer. The highest OH- conductivity of 273 nm-thick PFB+ film was 5.3×10-2 S cm-1 at 25 °C under 95 % relative humidity (RH), which is comparable to the reported OH- conductivity of PFB+ membrane. Reduced OH- conductivity was found in the thinner film at 95 % RH. The decreased OH- conductivity is explainable by the reduced number of water molecules contained in the thinner film. The OH- conductivity was reduced only slightly under the same water uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Wang
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
| | - Dongjin Wang
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagao
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
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Facilitating ionic conduction for anion exchange membrane via employing star-shaped block copolymer. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wang K, Zhang Z, Li S, Zhang H, Yue N, Pang J, Jiang Z. Side-Chain-Type Anion Exchange Membranes Based on Poly(arylene ether sulfone)s Containing High-Density Quaternary Ammonium Groups. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:23547-23557. [PMID: 33979135 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To obtain anion exchange membranes with both high ionic conductivity and good dimensional stability, a series of side-chain-type poly(arylene ether sulfone)s (PAES-QDTPM-x) were designed and synthesized. Quaternary ammonium (QA) groups were densely aggregated and grafted onto the main chain via flexible hydrophobic spacers. Well-defined microphase separation was confirmed by small-angle X-ray scattering. PAES-QDTPM-0.30 exhibited reasonably high conductivity (39.4 mS cm-1 at 20 °C and 76.1 mS cm-1 at 80 °C) and excellent dimensional stability at 80 °C (11.9% in length, 11.2% in thickness) due to the concentration of ion clusters and the side-chain-type structure. All membranes maintained over 82% of the conductivity after alkali treatment for 14 days. In the H2/O2 fuel cell performance test, the maximum power density of PAES-QDTPM-0.30 at 60 °C was 225.8 mW cm-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqi Wang
- Laboratory of High Performance Plastics (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenpeng Zhang
- Shenyang Rubber Research & Design Institute Company Limited, Shenyang 110021, People's Republic of China
| | - Su Li
- Laboratory of High Performance Plastics (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Laboratory of High Performance Plastics (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Nailin Yue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Electron Microscopy Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Pang
- Laboratory of High Performance Plastics (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Jiang
- Laboratory of High Performance Plastics (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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Kumeda T, Hoshi N, Nakamura M. Effect of Hydrophobic Cations on the Inhibitors for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Anions and Ionomers Adsorbed on Single-Crystal Pt Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:15866-15871. [PMID: 33755425 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Weakening of the poisoning by the specifically adsorbed anions assists in developing next-generation electrocatalysts for use in low-temperature fuel cells. In this study, we evaluated how hydrophobic cations with different alkyl chain lengths affect the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activities on the single-crystal Pt surfaces in contact with sulfuric acid solution and Nafion ionomers. Interfacial tetraalkylammonium cations with longer alkyl chains activated the ORR on the Pt(111) surface. In a solution containing tetrahexylammonium cations (THA+), the ORR activities on Pt(111) in sulfuric acid solution and on Nafion-modified Pt(111) in perchloric acid solution were four and eight times higher than those in the solutions without THA+, respectively. Infrared spectroscopy revealed the reduction of the amount of (bi)sulfate anions and the sulfonate group of Nafion adsorbed on Pt(111) due to the presence of THA+. The hydrophobic cations weaken the noncovalent interactions between specifically adsorbed species and promote the ORR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Kumeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Nagahiro Hoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Masashi Nakamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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Li Z, Yu R, Liu C, Zheng J, Guo J, Sherazi TA, Li S, Zhang S. Preparation and characterization of side-chain poly(aryl ether ketone) anion exchange membranes by superacid-catalyzed reaction. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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37
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Lu X, Abruña HD. Anion Exchange and Water Dynamics in a Phosphonium-Based Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane Material for Fuel Cells: An Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:10979-10986. [PMID: 33620201 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The anion exchange and water dynamics of a phosphonium-based alkaline anion exchange membrane (AAEM) during the methanol oxidation process have been studied with the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). The viscoelastic effects of the phosphonium-based AAEM in water and the optimal film thickness for EQCM analysis were identified by acoustic impedance analysis. The phosphonium-based AAEM exhibited stronger mechanical toughness in water when compared to a quaternary-ammonium-based membrane that was studied previously. From the simultaneous measurement of the electrochemical response and the frequency changes of the quartz crystal oscillator, water ingress/egress to/from the AAEM film was found to accompany the hydrogen adsorption/desorption, Pt oxidation process, and methanol oxidation process. The in situ study of AAEM films helps illustrate the critical role that water transport plays in electrochemical processes during the operation of anion exchange membrane fuel cells. The generated CO32- and HCOO-, during methanol oxidation, were absorbed into the AAEM film, replacing the OH- in the film, as shown by the decrease in frequency after one potential cycle. The exchange of OH- by CO32- and HCOO- was found to be reversible. These results provide insights into the anion exchange processes in membranes and emphasize the importance of characterizing the hydrated membranes under electrochemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Héctor D Abruña
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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38
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Pan ZZ, Li Y, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Chen H. Bulk phase charge transfer in focus – And in sequential along with surface steps. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Wang L, You R, Ling Y, Xie Y, Mei C, Li Z, Wang F. Covalent cross-linked anion exchange membrane based on poly(biphenyl piperidine) and poly(styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene): preparation and properties. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.1888987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liujiao Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Rixin You
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuxuan Ling
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yu Xie
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Cenyu Mei
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ziming Li
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fanghui Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
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40
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Blend membranes based on N1-alkyl-substituted imidazolium functionalized polymers and aromatic polyethers: influence of N1-alkyl substituent on properties and alkaline stability. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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41
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Xue B, Cui W, Zhou S, Zhang Q, Zheng J, Li S, Zhang S. Facile Preparation of Highly Alkaline Stable Poly(arylene–imidazolium) Anion Exchange Membranes through an Ionized Monomer Strategy. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Boxin Xue
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Weidong Cui
- Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Shengyang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jifu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shenghai Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Suobo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing 211816, China
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42
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Abouzari-Lotf E, Jacob MV, Ghassemi H, Zakeri M, Nasef MM, Abdolahi Y, Abbasi A, Ahmad A. Highly conductive anion exchange membranes based on polymer networks containing imidazolium functionalised side chains. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3764. [PMID: 33580110 PMCID: PMC7881124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel types of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) having imidazolium-type functionalised nanofibrous substrates were prepared using the facile and potentially scalable method. The membranes' precursors were prepared by graft copolymerization of vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) onto syndiotactic polypropylene (syn-PP) and polyamide-66 (PA-66) nanofibrous networks followed by crosslinking with 1,8-octanediamine, thermal treatment and subsequent functionalisation of imidazolium groups. The obtained membranes displayed an ion exchange capacity (IEC) close to 1.9 mmol g-1 and ionic (OH-) conductivity as high as 130 mS cm-1 at 80 °C. This was coupled with a reasonable alkaline stability representing more than 70% of their original conductivity under accelerated degradation test in 1 M KOH at 80 °C for 360 h. The effect of ionomer binder on the performance of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) in AEM fuel cell was evaluated with the optimum membrane. The MEA showed a power density of as high as 440 mW cm-2 at a current density is 910 mA cm-2 with diamine crosslinked quaternized polysulfone (DAPSF) binder at 80 °C with 90% humidified H2 and O2 gases. Such performance was 2.3 folds higher than the corresponding MEA performance with quaternary ammonium polysulfone (QAPS) binder at the same operating conditions. Overall, the newly developed membrane was found to possess not only an excellent combination of physico-chemical properties and a reasonable stability but also to have a facile preparation procedure and cheap ingredients making it a promising candidate for application in AEM fuel cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Abouzari-Lotf
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Center of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstraße 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Mohan V Jacob
- Electronics Materials Lab., College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Hossein Ghassemi
- Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 44106-7202, USA
| | - Masoumeh Zakeri
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Center of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Center of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Yadollah Abdolahi
- Nano Chemical Engineering Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Abbasi
- Advanced Materials for Energy Storage, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arshad Ahmad
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Center of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Abstract
The need to safeguard our planet by reducing carbon dioxide emissions has led to a significant development of research in the field of alternative energy sources. Hydrogen has proved to be the most promising molecule, as a fuel, due to its low environmental impact. Even if various methods already exist for producing hydrogen, most of them are not sustainable. Thus, research focuses on the biological sector, studying microalgae, and other microorganisms’ ability to produce this precious molecule in a natural way. In this review, we provide a description of the biochemical and molecular processes for the production of biohydrogen and give a general overview of one of the most interesting technologies in which hydrogen finds application for electricity production: fuel cells.
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44
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Jiang T, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Wu C, Fang H, Yang S, Wei H, Ding Y. Dimensionally and oxidatively stable anion exchange membranes based on bication cross-linked poly(meta-terphenylene alkylene)s. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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Flexible cationic side chains for enhancing the hydroxide ion conductivity of olefinic-type copolymer-based anion exchange membranes: An experimental and theoretical study. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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46
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You W, Ganley JM, Ernst BG, Peltier CR, Ko HY, DiStasio RA, Knowles RR, Coates GW. Expeditious synthesis of aromatic-free piperidinium-functionalized polyethylene as alkaline anion exchange membranes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3898-3910. [PMID: 34163659 PMCID: PMC8179501 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05789d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaline anion exchange membranes (AAEMs) with high hydroxide conductivity and good alkaline stability are essential for the development of anion exchange membrane fuel cells to generate clean energy by converting renewable fuels to electricity. Polyethylene-based AAEMs with excellent properties can be prepared via sequential ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and hydrogenation of cyclooctene derivatives. However, one of the major limitations of this approach is the complicated multi-step synthesis of functionalized cyclooctene monomers. Herein, we report that piperidinium-functionalized cyclooctene monomers can be easily prepared via the photocatalytic hydroamination of cyclooctadiene with piperidine in a one-pot, two-step process to produce high-performance AAEMs. Possible alkaline-degradation pathways of the resultant polymers were analyzed using spectroscopic analysis and dispersion-inclusive hybrid density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Quite interestingly, our theoretical calculations indicate that local backbone morphology-which can potentially change the Hofmann elimination reaction rate constant by more than four orders of magnitude-is another important consideration in the rational design of stable high-performance AAEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei You
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Jacob M Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Brian G Ernst
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Cheyenne R Peltier
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Hsin-Yu Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Robert A DiStasio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Robert R Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Geoffrey W Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
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47
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Wan R, Xu S, Wang J, Yang Y, Zhang D, He R. Construction of ion conducting channels by embedding hydrophilic oligomers in piperidine functionalized poly(2, 6-dimethyl-1, 4-phenylene oxide) membranes. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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48
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Kim SH, Lee KH, Chu JY, Kim AR, Yoo DJ. Enhanced Hydroxide Conductivity and Dimensional Stability with Blended Membranes Containing Hyperbranched PAES/Linear PPO as Anion Exchange Membranes. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12123011. [PMID: 33339390 PMCID: PMC7766666 DOI: 10.3390/polym12123011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel blended anion exchange membranes (AEMs) were prepared with hyperbranched brominated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (Br-HB-PAES) and linear chloromethylated poly(phenylene oxide) (CM-PPO). The as-prepared blended membranes were fabricated with different weight ratios of Br-HB-PAES to CM-PPO, and the quaternization reaction for introducing the ionic functional group was performed by triethylamine. The Q-PAES/PPO-XY (quaternized-PAES/PPO-XY) blended membranes promoted the ion channel formation as the strong hydrogen bonds interconnecting the two polymers were maintained, and showed an improved hydroxide conductivity with excellent thermal behavior. In particular, the Q-PAES/PPO-55 membrane showed a very high hydroxide ion conductivity (90.9 mS cm−1) compared to the pristine Q-HB-PAES membrane (32.8 mS cm−1), a result supported by the morphology of the membrane as determined by the AFM analysis. In addition, the rigid hyperbranched structure showed a suppressed swelling ratio of 17.9–24.9% despite an excessive water uptake of 33.2–50.3% at 90 °C, and demonstrated a remarkable alkaline stability under 2.0 M KOH conditions over 1000 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hee Kim
- Department of Energy Storage/Conversion Engineering, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (S.H.K.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Kyu Ha Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (K.H.L.); (J.Y.C.)
| | - Ji Young Chu
- Department of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (K.H.L.); (J.Y.C.)
| | - Ae Rhan Kim
- Department of Energy Storage/Conversion Engineering, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (S.H.K.); (A.R.K.)
- Department of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (K.H.L.); (J.Y.C.)
| | - Dong Jin Yoo
- Department of Energy Storage/Conversion Engineering, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (S.H.K.); (A.R.K.)
- Department of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (K.H.L.); (J.Y.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-270-3608
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49
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Quílez-Bermejo J, Strutyński K, Melle-Franco M, Morallón E, Cazorla-Amorós D. On the Origin of the Effect of pH in Oxygen Reduction Reaction for Nondoped and Edge-Type Quaternary N-Doped Metal-Free Carbon-Based Catalysts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:54815-54823. [PMID: 33237716 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal-free carbon-based catalysts have gained much attention during the last 15 years as an alternative toward the replacement of platinum-based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, carbon-based catalysts only show promising catalytic activity in alkaline solution. Concurrently, the most optimized polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells use proton exchange membranes. This means that the cathode electrode is surrounded by a protonic environment in which carbon materials show poor performance, with differences above 0.5 V in EONSET for nondoped carbon materials. Therefore, the search for highly active carbon-based catalysts is only possible if we first understand the origin of the poor electrocatalytic activity of this kind of catalysts in acidic conditions. We address this matter through a combined experimental and modeling study, which yields fundamental principles on the origin of the pH effects in ORR for carbon-based materials. This is relevant for the design of pH-independent metal-free carbon-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Quílez-Bermejo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Instituto de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, Alicante 03080, Spain
| | - Karol Strutyński
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Manuel Melle-Franco
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Emilia Morallón
- Departamento de Química Física and Instituto de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, Alicante 03080, Spain
| | - Diego Cazorla-Amorós
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Instituto de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, Alicante 03080, Spain
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50
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High conductivity and alkali-resistant stability of imidazole side chain crosslinked anion exchange membrane. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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