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Lee W, Li H, Du Z, Feng D. Ion transport mechanisms in covalent organic frameworks: implications for technology. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:8182-8201. [PMID: 39021129 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00409d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as promising materials for ion conduction due to their highly tunable structures and excellent electrochemical stability. This review paper explores the mechanisms of ion conduction in COFs, focusing on how these materials facilitate ion transport across their ordered structures, which is crucial for applications such as solid electrolytes in batteries and fuel cells. We discuss the design strategies employed to enhance ion conductivity, including pore size optimization, functionalization with ionic groups, and the incorporation of solvent molecules and salts. Additionally, we examine the various applications of ion-conductive COFs, particularly in energy storage and conversion technologies, highlighting recent advancements and future directions in this field. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on ion-conductive COFs, offering insights into their potential to design highly ion-conductive COFs considering not only fundamental studies but also practical perspectives for advanced electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonmi Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
| | - Haochen Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
| | - Zhilin Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Dawei Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Petla RK, Lindsey I, Li J, Meng X. Interface Modifications of Lithium Metal Anode for Lithium Metal Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400281. [PMID: 38573033 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) enable much higher energy density than lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and thus hold great promise for future transportation electrification. However, the adoption of lithium metal (Li) as an anode poses serious concerns about cell safety and performance, which has been hindering LMBs from commercialization. To this end, extensive effort has been invested in understanding the underlying mechanisms theoretically and experimentally and developing technical solutions. In this review, we devote to providing a comprehensive review of the challenges, characterizations, and interfacial engineering of Li anodes in both liquid and solid LMBs. We expect that this work will stimulate new efforts and help peer researchers find new solutions for the commercialization of LMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Petla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Ian Lindsey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Jianlin Li
- Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Xiangbo Meng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Liu Q, Chen Q, Tang Y, Cheng HM. Interfacial Modification, Electrode/Solid-Electrolyte Engineering, and Monolithic Construction of Solid-State Batteries. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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Ghosh K, Wasim Raja M. Ga-Doped LLZO Solid-State Electrolyte with Unique "Plate-like" Morphology Derived from Water Hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes) Aquatic Weed: Waste to Wealth Conversion. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:33385-33396. [PMID: 36157774 PMCID: PMC9494663 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An attempt has been made for the first time to convert waste biomass such as water hyacinth (WH) to a functional energy material in a cost-effective way. The present research describes a novel exo-templating methodology to develop engineered microstructure of Ga-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 (Li6.25La3Ga0.25Zr2O12, referred as WH-Ga-LLZO) solid-state electrolyte for its use in all solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) by mimicking the intercellular structure of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), an invasive and noxious aquatic plant. The developed exo-templated methodology offers a low calcination temperature of 1000 °C in air where all the major peaks could be indexed as cubic garnet, as confirmed by XRD. The FESEM micrographs revealed a unique "plate-like" morphology that mimicked the intercellular structure of water hyacinth fiber. The bulk lithium-ion conductivity in the WH-Ga-LLZO electrolyte was found to be 3.94 × 10-5 S/cm. Li/WH-Ga-LLZO/Li cells were galvanostatically cycled for a continuous 295 h with increasing step current densities from 28 μA/cm2 without a short circuit. The highest current density as measured for maximum polarization in a symmetric cell was found to be 452 μA/cm2. The WH exo-templated methodology was thus developed and optimized and can be extended for synthesizing any application-specific multifunctional materials.
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Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Electrolytes Based on Al-Doped Li7La3Zr2O12 and Ionic Liquids. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12147318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Organic–inorganic hybrid electrolytes based on Al-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) and two different ionic liquids (ILs), namely N-ethoxyethyl-N-methylpiperidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI IL) and N-ethoxyethyl-N-methylpiperidinium difluoro(oxalato)borate (DFOB IL), were prepared with the aim of improvement of inherent flexibilities of inorganic solid electrolytes. The composites were evaluated in terms of thermal, spectroscopical, and electrochemical properties. In the impedance spectra of LLZO composites with 15 wt% ILs, a semi-circle due to grain boundary resistances was not observed. With the sample merely pressed with 1 ton, without any high-temperature sintering process, the ionic conductivity of 10−3 S cm−1 was achieved at room temperature. Employing a ternary composite of LLZO, FSI IL, and LiFSI as an electrolyte, all-solid-state lithium metal batteries having LiFePO4 as a cathode were assembled. The cell exhibited a capacity above 100 mAh g−1 throughout the course of charge–discharge cycle at C/20. This confirms that FSI IL is an effective additive for inorganic solid electrolytes, which can guarantee the ion conduction.
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Zhang D, Liu Z, Wu Y, Ji S, Yuan Z, Liu J, Zhu M. In Situ Construction a Stable Protective Layer in Polymer Electrolyte for Ultralong Lifespan Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104277. [PMID: 35191226 PMCID: PMC9036025 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state lithium metal batteries (SLMBs) are attracting enormous attention due to their enhanced safety and high theoretical energy density. However, the alkali lithium with high reducibility can react with the solid-state electrolytes resulting in the inferior cycle lifespan. Herein, inspired by the idea of interface design, the 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide as an initiator to generate an artificial protective layer in polymer electrolyte is selected. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal the stable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) is in situ formed between the electrolyte/Li interface. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images demonstrate that the constructed SEI can promote homogeneous Li deposition. As a result, the Li/Li symmetrical cells enable stable cycle ultralong-term for over 4500 h. Moreover, the as-prepared LiFePO4 /Li SLMBs exhibit an impressive ultra-long cycle lifespan over 1300 cycles at 1 C, as well as 1600 cycles at 0.5 C with a capacity retention ratio over 80%. This work offers an effective strategy for the construction of the stable electrolyte/Li interface, paving the way for the rapid development of long lifespan SLMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510641China
| | - Zhengbo Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510641China
| | - Yiwen Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510641China
| | - Shaomin Ji
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light IndustryGuangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhou510006China
| | - Zhanxiang Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light IndustryGuangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhou510006China
| | - Jun Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510641China
| | - Min Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510641China
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Yoon K, Lee S, Oh K, Kang K. Challenges and Strategies towards Practically Feasible Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104666. [PMID: 34747060 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Remarkable improvement of the ionic conductivity of inorganic solid electrolytes (SEs) exceeding 10 mS cm-1 at room temperature has opened up the opportunities to realize the commercialization of solid-state batteries (SSBs). The transition to the intrinsically inflammable SEs also promises that SSBs would successfully utilize lithium metal anode thus achieving the high-energy-density lithium metal batteries without the risk of a safety hazard. However, the practical operation of solid-state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs) still faces the challenges of the poor cycle stability and the low energy efficiency, which are coupled with the interface stability and even with the dendrite growth of lithium metal. This article overviews current understandings regarding the underlying origins of the issues in employing the lithium metal anode in SSLMBs from the five main standpoints: i) the chemical/electrochemical interfacial stability, ii) the microscopic evolution of interfacial morphology, iii) the intrinsic diffusivity of lithium atom/vacancy at the interface, iv) imperfections (defect/pores), and v) non-negligible electronic conductivity of SEs. The discussions are followed on the state-of-the-art efforts and strategies to overcome these respective challenges. Finally, the authors provide their perspectives for the future research directions toward achieving the commercial level of high-energy SSLMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungho Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungbae Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisuk Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research at Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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Lou S, Zhang F, Fu C, Chen M, Ma Y, Yin G, Wang J. Interface Issues and Challenges in All-Solid-State Batteries: Lithium, Sodium, and Beyond. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000721. [PMID: 32705725 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the promise of high safety and energy density, all-solid-state batteries are attracting incremental interest as one of the most promising next-generation energy storage systems. However, their widespread applications are inhibited by many technical challenges, including low-conductivity electrolytes, dendrite growth, and poor cycle/rate properties. Particularly, the interfacial dynamics between the solid electrolyte and the electrode is considered as a crucial factor in determining solid-state battery performance. In recent years, intensive research efforts have been devoted to understanding the interfacial behavior and strategies to overcome these challenges for all-solid-state batteries. Here, the interfacial principle and engineering in a variety of solid-state batteries, including solid-state lithium/sodium batteries and emerging batteries (lithium-sulfur, lithium-air, etc.), are discussed. Specific attention is paid to interface physics (contact and wettability) and interface chemistry (passivation layer, ionic transport, dendrite growth), as well as the strategies to address the above concerns. The purpose here is to outline the current interface issues and challenges, allowing for target-oriented research for solid-state electrochemical energy storage. Current trends and future perspectives in interfacial engineering are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaifeng Lou
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Chuankai Fu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ming Chen
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yulin Ma
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Geping Yin
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
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Wu J, Liu S, Han F, Yao X, Wang C. Lithium/Sulfide All-Solid-State Batteries using Sulfide Electrolytes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000751. [PMID: 32812301 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) are considered as the next generation electrochemical energy storage devices because of their high safety and energy density, simple packaging, and wide operable temperature range. The critical component in ASSLBs is the solid-state electrolyte. Among all solid-state electrolytes, the sulfide electrolytes have the highest ionic conductivity and favorable interface compatibility with sulfur-based cathodes. The ionic conductivity of sulfide electrolytes is comparable with or even higher than that of the commercial organic liquid electrolytes. However, several critical challenges for sulfide electrolytes still remain to be solved, including their narrow electrochemical stability window, the unstable interface between the electrolyte and the electrodes, as well as lithium dendrite formation in the electrolytes. Herein, the emerging sulfide electrolytes and preparation methods are reviewed. In particular, the required properties of the sulfide electrolytes, such as the electrochemical stabilities of the electrolytes and the compatible electrode/electrolyte interfaces are highlighted. The opportunities for sulfide-based ASSLBs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Wu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Sufu Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Fudong Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Xiayin Yao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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Lai C, Shu C, Li W, Wang L, Wang X, Zhang T, Yin X, Ahmad I, Li M, Tian X, Yang P, Tang W, Miao N, Zheng GW. Stabilizing a Lithium Metal Battery by an In Situ Li 2S-modified Interfacial Layer via Amorphous-Sulfide Composite Solid Electrolyte. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8273-8281. [PMID: 33108209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel strategy has been proposed to produce in situ Li2S at the interfacial layer between lithium anode and the solid electrolyte, by using an amorphous-sulfide-LiTFSI-poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) composite solid electrolyte (SLCSE). Besides retarding the decomposition of PVDF in CSE, the Li2S-modified interfacial layer (SMIL) also improves the wettability between lithium metal and SLCSE which in turn optimizes the lithium deposition process. Our density functional theory calculation results reveal that the migration energy barrier of Li passing through SMIL is much lower than that of Li passing through LiF-modified interfacial layer (FMIL) formed from the decomposition of PVDF. The as-prepared SLCSE shows a Li ionic transference number of 0.44 and Li ion conductivity of 3.42 × 10-4 S/cm at room temperature, and the Li||SLCSE||LiFePO4 cell exhibits an outstanding rate performance with a capacity of 153, 144, 131, and 101 mAh/g at a current density of 0.05, 0.10, 0.25, and 0.50 mA/cm2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lai
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Chengyong Shu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Tianran Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Xuesong Yin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingtao Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolu Tian
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Space Power-Sources Technology, Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Sources, Shanghai 200245, People's Republic of China
| | - Naihua Miao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyuan Wesley Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
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Hu B, Yu W, Xu B, Zhang X, Liu T, Shen Y, Lin YH, Nan CW, Li L. An in Situ-Formed Mosaic Li 7Sn 3/LiF Interface Layer for High-Rate and Long-Life Garnet-Based Lithium Metal Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:34939-34947. [PMID: 31465194 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Garnet-type solid electrolytes are suitable for solid-state batteries with a lithium metal anode, but it is challenging to fabricate garnet-based lithium metal batteries with a long cycle life at high rates. This study demonstrates that a mosaic Li7Sn3/LiF interface layer formed in situ on the surface of garnet-type Li6.75La3Zr1.75Ta0.25O12 (LLZT) through the reaction between a SnF2 coating layer and a lithium metal enables stable, high-rate cycling for LLZT-based batteries. The interface layer possesses a nanomosaic structure of Li7Sn3 nanoparticles and surrounding LiF, enabling fast lithium-ion conduction. Meanwhile, ion insulating Li2CO3 on the surface of LLZT pellets is completely removed by SnF2 during the formation of the interface layer, which reduces the ion diffusion barrier from LLZT to the lithium anode. Benefiting from the advantageous interface layer, LiFePO4∥SnF2-LLZT∥Li cells show superior cycle performance over 200 cycles at 1 C (272 μA cm-2) with a capacity of 140.6 mAh g-1 (94.6% retention) at 30 °C. Even at 2 C, a capacity of 102.9 mAh g-1 remains after 200 cycles. This work provides an optimal interfacial structure to enhance lithium-ion migration between garnet electrolytes and a lithium metal and paves the way for developing high-performance solid-state batteries.
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