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Yang Z, Liu L, Zheng Y, Liu Z, Wang L, Yang RC, Liu Z, Wang Y, Chen Z. Enhanced catalytic performance through a single-atom preparation approach: a review on ruthenium-based catalysts. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:16744-16768. [PMID: 39175465 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02289k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The outstanding catalytic properties of single-atom catalysts (SACs) stem from the maximum atom utilization and unique quantum size effects, leading to ever-increasing research interest in SACs in recent years. Ru-based SACs, which have shown excellent catalytic activity and selectivity, have been brought to the frontier of the research field due to their lower cost compared with other noble catalysts. The synthetic approaches for preparing Ru SACs are rather diverse in the open literature, covering a wide range of applications. In this review paper, we attempt to disclose the synthetic approaches for Ru-based SACs developed in the most recent years, such as defect engineering, coordination design, ion exchange, the dipping method, and electrochemical deposition etc., and discuss their representative applications in both electrochemical and organic reaction fields, with typical application examples given of: Li-CO2 batteries, N2 reduction, water splitting and oxidation of benzyl alcohols. The mechanisms behind their enhanced catalytic performance are discussed and their structure-property relationships are revealed in this review. Finally, future prospects and remaining unsolved issues with Ru SACs are also discussed so that a roadmap for the further development of Ru SACs is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China.
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P. R. China.
| | - Li Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China.
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P. R. China.
| | - Yayun Zheng
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P. R. China.
| | - Zixuan Liu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P. R. China.
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P. R. China.
| | - Richard Chunhui Yang
- Centre for Advanced Manufacturing Technology (CfAMT), School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Zongjian Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Yichao Wang
- Centre for Advanced Manufacturing Technology (CfAMT), School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Zhengfei Chen
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P. R. China.
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Khedri N, Mahjoub AR, Cheshme Khavar AH, Rizo R, Feliu JM. Selectivity-Enhanced Electroreduction of CO 2 to CO at Novel Ru-Linked-GO Nanohybrids: the Role of Nanoarchitecture. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:7571-7588. [PMID: 38635980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Recently, global-scale efforts have been conducted for the electroreduction of CO2 as a potentially beneficial pathway for the conversion of greenhouse gases to useful chemicals and renewable fuels. This study focuses on the development of selective and sustainable electrocatalysts for the reduction of aqueous CO2 to CO. A RuIIcomplex [Ru(tptz)(ACN)Cl2] (RCMP) (tptz = 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine, ACN = acetonitrile) was prepared as a molecular electrocatalyst for the CO2 reduction reaction in an aqueous solution. Density functional theory-calculated frontier molecular orbitals suggested that the tptz ligand plays a key role in dictating the electrocatalytic reactions. The RCMP electrocatalyst was grafted onto the graphene oxide (GO) surface both noncovalently (GO/RCMP) and covalently (GO-RCMP). The field emission scanning electron microscopy and elemental distribution analyses revealed the homogeneous distribution of the complex onto the GO sheet. The photoluminescence spectra confirmed accelerated charge-transfer in both nanohybrids. Compared to the bare complex, the GO-RCMP and GO/RCMP nanohybrids showed enhanced electrocatalytic activity, achieving >95% and 90% Faradaic efficiencies for CO production at more positive onset potentials, respectively. The GO-RCMP nanohybrid demonstrated outstanding electrocatalytic activity with a current of ∼84 μA. The study offers a perspective on outer- and inner-sphere electron-transfer mechanisms for electrochemical energy conversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Khedri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
- Instituto de Electroquímica y Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Ali Reza Mahjoub
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
| | | | - Rubén Rizo
- Instituto de Electroquímica y Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Juan M Feliu
- Instituto de Electroquímica y Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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Zhang H, Liang Q, Xie K. How to rationally design homogeneous catalysts for efficient CO 2 electroreduction? iScience 2024; 27:108973. [PMID: 38327791 PMCID: PMC10847752 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrified converting CO2 into valuable fuels and chemicals using a homogeneous electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2ER) approach simplifies the operation, providing a potential option for decoupling energy harvesting and renewable chemical production. These merits benefit the scenarios where decentralization and intermittent power are key factors. This perspective aims to provide an overview of recent progress in homogeneous CO2ER. We introduce firstly the fundamentals chemistry of the homogeneous CO2ER, followed by a summary of the crucial factors and the important criteria broadly employed for evaluating the performance. We then highlight the recent advances in the most widely explored transition-metal coordinate complexes for the C1 and multicarbon (C2+) products from homogeneous CO2ER. Finally, we summarize the remaining challenges and opportunities for developing homogeneous electrocatalysts for efficient CO2ER. This perspective is expected to favor the rational design of efficient homogeneous electrocatalysts for selective CO2ER toward renewable fuels and feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- International Center for Quantum and Molecular Structures, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earths, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Ke Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern Universiy, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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4
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Liu Y, Wang X, Yang M, Li Y, Xiao Y, Zhao J. Preparation of Ru-doped TiO 2 nanotube arrays through anodizing TiRu alloys for bifunctional HER/OER electrocatalysts. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:17936-17945. [PMID: 37904619 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03831a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
In this research, Ru-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays (Ru-TNTA) were prepared by anodizing TiRu alloys, and the effects of annealing temperature, Ru content and test temperature on their performances for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) were investigated. The results show that the unannealed Ru-TNTA (a-Ru-TNTA) exhibits superior activity for the HER, and the Ru-TNTA annealed at 450 °C (c-Ru-TNTA) shows excellent activity for the OER. The Ru content of TiRu impacts the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) and the charge transfer resistance (Rct) significantly. When the Ru content of Ru-TNTA is 6%, its performance is optimal. Moreover, the electrocatalytic activity of Ru-TNTA improves with increasing test temperature, and the overpotentials of a-Ru-TNTA and c-Ru-TNTA at 80 °C are 19 mV and 227 mV (10 mA cm-2), respectively. Ru-TNTA exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performance for water splitting and good stability, which provides a new idea for the preparation of advanced bifunctional electrocatalysts for water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejiao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
| | - Xixin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
| | - Mengyao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
| | - Ying Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
| | - Yue Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
| | - Jianling Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
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Faustino LA, Machado AEH, Maia PIS, Concepcion JJ, Patrocinio AOT. Electrocatalytic properties of a novel ruthenium(II) terpyridine-based complex towards CO 2 reduction. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:4442-4455. [PMID: 36917192 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00121k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic properties of Ru complexes are of great technological interest given their potential application in reactions such water splitting and CO2 reduction. In this work, a novel terpyridine-based Ru(II) complex, [RuCl(trpy)(acpy)], trpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine, acpy- = 2-pyridylacetate was synthesized and its spectroscopic, electrochemical and catalytic properties were explored in detail. In dry acetonitrile, the complex exhibits two reduction peaks at -1.95 V and -2.20 V vs. Fc/Fc+, attributed to consecutive 1 e- reduction. Under CO2 atmosphere, a catalytic wave is observed (Eonset = 2.1 V vs. Fc/Fc+), with CO as the main reduction product. Bulk electrolysis reveals a turnover number (TON) of 12 (kobs = 1.5 s-1). In the presence of 1% water, an improvement in the catalytic activity is observed (TONCO = 21 and kobs = 2.0 s-1) and, additionally, formate was also detected (TONHCOO = 7). Spectroelectrochemical experiments allowed the identification of a metallocarboxylate (Ru-COO-) intermediate under anhydrous conditions, while in water, the partial labilization of the acpy- ligand was observed in the course of the catalytic cycle. The experimental data was combined with DFT calculations, allowing the proposal of a catalytic cycle. The results establish important relationships between selectivity, ligand structure and reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro A Faustino
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Materials Science, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia - UFU, Av. João Naves de Ávila 212, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Antonio E H Machado
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Materials Science, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia - UFU, Av. João Naves de Ávila 212, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. .,Programa de Doutorado em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Catalão - UFCat, Av. Dr. Lamartine Pinto de Avelar 1120, Catalão, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Pedro I S Maia
- Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Compostos Bioativos (NDCBio), Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Dr. Randolfo Borges 1400, 38025-440, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Javier J Concepcion
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA
| | - Antonio Otavio T Patrocinio
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Materials Science, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia - UFU, Av. João Naves de Ávila 212, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Grammatico D, Bagnall AJ, Riccardi L, Fontecave M, Su BL, Billon L. Heterogenised Molecular Catalysts for Sustainable Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206399. [PMID: 35781916 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There has been a rapid rise in interest regarding the advantages of support materials to protect and immobilise molecular catalysts for the carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2 RR) in order to overcome the weaknesses of many well-known catalysts in terms of their stability and selectivity. In this Review, the state of the art of different catalyst-support systems for the CO2 RR is discussed with the intention of leading towards standard benchmarking for comparison of such systems across the most relevant supports and immobilisation strategies, taking into account these multiple pertinent metrics, and also enabling clearer consideration of the necessary steps for further progress. The most promising support systems are described, along with a final note on the need for developing more advanced experimental and computational techniques to aid the rational design principles that are prerequisite to prospective industrial upscaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Grammatico
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry (CMI), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium.,Bio-inspired Materials Group: Functionality & Self-assembly, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254, 64000, Pau, France.,Present address: Energy Conversion and Hydrogen Center for Energy, Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 2, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrew J Bagnall
- Bio-inspired Materials Group: Functionality & Self-assembly, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254, 64000, Pau, France.,Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden.,Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Ludovico Riccardi
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden.,Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Fontecave
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR CNRS 8229, Collège de France-CNRS-Sorbonne Université, PSL Research University, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Bao-Lian Su
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry (CMI), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium.,State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Laurent Billon
- Bio-inspired Materials Group: Functionality & Self-assembly, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254, 64000, Pau, France
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Jiang M, Dong R, Liao H, Liu Y, Wang Y, Tan P, Pan J. Ru-optimized geometric sites of cations in CoFe/CoFe2O4 electrocatalysts with graphitic carbon shells for boosting water oxidation. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Grammatico D, Bagnall AJ, Riccardi L, Fontecave M, Su BL, Billlon L. Heterogenised molecular catalysts for sustainable electrochemical CO2 reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Grammatico
- University of Namur: Universite de Namur Chemistry-CMI 61 rue de Bruxelles 5000 Namur BELGIUM
| | - Andrew J. Bagnall
- Uppsala University: Uppsala Universitet Ångström Laboratories SWEDEN
| | - Ludovico Riccardi
- Eindhoven University of Technology: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Institute for Complex Molecular Systems NETHERLANDS
| | | | - Bao-Lian Su
- University of Namur: Universite de Namur Chemistry 61 rue de Bruxelles 5000 Namur BELGIUM
| | - Laurent Billlon
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour: Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour Physical Chemistry FRANCE
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Lin J, Ding J, Wang H, Yang X, Zheng X, Huang Z, Song W, Ding J, Han X, Hu W. Boosting Energy Efficiency and Stability of Li-CO 2 Batteries via Synergy between Ru Atom Clusters and Single-Atom Ru-N 4 sites in the Electrocatalyst Cathode. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200559. [PMID: 35230732 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Li-CO2 battery is a novel strategy for CO2 capture and energy-storage applications. However, the sluggish CO2 reduction and evolution reactions cause large overpotential and poor cycling performance. Herein, a new catalyst containing well-defined ruthenium (Ru) atomic clusters (RuAC ) and single-atom Ru-N4 (RuSA ) composite sites on carbon nanobox substrate (RuAC+SA @NCB) (NCB = nitrogen-doped carbon nanobox) is fabricated by utilizing the different complexation effects between the Ru cation and the amine group (NH2 ) on carbon quantum dots or nitrogen moieties on NCB. Systematic experimental and theoretical investigations demonstrate the vital role of electronic synergy between RuAC and Ru-N4 in improving the electrocatalytic activity toward the CO2 evolution reaction (CO2 ER) and CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR). The electronic properties of the Ru-N4 sites are essentially modulated by the adjacent RuAC species, which optimizes the interactions with key reaction intermediates thereby reducing the energy barriers in the rate-determining steps of the CO2 RR and CO2 ER. Remarkably, the RuAC+SA @NCB-based cell displays unprecedented overpotentials as low as 1.65 and 1.86 V at ultrahigh rates of 1 and 2 A g-1 , and twofold cycling lifespan than the baselines. The findings provide a novel strategy to construct catalysts with composite active sites comprising multiple atom assemblies for high-performance metal-CO2 batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfeng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jingnan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Haozhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xuerong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zechuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wanqing Song
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jia Ding
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiaopeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wenbin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
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Abstract
Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (ECR) is an attractive approach to convert atmospheric CO2 to value-added chemicals and fuels. However, this process is still hindered by sluggish CO2 reaction kinetics and the lack of efficient electrocatalysts. Therefore, new strategies for electrocatalyst design should be developed to solve these problems. Two-dimensional (2D) materials possess great potential in ECR because of their unique electronic and structural properties, excellent electrical conductivity, high atomic utilization and high specific surface area. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on 2D electrocatalysts applied in ECR. We first give a brief description of ECR fundamentals and then discuss in detail the development of different types of 2D electrocatalysts for ECR, including metal, graphene-based materials, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), metal oxide nanosheets and 2D materials incorporated with single atoms as single-atom catalysts (SACs). Metals, such as Ag, Cu, Au, Pt and Pd, graphene-based materials, metal-doped nitric carbide, TMDs and MOFs can mostly only produce CO with a Faradic efficiencies (FE) of 80~90%. Particularly, SACs can exhibit FEs of CO higher than 90%. Metal oxides and graphene-based materials can produce HCOOH, but the FEs are generally lower than that of CO. Only Cu-based materials can produce high carbon products such as C2H4 but they have low product selectivity. It was proposed that the design and synthesis of novel 2D materials for ECR should be based on thorough understanding of the reaction mechanism through combined theoretical prediction with experimental study, especially in situ characterization techniques. The gap between laboratory synthesis and large-scale production of 2D materials also needs to be closed for commercial applications.
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Laurans M, Wells JAL, Ott S. Immobilising molecular Ru complexes on a protective ultrathin oxide layer of p-Si electrodes towards photoelectrochemical CO 2 reduction. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:10482-10492. [PMID: 34259300 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01331a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction is a promising approach for renewable fuel generation and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Owing to their synthetic tunability, molecular catalysts for the CO2 reduction reaction can give rise to high product selectivity. In this context, a RuII complex [Ru(HO-tpy)(6-mbpy)(NCCH3)]2+ (HO-tpy = 4'-hydroxy-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine; 6-mbpy = 6-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine) was immobilised on a thin SiOx layer of a p-Si electrode that was decorated with a bromide-terminated molecular layer. Following the characterisation of the assembled photocathodes by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ellipsometry, PEC experiments demonstrate electron transfer from the p-Si to the Ru complex through the native oxide layer under illumination and a cathodic bias. A state-of-the-art photovoltage of 570 mV was determined by comparison with an analogous n-type Si assembly. While the photovoltage of the modified photocathode is promising for future photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction and the p-Si/SiOx junction seems to be unchanged during the PEC experiments, a fast desorption of the molecular Ru complex was observed. An in-depth investigation of the cathode degradation by comparison with reference materials highlights the role of the hydroxyl functionality of the Ru complex to ensure its grafting on the substrate. In contrast, no essential role for the bromide function on the Si substrate designed to engage with the hydroxyl group of the Ru complex in an SN2-type reaction could be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Laurans
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jordann A L Wells
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
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12
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Haines AR, Hemminger JC. Stability of Cu/TiO 2 Nanoparticle Model Catalysts under Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction Conditions. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Haines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - John C. Hemminger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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13
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Supported metallic nanoparticles prepared by an organometallic route to boost the electrocatalytic conversion of CO2. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Cuéllar E, Diez-Varga A, Torroba T, Domingo-Legarda P, Alemán J, Cabrera S, Martín-Alvarez JM, Miguel D, Villafañe F. Luminescent cis-Bis(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) Complexes with 1,2-Azolylamidino Ligands: Photophysical, Electrochemical Studies, and Photocatalytic Oxidation of Thioethers. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:7008-7022. [PMID: 33905238 PMCID: PMC8812113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New 1,2-azolylamidino complexes cis-[Ru(bipy)2(NH═C(R)az*-κ2N,N)](OTf)2 (R = Me, Ph; az* = pz, indz, dmpz) are synthesized via chloride abstraction after a subsequent base-catalyzed coupling of a nitrile with the previously coordinated 1,2-azole. The synthetic procedure allows the easy obtainment of complexes having different electronic and steric 1,2-azoylamidino ligands. All of the compounds have been characterized by 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR and IR spectroscopy and by monocrystal X-ray diffraction. Photophysical studies support their phosphorescence, whereas their electrochemistry reveals reversible RuII/RuIII oxidations between +1.13 and +1.25 V (vs SCE). The complexes have been successfully used as catalysts in the photooxidation of different thioethers, the complex cis-[Ru(bipy)2(NH═C(Me)dmpz-κ2N,N)]2+ showing better catalytic performance in comparison to that of [Ru(bipy)3]2+. Moreover, the significant catalytic performance of the dimethylpyrazolylamidino complex is applied to the preparation of the drug modafinil, which is obtained using ambient oxygen as an oxidant. Finally, mechanistic assays suggest that the oxidation reaction follows a photoredox route via oxygen radical anion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cuéllar
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Miguel Delibes, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alberto Diez-Varga
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Tomás Torroba
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Pablo Domingo-Legarda
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Cabrera
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Martín-Alvarez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Miguel Delibes, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Daniel Miguel
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Miguel Delibes, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Fernando Villafañe
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Miguel Delibes, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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15
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Kinzel NW, Werlé C, Leitner W. Transition Metal Complexes as Catalysts for the Electroconversion of CO 2 : An Organometallic Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11628-11686. [PMID: 33464678 PMCID: PMC8248444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic transformation of carbon dioxide has been a topic of interest in the field of CO2 utilization for a long time. Recently, the area has seen increasing dynamics as an alternative strategy to catalytic hydrogenation for CO2 reduction. While many studies focus on the direct electron transfer to the CO2 molecule at the electrode material, molecular transition metal complexes in solution offer the possibility to act as catalysts for the electron transfer. C1 compounds such as carbon monoxide, formate, and methanol are often targeted as the main products, but more elaborate transformations are also possible within the coordination sphere of the metal center. This perspective article will cover selected examples to illustrate and categorize the currently favored mechanisms for the electrochemically induced transformation of CO2 promoted by homogeneous transition metal complexes. The insights will be corroborated with the concepts and elementary steps of organometallic catalysis to derive potential strategies to broaden the molecular diversity of possible products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas W. Kinzel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 252074AachenGermany
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Ruhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 252074AachenGermany
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16
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Kinzel NW, Werlé C, Leitner W. Übergangsmetallkomplexe als Katalysatoren für die elektrische Umwandlung von CO
2
– eine metallorganische Perspektive. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas W. Kinzel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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17
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Wang D, Huang Q, Shi W, You W, Meyer TJ. Application of Atomic Layer Deposition in Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrosynthesis Cells. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Derrick JS, Loipersberger M, Chatterjee R, Iovan DA, Smith PT, Chakarawet K, Yano J, Long JR, Head-Gordon M, Chang CJ. Metal–Ligand Cooperativity via Exchange Coupling Promotes Iron- Catalyzed Electrochemical CO2 Reduction at Low Overpotentials. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20489-20501. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Derrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthias Loipersberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ruchira Chatterjee
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Diana A. Iovan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter T. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Khetpakorn Chakarawet
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Long
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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19
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Li TT, Mei Y, Li H, Qian J, Wu M, Zheng YQ. Highly Selective and Active Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to CO on a Polymeric Co(II) Phthalocyanine@Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheet–Carbon Nanotube Composite. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14184-14192. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Li
- Chemistry Institute for Synthesis and Green Application, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yan Mei
- Chemistry Institute for Synthesis and Green Application, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Chemistry Institute for Synthesis and Green Application, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jinjie Qian
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Miao Wu
- Chemistry Institute for Synthesis and Green Application, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yue-Qing Zheng
- Chemistry Institute for Synthesis and Green Application, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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20
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Winter A, Schubert US. Metal‐Terpyridine Complexes in Catalytic Application – A Spotlight on the Last Decade. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201902290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Winter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
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21
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Shi N, Xie W, Gao W, Wang J, Zhang S, Fan Y, Wang M. Effect of PDI ligand binding pattern on the electrocatalytic activity of two Ru(II) complexes for CO
2
reduction. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning‐ning Shi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao Shandong 266100 China
| | - Wang‐jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao Shandong 266100 China
| | - Wei‐song Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao Shandong 266100 China
| | - Jin‐miao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao Shandong 266100 China
| | - Shi‐fu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao Shandong 266100 China
| | - Yu‐hua Fan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao Shandong 266100 China
| | - Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao Shandong 266100 China
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22
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Zhang S, Fan Q, Xia R, Meyer TJ. CO 2 Reduction: From Homogeneous to Heterogeneous Electrocatalysis. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:255-264. [PMID: 31913013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to increasing worldwide fossil fuel consumption, carbon dioxide levels have increased in the atmosphere with increasingly important impacts on the environment. Renewable and clean sources of energy have been proposed, including wind and solar, but they are intermittent and require efficient and scalable energy storage technologies. Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) provides a valuable approach in this area. It combines solar- or wind-generated electrical production with energy storage in the chemical bonds of carbon-based fuels. It can provide ways to integrate carbon capture, utilization, and storage in energy cycles while maintaining controlled levels of atmospheric CO2. Electrochemistry allows for the utilization of an electrical input to drive chemical reactions. Because CO2 is kinetically inert, highly active catalysts are required to decrease reaction barriers sufficiently so that reaction rates can be achieved that are sufficient for electrochemical CO2 reduction. Given the reaction barriers associated with multiple electron-proton reduction of CO2 to CO, formaldehyde (HC(O)H), formic acid, or formate (HC(O)OH, HC(O)O-), or more highly reduced forms of carbon, there is also a demand for high selectivity in catalysis. Catalysts that have been explored include homogeneous catalysts in solution, catalysts immobilized on surfaces, and heterogeneous catalysts. In homogeneous catalysis, reduction occurs following diffusion of the catalyst to an electrode where multiple proton coupled electron transfer reduction occurs. Useful catalysts in this area are typically transition-metal complexes with organic ligands and electron transfer properties that utilize combinations of metal and ligand redox levels. As a way to limit the amount of catalyst, in device-like configurations, catalysts are added to the surfaces of conductive substrates by surface binding, in polymeric films, or on carbon electrode surfaces with molecular structures and electronic configurations related to catalysts in solution. Immobilized, homogeneous catalysts can suffer from performance losses and even decomposition during long-term CO2 reduction cycles, but they are amenable to detailed mechanistic investigations. In parallel efforts, heterogeneous nanocatalysts have been explored in detail with the development of facile synthetic procedures that can offer highly active catalytic surface areas. Their high activity and stability have attracted a significant level of investigation, including possible exploitation for large-scale applications. However, translation of catalytic reactivity to the surface creates a new reactivity environment and complicates the elucidation of mechanistic details and identification of the active site in exploring reaction pathways. Here, the results of previous studies based on transition-metal complex catalysts for CO2 electroreduction are summarized. Early studies showed that transition-metal complexes of Ru, Ir, Rh, and Os, with well-defined structures, are all capable of catalyzing CO2 reduction to CO or formate. Derivatives of the complexes were surface attached to conducting electrodes by chemical bonding, noncovalent bonding, or polymerization. The concept of surface binding has also been extended to the preparation of surface area electrodes by the chemically controlled deposition of nanostructured catalysts such as nano tin, nano copper, and nano carbon, all of which have been shown to have high selectivities and activities toward CO2 reduction. In our presentation, we end this Account with recent advances and a perspective about the application of electrocatalysis in carbon dioxide reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qun Fan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Rong Xia
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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23
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Bairagya MD, Bujol RJ, Elgrishi N. Fighting Deactivation: Classical and Emerging Strategies for Efficient Stabilization of Molecular Electrocatalysts. Chemistry 2019; 26:3991-4000. [PMID: 31710129 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Development of highly active molecular electrocatalysts for fuel-forming reactions has relied heavily on understanding mechanistic aspects of the electrochemical transformations. Careful fine-tuning of the ligand environment oriented mechanistic pathways towards higher activity and optimal product distribution for several catalysts. Unfortunately, many catalysts deactivate in bulk electrolysis conditions, diminishing the impact of the plethora of highly tuned molecular electrocatalytic systems. This Minireview covers classical and emerging methods developed to circumvent catalyst deactivation and degradation, with an emphasis on successes with molecular electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monojit Das Bairagya
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Ryan J Bujol
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Noémie Elgrishi
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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