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Park EJ, Jannasch P, Miyatake K, Bae C, Noonan K, Fujimoto C, Holdcroft S, Varcoe JR, Henkensmeier D, Guiver MD, Kim YS. Aryl ether-free polymer electrolytes for electrochemical and energy devices. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5704-5780. [PMID: 38666439 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00186e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Anion exchange polymers (AEPs) play a crucial role in green hydrogen production through anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. The chemical stability of AEPs is paramount for stable system operation in electrolysers and other electrochemical devices. Given the instability of aryl ether-containing AEPs under high pH conditions, recent research has focused on quaternized aryl ether-free variants. The primary goal of this review is to provide a greater depth of knowledge on the synthesis of aryl ether-free AEPs targeted for electrochemical devices. Synthetic pathways that yield polyaromatic AEPs include acid-catalysed polyhydroxyalkylation, metal-promoted coupling reactions, ionene synthesis via nucleophilic substitution, alkylation of polybenzimidazole, and Diels-Alder polymerization. Polyolefinic AEPs are prepared through addition polymerization, ring-opening metathesis, radiation grafting reactions, and anionic polymerization. Discussions cover structure-property-performance relationships of AEPs in fuel cells, redox flow batteries, and water and CO2 electrolysers, along with the current status of scale-up synthesis and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Park
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | | | - Kenji Miyatake
- University of Yamanashi, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
- Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Chulsung Bae
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Kevin Noonan
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Cy Fujimoto
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA
| | | | | | - Dirk Henkensmeier
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
- KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
- KU-KIST School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Michael D Guiver
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yu Seung Kim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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Roggi A, Agonigi G, Resta C, Filpi A, Martinelli E, Guazzelli E. Effects of Structurally Different Tertiary Amines on the Properties of Quaternized Anionic Exchange Membranes Potentially Applicable for Water Electrolysis. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400027. [PMID: 38413001 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
In this work, two structurally different monoamines (trimethylamine [TMA] and N-methylpiperidine [N-MPip]) are used for the amination of a g-VBC-15 graft copolymer, obtained by the functionalization of a mechanically robust, commercially available styrene-butadiene block copolymer (SB) with vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) via solution free-radical polymerization. Results demonstrate that g-VBC-15-based membranes quaternized with TMA have superior electrochemical performance than N-MPip counterparts; while, the mechanical properties are good and only slightly inferior to those of N-MPip. Therefore, TMA is the selected monoamine to be alternatively mixed with two polyamines (tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine [TMPDA] and N,N,N',N'',N''-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine [PMDETA]) into different proportions, in order to modulate the average functionality of the amination mixture in terms of number of amine functional groups available for the quaternization reaction of the membranes. g-VBC-15-based membranes derived therefrom are extensively characterized to assess their thermal, mechanical, and ex situ electrochemical properties. Results indicate that membranes quaternized with a TMA/PMDETA mixture (90:10 in mole) display the highest conductivity among all the investigated membranes aminated with polyamine-based mixtures. Moreover, they have comparable mechanical and electrochemical properties to those quaternized with TMA, while exhibiting a reduced water uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Roggi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Resta
- Enapter S.R.L, Crespina Lorenzana, Pisa, 56040, Italy
| | - Antonio Filpi
- Enapter S.R.L, Crespina Lorenzana, Pisa, 56040, Italy
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Elisa Guazzelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56126, Italy
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Han J, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Lu Y, Li W, Zhou X, Ren Z, Liu Y, Hu M, Xiao L, Zhuang L. Elastic and Conductive Cross-linked Anion Exchange Membranes Based on Polyphenylene Oxide and Poly(vinyl alcohol) for H 2 -O 2 Fuel Cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202300985. [PMID: 37698086 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
A series of cross-linked AEMs (c-DQPPO/PVA) are synthesized by using rigid polyphenylene oxide and flexible poly(vinyl alcohol) as the backbones. Dual cations are grafted on the PPO backbone to improve the ion exchange capacity (IEC), while glutaraldehyde is introduced to enhance compatibility and reduce swelling ratio of AEMs. In addition to the enhanced mechanical properties resulting from the rigid-flexible cross-linked network, c-DQPPO/PVA AEMs also exhibit impressive ionic conductivity, which can be attributed to their high IEC, good hydrophilicity of PVA, and well-defined micro-morphology. Additionally, due to confined dimension behavior and ordered micro-morphology, c-DQPPO/PVA AEMs demonstrate excellent chemical stability. Specifically, c-DQPPO/PVA-7.5 exhibits a wet-state tensile strength of 12.5 MPa and an elongation at break of 53.0 % at 25 °C. Its OH- conductivity and swelling degree at 80 °C are measured to be 125.7 mS cm-1 and 8.2 %, respectively, with an IEC of 3.05 mmol g-1 . After 30 days in a 1 M NaOH solution at 80 °C, c-DQPPO/PVA-7.5 experiences degradation rates of 12.8 % for tensile strength, 27.4 % for elongation at break, 14.7 % for IEC, and 19.2 % for ion conductivity. With its excellent properties, c-DQPPO/PVA-7.5 exhibits a peak power density of 0.751 W cm-2 at 60 °C in an H2 -O2 fuel cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Han
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Xiumeng Zheng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Yuyang Lu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Wanting Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaorong Zhou
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Zhandong Ren
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Meixue Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Li Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhuang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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The Influence of Various Cationic Group on Polynorbornene Based Anion Exchange Membranes with Hydrophobic Large Steric Hindrance Arylene Substituent. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2786-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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