1
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Wang L, Perumal S, Wang H, Ko H, Dong CL, Zhang P, Wang S, Nga TTT, Kim YD, Ji Y, Zhao S, Kim JH, Yee DY, Hwang Y, Zhang J, Kim MG, Lee H. Coupling photocatalytic CO 2 reduction and CH 3OH oxidation for selective dimethoxymethane production. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6047. [PMID: 39025876 PMCID: PMC11258228 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49927-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, conventional dimethoxymethane synthesis methods are environmentally unfriendly. Here, we report a photo-redox catalysis system to generate dimethoxymethane using a silver and tungsten co-modified blue titanium dioxide catalyst (Ag.W-BTO) by coupling CO2 reduction and CH3OH oxidation under mild conditions. The Ag.W-BTO structure and its electron and hole transfer are comprehensively investigated by combining advanced characterizations and theoretical studies. Strikingly, Ag.W-BTO achieve a record photocatalytic activity of 5702.49 µmol g-1 with 92.08% dimethoxymethane selectivity in 9 h of ultraviolet-visible irradiation without sacrificial agents. Systematic isotope labeling experiments, in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform analysis, and theoretical calculations reveal that the Ag and W species respectively catalyze CO2 conversion to *CH2O and CH3OH oxidation to *CH3O. Subsequently, an asymmetric carbon-oxygen coupling process between these two crucial intermediates produces dimethoxymethane. This work presents a CO2 photocatalytic reduction system for multi-carbon production to meet the objectives of sustainable economic development and carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Creative Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- CO2 to Multicarbon Production Center, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Creative Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Lingling Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Creative Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Silambarasan Perumal
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Creative Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- CO2 to Multicarbon Production Center, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongdan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Creative Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ko
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Li Dong
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 25137, Taiwan
| | - Panpan Zhang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaijun Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Ta Thi Thuy Nga
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 25137, Taiwan
| | - Young Dok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujing Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Shufang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hee Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yub Yee
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yosep Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Creative Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Min Gyu Kim
- Beamline Research Division, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoyoung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- Creative Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- CO2 to Multicarbon Production Center, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Zhou H, Chen F, Liu D, Qin X, Jing Y, Zhong C, Shi R, Liu Y, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Wang J. Boosting Reactive Oxygen Species Formation Over Pd and VO δ Co-Modified TiO 2 for Methane Oxidation into Valuable Oxygenates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311355. [PMID: 38363051 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Direct photocatalytic methane oxidation into value-added products provides a promising strategy for methane utilization. However, the inefficient generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) partly limits the activation of CH4. Herein, it is reported that Pd and VOδ co-modified TiO2 enables direct and selective methane oxidation into liquid oxygenates in the presence of O2 and H2. Due to the extra ROS production from the in situ formed H2O2, a highly improved yield rate of 5014 µmol g-1 h-1 for liquid oxygenates with a selectivity of 89.3% is achieved over the optimized Pd0.5V0.2-TiO2 catalyst at ambient temperature, which is much better than those (2682 µmol g-1 h-1, 77.8%) without H2. Detailed investigations also demonstrate the synergistic effect between Pd and VOδ species for enhancing the charge carrier separation and transfer, as well as improving the catalytic activity for O2 reduction and H2O2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Fan Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xin Qin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yangchi Jing
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Chenyu Zhong
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Rui Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yana Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jiguang Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
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3
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Jiang Y, Fan Y, Liu X, Xie J, Li S, Huang K, Fan X, Long C, Zuo L, Zhao W, Zhang X, Sun J, Xu P, Li J, Dong F, Tan T, Tang Z. Steering Photooxidation of Methane to Formic Acid over A Priori Screened Supported Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16039-16051. [PMID: 38832517 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Efficient methane photooxidation to formic acid (HCOOH) has emerged as a sustainable approach to simultaneously generate value-added chemicals and harness renewable energy. However, the persistent challenge lies in achieving a high yield and selectivity for HCOOH formation, primarily due to the complexities associated with modulating intermediate conversion and desorption after methane activation. In this study, we employ first-principles calculations as a comprehensive guiding tool and discover that by precisely controlling the O2 activation process on noble metal cocatalysts and the adsorption strength of carbon-containing intermediates on metal oxide supports, one can finely tune the selectivity of methane photooxidation products. Specifically, a bifunctional catalyst comprising Pd nanoparticles and monoclinic WO3 (Pd/WO3) would possess optimal O2 activation kinetics and an intermediate oxidation/desorption barrier, thereby promoting HCOOH formation. As evidenced by experiments, the Pd/WO3 catalyst achieves an exceptional HCOOH yield of 4.67 mmol gcat-1 h-1 with a high selectivity of 62% under full-spectrum light irradiation at room temperature using molecular O2. Notably, these results significantly outperform the state-of-the-art photocatalytic systems operated under identical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Jiang
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Fan
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Analytical and Testing Center, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xie
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Siyang Li
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Kefu Huang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Fan
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chang Long
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, P. R. China
- Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, P. R. China
| | - Lulu Zuo
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wenshi Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Properties of Solids, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Juehan Sun
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Peng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jiong Li
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, P. R. China
| | - Fan Dong
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, P. R. China
- Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, P. R. China
| | - Ting Tan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Tang
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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4
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Liao S, Liu H, Lu Y, Tang C, Xi B, Chen L. Structural Diversity Design, Four Nucleation Methods Growth and Mechanism of 3D Hollow Box TiO 2 Nanocrystals with a Temperature-Controlled High (001) Crystal Facets Exposure Ratio. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:1695-1713. [PMID: 38222646 PMCID: PMC10785669 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) hollow box TiO2 nanocrystals with structural diversity have been designed and grown by four nucleation methods, including the acid dissolution denucleation method with Fe2O3 as heterogeneous nucleation, the topological phase transition method, the sonic solvothermal method, and the air atmosphere sintering method with TiOF2 as homogeneous nucleation. Through full morphology analysis and structural characterization, reasonable growth mechanisms of 3D hollow box TiO2 nanocrystals were proposed, including nucleation dissolution, Oswald ripening, and hydrolysis reactions. It was found that the high energy (001) crystal facets exposure ratio was closely correlated with reaction temperature of four nucleation-methods, which even reached 92% for the first time. Under simulated sunlight irradiation, their hydrogen production performance and photocatalytic degradation efficiency on model dye molecules rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB) were evaluated, and as-prepared hollow box TiO2 nanocrystals prepared by the sonic solvothermal method exhibited the best photocatalytic performance, with a hydrogen production rate of 93.88 μmol/g/h. Within 70 min, the photocatalytic degradation rates of RhB and MB reached 96.59 and 75.25%, respectively, which were 5.74 and 5.54 times that of P25. Their properties are closely connected with the orderly cubic and hierarchy configuration structure of hollow box TiO2 nanocrystals, which have a high exposure ratio of (001) facet controlled by reaction temperatures, thereby greatly improving the photocatalytic activity. This study provides a classic reference for improving the properties of hollow box TiO2 nanocrystals through structural diversity design and various methods of nanocrystal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiang Liao
- Key
Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry
of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials
Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry
of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials
Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yanfei Lu
- Key
Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry
of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials
Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chenglong Tang
- Key
Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry
of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials
Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Benjun Xi
- Hubei
Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang 443000, China
| | - Lianqing Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry
of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials
Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei
Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang 443000, China
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, Wisconsin 53818, United States
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5
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Zhang B, Wang H, Luo J, Liu S, Tian Y. Anatase W-doped TiO2 Nanocrystals with improved Mg2+-excited electrochromic properties. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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6
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Sun X, Wang QN, Wang S, Zhang P, Feng Z, Zhang X, Feng Z, Li C. Inhibiting COx formation on WOx-loaded Au/TiO2 photocatalyst for selective oxidation of p-xylene to p-methyl benzaldehyde. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Huang M, Zhang S, Wu B, Wei Y, Yu X, Gan Y, Lin T, Yu F, Sun F, Jiang Z, Zhong L. Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Methane to Oxygenates over Cu–W–TiO 2 with Significant Carrier Traps. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yao Wei
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang National Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, P. R. China
| | - Xing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongping Gan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tiejun Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Fei Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Fanfei Sun
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang National Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang National Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, P. R. China
| | - Liangshu Zhong
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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