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Zhu Z, Xiong Z, Zou W, Shi Z, Li S, Zhang X, Liu S, Liu Y, Luo X, Ren J, Zhu Z, Dong P. Anti-oomycete ability of scopolamine against Phytophthora infestans, a terrible pathogen of potato late blight. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:6416-6428. [PMID: 37209269 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytophthora infestans causes late blight, threatening potato production. The tropane alkaloid scopolamine from some industrial plants (Datura, Atropa, etc.) has a broad-spectrum bacteriostatic effect, but its effect on P. infestans is unknown. RESULTS In the present study, scopolamine inhibited the mycelial growth of phytopathogenic oomycete P. infestans, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) was 4.25 g L-1 . The sporangia germination rates were 61.43%, 16.16%, and 3.99% at concentrations of zero (control), 0.5 IC50 , and IC50 , respectively. The sporangia viability of P. infestans was significantly reduced after scopolamine treatment through propidium iodide and fluorescein diacetate staining, speculating that scopolamine destroyed cell membrane integrity. The detached potato tuber experiment demonstrated that scopolamine lessened the pathogenicity of P. infestans in potato tubers. Under stress conditions, scopolamine showed good inhibition of P. infestans, indicating that scopolamine could be used in multiple adverse conditions. The combination effect of scopolamine and the chemical pesticide Infinito on P. infestans was more effective than the use of scopolamine or Infinito alone. Moreover, transcriptome analysis suggested that scopolamine leaded to a downregulation of most P. infestans genes, functioning in cell growth, cell metabolism, and pathogenicity. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study to detect scopolamine inhibitory activity against P. infestans. Also, our findings highlight the potential of scopolamine as an eco-friendly option for controlling late blight in the future. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Hongshen Honors School, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziwen Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Hongshen Honors School, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjin Zou
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Hongshen Honors School, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiwen Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Hongshen Honors School, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanying Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Hongshen Honors School, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinze Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shicheng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Hongshen Honors School, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xunguang Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenglin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops, Chongqing, China
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Burlak C, Taylor RT, Wang ZY, Tector AJ. Human anti‐α‐fucose antibodies are xenoreactive toward GGTA1/CMAH knockout pigs. Xenotransplantation 2020; 27:e12629. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Travis Taylor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of Toledo Medical Center Toledo OH USA
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3
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Comparative Analysis of the Different Dyes' Potential to Assess Human Normal and Cancer Cell Viability In Vitro under Different D/ H Ratios in a Culture Medium. ScientificWorldJournal 2020; 2020:2373021. [PMID: 32158363 PMCID: PMC7060866 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2373021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, using new approach (laser diffraction + biological dyes), we have demonstrated the decrease of cells viability in vitro in the deuterated growth medium, whereas in the deuterium-depleted medium, there was an increase of cell viability. We have also found that not all dyes are equally sensitive to the D/H ratios in the culture medium (system) as well as to the different cell types (cancer vs normal cells).
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4
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He L, Pang K, Liu W, Tian Y, Chang L, Liu X, Zhao M, Liu Y, Li Y, Jiang X, Song R, Liu Y. Core–shell noble-metal@zeolitic-imidazolate-framework nanocarriers with high cancer treatment efficiency in vitro. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:1050-1055. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb03318h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Core–shell Au@zeolitic-imidazolate-framework nanocarriers with high drug-loading, controlled drug release properties, and high cancer treatment efficiency.
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5
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Ladowski JM, Martens GR, Reyes LM, Wang ZY, Eckhoff DE, Hauptfeld-Dolejsek V, Tector M, Tector AJ. Examining the Biosynthesis and Xenoantigenicity of Class II Swine Leukocyte Antigen Proteins. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29540579 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered pig organs could provide transplants to all patients with end-stage organ failure, but Ab-mediated rejection remains an issue. This study examines the class II swine leukocyte Ag (SLA) as a target of epitope-restricted Ab binding. Transfection of individual α- and β-chains into human embryonic kidney cells resulted in both traditional and hybrid class II SLA molecules. Sera from individuals on the solid organ transplant waiting list were tested for Ab binding and cytotoxicity to this panel of class II SLA single-Ag cells. A series of elution studies from an SLA-DQ cell line were performed. Our results indicate that human sera contain Abs specific for and cytotoxic against class II SLA. Our elution studies revealed that sera bind the SLA-DQ molecule in an epitope-restricted pattern. Site-specific mutation of one of these epitopes resulted in statistically decreased Ab binding. Humans possess preformed, specific, and cytotoxic Abs to class II SLA that bind in an epitope-restricted fashion. Site-specific epitope mutagenesis may decrease the Ab binding of highly sensitized individuals to pig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Ladowski
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
| | - Gregory R Martens
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
| | - Luz M Reyes
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
| | - Zheng-Yu Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
| | - Devin E Eckhoff
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
| | | | - Matt Tector
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
| | - A Joseph Tector
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
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Kim H, Hawthorne WJ, Kang HJ, Lee YJ, Hwang J, Hurh S, Ro H, Jeong JC, Cho B, Yang J, Ahn C. Human thrombomodulin regulates complement activation as well as the coagulation cascade in xeno‐immune response. Xenotransplantation 2015; 22:260-272. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hwajung Kim
- Transplantation Research Institute Seoul National University Seoul Korea
| | - Wayne J. Hawthorne
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research Westmead Millennium Institute The University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital Westmead NSW Australia
| | - Hee Jung Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Hallym University College of Medicine Anyang Korea
| | - Yoo Jin Lee
- Transplantation Research Institute Seoul National University Seoul Korea
| | - Jong‐Ik Hwang
- Graduate School of Medicine Korea University Seoul Korea
| | - Sunghoon Hurh
- Transplantation Research Institute Seoul National University Seoul Korea
| | - Han Ro
- Gachon University Gil Medical Center Inchon Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Jeong
- Transplantation Research Institute Seoul National University Seoul Korea
- Transplantation Center Seoul National University Hospital Seoul Korea
| | - Bumrae Cho
- Designed Animal & Transplantation Research Institute Institute of Green Bio Science & Technology Seoul National University Pyeongchang Gangwon‐do Korea
| | - Jaeseok Yang
- Transplantation Research Institute Seoul National University Seoul Korea
- Transplantation Center Seoul National University Hospital Seoul Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Transplantation Research Institute Seoul National University Seoul Korea
- Transplantation Center Seoul National University Hospital Seoul Korea
- Designed Animal & Transplantation Research Institute Institute of Green Bio Science & Technology Seoul National University Pyeongchang Gangwon‐do Korea
- Division of Nephrology Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
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Ramis G, Martínez-Alarcón L, Quereda JJ, Mendonça L, Majado MJ, Gomez-Coelho K, Mrowiec A, Herrero-Medrano JM, Abellaneda JM, Pallares FJ, Ríos A, Ramírez P, Muñoz A. Optimization of cytotoxicity assay by real-time, impedance-based cell analysis. Biomed Microdevices 2014; 15:985-95. [PMID: 23887614 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-013-9790-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an optimized procedure for assessing an immune-mediated cytotoxicity, produced after the addition of human and baboon serum to transgenic porcine fibroblasts. This procedure is performed with the xCELLigence Real-Time Cell Analyzer (RTCA). The xCELLigence system measures the impedance variations in the culture media of a 96-well microelectronic plate, and shows the changes in cell number and morphology in a real-time plot. However, different factors need to be optimized before developing an RTCA assay. Thus, we studied the influence of several variables, such as the number of cells seeded, the time the cells were allowed to grow before the tests, the serum concentration and the addition of rabbit complement. The findings were confirmed by the WST-1 classical cytotoxicity test. The results showed that 7.5 × 10(3) cells seeded per well produced the adequate CI in 10 h. The area under the curve and the CImin versus concentration values showed a very high correlation index (r(2) = 0.966 and r(2) = 0.92 for the first 50 h after challenge, respectively), proving that CI variations are directly proportional to the quantity of serum added. The addition of complement resulted in lower CImin values. Therefore, both the cytolysis level with and without exogenous complement addition had to be assessed. There was a high correlation between the relative cytotoxicity assessed by WST-1 and the CI obtained by RTCA when exogenous complement was not added (r(2) = 0.827; p < 0.001). The correlation was average when rabbit complement was added (r(2) = 0.523; p = 0.046). In conclusion, culture conditions have an important influence on RTCA cytotoxicity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ramis
- Departamento de Producción Animal. Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Excelencia Mare Nostrum, Murcia, 3738, Spain,
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8
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Mesenchymal stem cells engineered to inhibit complement-mediated damage. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60461. [PMID: 23555976 PMCID: PMC3608620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) preferentially migrate to damaged tissues and, due to their immunomodulatory and trophic properties, contribute to tissue repair. Although MSC express molecules, such as membrane cofactor protein (CD46), complement decay-accelerating factor (CD55), and protectin (CD59), which confer protection from complement-mediated lysis, MSC are recruited and activated by anaphylatoxins after transplantation, potentially causing MSC death and limiting therapeutic benefit. We have previously demonstrated that transduction of MSC with a retrovirus encoding HCMV-US proteins resulted in higher levels of MSC engraftment due to decreased HLA-I expression. Here, we investigate whether engineering MSC to express US2 (MSC-US2), US3 (MSC-US3), US6 (MSC-US6), or US11 (MSC-US11) HCMV proteins can alter complement recognition, thereby better protecting MSC from complement attack and lysis. HCMV-US proteins increased MSC CD59 expression at different levels as determined by flow cytometric evaluation of the median fluorescence intensity ratio (MFI). A significant increase in CD59 expression was seen in MSC-US2, MSC-US3, and MSC-US6, but not in MSC-US11. Only MSC-US2 displayed increased expression of CD46, while US2 and US3 proteins were both able to augment the percentage of MSC expressing this molecule. Regardless of the HCMV protein expressed, none changed CD55 MFI; however, expression of US6, US11, and US2 each increased the percentage of MSC that were positive for this molecule. Because US2 protein was the most efficient in up-regulating all three complement regulatory proteins, we used a functional complement-mediated cytotoxicity assay to investigate whether MSC-US2 were protected from complement-mediated lysis. We demonstrated that over-expression of the US2 protein reduced complement lysis by 59.10±12.89% when compared to untransduced MSC. This is the first report, to our knowledge, describing a role of HCMV-US proteins in complement evasion, and our data shows that over-expression of US2 protein on MSC could serve as a strategy to protect these cells from complement lysis.
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Li SC, Vu LT, Ho HW, Yin HZ, Keschrumrus V, Lu Q, Wang J, Zhang H, Ma Z, Stover A, Weiss JH, Schwartz PH, Loudon WG. Cancer stem cells from a rare form of glioblastoma multiforme involving the neurogenic ventricular wall. Cancer Cell Int 2012; 12:41. [PMID: 22995409 PMCID: PMC3546918 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-12-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis posits that deregulated neural stem cells (NSCs) form the basis of brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). GBM, however, usually forms in the cerebral white matter while normal NSCs reside in subventricular and hippocampal regions. We attempted to characterize CSCs from a rare form of glioblastoma multiforme involving the neurogenic ventricular wall. Methods We described isolating CSCs from a GBM involving the lateral ventricles and characterized these cells with in vitro molecular biomarker profiling, cellular behavior, ex vivo and in vivo techniques. Results The patient’s MRI revealed a heterogeneous mass with associated edema, involving the left subventricular zone. Histological examination of the tumor established it as being a high-grade glial neoplasm, characterized by polygonal and fusiform cells with marked nuclear atypia, amphophilic cytoplasm, prominent nucleoli, frequent mitotic figures, irregular zones of necrosis and vascular hyperplasia. Recurrence of the tumor occurred shortly after the surgical resection. CD133-positive cells, isolated from the tumor, expressed stem cell markers including nestin, CD133, Ki67, Sox2, EFNB1, EFNB2, EFNB3, Cav-1, Musashi, Nucleostemin, Notch 2, Notch 4, and Pax6. Biomarkers expressed in differentiated cells included Cathepsin L, Cathepsin B, Mucin18, Mucin24, c-Myc, NSE, and TIMP1. Expression of unique cancer-related transcripts in these CD133-positive cells, such as caveolin-1 and −2, do not appear to have been previously reported in the literature. Ex vivo organotypic brain slice co-culture showed that the CD133+ cells behaved like tumor cells. The CD133-positive cells also induced tumor formation when they were stereotactically transplanted into the brains of the immune-deficient NOD/SCID mice. Conclusions This brain tumor involving the neurogenic lateral ventricular wall was comprised of tumor-forming, CD133-positive cancer stem cells, which are likely the driving force for the rapid recurrence of the tumor in the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Calvin Li
- Neuro-Oncology Research Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Stem Cell Research, Children's Hospital of Orange County (CHOC) Research Institute, 455 South Main Street, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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10
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Cytotoxicity of Triptolide and Triptolide loaded polymeric micelles in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1557-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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11
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Model alpha-mannoside conjugates: immunogenicity and induction of candidacidal activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 58:307-13. [PMID: 20113351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2009.00642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Candida cell wall mannan-derived alpha-oligomannoside structural components on the modulation of the immune system and their role in protective immunity are studied here. Semi-synthetic alpha-mannoside-bovine serum albumin conjugates were used for immunization of rabbits. Dimeric alpha-mannoside, representing Candida antigenic factor 1, was used as a model of linear alpha-mannoside, and pentameric alpha-mannoside was used as a model of branched oligomannoside side chain structure. The induction of humoral immune response and the functionality of the serum tested by induction of peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) candidacidal activity are documented. Anti-Candida albicans serotype B immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) levels were higher than anti-serotype A following immunization with both conjugates. Dimer-conjugate postimmunization sera evidently enhanced C. albicans killing activity of PBLs in candidacidal assay. The study shows the importance of alpha-mannoside structures in perspective anti-Candida vaccine with a broad spectrum of effectiveness.
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Bolton DL, Roederer M. Flow cytometry and the future of vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:779-89. [PMID: 19485757 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine research increasingly aims to understand the fundamental mechanisms of protection afforded by licensed and candidate vaccines. Historically, nearly all licensed vaccines have relied on measures of humoral immunity to provide correlates of protection, but cellular immunity is important for protection afforded by some vaccines and will be required for vaccines against TB and malaria. Common means of assessing vaccine-induced immune responses include measuring the frequency and functions of antigen-specific lymphocytes. While diverse assays can provide this information, flow cytometry is unique in its ability to simultaneously report other features of antigen-specific cellular responses. Here, we review the application of flow cytometry to characterizing three areas of immune responses to vaccines or diseases. First, analysis of cellular (T-cell) responses is more mature: polychromatic flow cytometric analysis of T-cell function has already yielded important insight into correlates of protection. Second, antibody and antigen-specific B-cell detection by flow cytometry are being actively developed; to date, these assays are not yet widely used. Finally, flow cytometry can also be used to analyze the contribution of innate immunity to vaccine efficacy and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L Bolton
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Díaz-Román TM, Mañez R, López-Pelaez E, Centeno A, Moscoso I, Pértegaz S, Doménech N. Human DAF on pig cells protects against human and non-human primate sera cytotoxicity mediated by exogenous or endogenous complement, as determined by flow cytometry. Transpl Immunol 2006; 16:125-30. [PMID: 16860716 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Expression of human complement regulatory proteins (CRP) in pig cells through transgenesis was proposed to prevent complement activation and the ensuing rejection of pig tissues and organs following pig-to-primate transplantation. Transplantation in non-human primates of organs from transgenic pigs for human decay accelerating factor (hDAF) did not undergo hyperacute rejection, but hDAF could not prevent humoral xenograft rejection (AHXR). A possible explanation for the lack of efficacy of the expression of human complement regulatory proteins in pig cells to prevent AHXR may be interspecies differences between human and non-human complement regulatory system. We assayed the efficacy of transgenic hDAF expressed on porcine cells to inhibit the in vitro complement activity of primate sera. The individual cytotoxicity of sera from seven untreated baboons and of pools of normal human and baboon sera was assayed with endogenous and exogenous complement using a flow-cytometry complement-mediated cytotoxicity assay (FCCA) against peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from hDAF and non-transgenic pigs. We also analyzed the anti-Galalpha1-3Gal (alphaGal) antibody titre of the baboon sera by ELISA and the expression of hDAF on the PBL surface by immunofluorescence. Transgenic hDAF expression was capable of protecting pig cells against injury produced by both baboon and human serum. Cellular expression of hDAF reduced cytotoxicity mediated by endogenous and exogenous complement, although the former was slightly higher. Humoral cytotoxicity was not related to a particular antibody but was inversely related to hDAF expression. The presence of hDAF protected pig cells against lysis by NHS more effectively than against NBS. These results confirm in vitro the protective role of hDAF in pig cells to heterologous complement mediated damage, but they also suggest that the extent of hDAF protection decreases, however, if cells express low levels of hDAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás M Díaz-Román
- Unidad de Investigación, C.H.U Juan Canalejo, Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006, La Coruña, Spain
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto M Baertschiger
- Surgical Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Diaz TM, Moscoso I, Centeno A, Lopez-Pelaez E, Ortega D, Doménech N. Flow cytometry complement-mediated cytotoxicity assay detects baboon xenoantibodies directed to porcine epitopes undetected by hemolytic assay. Transpl Immunol 2004; 13:313-7. [PMID: 15589745 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2004] [Revised: 09/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The pig-to-primate model is increasingly being utilized as the final preclinical means of assessing therapeutic strategies aimed at allowing discordant xenotransplantation. To obtain information about the nature of cytotoxic response in pig-to-baboon xenotransplants, we sought to determine if serum cytotoxicity in this model was assay dependent. Sera from nine kidney or heart xenotransplanted baboons were obtained before transplantation and at the time of acute humoral xenograft rejection (AHXR). Cytotoxicity was measured by an anti-pig haemolytic assay (APHA) and by a flow cytometry complement-dependent assay (FCCA), using pig blood lymphocytes (PBLs). Serum samples showing inter-assay differences were absorbed with pig erythrocytes and assayed by APHA and FCCA, as well as by measuring anti-alphaGal and total anti-pig xenoantibodies. The results showed that in four AHXR samples, FCCA cytotoxicity was higher than APHA cytotoxicity. Absorption with pig erythrocytes diminished FCCA and removed APHA cytotoxicity. Residual FCCA activity was due to total anti-pig and IgM anti-alphaGal and non-Gal antibodies. Our results indicate that some cytotoxic antibodies present in the sera of xenotransplanted baboons at time of AHXR are IgM antibodies directed against pig PBL antigens not detected by APHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Diaz
- Unidad de Investigacion, CHU Juan Canalejo, Xubias de Arriba, 84. 15006, La Coruña, Spain
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