1
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Kenswil KJG, Pisterzi P, Feyen J, Ter Borg M, Rombouts E, Braakman E, Raaijmakers MHGP. Immune composition and its association with hematologic recovery after chemotherapeutic injury in acute myeloid leukemia. Exp Hematol 2021; 105:32-38.e2. [PMID: 34800603 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced bone marrow (BM) injury is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Time to hematologic recovery after standard ("7 + 3") myeloablative chemotherapy can vary considerably among patients, but the factors that drive or predict BM recovery remain incompletely understood. Here, we assessed the composition of innate and adaptive immune subsets in the regenerating BM (day 17) after induction chemotherapy and related it to hematologic recovery in AML. T cells, and in particular the CD4 central memory (CD4CM) T-cell subset, were significantly enriched in the BM after chemotherapy, suggesting the relative chemoresistance of cells providing long-term memory for systemic pathogens. In contrast, B cells and other hematopoietic subsets were depleted. Higher frequencies of the CD4CM T-cell subset were associated with delayed hematopoietic recovery, whereas a high frequency of natural killer (NK) cells was related to faster recovery of neutrophil counts. The NK/CD4CM ratio in the BM after chemotherapy was significantly associated with the time to subsequent neutrophil recovery (Spearman's ρ = -0.723, p < 0.001, false discovery rate <0.01). The data provide novel insights into adaptive immune cell recovery after injury and identify the NK/CD4CM index as a putative predictor of hematopoietic recovery in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Pisterzi
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Feyen
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte Ter Borg
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elwin Rombouts
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Braakman
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Haak F, Obrecht I, Tosti N, Weixler B, Mechera R, Däster S, von Strauss M, Delko T, Spagnoli GC, Terracciano L, Sconocchia G, von Flüe M, Kraljević M, Droeser RA. Tumor Infiltration by OX40+ Cells Enhances the Prognostic Significance of CD16+ Cell Infiltration in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Control 2020; 27:1073274820903383. [PMID: 32107932 PMCID: PMC7053789 DOI: 10.1177/1073274820903383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Analysis of tumor immune infiltration has been suggested to outperform tumor,
node, metastasis staging in predicting clinical course of colorectal cancer
(CRC). Infiltration by cells expressing OX40, a member of the tumor necrosis
factor receptor family, or CD16, expressed by natural killer cells,
monocytes, and dendritic cells, has been associated with favorable prognosis
in patients with CRC. We hypothesized that assessment of CRC infiltration by
both OX40+ and CD16+ cells might result in enhanced prognostic
significance. Methods: Colorectal cancer infiltration by OX40 and CD16 expressing cells was
investigated in 441 primary CRCs using tissue microarrays and specific
antibodies, by immunohistochemistry. Patients’ survival was evaluated by
Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests. Multivariate Cox regression analysis,
hazard ratios, and 95% confidence intervals were also used to evaluate
prognostic significance of OX40+ and CD16+ cell infiltration. Results: Colorectal cancer infiltration by OX40+ and CD16+ cells was subclassified
into 4 groups with high or low infiltration levels in all possible
combinations. High levels of infiltration by both OX40+ and CD16+ cells were
associated with lower pT stage, absence of peritumoral lymphocytic (PTL)
inflammation, and a positive prognostic impact. Patients bearing tumors with
high infiltration by CD16+ and OX40+ cells were also characterized by
significantly longer overall survival, as compared with the other groups.
These results were confirmed by analyzing an independent validation
cohort. Conclusions: Combined infiltration by OX40+ and CD16+ immune cells is an independent
favorable prognostic marker in CRC. The prognostic value of CD16+ immune
cell infiltration is significantly improved by the combined analysis with
OX40+ cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Haak
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Clarunis, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Obrecht
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Clarunis, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Tosti
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Weixler
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Clarunis, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Charite Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Mechera
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Clarunis, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Däster
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Clarunis, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco von Strauss
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Clarunis, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tarik Delko
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Clarunis, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giulio C Spagnoli
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Sconocchia
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Markus von Flüe
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Clarunis, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marko Kraljević
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Clarunis, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raoul A Droeser
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Clarunis, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Comparison between two programs for image analysis, machine learning and subsequent classification. Tissue Cell 2019; 58:12-16. [PMID: 31133239 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the early 1950s, flow cytometry was developed as the first method for automated quantitative cellular analysis. In the early 1990s, the first equipment for image cytometry (laser scanning cytometry, LSC) became commercially available. As flow cytometry was considered the gold standard, various studies found that the results of flow cytometry and LSC generated comparable results. One of the first programs for image analysis that included morphological parameters was ImageJ, published in 1997. One of the newer programs for image analysis that is not limited to fluorescence images is the free software CellProfiler. In 2008, the same group published a new software, CellProfiler Analyst. One part of CellProfiler Analyst is a supervised machine-learning-based classifier that allows users to conduct imaging-based diagnoses, e.g., cellular diagnosis based on morphology. Another relatively new, free software for image analysis is QuPath. The aim of the present study was to compare two free programs for conducting image analysis, CellProfiler and QuPath, and the subsequent classification based on machine learning. For this study, images of renal tissue were analyzed, and the identified objects were classified. The same images were loaded in both software programs. Advanced statistical analysis was used to compare the two methods. The Bland-Altman assay showed that all of the differences were within the mean ± 1.96 * standard deviation, i.e., the differences are normally distributed, and the software programs are comparable. For the analyzed samples (renal tissue stained with HIF and TUNEL), the use of QuPath was easier because it offers image analysis without a previous processing of the images (e.g., conversion to grayscale, inverted intensities) and an unsupervised machine learning process.
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4
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Ortiz DF, Lansing JC, Rutitzky L, Kurtagic E, Prod'homme T, Choudhury A, Washburn N, Bhatnagar N, Beneduce C, Holte K, Prenovitz R, Child M, Killough J, Tyler S, Brown J, Nguyen S, Schwab I, Hains M, Meccariello R, Markowitz L, Wang J, Zouaoui R, Simpson A, Schultes B, Capila I, Ling L, Nimmerjahn F, Manning AM, Bosques CJ. Elucidating the interplay between IgG-Fc valency and FcγR activation for the design of immune complex inhibitors. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:365ra158. [PMID: 27856797 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf9418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibody immune complex (IC) activation of Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) is a common pathogenic hallmark of multiple autoimmune diseases. Given that the IC structural features that elicit FcγR activation are poorly understood and the FcγR system is highly complex, few therapeutics can directly block these processes without inadvertently activating the FcγR system. To address these issues, the structure activity relationships of an engineered panel of multivalent Fc constructs were evaluated using sensitive FcγR binding and signaling cellular assays. These studies identified an Fc valency with avid binding to FcγRs but without activation of immune cell effector functions. These observations directed the design of a potent trivalent immunoglobulin G-Fc molecule that broadly inhibited IC-driven processes in a variety of immune cells expressing FcγRs. The Fc trimer, Fc3Y, was highly efficacious in three different animal models of autoimmune diseases. This recombinant molecule may represent an effective therapeutic candidate for FcγR-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Ortiz
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jonathan C Lansing
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Laura Rutitzky
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elma Kurtagic
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Thomas Prod'homme
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Amit Choudhury
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nathaniel Washburn
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Naveen Bhatnagar
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Kimberly Holte
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Robert Prenovitz
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Matthew Child
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jason Killough
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Steven Tyler
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Julia Brown
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Stephanie Nguyen
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Inessa Schwab
- Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maurice Hains
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Robin Meccariello
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lynn Markowitz
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Radouane Zouaoui
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Allison Simpson
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Birgit Schultes
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ishan Capila
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Leona Ling
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anthony M Manning
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Carlos J Bosques
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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5
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Kume K, Nishizuka SS. Colony Lysate Arrays for Proteomic Profiling of Drug-Tolerant Persisters of Cancer Cell. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8626-8631. [PMID: 28753272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional heterogeneity of cancer cells is one of the key properties to understanding relapse after drug treatment. Hence, clarification is needed with regard to which types of subgroups of cancer cells dominantly contribute to the initiation of relapse. Recently, we established the colony lysate array (CoLA), which is a method that allows comparison of individual colonies at the protein level to assess the initiation of anticancer drug-tolerant persisters (DTPs) based on the reverse-phase protein array (RPPA) system. DTPs grow in various drug concentrations and types showing 2-dimensional growth (∼1 mm) on a flat surface. The size of DTPs are larger than spheroids (∼0.3 mm) in agarose gel, which makes them easy to handle for a number of assays. DTPs provide functional information during the process of their formation, initiating from the origin of a drug-tolerant single cell. Using >2000 DTPs generated from various drugs and doses profiled on the basis of 44 proteins, we demonstrate that the DTPs are clustered on the basis of their proteomic profiles changing in response to drugs and doses. Of interest, nine transcription factors in the DTPs, such as STAT3 and OCT4A, were identified as having decreased or increased levels of proteins in response to gefitinib. Importantly, these results can be obtained only by individual proteomic colony profiling, which may identify alternative therapeutic targets and biomarkers for DTPs that may harbor critical mechanisms for cancer relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kume
- Division of Biomedical Research and Development, Institute of Biomedical Science, Iwate Medical University , Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan
| | - Satoshi S Nishizuka
- Division of Biomedical Research and Development, Institute of Biomedical Science, Iwate Medical University , Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan.,Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Research, George Mason University , Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
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6
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Bolognesi MM, Manzoni M, Scalia CR, Zannella S, Bosisio FM, Faretta M, Cattoretti G. Multiplex Staining by Sequential Immunostaining and Antibody Removal on Routine Tissue Sections. J Histochem Cytochem 2017; 65:431-444. [PMID: 28692376 PMCID: PMC5533273 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417719419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiplexing, labeling for multiple immunostains in the very same cell or tissue section in situ, has raised considerable interest. The methods proposed include the use of labeled primary antibodies, spectral separation of fluorochromes, bleaching of the fluorophores or chromogens, blocking of previous antibody layers, all in various combinations. The major obstacles to the diffusion of this technique are high costs in custom antibodies and instruments, low throughput, and scarcity of specialized skills or facilities. We have validated a method based on common primary and secondary antibodies and diffusely available fluorescent image scanners. It entails rounds of four-color indirect immunofluorescence, image acquisition, and removal (stripping) of the antibodies, before another stain is applied. The images are digitally registered and the autofluorescence is subtracted. Removal of antibodies is accomplished by disulfide cleavage and a detergent or by a chaotropic salt treatment, this latter followed by antigen refolding. More than 30 different antibody stains can be applied to one single section from routinely fixed and embedded tissue. This method requires a modest investment in hardware and materials and uses freeware image analysis software. Multiplexing on routine tissue sections is a high throughput tool for in situ characterization of neoplastic, reactive, inflammatory, and normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Maria Bolognesi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universitá degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy (MMB, MM, CRS, SZ, FMB, GC)
| | - Marco Manzoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universitá degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy (MMB, MM, CRS, SZ, FMB, GC)
| | - Carla Rossana Scalia
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universitá degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy (MMB, MM, CRS, SZ, FMB, GC)
| | - Stefano Zannella
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universitá degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy (MMB, MM, CRS, SZ, FMB, GC)
| | - Francesca Maria Bosisio
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universitá degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy (MMB, MM, CRS, SZ, FMB, GC).,Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (FMB)
| | - Mario Faretta
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy (MF)
| | - Giorgio Cattoretti
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universitá degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy (MMB, MM, CRS, SZ, FMB, GC).,Department of Pathology, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Monza, Monza, Italy (GC)
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7
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Buzin AR, Macedo ND, De Araujo IBBA, Nogueira BV, de Andrade TU, Endringer DC, Lenz D. Automatic detection of hypoxia in renal tissue stained with HIF-1alpha. J Immunol Methods 2017; 444:47-50. [PMID: 28212880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was the identification of the stain HIF-alpha using the Image Cytometry, and to help to count the positive cells (with HIF-alpha) and the negative cells (without HIF-alpha) from the same sample. METHOD 17 images of renal tissues from male rats of Winstar lineage; overall, there were 12.587 objects (cells) in the images for analysis. The acquired images were then analyzed through the free softwares CellProfiler (version 2.1.1) and CellProfiler Analyst (version 2.0). In the software CellProfiler Anlyst, there was a separation with the classes of the object, using a classifier, and the classes were: 1) class with HIF-alpha and 2) class without HIF-alpha. RESULTS With the data obtained through Score All, it was possible to calculate the percentage of cells that had HIF-alpha; out of 12.587 objects of the sample, 6.773 (54%) had HIF-alpha and 5.814 (46%) did not have HIF-alpha. Data of sensibility 0.90, specificity 0.84 and standard deviation 0.10 and 0.12. CONCLUSION The research shows that the free software CellProfiler, through the light microscope, was able to identify the stains, perform the machine's learning, and subsequently count and separate cells from distinct classes (with and without the stain of HIF-alpha).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabela Bastos Binotti Abreu De Araujo
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Dominik Lenz
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vila Velha, Brazil.
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8
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Macedo ND, Buzin AR, de Araujo IBBA, Nogueira BV, de Andrade TU, Endringer DC, Lenz D. Objective detection of apoptosis in rat renal tissue sections using light microscopy and free image analysis software with subsequent machine learning: Detection of apoptosis in renal tissue. Tissue Cell 2016; 49:22-27. [PMID: 28073590 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study proposes an automated machine learning approach for the quantification of cells in cell death pathways according to DNA fragmentation. METHODS A total of 17 images of kidney histological slide samples from male Wistar rats were used. The slides were photographed using an Axio Zeiss Vert.A1 microscope with a 40x objective lens coupled with an Axio Cam MRC Zeiss camera and Zen 2012 software. The images were analyzed using CellProfiler (version 2.1.1) and CellProfiler Analyst open-source software. RESULTS Out of the 10,378 objects, 4970 (47,9%) were identified as TUNEL positive, and 5408 (52,1%) were identified as TUNEL negative. On average, the sensitivity and specificity values of the machine learning approach were 0.80 and 0.77, respectively. CONCLUSION Image cytometry provides a quantitative analytical alternative to the more traditional qualitative methods more commonly used in studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayana Damiani Macedo
- Masters Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Aline Rodrigues Buzin
- Masters Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Isabela Bastos Binotti Abreu de Araujo
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Curav-Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Dominik Lenz
- Masters Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil.
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9
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Melzer S, Nunes CSM, Endringer DC, de Andrade TU, Tarnok A, Lenz D. Trypan blue as an affordable marker for automated live-dead cell analysis in image cytometry. SCANNING 2016; 38:857-863. [PMID: 27353800 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to combine image cytometry and trypan blue (TB) exclusion staining for a reproducible high-throughput detection of dead cells, enabling TB as an inexpensive marker, to be affordable for many studies and creating the possibility to combine fluorochromes without or with less spectral overlap. Capillary blood was drawn from a healthy volunteer, red blood cells were lysed and leukocyte cell death was induced. Samples were stained with CD45-FITC, CD14-PE, TB and DAPI, and then analyzed using image cytometry (iCys). TB quenching control tests were performed using DAPI and CD45-FITC. Images were generated in .TIF and .JPEG format using iCys image cytometer. The images were analyzed using CellProfiler (CP) modules to optimize the analysis based on the aims of each phase of this study. CellProfiler Analyst (CPA) was used to classify cells throughout machine learning and to calculate sensibility of the classification. A sensitivity of 0.94 for dead cells and 0.99 for live cells was calculated using CPA. We did not see any quenching effects of the FITC staining. DAPI signal was reduced in the presence of TB. The results of the present study revealed that TB serves as a dead cell marker in an image cytometric analysis, being able to be combined with other fluorescence markers without loss of fluorescence intensity signal or overlapping emission spectrum. SCANNING 38:857-863, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Melzer
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Attila Tarnok
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik Lenz
- Master Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil
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10
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Volovitz I, Melzer S, Amar S, Bocsi J, Bloch M, Efroni S, Ram Z, Tárnok A. Dendritic Cells in the Context of Human Tumors: Biology and Experimental Tools. Int Rev Immunol 2016; 35:116-35. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1096935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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11
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Lakschevitz FS, Hassanpour S, Rubin A, Fine N, Sun C, Glogauer M. Identification of neutrophil surface marker changes in health and inflammation using high-throughput screening flow cytometry. Exp Cell Res 2016; 342:200-9. [PMID: 26970376 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cell and are an essential component of the innate immune system. A complete cataloguing of cell surface markers has not been undertaken for neutrophils isolated from circulation as well as healthy and inflamed tissues. To identify cell-surface markers specific to human neutrophils, we used high-throughput flow cytometry to screen neutrophil populations isolated from blood and oral rinses from healthy and chronic periodontitis patients against a panel of 374 known cluster of differentiation (CD) antibodies. This screen identified CD11b, CD16, and CD66b as markers that are consistently expressed on neutrophils independent of the cell location, level of activation and disease state. Cell sorting against CD11b, CD16 and CD66b allowed for the enrichment of mature neutrophils, yielding neutrophil populations with up to 99% purity. These findings suggest an ideal surface marker set for isolating mature neutrophils from humans. The screen also demonstrated that tissue neutrophils from chronically inflamed tissue display a unique surface marker set compared to tissue neutrophils present in healthy, non-inflamed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia S Lakschevitz
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Siavash Hassanpour
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayala Rubin
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Noah Fine
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chunxiang Sun
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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12
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Melzer S, Ankri R, Fixler D, Tarnok A. Nanoparticle uptake by macrophages in vulnerable plaques for atherosclerosis diagnosis. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2015; 8:871-83. [PMID: 26110589 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The composition of atherosclerotic (AS) plaques is crucial concerning rupture, thrombosis and clinical events. Two plaque types are distinguished: stable and vulnerable plaques. Vulnerable plaques are rich in inflammatory cells, mostly only M1 macrophages, and are highly susceptible to rupture. These plaques represent a high risk particularly with the standard invasive diagnosis by coronary angiography. So far there are no non-invasive low-risk clinical approaches available to detect and distinguish AS plaque types in vivo. The perspective review introduces a whole work-flow for a novel approach for non-invasive detection and classification of AS plaques using the diffusion reflection method with gold nanoparticle loaded macrophages in combination with flow and image cytometric analysis for quality assurance. Classical biophotonic methods for AS diagnosis are summarized. Phenotyping of monocytes and macrophages are discussed for specific subset labelling by nanomaterials, as well as existing studies and first experimental proofs of concept for the novel approach are shown. In vitro and in vivo detection of NP loaded macrophages (MΦ). Different ways of MΦ labelling include (1) in vitro labelling in suspension (whole blood or buffy coat) or (2) labelling of short-term MΦ cultures with re-injection of MΦ-NP into the animal to detect migration of the cells in the plaques and (3) in vivo injection of NP into the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Melzer
- LIFE Leipziger Forschungszentrum für Zivilisationserkrankungen, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Cardiac Center GmbH, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rinat Ankri
- Faculty of Engineering and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Dror Fixler
- Faculty of Engineering and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Attila Tarnok
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Cardiac Center GmbH, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM) Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Hedley BD, Keeney M, Popma J, Chin-Yee I. Novel lymphocyte screening tube using dried monoclonal antibody reagents. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2015; 88:361-70. [PMID: 25944189 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We previously developed a 10-color 11-antibody combination including a viability dye, to screen T-, B-, and natural killer (NK)-cell populations in blood, bone marrow, tissue, and body fluids. Recently, Beckman Coulter has introduced a line of dried reagents that, unlike liquid reagents and cocktails, require no refrigeration, titration, or manipulation before using. We evaluated custom tubes based on our standard lymphocyte screening panel, focusing on comparative analysis, ease of use, and advantages compared with our liquid reagent set. We tested 42 samples from blood (n = 15), bone marrow (n = 17), and tissue (n = 10) with the combination CD4/CD8/KAPPA/LAMBDA/CD19/CD56/CD5/CD20/CD10/CD3/CD45 and a vital dye by both methods and compared positivity and staining intensity for each antigen. Of the 42 samples, 5 were normal samples, 3 were red cell disorders, 20 were B-cell malignancies, 5 T-cell malignancies, 4 myeloid malignancies, and the remaining 5 were other diagnoses. Dried reagents gave equivalent staining intensity results to our standard panel in a variety of sample types, with diagnoses including reactive lymphocytosis, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and various lymphomas. Our standard panel for evaluation of mature lymphoid malignancies allows rapid assessment of any sample type while providing direct assessment of viability. The dried reagent tube reduces preanalytical work, with simple addition of sample and the viability dye to the tube, saving time, reducing potential errors, and obviating need to titrate and monitor individual antibodies. With a shelf life of at least 12 months, the reagents also offer potential savings in reagent costs by reducing wastage due to expiration or tandem breakdown in standard liquid formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Hedley
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, N6K 5W9, Canada
| | - Michael Keeney
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, N6K 5W9, Canada
| | - Janice Popma
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, N6K 5W9, Canada
| | - Ian Chin-Yee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, London Health Sciences Centre, Schulich School of Medicine Western University of Ontario, London, Ontario, N6K 5W9, Canada
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Buzin AR, Pinto FE, Nieschke K, Mittag A, de Andrade TU, Endringer DC, Tarnok A, Lenz D. Replacement of specific markers for apoptosis and necrosis by nuclear morphology for affordable cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2015; 420:24-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Tozetti PB, Lima EM, Nascimento AM, Endringer DC, Pinto FE, Andrade TU, Mittag A, Tarnok A, Lenz D. Morphometry to identify subtypes of leukocytes. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2014; 7:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hemonc.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Ferrando-Martínez S, Lorente R, Gurbindo D, De José MI, Leal M, Muñoz-Fernández MA, Correa-Rocha R. Low thymic output, peripheral homeostasis deregulation, and hastened regulatory T cells differentiation in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. J Pediatr 2014; 164:882-9. [PMID: 24461789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform an extensive analysis of the immune status of asymptomatic children with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, with special emphasis on the regulatory T cells (Treg) population. STUDY DESIGN Analysis of thymic function, frequency and absolute counts of immune subsets, and phenotype of Treg were performed in 10 asymptomatic children bearing the 22q11.2 deletion and compared with 12 age-matched, healthy children. RESULTS Children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome showed a curtailed thymic output, lower T-cell levels, and a homeostatic deregulation in the CD4 T-cell compartment, characterized by a greater proliferative history in the naïve CD4 T-cell subset. Treg numbers were markedly reduced in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, and remaining Treg showed mostly an activated phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Reduced thymic output in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome could be related with an increased proliferation in the naïve CD4 T-cell compartment and the consequent Treg activation to ensure that T-cell expansion remains under control. Deregulated peripheral homeostasis and loss of suppressive capacity by Treg could compromise the integrity of T-cell immunity during adulthood and play a relevant role in the increased incidence of autoimmune diseases reported in patients with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ferrando-Martínez
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain; Laboratorio de Inmunovirología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Unidad clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Raquel Lorente
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Gurbindo
- Sección de Inmunopediatría, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ma Isabel De José
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas Infantil, Hospital Universitario "La Paz", Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Leal
- Laboratorio de Inmunovirología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Unidad clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ma Angeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Correa-Rocha
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain.
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Cao R, Pankayatselvan V, Houston JP. Cytometric sorting based on the fluorescence lifetime of spectrally overlapping signals. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:14816-31. [PMID: 23787669 PMCID: PMC3726248 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.014816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is a well-established and powerful high- throughput fluorescence measurement tool that also allows for the sorting and enrichment of subpopulations of cells expressing unique fluorescence signatures. Owing to the reliance on intensity-only signals, flow cytometry sorters cannot easily discriminate between fluorophores that spectrally overlap. In this paper we demonstrate a new method of cell sorting using a fluorescence lifetime-dependent methodology. This approach, referred to herein as phase-filtered cell sorting (PFCS), permits sorting based on the average fluorescence lifetime of a fluorophore by separating fluorescence signals from species that emit differing average fluorescence lifetimes. Using lifetime-dependent hardware, cells and microspheres labeled with fluorophores were sorted with purities up to 90%. PFCS is a practical approach for separating populations of cells that are stained with spectrally overlapping fluorophores or that have interfering autofluorescence signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruofan Cao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003-001,
USA
| | - Varayini Pankayatselvan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003-001,
USA
| | - Jessica P. Houston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003-001,
USA
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Furia L, Pelicci PG, Faretta M. A computational platform for robotized fluorescence microscopy (I): high-content image-based cell-cycle analysis. Cytometry A 2013; 83:333-43. [PMID: 23463605 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hardware automation and software development have allowed a dramatic increase of throughput in both acquisition and analysis of images by associating an optimized statistical significance with fluorescence microscopy. Despite the numerous common points between fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry (FCM), the enormous amount of applications developed for the latter have found relatively low space among the modern high-resolution imaging techniques. With the aim to fulfill this gap, we developed a novel computational platform named A.M.I.CO. (Automated Microscopy for Image-Cytometry) for the quantitative analysis of images from widefield and confocal robotized microscopes. Thanks to the setting up of both staining protocols and analysis procedures, we were able to recapitulate many FCM assays. In particular, we focused on the measurement of DNA content and the reconstruction of cell-cycle profiles with optimal parameters. Standard automated microscopes were employed at the highest optical resolution (200 nm), and white-light sources made it possible to perform an efficient multiparameter analysis. DNA- and protein-content measurements were complemented with image-derived information on their intracellular spatial distribution. Notably, the developed tools create a direct link between image-analysis and acquisition. It is therefore possible to isolate target populations according to a definite quantitative profile, and to relocate physically them for diffraction-limited data acquisition. Thanks to its flexibility and analysis-driven acquisition, A.M.I.CO. can integrate flow, image-stream and laser-scanning cytometry analysis, providing high-resolution intracellular analysis with a previously unreached statistical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Furia
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IFOM-IEO Campus for Oncogenomics, Milano 20139, Italy
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19
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Spectral Imaging: Methods, Design, and Applications. BIOMEDICAL OPTICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28391-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Fuentes-Aparicio V, Alonso-Lebrero E, Zapatero L, Infante S, Lorente R, Angeles Muñoz-Fernández M, Correa-Rocha R. Oral immunotherapy in hen's egg-allergic children increases a hypo-proliferative subset of CD4+ T cells that could constitute a marker of tolerance achievement. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2012; 23:648-53. [PMID: 22830307 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2012.01333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food allergy affects a significant number of children and its prevalence, and persistence is undergoing an important increase in the last years. Specific oral tolerance induction (SOTI) is a promising therapy for food allergy. However, little is known about the immune mechanisms implicated in the desensitization to allergens. Our purpose was to study which immune parameters are modified during the process of tolerance achievement with the goal of identifying markers of tolerance induction. METHODS We performed an extensive immune analysis in 19 allergic children following SOTI with hen's egg before and after the immunotherapy. Changes in lymphocyte subpopulations and serum cytokines were identified in children with desensitization achievement. RESULTS Sixteen children achieved complete tolerance to egg, and the immune analysis reveals that desensitization was accompanied in all the cases by a significant decrease in the percentage and absolute counts of effector-memory CD4+ T cells (T(EM) ) and a marked increase in the absolute counts of a subset of CD4(+) CD38(+) CD45RO(-) cells. Additionally, we also observed a marked reduction in the plasma levels of different Th1 and Th2 cytokines after tolerance achievement. CONCLUSIONS Acquisition of tolerance in children after oral immunotherapy is accompanied by a decrease in the T(EM) population and the increase in a particular subset of CD4+ T cells with a hypo-proliferative and non-reactive phenotype. This hypo-proliferative subset of cells could constitute a marker of the development of oral tolerance, and the study of this subset could contribute to the better understanding of the immune responses in allergic subjects.
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Correa-Rocha R, Pérez A, Lorente R, Ferrando-Martínez S, Leal M, Gurbindo D, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. Preterm neonates show marked leukopenia and lymphopenia that are associated with increased regulatory T-cell values and diminished IL-7. Pediatr Res 2012; 71:590-7. [PMID: 22398700 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2012.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current advances in neonatology have improved survival among preterm and low-birth-weight infants. However, the risk of neonatal death in preterm infants is much greater than in full-term neonates and is frequently associated with infections. METHODS Little is known about the immune status of preterm neonates; therefore, we analyzed the frequency and absolute counts of different immune populations in 211 cord blood samples taken from very-preterm to full-term neonates. RESULTS We found that absolute counts of all the immune subsets analyzed (i.e., monocytes, granulocytes, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, CD4(+), and CD8(+) T cells) were markedly lower in preterm infants than in full-term infants. Surprisingly, we observed that regulatory T cells (Tregs) were the only cell subset that did not decrease in preterm infants, and their frequency was even higher than in full-term infants. DISCUSSION Tregs are crucial to maternal-fetal tolerance, but their suppressive role could be also implicated in the leukopenia observed in preterm infants. We did not observe differences in thymic function, but we found that plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-7 and the frequency of its receptor were significantly decreased in preterm infants. Our results could help to identify leukopenia and to implement immune therapies that significantly diminish mortality in preterm neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Correa-Rocha
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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Mittag A, Pinto FE, Endringer DC, Tarnok A, Lenz D. Cellular analysis by open-source software for affordable cytometry. SCANNING 2011; 33:33-40. [PMID: 21319173 DOI: 10.1002/sca.20220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Image cytometry is an important technique in affordable healthcare and cellular research. Some efforts toward establishing a personal, low-cost cytometer have been described in the literature. However, a self-assembled fluorescence microscope requires software for cytometric analysis. There are some open-source image-based software analysis applications available. However, for a quantitative analysis of images, software that can generate data comparable to those of previously evaluated cytometric analyses programs is required. Hence, the aim of this study is to compare results of a commercially available image cytometry program to data obtained using the open-source software CellProfiler (CP). Leukocytes and fluorescent bead images obtained using a Laser Scanning Cytometer were analyzed by CP and the results compared with those of conventional cytometric analyses' programs. Algorithms were developed enabling the analysis of leukocytes and beads by CP. CP provided similar results to those obtained by the cytometer software. Hallmark parameters, including cell count and fluorescence intensity, revealed a high correlation in the analysis of both programs. Therefore, CP is appropriate for cellular analysis on a self-assembled microscope, thereby enabling affordable cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Mittag
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
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McGrath MA, Morton AM, Harnett MM. Laser scanning cytometry: capturing the immune system in situ. Methods Cell Biol 2011; 102:231-60. [PMID: 21704841 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374912-3.00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, it has not been possible to image and functionally correlate the key molecular and cellular events underpinning immunity and tolerance in the intact immune system. Certainly, the field has been revolutionized by the advent of tetramers to identify physiologically relevant specificities of T cells, and the introduction of models in which transgenic T-cell receptor and/or B-cell receptor-bearing lymphocytes are adoptively transferred into normal mice and can then be identified by clonotype-specific antibodies using flow cytometry in vitro, or immunohistochemistry ex vivo. However, these approaches do not allow for quantitative analysis of the precise anatomical, phenotypic, signaling, and functional parameters required for dissecting the development of immune responses in health and disease in vivo. Traditionally, assessment of signal transduction pathways has required biochemical or molecular biological analysis of isolated and highly purified subsets of immune system cells. Inevitably, this creates potential artifacts and does not allow identification of the key signaling events for individual cells present in their microenvironment in situ. These difficulties have now been overcome by new methodologies in cell signaling analysis that are sufficiently sensitive to detect signaling events occurring in individual cells in situ and the development of technologies such as laser scanning cytometry that provide the tools to analyze physiologically relevant interactions between molecules and cells of the innate and the adaptive immune system within their natural environmental niche in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairi A McGrath
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary & Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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Zamorina SA, Shirshev SV, Gorbunova OL. Regulation of phenotypic maturation of intact and interleukin-2-activated NK and NKT cells by chorionic gonadotropin. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2010; 435:384-386. [PMID: 21221888 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496610060037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S A Zamorina
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Goleva 13, Perm, Russia
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Sconocchia G, Zlobec I, Lugli A, Calabrese D, Iezzi G, Karamitopoulou E, Patsouris ES, Peros G, Horcic M, Tornillo L, Zuber M, Droeser R, Muraro MG, Mengus C, Oertli D, Ferrone S, Terracciano L, Spagnoli GC. Tumor infiltration by FcγRIII (CD16)+ myeloid cells is associated with improved survival in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:2663-72. [PMID: 20715106 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic significance of macrophage and natural killer (NK) cell infiltration in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) microenvironment is unclear. We investigated the CRC innate inflammatory infiltrate in over 1,600 CRC using two independent tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry. Survival time was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis in a multivariable setting. Spearman's rank correlation tested the association between macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration. The Basel study included over 1,400 CRCs. The level of CD16+ cell infiltration correlated with that of CD3+ and CD8+ lymphocytes but not with NK cell infiltration. Patients with high CD16+ cell infiltration (score 2) survived longer than patients with low (score 1) infiltration (p = 0.008), while no survival difference between patients with score 1 or 2 for CD56+ (p = 0.264) or CD57+ cell (p = 0.583) infiltration was detected. CD16+ infiltrate was associated with improved survival even after adjusting for known prognostic factors including pT, pN, grade, vascular invasion, tumor growth and age [(p = 0.001: HR (95% CI) = 0.71 (0.6-0.9)]. These effects were independent from CD8+ lymphocyte infiltration [(p = 0.036: HR (95% CI) = 0.81 (0.7-0.9)] and presence of metastases [(p = 0.002: HR (95% CI) = 0.43 (0.3-0.7)]. Phenotypic studies identified CD16+ as CD45+CD33+CD11b+CD11c+ but CD64- HLA-DR-myeloid cells. Beneficial effects of CD16+ cell infiltration were independently validated by a study carried out at the University of Athens confirming that patients with CD16 score 2 survived longer than patients with score 1 CRCs (p = 0.011). Thus, CD16+ cell infiltration represents a novel favorable prognostic factor in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sconocchia
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, CNR, Rome, Italy.
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Wessels JT, Busse AC, Mahrt J, Hoffschulte B, Mueller GA, Tárnok A, Mittag A. NorthernLights in slide-based cytometry and microscopy. Cytometry A 2010; 77:420-8. [PMID: 20151452 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, slide-based cytometry has become a key technology for polychromatic cytometric investigations, and many efforts have been made to increase the number of measurable fluorochromes for multiparametric analysis. Sequential photobleaching of fluorochromes next to very photostable dyes is one approach for this technology. As the ALEXA dyes are known to be photostable as compared to the conventional fluorochromes FITC, PE (Riggs et al., Am J Pathol 1958;34:1081-1097), and APC, a differentiation within a fluorochrome pair is possible. Here, we have analyzed the newly available NorthernLights secondary antibodies for use in slide-based cytometry and microscopy. Currently, these fluorochrome-conjugates are now available with three distinct excitation- and emission maxima (NL493, NL557, NL637). Their spectral properties are similar to the frequently used fluorochromes FITC, PE, and APC and can, therefore, be used with most common excitation sources of cytometers or microscopes. As the NorthernLights are bright, resistant to photobleaching, stable in alcohols and xylene and of affordable price, these dyes are promising candidates for use with most laser- and HBO/XBA-based fluorescence microscopy-like techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Wessels
- Department Nephrology/Rheumatology, University Medicine, Goettingen, Germany.
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Faretta M. Automation in Multidimensional Fluorescence Microscopy. NANOSCOPY AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL OPTICAL FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY 2010:14-1-14-21. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420078893-c14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Abstract
Experiments were performed with leptin in doses observed during pregnancy. We studied the effect of leptin on expression of membrane molecules and cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from women. Leptin increased the expression of HLA-DR on T lymphocytes, stimulated the production of TNF-alpha and IL-6, and did not affect secretion of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 by mononuclear leukocytes. Leptin in a dose comparable to that during the 1st trimester of pregnancy increased the percentage of NK cells with membrane CD16 and CD56, stimulated the production of IFN-alpha by mononuclear leukocytes, and did not modulate the number of CD16(+)56(+)NKT cells. Treatment with leptin in a dose for the second-third trimesters of pregnancy was followed by a decrease in the percentage of CD16(+)56(+)NKT cells and increase in the number of NKT cells expressing CD16 and CD56. Our results indicate that leptin play an important role in the regulation of membrane molecule expression and cytokine production by mononuclear leukocytes.
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Shirshev SV, Zamorina SA, Orlova EG, Timganova VP. Interleukin-2 modulatory effects on the functional activity of human mononuclear cells in vitro. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2009; 429:508-510. [PMID: 20170059 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496609060088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S V Shirshev
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Goleva 13, Perm 614081, Russia
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Mittag A, Tárnok A. Basics of standardization and calibration in cytometry--a review. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2009; 2:470-481. [PMID: 19504519 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.200910033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Standardization, calibration, and controls (negative and positive controls) are essential for quality assurance. Cytometers are capable of reliable and repeatable cellular analyses. However, a prerequisite is instrument calibration and standardized preanalytics. Calibration is often done by beads. Beads are available for different quality control applications, e.g. calibration of size and measuring scale, compensation, absolute cell counting, and laser alignment. Results can be standardized by converting MFI values into MESF or ABC values. Standardized data allow comparison of experiments over a long period of time and between different instruments and laboratories. Alterations in the sensitivity of the cytometer can be detected by routinely performing quality control. The process of quality assurance quantifies and helps manage the variance from the desired value. Results can thus be compared objectively with those of other laboratories. Standardization is the basis of cytometry and a prerequisite for obtaining reliable data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Mittag
- Dept. of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Strümpelstr. 39, 04275 Leipzig, Germany.
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Gerstner AOH, Laffers W, Tárnok A. Clinical applications of slide-based cytometry--an update. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2009; 2:463-469. [PMID: 19670358 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.200910029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Slide-based cytometric approaches open the possibility to obtain quantitative and objective data from specimens that so far have not been accessible to this kind of analysis. In this review, we will highlight the specific advantages of slide-based cytometry (SBC) and show the applications that have been established for clinical samples. Focuses are cytomic analyses of oncological and hematological samples where the slide-based concept turned out to open new dimensions in understanding underlying cellular networks. We review the recent literature and point out future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas O H Gerstner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
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Mittag A. Merging of data files in laser scanning cytometry--seeing is believing? Cytometry A 2008; 73:880-3. [PMID: 18698635 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Mittag
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig, Leipzig and Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany.
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Gansuvd B, Goodwin J, Asiedu CK, Jiang XL, Jargal U, Andrades P, Exley MA, Thomas JM. Invariant natural killer T cells from rhesus macaque spleen and peripheral blood are phenotypically and functionally distinct populations. J Med Primatol 2008; 37:1-11. [PMID: 18199066 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2007.00222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer T cells (NKT) possess dual functions of innate and adaptive immune systems, controlling viral infections and regulating autoimmune diseases. Non-human primates (NHP) are penultimate models for advancing therapeutic immunoregulatory strategies for translational application in humans, though, little is known about NHP NKT cells. Here we characterized rhesus macaque NKT cells ex vivo. METHODS The frequency, phenotype and intracellular cytokine production of V alpha 24+ 6B11+ invariant NKT (iNKT) cells were analyzed by multi-color flow cytometry. V alpha 24J alpha Q mRNA expression was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS The frequencies of peripheral blood (PB) and spleen V alpha 24+ 6B11+ iNKT cells were not significantly different. The iNKT cell subset in spleen was significantly increased for CD4+ CD8+ and CD3+ CD56+ co-expression as well as intracellular interleukin-4 production, which was rarely observed in circulating PB. CONCLUSION Spleen iNKT cells in rhesus macaques are Th2 biased and display phenotypically and functionally distinct profiles from their PB counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balgansuren Gansuvd
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Treese C, Mittag A, Lange F, Tarnok A, Loesche A, Emmrich F, Lehmann J, Sack U. Characterization of fibroblasts responsible for cartilage destruction in arthritis. Cytometry A 2008; 73:351-60. [PMID: 18307273 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), synovial fibroblasts (SF) play a key role as they secrete distinct patterns of cytokines and express variable levels of costimulatory and adhesion molecules. The murine fibroblast cell line LS48 has been shown to be invasive in the cartilage destruction models in vivo and in vitro. The purpose of this study was to examine in detail the LS48 phenotype, to obtain a better understanding of the SF-mediated cartilage destruction in RA. The destructive fibroblasts line LS48 and the nondestructive 3T3 cells were cultured and characterized with slide-based and flow cytometry, using antibodies against several adhesion molecules, immunological acting molecules, and marker proteins. The invasive LS48 fibroblasts are characterized by significantly higher expression of adhesion molecules such as CD47 (IAP), CD51 (integrin alpha V), CD61 (GPIIIa), and CD147 (EMMPRIN), and immunological acting molecules such as CD40 (Bp50), CD55 (DAF), and TLR-2. The results from the slide-based and flow cytometry analyses were exactly the same, except for the selected CD147 and TLR-2. This study demonstrated that the destructive fibroblast cell line LS48 has the characteristics of RA SFs. The high expression of specific costimulatory and adhesion molecules underlines the aberrant phenotype of these cells when compared with noninvasive fibroblasts. Furthermore, slide-based and flow cytometry complement each other in fibroblast phenotyping. Overall, this study shows that LS48 is an excellent tool to gain a deeper understanding of SF in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Treese
- Institute of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Wang Q, Li TC, Wu YP, Cocksedge KA, Fu YS, Kong QY, Yao SZ. Reappraisal of peripheral NK cells in women with recurrent miscarriage. Reprod Biomed Online 2008; 17:814-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rajwa B. Image cytometry goes multiphoton. Cytometry A 2007; 71:973-5. [PMID: 18023066 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartek Rajwa
- Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories, Bindley Bioscience Center, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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Laffers W, Schlenkhoff C, Pieper K, Mittag A, Tárnok A, Gerstner AO. Concepts for Absolute Immunophenosubtyping by Slide- Based Cytometry. Transfus Med Hemother 2007. [DOI: 10.1159/000101430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Bocsi J, Lenz D, Sauer U, Wild L, Hess J, Schranz D, Hambsch J, Schneider P, Tárnok A. Inflammation and Immune Suppression following Protein Losing Enteropathy after Fontan Surgery Detected by Cytomics. Transfus Med Hemother 2007. [DOI: 10.1159/000101396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Tárnok A, Bocsi J, Brockhoff G. Cytomics - importance of multimodal analysis of cell function and proliferation in oncology. Cell Prolif 2007; 39:495-505. [PMID: 17109634 PMCID: PMC6496464 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2006.00407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a highly complex and heterogeneous disease involving a succession of genetic changes (frequently caused or accompanied by exogenous trauma), and resulting in a molecular phenotype that in turn results in a malignant specification. The development of malignancy has been described as a multistep process involving self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to antigrowth signals, evasion of apoptosis, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and finally tissue invasion and metastasis. The quantitative analysis of networking molecules within the cells might be applied to understand native-state tissue signalling biology, complex drug actions and dysfunctional signalling in transformed cells, that is, in cancer cells. High-content and high-throughput single-cell analysis can lead to systems biology and cytomics. The application of cytomics in cancer research and diagnostics is very broad, ranging from the better understanding of the tumour cell biology to the identification of residual tumour cells after treatment, to drug discovery. The ultimate goal is to pinpoint in detail these processes on the molecular, cellular and tissue level. A comprehensive knowledge of these will require tissue analysis, which is multiplex and functional; thus, vast amounts of data are being collected from current genomic and proteomic platforms for integration and interpretation as well as for new varieties of updated cytomics technology. This overview will briefly highlight the most important aspects of this continuously developing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tárnok
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Cardiac Centre Leipzig GmbH, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Schubert W. A three-symbol code for organized proteomes based on cyclical imaging of protein locations. Cytometry A 2007; 71:352-60. [PMID: 17326231 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major challenge in the post genomic era is to map and decipher the functional molecular networks of proteins directly in a cell or a tissue. This task requires technologies for the colocalization of random numbers of different molecular components (e.g. proteins) in one sample in one experiment. METHODS Multi-epitope-ligand-"kartographie" (MELK) was developed as a microscopic imaging technology running cycles of iterative fluorescence tagging, imaging, and bleaching, to colocalize a large number of proteins in one sample (morphologically intact routinely fixed cells or tissue). RESULTS In the present study, 18 different cell surface proteins were colocalized by MELK in cells and tissue sections in different compartments of the human immune system. From the resulting sets of multidimensional binary vectors the most prominent groups of protein-epitope arrangements were extracted and imaged as protein "toponome" maps providing direct insight in the higher order topological organization of immune compartments uncovering new tissue domains. The data sets suggest that protein networks, topologically organized in proteomes in situ, obey a unique protein-colocation and -anticolocation code describable by three symbols. CONCLUSION The technology has the potential to colocalize hundreds of proteins and other molecular components in one sample and may offer many applications in biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Schubert
- Molecular Pattern Recognition Research Group, Institute of Medical Neurobiology, University of Magdeburg, Germany.
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Reading C, Dowding C, Schramm B, Garsd A, Onizuka-Handa N, Stickney D, Frincke J. Improvement in immune parameters and human immunodeficiency virus-1 viral response in individuals treated with 16alpha-bromoepiandrosterone (HE2000). Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12:1082-8. [PMID: 17002607 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined the safety, tolerance, immunological effect and anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity of sub-cutaneously administered HE2000 (16alpha-bromoepiandrosterone) as monotherapy in treatment-naïve patients with HIV-1. Twenty-four patients received five sequential daily doses of 50 or 100 mg of HE2000 or placebo every 6 weeks for up to three courses, and were followed thereafter for 3 months. HE2000 was safe, with transient injection site reactions being the main side-effect. Peripheral blood samples, collected serially, were analysed for changes in immune cell phenotypes. Significant increases were observed in the numbers of circulating dendritic cells, early activated (CD69+ CD25-) CD8 T-cells and T-NK cells after administration of 50-mg doses of HE2000 (p < 0.05). Gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was analysed by real-time RT-PCR. Before treatment, HIV-1-infected patients had significantly elevated transcripts for a number of inflammatory mediators (p < 0.012). After 50 mg or 100 mg HE2000, but not after placebo, there were significant sustained decreases in IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and Cox-2 transcripts (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in CD4 cell numbers, although patients receiving 50-mg doses demonstrated a significant decrease in viral load (- 0.6 log; p < 0.01). Anti-HIV-1 T-cell responses were analysed serially using GAG-peptides to stimulate cytoplasmic IFN-gamma responses. After three courses, the 50-mg dose group demonstrated a significant increase in CD8 T-cell response against two distinct GAG peptide pools (p < 0.03). These findings suggest that immune-based therapies may be able to impact viral load by decreasing inflammation and/or stimulating CD8 T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reading
- Hollis Eden Pharmaceuticals Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.
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Kis J, Engelmann P, Farkas K, Richman G, Eck S, Lolley J, Jalahej H, Borowiec M, Kent SC, Treszl A, Orban T. Reduced CD4+ subset and Th1 bias of the human iNKT cells in Type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 81:654-62. [PMID: 17151140 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1106654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are considered to be important in some autoimmune diseases including Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). So far, the published data are contradictory in regard to the role of iNKT cells in T1DM. We aimed to study iNKT cell frequency and the function of different iNKT cell subgroups in T1DM. We compared the results of four subject groups: healthy (H), long-term T2DM (ltT2DM; more than 1 year), newly diagnosed T1DM (ndT1DM; less than 3 months), and ltT1DM (more than 1 year) individuals. We measured the iNKT cell frequencies by costaining for the invariant TCR alpha-chain with 6B11-FITC and Valpha24-PE. After sorting the Valpha24+6B11+ cells, the generated iNKT clones were characterized. We tested CD4, CD8, and CD161 expression and IL-4 and IFN-gamma production on TCR stimulation. The CD4+ population among the iNKT cells was decreased significantly in ltT1DM versus ndT1DM, ltT2DM, or H individuals. The T1DM iNKT cell cytokine profile markedly shifted to the Th1 direction. There was no difference in the frequency of iNKT cells in PBMC among the different patient groups. The decrease in the CD4+ population among the iNKT cells and their Th1 shift indicates dysfunction of these potentially important regulatory cells in T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Kis
- Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Spectral imaging extends the capabilities of biological and clinical studies to simultaneously study multiple features such as organelles and proteins qualitatively and quantitatively. Spectral imaging combines two well-known scientific methodologies, namely spectroscopy and imaging, to provide a new advantageous tool. The need to measure the spectrum at each point of the image requires combining dispersive optics with the more common imaging equipment, and introduces constrains as well. METHODS AND RESULTS The principles of spectral imaging and a few representative applications are described. Spectral imaging analysis is necessary because the complex data structure cannot be analyzed visually. A few of the algorithms are discussed with emphasis on the usage for different experimental modes (fluorescence and bright field). Finally, spectral imaging, like any method, should be evaluated in light of its advantages to specific applications, a selection of which is described. CONCLUSIONS Spectral imaging is a relatively new technique and its full potential is yet to be exploited. Nevertheless, several applications have already shown its potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Garini
- Quantitative Imaging Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
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Lauzon NM, Mian F, MacKenzie R, Ashkar AA. The direct effects of Toll-like receptor ligands on human NK cell cytokine production and cytotoxicity. Cell Immunol 2006; 241:102-12. [PMID: 17049504 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands are potent inducers of the innate immune system, of which NK and NKT cells play an important role. We examined the direct activation of highly purified human NK and/or NKT cells with known TLR ligands. NK/NKT cells were positive for all known TLR mRNA (TLR1-10). Ligands for TLR2-5 induced production of significant amounts of IFN-gamma by purified NK cells. However, a TLR9 ligand failed to induce significant levels of the cytokine. NK cells were depleted from PBMCs to confirm that they were the main source of IFN-gamma following treatment with TLR ligands, which resulted in a significant decrease in cytokines. The direct effects of TLR ligands on NK cytotoxicity were determined using 51Cr-labeled K562 target cells. Ligands for TLR2-5 were potent inducers of NK cell cytotoxicity, a TLR9 ligand was not. Our results suggest that TLR ligands can directly stimulate and enhance NK cell cytokine production and induce cytotoxic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Lauzon
- Centre for Gene Therapeutics, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ont., Canada L8N 3Z5
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Abstract
In the postgenomic era, to gain the most detailed quantitative data from biological specimens has become increasingly important in the emerging new fields of high-content and high-throughput single-cell analysis for systems biology and cytomics. Areas of research and diagnosis with the demand to virtually measure "anything" in the cell include immunophenotyping, rare cell detection and characterization in the case of stem cells and residual tumor cells, tissue analysis, and drug discovery. Systemic analysis is also a prerequisite for predictive medicine by genomics, proteomics, and cytomics. This issue of Cytometry Part A is dedicated to innovative concepts of system wide single cells analysis and manipulation, new technologies, data analysis and display, and, finally, quality assessment. The manuscripts to these chapters are provided by cutting edge experts in the fields. This overview will briefly highlight the most important aspects of this continuously developing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Tárnok
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Cardiac Center Leipzig GmbH, University of Leipzig, Germany.
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Kriete A, Boyce K, Love B. System-wide analysis of hepatotoxicological responses: tissomics is key. Cytometry A 2006; 69:612-9. [PMID: 16680687 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combining diverse data streams across different levels of biological observation, such as molecular, cellular, and clinical chemistry responses, support a system-wide diagnostic approach. Recent progress in slide-based cytometry contributes to the development of tissomics, a high-throughput and high-content phenotyping methodology that provides data-rich profiles of cellular heterogeneity in tissues enabling correlative statistical treatments over multiple scales of biological hierarchies. METHODS Phenotypical data are covariants that can be used as biomarkers to identify relevant candidate genes by associating initiating molecular events with phenotypical changes and adverse outcomes. We introduce a procedure of combined statistical and analytical tools to identify and visualize such associations for nonpooled entities. The new utility is applied to a time-controlled, low-dose toxicological study including a control and two xenobiotic compounds. RESULTS An integrated analysis identified specific molecular and phenotypical biomarkers, which support the classification of animals in the absence of any visual indicators from pathology readings. DISCUSSION The introduction of controlled perturbations to tissues provides a prototypical setting to develop a sensitive, systems-based analysis methodology suitable for a broader range of biomedical applications.
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Bocsi J, Lenz D, Mittag A, Varga VS, Molnar B, Tulassay Z, Sack U, Tárnok A. Automated four-color analysis of leukocytes by scanning fluorescence microscopy using quantum dots. Cytometry A 2006; 69:131-4. [PMID: 16479596 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scanning fluorescence microscope (SFM) is a new technique for automated motorized microscopes to measure multiple fluorochrome labeled cells (Bocsi et al., Cytometry A 2004, 61:1-8). AIMS We developed a four-color staining protocol (DNA, CD3, CD4, and CD8) for the lymphocyte phenotyping by SFM. METHODS Organic (Alexa488, FITC, PE-Alexa610, CyChrom, APC) and inorganic (quantum dot (QD) 605 or 655) fluorochromes were used and compared in different combinations. Measurements were performed in suspension by flow cytometer (FCM) and on slide by SFM. RESULTS Both QDs were detectable by the appropriate Axioplan-2 and FCM filters and the AxioCam BW-camera. CD4/CD8 ratios were highly correlated (P = 0.01) between the SFM and FCM. CONCLUSION Automated SFM is an applicable tool for CD4/CD8 ratio determination in peripheral blood samples with QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Bocsi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Mittag A, Lenz D, Bocsi J, Sack U, Gerstner AOH, Tárnok A. Sequential photobleaching of fluorochromes for polychromatic slide-based cytometry. Cytometry A 2006; 69:139-41. [PMID: 16479599 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Slide-based cytometry is a key technology for polychromatic cytomic investigations. Here we exploit the relocalization and merge feature of Laser Scanning Cytometry for distinguishing fluorochromes of comparable emission spectra but different photostabilities. METHODS Blood specimens were stained with the fluorochrome pairs: FITC/ALEXA488, PE/ALEXA532, or APC/ALEXA633. Bleaching was performed by repeated laser excitation. RESULTS Since ALEXA dyes are photostable as compared to the conventional fluorochromes FITC, PE, and APC, a differentiation within one fluorochrome pair is possible. CONCLUSION The sequential photobleaching method results in an increased information density on a single cell level and represents an important component to perform polychromatic cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Mittag
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig GmbH, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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