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The Impact of Product and Process Related Critical Quality Attributes on Immunogenicity and Adverse Immunological Effects of Biotherapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1025-1041. [PMID: 33316242 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry has experienced great successes with protein therapeutics in the last two decades and with novel modalities, including cell therapies and gene therapies, more recently. Biotherapeutics are complex in structure and present challenges for discovery, development, regulatory, and life cycle management. Biotherapeutics can interact with the immune system that may lead to undesired immunological responses, including immunogenicity, hypersensitivity reactions (HSR), injection site reactions (ISR), and others. Many product and process related critical quality attributes (CQAs) have the potential to trigger or augment such immunological responses to the product. Tremendous efforts, both clinically and preclinically, have been invested to understand the impact of product and process related CQAs on adverse immunological effects. The information and knowledge are critical for the implementation of Quality by Design (QbD), which requires risk assessment and establishment of specifications and control strategies for CQAs. A quality target product profile (QTPP) that identifies the key CQAs through process development can help assign severity scores based on safety, immunogenicity, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of the molecule. Gaps and future directions related to biotherapeutics and emerging novel modalities are presented.
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Garcia-Garijo A, Fajardo CA, Gros A. Determinants for Neoantigen Identification. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1392. [PMID: 31293573 PMCID: PMC6601353 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
All tumors accumulate genetic alterations, some of which can give rise to mutated, non-self peptides presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules and elicit T-cell responses. These immunogenic mutated peptides, or neoantigens, are foreign in nature and display exquisite tumor specificity. The correlative evidence suggesting they play an important role in the effectiveness of various cancer immunotherapies has triggered the development of vaccines and adoptive T-cell therapies targeting them. However, the systematic identification of personalized neoantigens in cancer patients, a critical requisite for the success of these therapies, remains challenging. A growing amount of evidence supports that only a small fraction of all tumor somatic non-synonymous mutations (NSM) identified represent bona fide neoantigens; mutated peptides that are processed, presented on the cell surface HLA molecules of cancer cells and are capable of triggering immune responses in patients. Here, we provide an overview of the existing strategies to identify candidate neoantigens and to evaluate their immunogenicity, two factors that impact on neoantigen identification. We will focus on their strengths and limitations to allow readers to rationally select and apply the most suitable method for their specific laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alena Gros
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
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Dang B, Chhabra S, Pennington MW, Norton RS, Kent SBH. Reinvestigation of the biological activity of d-allo-ShK protein. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12599-12605. [PMID: 28596383 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.793943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ShK toxin from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus is a 35-residue protein that binds to the Kv1.3 ion channel with high affinity. Recently we determined the X-ray structure of ShK toxin by racemic crystallography, in the course of which we discovered that d-ShK has a near-background IC50 value ∼50,000 times lower than that of the l-ShK toxin. This lack of activity was at odds with previously reported results for an ShK diastereomer designated d-allo-ShK, for which significant biological activity had been observed in a similar receptor-blocking assay. As reported, d-allo-ShK was made up of d-amino acids, but with retention of the natural stereochemistry of the chiral side chains of the Ile and Thr residues, i.e. containing d-allo-Ile and d-allo-Thr along with d-amino acids and glycine. To understand its apparent biological activity, we set out to chemically synthesize d-allo-ShK and determine its X-ray structure by racemic crystallography. Using validated allo-Thr and allo-Ile, both l-allo-ShK and d-allo-ShK polypeptide chains were prepared by total chemical synthesis. Neither the l-allo-ShK nor the d-allo-ShK polypeptides folded, whereas both l-ShK and d-ShK folded smoothly under the same conditions. Re-examination of NMR spectra of the previously reported d-allo-ShK protein revealed that diagnostic Thr and Ile signals were the same as for authentic d-ShK. On the basis of these results, we conclude that the previously reported d-allo-ShK was in fact d-ShK, the true enantiomer of natural l-ShK toxin, and that the apparent biological activity may have arisen from inadvertent contamination with trace amounts of l-ShK toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Dang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637.
| | - Sandeep Chhabra
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Stephen B H Kent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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D’Hondt M, Bracke N, Taevernier L, Gevaert B, Verbeke F, Wynendaele E, De Spiegeleer B. Related impurities in peptide medicines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:2-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Jones RB, John VM, Hunter DV, Martin E, Mujib S, Mihajlovic V, Burgers PC, Luider TM, Gyenes G, Sheppard NC, Sengupta D, Tandon R, Yue FY, Benko E, Kovacs C, Nixon DF, Ostrowski MA. Human endogenous retrovirus K(HML-2) Gag- and Env-specific T-cell responses are infrequently detected in HIV-1-infected subjects using standard peptide matrix-based screening. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:288-92. [PMID: 22205657 PMCID: PMC3272926 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05583-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
T-cell responses to human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) K(HML-2) Gag and Env were mapped in HIV-1-infected subjects using 15 mer peptides. Small peptide pools and high concentrations were used to maximize sensitivity. In the 23 subjects studied, only three bona fide HERV-K(HML-2)-specific responses were detected. At these high peptide concentrations, we detected false-positive responses, three of which were mapped to an HIV-1 Gag peptide contaminant. Thus, HERV-K(HML-2) Gag- and Env-specific T-cell responses are infrequently detected by 15 mer peptide mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brad Jones
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Brezar V, Culina S, Østerbye T, Guillonneau F, Chiappetta G, Verdier Y, Vinh J, Wong FS, Buus S, Mallone R. T cells recognizing a peptide contaminant undetectable by mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28866. [PMID: 22194932 PMCID: PMC3237501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic peptides are widely used in immunological research as epitopes to stimulate their cognate T cells. These preparations are never completely pure, but trace contaminants are commonly revealed by mass spectrometry quality controls. In an effort to characterize novel major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I-restricted β-cell epitopes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, we identified islet-infiltrating CD8+ T cells recognizing a contaminating peptide. The amount of this contaminant was so small to be undetectable by direct mass spectrometry. Only after concentration by liquid chromatography, we observed a mass peak corresponding to an immunodominant islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP)206-214 epitope described in the literature. Generation of CD8+ T-cell clones recognizing IGRP206-214 using a novel method confirmed the identity of the contaminant, further underlining the immunodominance of IGRP206-214. If left undetected, minute impurities in synthetic peptide preparations may thus give spurious results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Brezar
- INSERM, U986, DeAR Lab Avenir, Saint Vincent de Paul Hospital, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Slobodan Culina
- INSERM, U986, DeAR Lab Avenir, Saint Vincent de Paul Hospital, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Østerbye
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - François Guillonneau
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 3P5 Proteomics Facility, Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Chiappetta
- Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de Paris, USR 3149 CNRS/ESPCI ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Yann Verdier
- Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de Paris, USR 3149 CNRS/ESPCI ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Joelle Vinh
- Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de Paris, USR 3149 CNRS/ESPCI ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - F. Susan Wong
- Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Søren Buus
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roberto Mallone
- INSERM, U986, DeAR Lab Avenir, Saint Vincent de Paul Hospital, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique – Hopitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin et Hôtel Dieu, Service de Diabétologie, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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