1
|
Cheng SJ, Hsieh KY, Chen SL, Chen CY, Huang CY, Tsou HI, Kumar PV, Hsieh JCH, Chen GY. Microfluidics and Nanomaterial-based Technologies for Circulating Tumor Cell Isolation and Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E1875. [PMID: 32230996 PMCID: PMC7180594 DOI: 10.3390/s20071875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer has been one of the leading causes of death globally, with metastases and recurrences contributing to this result. The detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), which have been implicated as a major population of cells that is responsible for seeding and migration of tumor sites, could contribute to early detection of metastasis and recurrences, consequently increasing the chances of cure. This review article focuses on the current progress in microfluidics technology in CTCs diagnostics, extending to the use of nanomaterials and surface modification techniques for diagnostic applications, with an emphasis on the importance of integrating microchannels, nanomaterials, and surface modification techniques in the isolating and detecting of CTCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Jen Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (S.-J.C.); (K.Y.H.); (S.-L.C.); (C.-Y.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (H.-I.T.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Kuan Yu Hsieh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (S.-J.C.); (K.Y.H.); (S.-L.C.); (C.-Y.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (H.-I.T.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Shiue-Luen Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (S.-J.C.); (K.Y.H.); (S.-L.C.); (C.-Y.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (H.-I.T.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chong-You Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (S.-J.C.); (K.Y.H.); (S.-L.C.); (C.-Y.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (H.-I.T.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (S.-J.C.); (K.Y.H.); (S.-L.C.); (C.-Y.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (H.-I.T.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Hung-I Tsou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (S.-J.C.); (K.Y.H.); (S.-L.C.); (C.-Y.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (H.-I.T.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Priyank V. Kumar
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Jason Chia-Hsun Hsieh
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Linkou), Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Yu Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (S.-J.C.); (K.Y.H.); (S.-L.C.); (C.-Y.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (H.-I.T.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Afreen S, He Z, Xiao Y, Zhu JJ. Nanoscale metal-organic frameworks in detecting cancer biomarkers. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:1338-1349. [PMID: 31999289 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02579k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Following the efficient performance of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as recognition elements in gas sensors, biosensors based on MOFs are now being investigated to capture and quantify potential cancer biomarkers, such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), nucleic acids and proteins. The current status of MOF-based biosensors in the detection of early stages of cancer is in its infancy, although it has significantly emerged since the beginning of this decade. That said, salient research has been conducted in the past five years to utilize the distinctive porous crystalline structure of MOFs for highly sensitive and selective detection of cancer biomarkers. In this pursual, MOFs designed with bimetallic assembly, doped with magnetic nanoparticles, coated with polymers, and even conjugated with peptides or oligonucleotides have shown promising outcomes in detecting CTCs, nucleic acids and proteins. In particular, aptamer-conjugated MOFs are able to perform at a lower limit of detection down to the femtomolar, implying their efficacy for the point of care testing in clinical trials. In this way, aptasensors based on aptamer-conjugated MOFs present a newer sub-branch, to be coined as a MOFTA sensor in the current review. Considering the emerging progress and promising outcomes of MOFTA sensors as well as a variety of MOF-based techniques of detecting cancer biomarkers, this review will highlight their significant advances and related aspects in the recent five years on the context of detecting CTCs, nucleic acids and proteins for the early-stage detection of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Afreen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Using the polymeric circulating tumor cell chip to capture circulating tumor cells in blood samples of patients with colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:2286-2294. [PMID: 32194728 PMCID: PMC7041365 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study clarified the accuracy of a circulating tumor cell (CTC) detection system to diagnose colorectal cancer using blood samples. The system uses the 'polymeric CTC-chip,' (CTC-chip), which is a microfluidic device that is used for CTC isolation. CTCs are considered sensitive diagnostic biomarkers. However, their concentration in the peripheral blood is low and requires highly sensitive and specific capturing techniques. The capture efficiency of the polymeric CTC-chip was first assessed using cell suspensions of the colorectal cancer cell line HCT-116, which was reported as 90.9% in a phosphate-buffered saline suspension and 65.0% in the blood. The CTC-chip was then used to detect CTCs in blood samples obtained from 13 patients with stage II-IV colorectal cancer. On average, the CTCs/ml was lower in patients with stages II and III colorectal cancer (3.3±2.3) than in those with stage IV (7.0±6.2). In patients with stages II-IV, 92% had ≥1 CTC per ml, which was significantly higher than the positive rate (15%) detected using the carbohydrate antigen 19-9 test (CA19-9). Furthermore, CTCs were detected in all patients with stage II and III colorectal cancer, including a number of patients with negative results for the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA19-9 tests. With the polymeric CTC-chip detection system, CTCs can be effective cancer markers, particularly for patients with stage II and III colorectal cancer who often exhibit negative conventional serum marker test results. The CTC-chip system may also facilitate the detection of cancer progression based on CTC concentration.
Collapse
|
4
|
Riethdorf S, O'Flaherty L, Hille C, Pantel K. Clinical applications of the CellSearch platform in cancer patients. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 125:102-121. [PMID: 29355669 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The CellSearch® system (CS) enables standardized enrichment and enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) that are repeatedly assessable via non-invasive "liquid biopsy". While the association of CTCs with poor clinical outcome for cancer patients has clearly been demonstrated in numerous clinical studies, utilizing CTCs for the identification of therapeutic targets, stratification of patients for targeted therapies and uncovering mechanisms of resistance is still under investigation. Here, we comprehensively review the current benefits and drawbacks of clinical CTC analyses for patients with metastatic and non-metastatic tumors. Furthermore, the review focuses on approaches beyond CTC enumeration that aim to uncover therapeutically relevant antigens, genomic aberrations, transcriptional profiles and epigenetic alterations of CTCs at a single cell level. This characterization of CTCs may shed light on the heterogeneity and genomic landscapes of malignant tumors, an understanding of which is highly important for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
5
|
Tsai SC, Hung LY, Lee GB. An integrated microfluidic system for the isolation and detection of ovarian circulating tumor cells using cell selection and enrichment methods. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:034122. [PMID: 28713478 PMCID: PMC5493490 DOI: 10.1063/1.4991476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Gynecological cancer is difficult to be diagnosed at early stages. The relatively high mortality rate has been a serious issue accordingly. We herein reported a diagnosis method by using circulating tumor cells (CTCs) which have been extensively explored as a potential tool for diagnostics and prognostics of ovarian cancers. Nonetheless, the detection of CTCs still remains a challenge because of the difficulty in isolating them from whole blood samples since they are shed into the vasculature from primary tumors and circulate irregularly in the bloodstream in extremely low concentrations. In this work, we reported a new, integrated microfluidic system capable of (1) red blood cells lysis, (2) white blood cell (WBC) depletion via a negative selection process, and (3) capture of target cancer cells from whole blood samples using aptamer-binding technology. Furthermore, this is the first time that an aptamer was used to capture ovarian cancer cells owing to its high affinity. The new microfluidic chip could efficiently perform the entire process in one hour without human intervention at a high recovery rate and a low false positive detection rate when compared with antibody-based systems. A high recovery rate for the isolation of CTCs within a short period of time has been reported when compared to the traditional negative or positive selection approach by using traditional antibody biomarkers. More importantly, "false positive" results from WBCs could be significantly alleviated due to the high specificity of the cancer cell-specific aptamers. The developed integrated microfluidic system could be promising for the isolation and detection of CTCs, which could be used for early diagnosis and prognosis of cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Chi Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Lien-Yu Hung
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Swennenhuis JF, van Dalum G, Zeune LL, Terstappen LWMM. Improving the CellSearch® system. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 16:1291-1305. [PMID: 27797592 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2016.1255144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The CellSearch® CTC test enumerates tumor cells present in 7.5 ml blood of cancer patients. improvements, extensions and different utilities of the cellsearch system are discussed in this paper. Areas covered: This paper describes work performed with the CellSearch system, which go beyond the normal scope of the test. All results from searches with the search term 'CellSearch' from Web of Science and PubMed were categorized and discussed. Expert commentary: The CellSearch Circulating Tumor Cell test captures and identifies tumor cells in blood that are associated with poor clinical outcome. How to best use CTC in clinical practice is being explored in many clinical trials. The ability to extract information from the CTC to guide therapy will expand the potential clinical utility of CTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J F Swennenhuis
- a Medical Cell BioPhysics , University of Twente , Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - G van Dalum
- a Medical Cell BioPhysics , University of Twente , Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - L L Zeune
- a Medical Cell BioPhysics , University of Twente , Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - L W M M Terstappen
- a Medical Cell BioPhysics , University of Twente , Enschede , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hassan EM, Willmore WG, DeRosa MC. Aptamers: Promising Tools for the Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells. Nucleic Acid Ther 2016; 26:335-347. [PMID: 27736306 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2016.0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cells that shed from a primary tumor and freely circulate in the blood, retaining the ability to initiate metastasis and form a secondary tumor in distant organs in the body. CTCs reflect the molecular profile of the primary tumor, therefore studying CTCs can allow for an understanding of the mechanism of metastasis, and an opportunity to monitor the prognosis of cancer. Unfortunately, the detection of CTCs is a considerable challenge due to their low abundance in the bloodstream and the lack of consistent markers present to recognize these cells. The aim of this review is to summarize some of the aptamer-based affinity methods for the detection of CTCs. The basic biological concept of how metastasis occurs and the role of CTCs in this process are presented. Some methods of CTC detection employing antibodies or peptides are mentioned here for comparison. The review of present literature suggests that aptamers are emerging as competitive technology in the detection of CTCs, especially due to their unique properties, but there still remain several challenges to be met, including the need to improve the throughput and sensitivity of such methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Hassan
- 1 Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Energie, Materiaux Telecommunication , Quebec, Canada .,2 Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Maria C DeRosa
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Canada .,3 Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Betsou F, Bulla A, Cho SY, Clements J, Chuaqui R, Coppola D, De Souza Y, De Wilde A, Grizzle W, Guadagni F, Gunter E, Heil S, Hodgkinson V, Kessler J, Kiehntopf M, Kim HS, Koppandi I, Shea K, Singh R, Sobel M, Somiari S, Spyropoulos D, Stone M, Tybring G, Valyi-Nagy K, Van den Eynden G, Wadhwa L. Assays for Qualification and Quality Stratification of Clinical Biospecimens Used in Research: A Technical Report from the ISBER Biospecimen Science Working Group. Biopreserv Biobank 2016; 14:398-409. [PMID: 27046294 PMCID: PMC5896556 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2016.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This technical report presents quality control (QC) assays that can be performed in order to qualify clinical biospecimens that have been biobanked for use in research. Some QC assays are specific to a disease area. Some QC assays are specific to a particular downstream analytical platform. When such a qualification is not possible, QC assays are presented that can be performed to stratify clinical biospecimens according to their biomolecular quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fay Betsou
- Integrated BioBank of Luxemburg (IBBL), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Alexandre Bulla
- Biotheque-SML, Division of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine (DMGL), University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sang Yun Cho
- National Biobank of Korea, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Judith Clements
- Australian Prostate Cancer Bioresource/Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Chuaqui
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (DCTD), National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Yvonne De Souza
- University of California, San Francisco, AIDS Specimen Bank, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Stacey Heil
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, New Jersey
| | - Verity Hodgkinson
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, Woolloomooloo, Australia
| | | | | | - Hee Sung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Dongjak-gu, South Korea
| | | | | | - Rajeev Singh
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Biorepository, Houston, Texas
| | - Marc Sobel
- American Society for Investigative Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stella Somiari
- Biobank and Biospecimen Science Research, Windber Research Institute, Windber, Pennsylvania
| | - Demetri Spyropoulos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Mars Stone
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Klara Valyi-Nagy
- University of Illinois Biorepository, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fadel TR, Farrell DF, Friedersdorf LE, Griep MH, Hoover MD, Meador MA, Meyyappan M. Toward the Responsible Development and Commercialization of Sensor Nanotechnologies. ACS Sens 2016; 1:207-216. [PMID: 28261665 PMCID: PMC5332131 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5b00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-enabled sensors (or nanosensors) will play an important role in enabling the progression toward ubiquitous information systems as the Internet of Things (IoT) emerges. Nanosensors offer new, miniaturized solutions in physiochemical and biological sensing that enable increased sensitivity, specificity, and multiplexing capability, all with the compelling economic drivers of low cost and high-energy efficiency. In the United States, Federal agencies participating in the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) "Nanotechnology for Sensors and Sensors for Nanotechnology: Improving and Protecting Health, Safety, and the Environment" Nanotechnology Signature Initiative (the Sensors NSI), address both the opportunity of using nanotechnology to advance sensor development and the challenges of developing sensors to keep pace with the increasingly widespread use of engineered nanomaterials. This perspective article will introduce and provide background on the NNI signature initiative on sensors. Recent efforts by the Sensors NSI aimed at promoting the successful development and commercialization of nanosensors will be reviewed and examples of sensor nanotechnologies will be highlighted. Future directions and critical challenges for sensor development will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek R. Fadel
- The National Nanotechnology Coordination Office, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 405, Arlington, Virginia 22230, United States
| | - Dorothy F. Farrell
- The National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, 10A52, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Lisa E. Friedersdorf
- The National Nanotechnology Coordination Office, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 405, Arlington, Virginia 22230, United States
| | - Mark H. Griep
- The U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Mark D. Hoover
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Michael A. Meador
- The National Nanotechnology Coordination Office, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 405, Arlington, Virginia 22230, United States
| | - M. Meyyappan
- Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Connor AA, McNamara K, Al-Sukhni E, Diskin J, Chan D, Ash C, Lowes LE, Allan AL, Zogopoulos G, Moulton CA, Gallinger S. Central, But Not Peripheral, Circulating Tumor Cells are Prognostic in Patients Undergoing Resection of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 23:2168-75. [PMID: 26714949 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-5038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLMs) are potentially curable with resection, but most patients recur and succumb to their disease. Clinical covariates do not account for all outcomes. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are prognostic in the primary and metastatic settings of breast, prostate and colorectal cancer (CRC), and evolving evidence supports their role in CRLMs. Our objective was to determine whether CTCs in peripheral (PV) and hepatic venous (HV) compartments are associated with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) post-CRLM resection. METHODS CTCs were measured by CellSearch assay from intraoperative HV and PV samples from 63 patients who underwent CRLM resection from June 2007 to August 2012 at a single center. DFS and OS were primary endpoints. RESULTS HV CTCs > 3 were associated with shorter DFS and OS, but not PV CTCs, although no significant difference was found between CTC measurements in the two compartments. By univariate analysis, CRC stage and site, CRLM recurrence, and hepatic capsule invasion were also associated with OS, but only HV CTCs and CRC site were significant by multivariate Cox. Only HV CTCs were associated with DFS by multivariate analysis. Cases with elevated HV CTCs had hepatic vein invasion and lymph node metastases, and were younger with larger tumors. CONCLUSIONS Elevated HV CTCs are prognostic for DFS and OS following CRLM resection. Clinicopathologic features associated with HV CTCs are identifiable preoperatively and should be considered in CRLM surgical decision making. We found no evidence that PV CTCs are prognostic in this setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashton A Connor
- Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgical Oncology Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kate McNamara
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eisar Al-Sukhni
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob Diskin
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Chan
- Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgical Oncology Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Colleen Ash
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lori E Lowes
- Departments of Oncology, and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alison L Allan
- Departments of Oncology, and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - George Zogopoulos
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carol-Anne Moulton
- Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgical Oncology Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgical Oncology Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Expression of stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in circulating tumor cells of breast cancer patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:415721. [PMID: 24895575 PMCID: PMC4034492 DOI: 10.1155/2014/415721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation and characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have become a major focus of translational cancer research. Presence of CTCs predicts worse clinical outcome in early and metastatic breast cancer. Whether all cells from the primary tumor have potential to disseminate and form subsequent metastasis remains unclear. As part of the metastatic cascade, tumor cells lose their cell-to-cell adhesion and undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in order to enter blood circulation. During EMT epithelial antigens are downregulated; thus, such tumor cells might elude classical epithelial marker-based detection. Several researchers postulated that some CTCs express stem cell-like phenotype; this might lead to chemoresistance and enhanced metastatic potential of such cells. In the present review, we discuss current data on EMT and stem cell markers in CTCs of breast cancer and their clinical significance.
Collapse
|
13
|
Lowes LE, Hedley BD, Keeney M, Allan AL. Adaptation of semiautomated circulating tumor cell (CTC) assays for clinical and preclinical research applications. J Vis Exp 2014:e51248. [PMID: 24637923 DOI: 10.3791/51248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of cancer-related deaths occur subsequent to the development of metastatic disease. This highly lethal disease stage is associated with the presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). These rare cells have been demonstrated to be of clinical significance in metastatic breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. The current gold standard in clinical CTC detection and enumeration is the FDA-cleared CellSearch system (CSS). This manuscript outlines the standard protocol utilized by this platform as well as two additional adapted protocols that describe the detailed process of user-defined marker optimization for protein characterization of patient CTCs and a comparable protocol for CTC capture in very low volumes of blood, using standard CSS reagents, for studying in vivo preclinical mouse models of metastasis. In addition, differences in CTC quality between healthy donor blood spiked with cells from tissue culture versus patient blood samples are highlighted. Finally, several commonly discrepant items that can lead to CTC misclassification errors are outlined. Taken together, these protocols will provide a useful resource for users of this platform interested in preclinical and clinical research pertaining to metastasis and CTCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori E Lowes
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University
| | | | - Michael Keeney
- Special Hematology/Flow Cytometry, London Health Sciences Centre; Lawson Health Research Institute
| | - Alison L Allan
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Lawson Health Research Institute; Department of Oncology, Western University;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ulrich H, Tárnok A. Flow cytometry detection of circulating tumor cells: Achievements and limitations as prognostic parameters. Cytometry A 2014; 85:201-2. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo; Brasil
| | - Attila Tárnok
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Centre Leipzig; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM); University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gao Y, Yuan Z. Nanotechnology for the detection and kill of circulating tumor cells. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:500. [PMID: 25258614 PMCID: PMC4174536 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) represent a surrogate biomarker of hematogenous metastases and thus could be considered as a 'liquid biopsy' which reveals metastasis in action. But it is absolutely a challenge to detect CTCs due to their extreme rarity. At present, the most common principle is to take advantage of the epithelial surface markers of CTCs which attach to a specific antibody. Antibody-magnetic nanobeads combine with the epithelial surface markers, and then the compound is processed by washing, separation, and detection. However, a proportion of CTC antigen expressions are down-regulated or lost in the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and thus, this part of CTCs cannot be detected by classical detection methods such as CellSearch. To resolve this problem, some multiple-marker CTC detections have been developed rapidly. Additionally, nanotechnology is a promising approach to kill CTCs with high efficiency. Implantable nanotubes coated with apoptosis-promoting molecules improve the disease-free survival and overall survival. The review introduces some novel CTC detection techniques and therapeutic methods by virtue of nanotechnology to provide a better knowledge of the progress about CTC study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zhou Yuan
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Onstenk W, Gratama J, Foekens J, Sleijfer S. Towards a personalized breast cancer treatment approach guided by circulating tumor cell (CTC) characteristics. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 39:691-700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
17
|
Rossi E, Facchinetti A, Zamarchi R. Customizing CellSearch platform. Cytometry A 2013; 83:595-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Rossi
- Oncology Section Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology University of Padova; Padova; Italy
| | - A. Facchinetti
- Oncology Section Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology University of Padova; Padova; Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Orosz E, Ember I, Gombos K, Tóth L, Tarpay Á, Pap Á, Ottó S. Alternatives for the intensive follow-up after curative resection of colorectal cancer. Potential novel biomarkers for the recommendations. Pathol Oncol Res 2013; 19:619-29. [PMID: 23868031 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-013-9672-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of recurrence and metastasis of colorectal cancer following surgery of curative intent is of vital importance in terms of survival and quality of life. The consistent implementation of appropriate patient follow-up strategy is therefore essential. Debates over the methodology, evaluation and strategy of follow-up have been known for many years, and continue today. By introducing several follow-up models, the present paper offers different options featuring certain individual, national and international, conceptual and financial aspects. Colorectal cancer is an important public health concern due to its destructive nature and frequency, it is therefore essential to develop new monitoring strategies, involving new biomarkers and extensive clinical validation. Since the recurrence rate is very high in high-risk patients, the improvement of individual patient risk estimates and the utilization of a corresponding follow-up model require broad international co-operation and common practice, along with the determination of optimal levels of evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enikő Orosz
- National Institute of Oncology, Ráth György utca 7-9, 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|