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Carmona-Pérez L, Dagenais-Lussier X, Mai LT, Stögerer T, Swaminathan S, Isnard S, Rice MR, Barnes BJ, Routy JP, van Grevenynghe J, Stäger S. The TLR7/IRF-5 axis sensitizes memory CD4+ T cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis during HIV-1 infection. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e167329. [PMID: 37227774 PMCID: PMC10371351 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.167329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is characterized by inflammation and a progressive decline in CD4+ T cell count. Despite treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART), the majority of people living with HIV (PLWH) maintain residual levels of inflammation, a low degree of immune activation, and higher sensitivity to cell death in their memory CD4+ T cell compartment. To date, the mechanisms responsible for this high sensitivity remain elusive. We have identified the transcription factor IRF-5 to be involved in impairing the maintenance of murine CD4+ T cells during chronic infection. Here, we investigate whether IRF-5 also contributes to memory CD4+ T cell loss during HIV-1 infection. We show that TLR7 and IRF-5 were upregulated in memory CD4+ T cells from PLWH, when compared with naturally protected elite controllers and HIVfree participants. TLR7 was upstream of IRF-5, promoting Caspase 8 expression in CD4+ T cells from ART HIV-1+ but not from HIVfree donors. Interestingly, the TLR7/IRF-5 axis acted synergistically with the Fas/FasL pathway, suggesting that TLR7 and IRF-5 expression in ART HIV-1+ memory CD4+ T cells represents an imprint that predisposes cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis. This predisposition could be blocked using IRF-5 inhibitory peptides, suggesting IRF-5 blockade as a possible therapy to prevent memory CD4+ T cell loss in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liseth Carmona-Pérez
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xavier Dagenais-Lussier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Linh T. Mai
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tanja Stögerer
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sharada Swaminathan
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew R. Rice
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Betsy J. Barnes
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julien van Grevenynghe
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simona Stäger
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
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Oriol-Tordera B, Olvera A, Duran-Castells C, Llano A, Mothe B, Massanella M, Dalmau J, Ganoza C, Sanchez J, Calle ML, Clotet B, Martinez-Picado J, Negredo E, Blanco J, Hartigan-O'Connor D, Brander C, Ruiz-Riol M. TL1A-DR3 Plasma Levels Are Predictive of HIV-1 Disease Control, and DR3 Costimulation Boosts HIV-1-Specific T Cell Responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:3348-3357. [PMID: 33177161 PMCID: PMC7725879 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Relative control of HIV-1 infection has been linked to genetic and immune host factors. In this study, we analyzed 96 plasma proteome arrays from chronic untreated HIV-1-infected individuals using the classificatory random forest approach to discriminate between uncontrolled disease (plasma viral load [pVL] >50,000 RNA copies/ml; CD4 counts 283 cells/mm3, n = 47) and relatively controlled disease (pVL <10,000 RNA copies/ml; CD4 counts 657 cells/mm3, n = 49). Our analysis highlighted the TNF molecule's relevance, in particular, TL1A (TNFSF15) and its cognate DR3 (TNFSRF25), both of which increased in the relative virus control phenotype. DR3 levels (in plasma and PBMCs) were validated in unrelated cohorts (including long-term nonprogressors), thus confirming their independence from CD4 counts and pVL. Further analysis in combined antiretroviral treatment (cART)-treated individuals with a wide range of CD4 counts (137-1835 cells/mm3) indicated that neither TL1A nor DR3 levels reflected recovery of CD4 counts with cART. Interestingly, in cART-treated individuals, plasma TL1A levels correlated with regulatory T cell frequencies, whereas soluble DR3 was strongly associated with the abundance of effector HLA-DR+CD8+ T cells. A positive correlation was also observed between plasma DR3 levels and the HIV-1-specific T cell responses. In vitro, costimulation of PBMC with DR3-specific mAb increased the magnitude of HIV-1-specific responses. Finally, in splenocytes of DNA.HTI-vaccinated mice, costimulation of HTI peptides and a DR3 agonist (4C12) intensified the magnitude of T cell responses by 27%. These data describe the role of the TL1A-DR3 axis in the natural control of HIV-1 infection and point to the use of DR3 agonists in HIV-1 vaccine regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Oriol-Tordera
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, de Fisiologia i d'Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Olvera
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, 08500 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Duran-Castells
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, de Fisiologia i d'Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anuska Llano
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, 08500 Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida i les Malalties Infeccioses, Servei de Malalties Infecciones Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Massanella
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Dalmau
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmela Ganoza
- Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educacion, Lima 15063, Peru
- Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, San Martín de Porres, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - Jorge Sanchez
- Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educacion, Lima 15063, Peru
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Bellavista, Lima 07006, Peru
| | - Maria Luz Calle
- Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, 08500 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, 08500 Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida i les Malalties Infeccioses, Servei de Malalties Infecciones Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, 08500 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eugènia Negredo
- Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, 08500 Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida i les Malalties Infeccioses, Servei de Malalties Infecciones Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, 08500 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dennis Hartigan-O'Connor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616; and
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Christian Brander
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, 08500 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Riol
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain;
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Apoptosis characterization in mononuclear blood leukocytes of HIV patients during dengue acute disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6351. [PMID: 32286360 PMCID: PMC7156518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62776-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) co-circulation in Brazil represents a challenge for treatment and vaccine development. Despite public health impact, the occurrence of coinfections with other viruses is a common event. Increased T cell activation and altered inflammatory response are found during DENV coinfection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) impacting HIV-pathogenesis. Even with Antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV- treated patients had chronic immune activation and lymphocyte apoptosis. However, apoptotic mechanisms have not been investigated during coinfection with DENV. Our attention was attracted to apoptotic cell markers expressions in PBMCs from DENV and DENV/HIV coinfected patients. We found CD4/CD8 ratio inversion in most coinfected patients. CD4 T and CD8 T-cell subsets from DENV and DENV/HIV groups expressed low levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Furthermore, CD8 CD95 double positive cells frequency expressing low levels of Bcl-2 were significantly higher in these patients. Additionally, the density of Bcl-2 on classical monocytes (CD14++CD16−) was significantly lower during DENV infection. Upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins and anti-apoptotic proteins were found in DENV and DENV/HIV, while catalase, an antioxidant protein, was upregulated mainly in DENV/HIV coinfection. These findings provide evidence of apoptosis triggering during DENV/HIV coinfection, which may contribute to knowledge of immunological response during DENV acute infection in HIV-patients treated with ART.
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Grau-Expósito J, Luque-Ballesteros L, Navarro J, Curran A, Burgos J, Ribera E, Torrella A, Planas B, Badía R, Martin-Castillo M, Fernández-Sojo J, Genescà M, Falcó V, Buzon MJ. Latency reversal agents affect differently the latent reservoir present in distinct CD4+ T subpopulations. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007991. [PMID: 31425551 PMCID: PMC6715238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Latency reversal agents (LRAs) have proven to induce HIV-1 transcription in vivo but are ineffective at decreasing the size of the latent reservoir in antiretroviral treated patients. The capacity of the LRAs to perturb the viral reservoir present in distinct subpopulations of cells is currently unknown. Here, using a new RNA FISH/flow ex vivo viral reactivation assay, we performed a comprehensive assessment of the viral reactivation capacity of different families of LRAs, and their combinations, in different CD4+ T cell subsets. We observed that a median of 16.28% of the whole HIV-reservoir induced HIV-1 transcripts after viral reactivation, but only 10.10% of these HIV-1 RNA+ cells produced the viral protein p24. Moreover, none of the LRAs were powerful enough to reactivate HIV-1 transcription in all CD4+ T cell subpopulations. For instance, the combination of Romidepsin and Ingenol was identified as the best combination of drugs at increasing the proportion of HIV-1 RNA+ cells, in most, but not all, CD4+ T cell subsets. Importantly, memory stem cells were identified as highly resistant to HIV-1 reactivation, and only the combination of Panobinostat and Bryostatin-1 significantly increased the number of cells transcribing HIV within this subset. Overall, our results validate the use of the RNA FISH/flow technique to assess the potency of LRAs among different CD4+ T cell subsets, manifest the intrinsic differences between cells that encompass the latent HIV reservoir, and highlight the difficulty to significantly impact the latent infection with the currently available drugs. Thus, our results have important implications for the rational design of therapies aimed at reversing HIV latency from diverse cellular reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Grau-Expósito
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Luque-Ballesteros
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Navarro
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian Curran
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquin Burgos
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Ribera
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Torrella
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bibiana Planas
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Badía
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Martin-Castillo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Fernández-Sojo
- Banc de Sang i Teixits, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Falcó
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J. Buzon
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Monguió-Tortajada M, Franquesa M, Sarrias MR, Borràs FE. Low doses of LPS exacerbate the inflammatory response and trigger death on TLR3-primed human monocytes. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:499. [PMID: 29717111 PMCID: PMC5931601 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
TLR sensing of pathogens triggers monocyte activation to initiate the host innate immune response to infection. Monocytes can dynamically adapt to different TLR agonists inducing different patterns of inflammatory response, and the sequence of exposure to TLRs can dramatically modulate cell activation. Understanding the interactions between TLR signalling that lead to synergy, priming and tolerance to TLR agonists may help explain how prior infections and inflammatory conditioning can regulate the innate immune response to subsequent infections. Our goal was to investigate the role of MyD88-independent/dependent TLR priming on modulating the monocyte response to LPS exposure. We stimulated human blood monocytes with agonists for TLR4 (LPS), TLR3 (poly(I:C)) and TLR7/8 (R848) and subsequently challenged them to low doses of endotoxin. The different TLR agonists promoted distinct inflammatory signatures in monocytes. Upon subsequent LPS challenge, LPS- and R848-primed monocytes did not enhance the previous response, whereas poly(I:C)-primed monocytes exhibited a significant inflammatory response concomitant with a sharp reduction on cell viability. Our results show that TLR3-primed monocytes are prompted to cell death by apoptosis in the presence of low endotoxin levels, concurrent with the production of high levels of TNFα and IL6. Of note, blocking of TNFR I/II in those monocytes did reduce TNFα production but did not abrogate cell death. Instead, direct signalling through TLR4 was responsible of such effect. Collectively, our study provides new insights on the effects of cross-priming and synergism between TLR3 and TLR4, identifying the selective induction of apoptosis as a strategy for TLR-mediated host innate response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Monguió-Tortajada
- REMAR-IVECAT Group, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marcella Franquesa
- REMAR-IVECAT Group, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Spain
- Nephrology Service, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Maria-Rosa Sarrias
- Innate Immunity Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Badalona, Spain
| | - Francesc E Borràs
- REMAR-IVECAT Group, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Nephrology Service, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain.
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Antiretroviral therapy suppressed participants with low CD4+ T-cell counts segregate according to opposite immunological phenotypes. AIDS 2016; 30:2275-87. [PMID: 27427875 PMCID: PMC5017266 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Background: The failure to increase CD4+ T-cell counts in some antiretroviral therapy suppressed participants (immunodiscordance) has been related to perturbed CD4+ T-cell homeostasis and impacts clinical evolution. Methods: We evaluated different definitions of immunodiscordance based on CD4+ T-cell counts (cutoff) or CD4+ T-cell increases from nadir value (ΔCD4) using supervised random forest classification of 74 immunological and clinical variables from 196 antiretroviral therapy suppressed individuals. Unsupervised clustering was performed using relevant variables identified in the supervised approach from 191 individuals. Results: Cutoff definition of CD4+ cell count 400 cells/μl performed better than any other definition in segregating immunoconcordant and immunodiscordant individuals (85% accuracy), using markers of activation, nadir and death of CD4+ T cells. Unsupervised clustering of relevant variables using this definition revealed large heterogeneity between immunodiscordant individuals and segregated participants into three distinct subgroups with distinct production, programmed cell-death protein-1 (PD-1) expression, activation and death of T cells. Surprisingly, a nonnegligible number of immunodiscordant participants (22%) showed high frequency of recent thymic emigrants and low CD4+ T-cell activation and death, very similar to immunoconcordant participants. Notably, human leukocyte antigen - antigen D related (HLA-DR) PD-1 and CD45RA expression in CD4+ T cells allowed reproducing subgroup segregation (81.4% accuracy). Despite sharp immunological differences, similar and persistently low CD4+ values were maintained in these participants over time. Conclusion: A cutoff value of CD4+ T-cell count 400 cells/μl classified better immunodiscordant and immunoconcordant individuals than any ΔCD4 classification. Immunodiscordance may present several, even opposite, immunological patterns that are identified by a simple immunological follow-up. Subgroup classification may help clinicians to delineate diverse approaches that may be needed to boost CD4+ T-cell recovery.
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Kynurenine Reduces Memory CD4 T-Cell Survival by Interfering with Interleukin-2 Signaling Early during HIV-1 Infection. J Virol 2016; 90:7967-79. [PMID: 27356894 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00994-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Early HIV-1 infection is characterized by enhanced tryptophan catabolism, which contributes to immune suppression and disease progression. However, the mechanism by which kynurenine, a tryptophan-related metabolite, induces immune suppression remains poorly understood. Herein, we show that the increased production of kynurenine correlates with defective interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling in memory CD4 T cells from HIV-infected subjects. Defective IL-2 signaling in these subjects, which drives reduced protection from Fas-mediated apoptosis, was also associated with memory CD4 T-cell loss. Treatment of memory CD4 T cells with the concentration of kynurenine found in plasma inhibited IL-2 signaling through the production of reactive oxygen species. We further show that IL-2 signaling in memory CD4 T cells is improved by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy restored the IL-2 response in memory CD4 T cells by reducing reactive oxygen species and kynurenine production. The study findings provide a kynurenine-dependent mechanism through IL-2 signaling for reduced CD4 T-cell survival, which can be reversed by early treatment initiation in HIV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE The persistence of functional memory CD4 T cells represents the basis for long-lasting immune protection in individuals after exposure to HIV-1. Unfortunately, primary HIV-1 infection results in the massive loss of these cells within weeks of infection, which is mainly driven by inflammation and massive infection by the virus. These new findings show that the enhanced production of kynurenine, a metabolite related to tryptophan catabolism, also impairs memory CD4 T-cell survival and interferes with IL-2 signaling early during HIV-1 infection.
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Massanella M, Gómez-Mora E, Carrillo J, Curriu M, Ouchi D, Puig J, Negredo E, Cabrera C, Clotet B, Blanco J. Increased ex vivo cell death of central memory CD4 T cells in treated HIV infected individuals with unsatisfactory immune recovery. J Transl Med 2015; 13:230. [PMID: 26183947 PMCID: PMC4504072 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High levels of ex vivo CD4 T-cell death and the accumulation of highly differentiated and/or immunosenescent T cells have been associated with poor CD4 T-cell recovery in treated HIV-infected individuals. However, the relationship between cell death and T-cell differentiation is still unclear. Methods We have analyzed cell death, immunosenescence and differentiation parameters in HAART-treated subjects (VL <50 copies/mL for more than 2 years) with CD4 T-cell count <350 cells/μL (immunodiscordant, n = 23) or >400 cells/μL (immunoconcordant, n = 33). We included 11 healthy individuals as reference. Results As expected, suboptimal CD4 T-cell recovery was associated with low frequencies of naïve cells, high frequencies of transitional and effector memory cells and a subsequent low ratio of central/transitional memory cells in the CD4 compartment. These alterations correlated with spontaneous CD4 T-cell death. A deeper analysis of cell death in CD4 T-cell subsets showed increased cell death in memory cells of immunodiscordant individuals, mainly affecting central memory cells. Immunosenescence was also higher in immunodiscordant individuals albeit unrelated to cell death. The CD8 compartment was similar in both HIV-infected groups, except for an underrepresentation of naïve cells in immunodiscordant individuals. Conclusion Immunodiscordant individuals show alterations in memory CD4 T-cell differentiation associated with a short ex vivo lifespan of central memory cells and an in vivo low central/transitional memory cell ratio. These alterations may contribute to poor CD4 T-cell repopulation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0601-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Massanella
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916, Badalona, Spain. .,Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Elisabet Gómez-Mora
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916, Badalona, Spain.
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916, Badalona, Spain.
| | - Marta Curriu
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916, Badalona, Spain.
| | - Dan Ouchi
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916, Badalona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Puig
- Fundació Lluita contra la SIDA, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain.
| | - Eugènia Negredo
- Fundació Lluita contra la SIDA, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain. .,Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya, UVIC-UCC, 08500, Vic, Spain.
| | - Cecilia Cabrera
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916, Badalona, Spain.
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916, Badalona, Spain. .,Fundació Lluita contra la SIDA, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain. .,Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya, UVIC-UCC, 08500, Vic, Spain.
| | - Julià Blanco
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916, Badalona, Spain. .,Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya, UVIC-UCC, 08500, Vic, Spain.
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9
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Rello-Varona S, Herrero-Martín D, López-Alemany R, Muñoz-Pinedo C, Tirado OM. “(Not) All (Dead) Things Share the Same Breath”: Identification of Cell Death Mechanisms in Anticancer Therapy. Cancer Res 2015; 75:913-7. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Different plasma markers of inflammation are influenced by immune recovery and cART composition or intensification in treated HIV infected individuals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114142. [PMID: 25462535 PMCID: PMC4252101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 infection increases plasma levels of inflammatory markers. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) does not restore inflammatory markers to normal levels. Since intensification of cART with raltegravir reduced CD8 T-cell activation in the Discor-Ral and IntegRal studies, we have evaluated the effect of raltegravir intensification on several soluble inflammation markers in these studies. METHODS Longitudinal plasma samples (0-48 weeks) from the IntegRal (n = 67, 22 control and 45 intensified individuals) and the Discor-Ral studies (44 individuals with CD4 T-cell counts<350 cells/µl, 14 control and 30 intensified) were assayed for 25 markers. Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, Spearman test and linear mixed models were used for analysis. RESULTS At baseline, different inflammatory markers were strongly associated with HCV co-infection, lower CD4 counts and with cART regimens (being higher in PI-treated individuals), but poorly correlated with detection of markers of residual viral replication. Although raltegravir intensification reduced inflammation in individuals with lower CD4 T-cell counts, no effect of intensification was observed on plasma markers of inflammation in a global analysis. An association was found, however, between reductions in immune activation and plasma levels of the coagulation marker D-dimer, which exclusively decreased in intensified patients on protease inhibitor (PI)-based cART regimens (P = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS The inflammatory profile in treated HIV-infected individuals showed a complex association with HCV co-infection, the levels of CD4 T cells and the cART regimen. Raltegravir intensification specifically reduced D-dimer levels in PI-treated patients, highlighting the link between cART composition and residual viral replication; however, raltegravir had little effect on other inflammatory markers.
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11
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Massanella M, Negredo E, Clotet B, Blanco J. Immunodiscordant responses to HAART--mechanisms and consequences. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 9:1135-49. [PMID: 24168417 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2013.842897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A relevant fraction of HIV-1-infected individuals (ranging from 15 to 30%) presenting virologically successful highly active antiretroviral therapy fail to recover CD4 T-cell counts. These individuals, called immunodiscordant or immunological nonresponders, are at increased risk of clinical progression and death. Although older age, lower nadir CD4 T-cell count and HCV co-infection are some of clinical predictive factors, immunological mechanisms rely on impaired thymic production and accumulation of apoptosis-prone CD4 T cells. Indeed, immunodiscordant individuals may show increased tissue fibrosis and damage of gut-associated lymphoid tissue that results in higher hyperactivation, inflammation and immunosenescence, altered Treg/Th17 ratio and increased T-cell death. A better knowledge of the final pathogenic mechanism and factors influencing CD4 T-cell recovery will help to select the optimal therapeutic strategies for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Massanella
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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12
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Carrade Holt DD, Wood JA, Granick JL, Walker NJ, Clark KC, Borjesson DL. Equine mesenchymal stem cells inhibit T cell proliferation through different mechanisms depending on tissue source. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1258-65. [PMID: 24438346 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are used in both human clinical trials and veterinary medicine for the treatment of inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases. MSCs modulate inflammation by decreasing the cells and products of the inflammatory response. Stimulated equine MSCs from bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue (AT), cord blood (CB), and umbilical cord tissue (CT) inhibit lymphocyte proliferation and decrease inflammatory cytokine production. We hypothesized that equine MSCs inhibit T cell proliferation through secreted mediators and that MSCs from different tissue sources decrease T cell proliferation through different mechanisms. To test our hypotheses, we inhibited interleukin-6 (IL-6), nitric oxide (NO), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to determine their impact on stimulated T cell proliferation. We also determined how equine MSCs modulate lymphocyte proliferation either via cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Inhibition of IL-6 or NO did not reverse the immunomodulatory effect of MSCs on activated T cells. In contrast, inhibition of PGE2 restored T cell proliferation, restored the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, and increased IL-10 levels. MSCs from solid-tissue-derived sources, AT and CT, inhibited T cell proliferation through induction of lymphocyte apoptosis while blood-derived MSCs, BM and CB, induced lymphocyte cell cycle arrest. Equine MSCs from different tissue sources modulated immune cell function by both overlapping and unique mechanisms. MSC tissue source may determine immunomodulatory properties of MSCs and may have very practical implications for MSC selection in the application of MSC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle D Carrade Holt
- 1 Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, California
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