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Wieder R. Fibroblasts as Turned Agents in Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072014. [PMID: 37046676 PMCID: PMC10093070 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiated epithelial cells reside in the homeostatic microenvironment of the native organ stroma. The stroma supports their normal function, their G0 differentiated state, and their expansion/contraction through the various stages of the life cycle and physiologic functions of the host. When malignant transformation begins, the microenvironment tries to suppress and eliminate the transformed cells, while cancer cells, in turn, try to resist these suppressive efforts. The tumor microenvironment encompasses a large variety of cell types recruited by the tumor to perform different functions, among which fibroblasts are the most abundant. The dynamics of the mutual relationship change as the sides undertake an epic battle for control of the other. In the process, the cancer “wounds” the microenvironment through a variety of mechanisms and attracts distant mesenchymal stem cells to change their function from one attempting to suppress the cancer, to one that supports its growth, survival, and metastasis. Analogous reciprocal interactions occur as well between disseminated cancer cells and the metastatic microenvironment, where the microenvironment attempts to eliminate cancer cells or suppress their proliferation. However, the altered microenvironmental cells acquire novel characteristics that support malignant progression. Investigations have attempted to use these traits as targets of novel therapeutic approaches.
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2
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Sinsinbar G, Palaniappan A, Yildiz UH, Liedberg B. A Perspective on Polythiophenes as Conformation Dependent Optical Reporters for Label-Free Bioanalytics. ACS Sens 2022; 7:686-703. [PMID: 35226461 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c02476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3-alkylthiophene) (PT)-based conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) constitute an important class of responsive polymers with excellent optical properties. The electrostatic interactions between PTs and target analytes trigger complexation and concomitant conformational changes of the PT backbones that produce distinct optical responses. These conformation-induced optical responses of the PTs enable them to be utilized as reporters for detection of various analytes by employing simple UV-vis spectrophotometry or the naked eye. Numerous PTs with unique pendant groups have been synthesized to tailor their interactions with analytes such as nucleotides, ions, surfactants, proteins, and bacterial and viral pathogens. In this perspective, we discuss PT-target analyte complexation for bioanalytical applications and highlight recent advancements in point-of-care and field deployable assays. Subsequently, we highlight a few areas of critical importance for future applications of PTs as reporters, including (i) design and synthesis of specific PTs to advance the understanding of the mechanisms of interaction with target analytes, (ii) using arrays of PTs and linear discriminant analysis for selective and specific detection of target analytes, (iii) translation of conventional homogeneous solution-based assays into heterogeneous membrane-based assay formats, and finally (iv) the potential of using PT as an alternative to conjugated polymer nanoparticles and dots in bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Sinsinbar
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553
| | - Alagappan Palaniappan
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553
| | - Umit Hakan Yildiz
- Department of Chemistry, Izmir Institute of Technology, İzmir 35430, Turkey
- Department of Photonic Science and Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, İzmir 35430, Turkey
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, İzmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Bo Liedberg
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553
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3
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Zeglio E, Rutz AL, Winkler TE, Malliaras GG, Herland A. Conjugated Polymers for Assessing and Controlling Biological Functions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806712. [PMID: 30861237 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The field of organic bioelectronics is advancing rapidly in the development of materials and devices to precisely monitor and control biological signals. Electronics and biology can interact on multiple levels: organs, complex tissues, cells, cell membranes, proteins, and even small molecules. Compared to traditional electronic materials such as metals and inorganic semiconductors, conjugated polymers (CPs) have several key advantages for biological interactions: tunable physiochemical properties, adjustable form factors, and mixed conductivity (ionic and electronic). Herein, the use of CPs in five biologically oriented research topics, electrophysiology, tissue engineering, drug release, biosensing, and molecular bioelectronics, is discussed. In electrophysiology, implantable devices with CP coating or CP-only electrodes are showing improvements in signal performance and tissue interfaces. CP-based scaffolds supply highly favorable static or even dynamic interfaces for tissue engineering. CPs also enable delivery of drugs through a variety of mechanisms and form factors. For biosensing, CPs offer new possibilities to incorporate biological sensing elements in a conducting matrix. Molecular bioelectronics is today used to incorporate (opto)electronic functions in living tissue. Under each topic, the limits of the utility of CPs are discussed and, overall, the major challenges toward implementation of CPs and their devices to real-world applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Zeglio
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandra L Rutz
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave., Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Thomas E Winkler
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave., Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Anna Herland
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Wang B, Queenan BN, Wang S, Nilsson KPR, Bazan GC. Precisely Defined Conjugated Oligoelectrolytes for Biosensing and Therapeutics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806701. [PMID: 30698856 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated oligoelectrolytes (COEs) are a relatively new class of synthetic organic molecules with, as of yet, untapped potential for use in organic optoelectronic devices and bioelectronic systems. COEs also offer a novel molecular approach to biosensing, bioimaging, and disease therapy. Substantial progress has been made in the past decade at the intersection of chemistry, materials science, and the biological sciences developing COEs and their polymer analogues, namely, conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs), into synthetic systems with biological and biomedical utility. CPEs have traditionally attracted more attention in arenas of sensing, imaging, and therapy. However, the precisely defined molecular structures and interactions of COEs offer potential key advantages over CPEs, including higher reliability and fluorescence quantum efficiency, larger diversity of subcellular targeting strategies, and improved selectivity to biomolecules. Here, the unique-and sometimes overlooked-properties of COEs are discussed and the noticeable progress in their use for biological sensing, imaging, and therapy is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Bridget N Queenan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - K Peter R Nilsson
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, SE, -581 83, Sweden
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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5
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Hudecki A, Gola J, Ghavami S, Skonieczna M, Markowski J, Likus W, Lewandowska M, Maziarz W, Los MJ. Structure and properties of slow-resorbing nanofibers obtained by (co-axial) electrospinning as tissue scaffolds in regenerative medicine. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4125. [PMID: 29302386 PMCID: PMC5738967 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the rapid advancement of regenerative medicine technologies, there is an urgent need for the development of new, cell-friendly techniques for obtaining nanofibers—the raw material for an artificial extracellular matrix production. We investigated the structure and properties of PCL10 nanofibers, PCL5/PCL10 core-shell type nanofibers, as well as PCL5/PCLAg nanofibres prepared by electrospinning. For the production of the fiber variants, a 5–10% solution of polycaprolactone (PCL) (Mw = 70,000–90,000), dissolved in a mixture of formic acid and acetic acid at a ratio of 70:30 m/m was used. In order to obtain fibers containing PCLAg 1% of silver nanoparticles was added. The electrospin was conducted using the above-described solutions at the electrostatic field. The subsequent bio-analysis shows that synthesis of core-shell nanofibers PCL5/PCL10, and the silver-doped variant nanofiber core shell PCL5/PCLAg, by using organic acids as solvents, is a robust technique. Furthermore, the incorporation of silver nanoparticles into PCL5/PCLAg makes such nanofibers toxic to model microbes without compromising its biocompatibility. Nanofibers obtained such way may then be used in regenerative medicine, for the preparation of extracellular scaffolds: (i) for controlled bone regeneration due to the long decay time of the PCL, (ii) as bioscaffolds for generation of other types of artificial tissues, (iii) and as carriers of nanocapsules for local drug delivery. Furthermore, the used solvents are significantly less toxic than the solvents for polycaprolactone currently commonly used in electrospin, like for example chloroform (CHCl3), methanol (CH3OH), dimethylformamide (C3H7NO) or tetrahydrofuran (C4H8O), hence the presented here electrospin technique may allow for the production of multilayer nanofibres more suitable for the use in medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Gola
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Magdalena Skonieczna
- Biosystems Group, Institute of Automatic Control, Faculty of Automatics, Electronics and Informatics, and Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jarosław Markowski
- ENT Department, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Wirginia Likus
- Department of Anatomy, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Maziarz
- Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek J Los
- Małopolska Center of Biotechnology, Kraków, Poland.,Linkocare Life Sciences AB, Linkoping, Sweden.,Centre de biophysique moléculaire CNRS, Rue Charles Sadron, Orleans cedex 2, France
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Öberg E, Appelqvist H, Nilsson KPR. Non-fused Phospholes as Fluorescent Probes for Imaging of Lipid Droplets in Living Cells. Front Chem 2017; 5:28. [PMID: 28487854 PMCID: PMC5403830 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular tools for fluorescent imaging of specific compartments in cells are essential for understanding the function and activity of cells. Here, we report the synthesis of a series of pyridyl- and thienyl-substituted phospholes and the evaluation of these dyes for fluorescent imaging of cells. The thienyl-substituted phospholes proved to be successful for staining of cultured normal and malignant cells due to their fluorescent properties and low toxicity. Co-staining experiments demonstrated that these probes target lipid droplets, which are, lipid-storage organelles found in the cytosol of nearly all cell types. Our findings confirm that thienyl-substituted phospholes can be utilized as fluorescent tools for vital staining of cells, and we foresee that these fluorescent dyes might be used in studies to unravel the roles that lipid droplets play in cellular physiology and in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Öberg
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
| | - Hanna Appelqvist
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
| | - K Peter R Nilsson
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
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Zeglio E, Schmidt MM, Thelakkat M, Gabrielsson R, Solin N, Inganäs O. Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Blend as Photonic Probe of Biomembrane Organization. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Zeglio
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology; Linköping University; SE-581 83 Linköping Sweden
| | - Martina M. Schmidt
- Chemistry I-Applied Functional Polymers; University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Mukundan Thelakkat
- Chemistry I-Applied Functional Polymers; University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Roger Gabrielsson
- Department of Science and Technology; Linköping University, Campus Norrköping; S-60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Niclas Solin
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology; Linköping University; SE-581 83 Linköping Sweden
| | - Olle Inganäs
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology; Linköping University; SE-581 83 Linköping Sweden
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8
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Cancer stem cells, cancer-initiating cells and methods for their detection. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:836-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Could drugs inhibiting the mevalonate pathway also target cancer stem cells? Drug Resist Updat 2016; 25:13-25. [PMID: 27155373 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the connection between metabolic pathways and cancer is very important for the development of new therapeutic approaches based on regulatory enzymes in pathways associated with tumorigenesis. The mevalonate cascade and its rate-liming enzyme HMG CoA-reductase has recently drawn the attention of cancer researchers because strong evidences arising mostly from epidemiologic studies, show that it could promote transformation. Hence, these studies pinpoint HMG CoA-reductase as a candidate proto-oncogene. Several recent epidemiological studies, in different populations, have proven that statins are beneficial for the treatment-outcome of various cancers, and may improve common cancer therapy strategies involving alkylating agents, and antimetabolites. Cancer stem cells/cancer initiating cells (CSC) are key to cancer progression and metastasis. Therefore, in the current review we address the different effects of statins on cancer stem cells. The mevalonate cascade is among the most pleiotropic, and highly interconnected signaling pathways. Through G-protein-coupled receptors (GRCP), it integrates extra-, and intracellular signals. The mevalonate pathway is implicated in cell stemness, cell proliferation, and organ size regulation through the Hippo pathway (e.g. Yap/Taz signaling axis). This pathway is a prime preventive target through the administration of statins for the prophylaxis of obesity-related cardiovascular diseases. Its prominent role in regulation of cell growth and stemness also invokes its role in cancer development and progression. The mevalonate pathway affects cancer metastasis in several ways by: (i) affecting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), (ii) affecting remodeling of the cytoskeleton as well as cell motility, (iii) affecting cell polarity (non-canonical Wnt/planar pathway), and (iv) modulation of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). Herein we provide an overview of the mevalonate signaling network. We then briefly highlight diverse functions of various elements of this mevalonate pathway. We further discuss in detail the role of elements of the mevalonate cascade in stemness, carcinogenesis, cancer progression, metastasis and maintenance of cancer stem cells.
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Magnusson K, Appelqvist H, Cieślar-Pobuda A, Bäck M, Kågedal B, Jonasson JA, Los MJ, Nilsson KPR. An imidazole functionalized pentameric thiophene displays different staining patterns in normal and malignant cells. Front Chem 2015; 3:58. [PMID: 26501054 PMCID: PMC4595803 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2015.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular tools for fluorescent imaging of cells and their components are vital for understanding the function and activity of cells. Here, we report an imidazole functionalized pentameric oligothiophene, p-HTIm, that can be utilized for fluorescent imaging of cells. p-HTIm fluorescence in normal cells appeared in a peripheral punctate pattern partially co-localized with lysosomes, whereas a one-sided perinuclear Golgi associated localization of the dye was observed in malignant cells. The uptake of p-HTIm was temperature dependent and the intracellular target was reached within 1 h after staining. The ability of p-HTIm to stain cells was reduced when the imidazole side chain was chemically altered, verifying that specific imidazole side-chain functionalities are necessary for achieving the observed cellular staining. Our findings confirm that properly functionalized oligothiophenes can be utilized as fluorescent tools for vital staining of cells and that the selectivity toward distinct intracellular targets are highly dependent on the side-chain functionalities along the conjugated thiophene backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Magnusson
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hanna Appelqvist
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
| | - Artur Cieślar-Pobuda
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden ; Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology Gliwice, Poland
| | - Marcus Bäck
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bertil Kågedal
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jon A Jonasson
- Division of Clinical Pathology and Clinical Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marek J Los
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
| | - K Peter R Nilsson
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
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Jain MV, Jangamreddy JR, Grabarek J, Schweizer F, Klonisch T, Cieślar-Pobuda A, Łos MJ. Nuclear localized Akt enhances breast cancer stem-like cells through counter-regulation of p21(Waf1/Cip1) and p27(kip1). Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2109-20. [PMID: 26030190 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1041692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are a rare subpopulation of cancer cells capable of propagating the disease and causing cancer recurrence. In this study, we found that the cellular localization of PKB/Akt kinase affects the maintenance of CSCs. When Akt tagged with nuclear localization signal (Akt-NLS) was overexpressed in SKBR3 and MDA-MB468 cells, these cells showed a 10-15% increase in the number of cells with CSCs enhanced ALDH activity and demonstrated a CD44(+High)/CD24(-Low) phenotype. This effect was completely reversed in the presence of Akt-specific inhibitor, triciribine. Furthermore, cells overexpressing Akt or Akt-NLS were less likely to be in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle by inactivating p21(Waf1/Cip1) and exhibited increased clonogenicity and proliferation as assayed by colony-forming assay (mammosphere formation). Thus, our data emphasize the importance the intracellular localization of Akt has on stemness in human breast cancer cells. It also indicates a new robust way for improving the enrichment and culture of CSCs for experimental purposes. Hence, it allows for the development of simpler protocols to study stemness, clonogenic potency, and screening of new chemotherapeutic agents that preferentially target cancer stem cells. SUMMARY The presented data, (i) shows new, stemness-promoting role of nuclear Akt/PKB kinase, (ii) it underlines the effects of nuclear Akt on cell cycle regulation, and finally (iii) it suggests new ways to study cancer stem-like cells.
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Key Words
- 7-AAD, 7-aminoactinomycin D
- ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase
- Akt-NLS
- BPE, bovine pituitary epithelial
- Bcl2, B cell lymphoma 2
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CSCs, cancer stem-like cells
- DEAB, diethylaminobenzaldehyde
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GAPDH, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptor
- GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase-3
- IGF1, insulin like growth factor 1
- JAK, Janus kinase
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- PDK, phosphoinositide dependent kinase
- PH, pleckstrin-homology
- PI3K
- PI3K, phoshatidylinositol-3-kinase
- PKB, protein kinase B
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- PVDF, polyvinylidene fluoride
- RIPA, radioimmunoprecipitation
- RPMI, Roswell Park Memorial Institute
- RT, room temperature
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- T-ALL, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- WT, wild type
- cancer stem-like cells
- hEGF, human epidermal growth factor
- mTOR
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- poly-HEMA, poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate
- stemness
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Vilas Jain
- a Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine; Division of Cell Biology Integrative Regenerative Med. Center (IGEN); Linköping Univ. ; Linköping , Sweden
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