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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kurtyka
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | - Katherine T Burke
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Dermatology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center/Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Michael A Cardis
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Dermatology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center/Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
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Rameshbabu S, Messaoudi SA, Alehaideb ZI, Ali MS, Venktraman A, Alajmi H, Al-Eidi H, Matou-Nasri S. Anastatica hierochuntica (L.) methanolic and aqueous extracts exert antiproliferative effects through the induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:985-993. [PMID: 32792843 PMCID: PMC7414070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer therapy using anticancer bioactive compounds derived from natural products as adjuvant treatment has gained recognition due to expensive and toxic conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. The whole plant of Anastatica hierochuntica (L.) (A. hierochuntica) has been investigated for its pharmacologically important anticancer properties but without categorizing the biological activities of the plant parts. We assessed the anticancer potential of different parts of A. hierochuntica (seeds, stems and leaves) and explored their mechanisms of action using the human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. Currently, we investigated the antiproliferative effects of methanolic (MSD, MST, ML) and aqueous (ASD, AST, AL) extracts of A. hierochuntica plant parts on the MCF-7 cells using cell viability assays. Flow cytometry, Western Blot, DNA fragmentation, and gene expression assays were performed to evaluate apoptosis and cell cycle regulatory proteins. The results indicate that the methanolic and aqueous extracts decreased MCF-7 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. The induction of apoptosis was observed in all the methanolic and aqueous-treated MCF-7 cells. The cell death process was confirmed by the visualization of DNA fragmentation and cleavage of the intrinsic apoptotic pathways, caspase-9 and caspase-3, the key enzyme causing apoptosis hallmarks. In addition, the most pro-apoptotic extracts, ASD and ML, up-regulated the expression of pro-apoptotic Bax, tumor suppressor TP53 genes and the cyclin inhibitor CDKN1A gene. In conclusion, of the aqueous and methanolic extracts of A. hierochuntica plant parts exerting antiproliferative effects through the induction of apoptosis in breast cancer MCF-7 cells, ASD and ML extracts were the most promising natural-based drugs for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Key Words
- AL, aqueous extract of A. hierochuntica’s leaf
- ASD, aqueous extract of A. hierochuntica’s seed
- AST, aqueous extract of A. hierochuntica’s stem
- Anastatica hierochuntica
- Apoptosis
- BC, breast cancer
- Breast cancer
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- Cell cycle
- MCF-7, Michigan Cancer Foundation-7
- ML, methanolic extract of A. hierochuntica’s leaf
- MSD, methanolic extract of A. hierochuntica’s seed
- MST, methanolic extract of A. hierochuntica’s stem
- NP40, Nonidet P-40
- Natural products
- P53
- STS, Staurosporine
- TP53, tumor protein p53
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Rameshbabu
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Biochemistry, Mohamed Sathak College of Arts and Science, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Safia A. Messaoudi
- Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeyad Ibrahim Alehaideb
- Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Syed Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Mohamed Sathak College of Arts and Science, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anuradha Venktraman
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Biochemistry, Mohamed Sathak College of Arts and Science, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hala Alajmi
- Biobank, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Al-Eidi
- Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabine Matou-Nasri
- Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Abu Rmilah AA, Zhou W, Nyberg SL. Hormonal Contribution to Liver Regeneration. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes 2020; 4:315-338. [PMID: 32542223 PMCID: PMC7283948 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the molecular basis of liver regeneration will open new horizons for the development of novel therapies for chronic liver failure. Such therapies would solve the drawbacks associated with liver transplant, including the shortage of donor organs, long waitlist time, high medical costs, and lifelong use of immunosuppressive agents. Regeneration after partial hepatectomy has been studied in animal models, particularly fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase-deficient (FAH -/-) mice and pigs. The process of regeneration is distinctive, complex, and well coordinated, and it depends on the interplay among several signaling pathways (eg, nuclear factor κβ, Notch, Hippo), cytokines (eg, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6), and growth factors (eg, hepatocyte growth factor, epidermal growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor), and other components. Furthermore, endocrinal hormones (eg, norepinephrine, growth hormone, insulin, thyroid hormones) also can influence the aforementioned pathways and factors. We believe that these endocrinal hormones are important hepatic mitogens that strongly induce and accelerate hepatocyte proliferation (regeneration) by directly and indirectly triggering the activity of the involved signaling pathways, cytokines, growth factors, and transcription factors. The subsequent induction of cyclins and associated cyclin-dependent kinase complexes allow hepatocytes to enter the cell cycle. In this review article, we comprehensively summarize the current knowledge regarding the roles and mechanisms of these hormones in liver regeneration. Articles used for this review were identified by searching MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from inception through June 1, 2019.
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Key Words
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFR, EGF receptor
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FAH, fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase
- GH, growth hormone
- Ghr-/-, growth hormone receptor gene knockout
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HNF, hepatocyte nuclear factor
- HPC, hepatic progenitor cell
- IGF, insulinlike growth factor
- IL, interleukin
- IR, insulin receptor
- InsP3, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
- JNK, JUN N-terminal kinase
- LDLT, living donor liver transplant
- LRP, low-density lipoprotein-related protein
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- NF-κβ, nuclear factor κβ
- NOS, nitric oxide synthase
- NTBC, 2-nitro-4-trifluoro-methyl-benzoyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PH, partial hepatectomy
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase
- PKB, protein kinase B
- PTU, 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- T3, triiodothyronine
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TR, thyroid receptor
- hESC, human embryonic stem cell
- hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cells
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Zhou
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,First Affiliated Hospital of China, Medical University, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shenyang, China
| | - Scott L Nyberg
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Abdelfatah S, Berg A, Huang Q, Yang LJ, Hamdoun S, Klinger A, Greten HJ, Fleischer E, Berg T, Wong VK, Efferth T. MCC1019, a selective inhibitor of the Polo-box domain of Polo-like kinase 1 as novel, potent anticancer candidate. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:1021-1034. [PMID: 31649851 PMCID: PMC6804483 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase (PLK1) has been identified as a potential target for cancer treatment. Although a number of small molecules have been investigated as PLK1 inhibitors, many of which showed limited selectivity. PLK1 harbors a regulatory domain, the Polo box domain (PBD), which has a key regulatory function for kinase activity and substrate recognition. We report on 3-bromomethyl-benzofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (designated: MCC1019) as selective PLK1 inhibitor targeting PLK1 PBD. Cytotoxicity and fluorescence polarization-based screening were applied to a library of 1162 drug-like compounds to identify potential inhibitors of PLK1 PBD. The activity of compound MC1019 against the PLK1 PBD was confirmed using fluorescence polarization and microscale thermophoresis. This compound exerted specificity towards PLK1 over PLK2 and PLK3. MCC1019 showed cytotoxic activity in a panel of different cancer cell lines. Mechanistic investigations in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells revealed that MCC1019 induced cell growth inhibition through inactivation of AKT signaling pathway, it also induced prolonged mitotic arrest—a phenomenon known as mitotic catastrophe, which is followed by immediate cell death via apoptosis and necroptosis. MCC1019 significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo in a murine lung cancer model without affecting body weight or vital organ size, and reduced the growth of metastatic lesions in the lung. We propose MCC1019 as promising anti-cancer drug candidate.
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Key Words
- 3-MA, 3-methyladenine
- ABC, avidin-biotin complex
- APC/C, anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome
- BUBR1, budding uninhibited by benzimidazole-related 1
- CDC2, cell division cycle protein 2 homolog
- CDC25, cell division cycle 25
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- Cell cycle
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DAPKs, death-associated protein kinase
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FOXO, forkhead box O
- HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α
- IC50, 50% inhibition concentration
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- Kd, the dissociation constant
- LC3, light chain 3
- MFP, M phase promoting factor
- MST, microscale thermophoresis
- MTD, maximal tolerance dose
- Mono-targeted therapy
- Nec-1, necrostatin 1
- Necroptosis
- PARP-1, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1
- PBD, Polo box domain
- PDB, Protein Data Bank
- PI, propidium iodide
- PLK1
- PLK1, Polo-like kinase
- Polo box domain
- Polo-like kinase
- SAC, spindle assembly checkpoint
- Spindle damage
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abdelfatah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Angela Berg
- Leipzig University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Li Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Sami Hamdoun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | | | - Henry J. Greten
- Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto 4099-003, Portugal
| | | | - Thorsten Berg
- Leipzig University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Vincent K.W. Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 6131 3925751; fax: +49 6131 23752.
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Li Z, Ding L, Li Z, Wang Z, Suo F, Shen D, Zhao T, Sun X, Wang J, Liu Y, Ma L, Zhao B, Geng P, Yu B, Zheng Y, Liu H. Development of the triazole-fused pyrimidine derivatives as highly potent and reversible inhibitors of histone lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1/KDM1A). Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:794-808. [PMID: 31384539 PMCID: PMC6663923 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) has been recognized as an important modulator in post-translational process in epigenetics. Dysregulation of LSD1 has been implicated in the development of various cancers. Herein, we report the discovery of the hit compound 8a (IC50 = 3.93 μmol/L) and further medicinal chemistry efforts, leading to the generation of compound 15u (IC50 = 49 nmol/L, and Ki = 16 nmol/L), which inhibited LSD1 reversibly and competitively with H3K4me2, and was selective to LSD1 over MAO-A/B. Docking studies were performed to rationalize the potency of compound 15u. Compound 15u also showed strong antiproliferative activity against four leukemia cell lines (OCL-AML3, K562, THP-1 and U937) as well as the lymphoma cell line Raji with the IC50 values of 1.79, 1.30, 0.45, 1.22 and 1.40 μmol/L, respectively. In THP-1 cell line, 15u significantly inhibited colony formation and caused remarkable morphological changes. Compound 15u induced expression of CD86 and CD11b in THP-1 cells, confirming its cellular activity and ability of inducing differentiation. The findings further indicate that targeting LSD1 is a promising strategy for AML treatment, the triazole-fused pyrimidine derivatives are new scaffolds for the development of LSD1/KDM1A inhibitors.
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Key Words
- AML treatment
- AML, acute myeloid leukemia
- ATRA, all-trans retinoic acid
- Antiproliferative ability
- BTK, Bruton׳s tyrosine kinase
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CuAAC, copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloadditions
- DABCO, triethylenediamine
- DCM, dichloromethane
- DIPEA, N,N-diisopropylethylamine
- DNMTs, DNA methyltransferases
- EA, ethyl acetate
- Epigenetic regulation
- EtOH, ethanol
- FAD, flavin adenine dinucleotide
- GSCs, glioma stem cells
- Histone demethylase
- LSD1
- LSD1, histone lysine specific demethylase 1
- MAO, monoamine oxidase
- MeOH, methanol
- Mercapto heterocycles
- PAINS, pan-assay interference compound
- Pyrimidine-triazole
- Rt, room temperature
- SAR, structure—activity relationship
- Structure–activity relationships (SARs)
- TCP, tranylcypromine
- TEA, triethylamine
- THF, terahydrofuran
- TLC, thin layer chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lina Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhongrui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhizheng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Fengzhi Suo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dandan Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Taoqian Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xudong Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Liying Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Pengfei Geng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Yichao Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Hongmin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Corresponding authors.
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is swiftly increasing in prevalence globally with a high mortality rate. The progression of HCC in patients is induced with advanced fibrosis, mainly cirrhosis, and hepatitis. The absence of proper preventive or curative treatment methods encouraged extensive research against HCC to develop new therapeutic strategies. The Food and Drug Administration-approved Nexavar (sorafenib) is used in the treatment of patients with unresectable HCC. In 2017, Stivarga (regorafenib) and Opdivo (nivolumab) got approved for patients with HCC after being treated with sorafenib, and in 2018, Lenvima (lenvatinib) got approved for patients with unresectable HCC. But, owing to the rapid drug resistance development and toxicities, these treatment options are not completely satisfactory. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new systemic combination therapies that target different signaling mechanisms, thereby decreasing the prospect of cancer cells developing resistance to treatment. In this review, HCC etiology and new therapeutic strategies that include currently approved drugs and other potential candidates of HCC such as Milciclib, palbociclib, galunisertib, ipafricept, and ramucirumab are evaluated.
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Key Words
- AMP, adenosine monophosphate
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- ATP, adenosine 5′-triphosphate
- BMF, Bcl2 modifying factor
- BMI, body mass index
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- CTLA, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EFGR, endothelial growth factor receptor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- EMT, Epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GFG, fibroblast growth factor
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HBcAg, hepatitis B core antibody
- HBsAg, HBV surface antigen
- HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma
- HCV, hepatitis B virus
- HDV, hepatitis D virus
- HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IGFR, insulin-like growth factor
- JAK, janus kinase
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NK, natural killer
- NKT, natural killer T cell
- ORR, objective response rate
- OS, overall survival
- PAPSS1, 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate synthase 1
- PD-L1, programmed death ligand1
- PD1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- PEDF, pigment epithelium-derived factor
- PFS, progression-free survival
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinases
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- PUMA, p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis
- RFA, radiofrequency ablation
- Rb, retinoblastoma protein
- SCF, stem cell factor
- SHP1, src homology 2 domain–containing phosphatase 1
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TACE, transarterial chemoembolization
- TGF 1, transforming growth factor-1
- TK, tyrosine kinase
- TKI, Tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- TRKA, tropomyosin receptor kinase A
- Treg, regulatory T cells
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- combination therapy
- cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors
- hepatocellular carcinoma
- hepatology
- tyrosine kinase inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Aastha Jindal
- Research and Development Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
- Address for correspondence: Aastha Jindal, Research and Development Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
| | - Anusha Thadi
- Research and Development Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Kunwar Shailubhai
- Research and Development Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
- Research & Development, Tiziana Lifesciences, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
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Tchanque-Fossuo CN, Dahle SE, Kiuru M, Isseroff RR. Vitiligo and melanocytic nevi: New findings in Coffin-Siris syndrome associated with ARID1 germline mutation. JAAD Case Rep 2018; 5:50-53. [PMID: 30581937 PMCID: PMC6287087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Key Words
- ARID1A, AT-rich interactive domain 1A gene
- ARID1B
- ARID1B, AT-rich interactive domain 1B gene
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CSS, Coffin-Siris syndrome
- Coffin-Siris syndrome
- MITF, microphthalmia transcription factor
- SMARB1, SWI/SNF–related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily B member 1
- SMARCA4, SWI/SNF–related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 4
- SMARCE1, SWI/SNF–related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily E member 1
- SWI/SNF, switch/sucrose nonfermenting
- melanoma
- nevi
- vitiligo
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine N. Tchanque-Fossuo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
- Dermatology Service, VA Northern California, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, California
- Correspondence to: Catherine N. Tchanque-Fossuo, MD, MS, Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, 3301 C St, Ste 1400, Sacramento, CA 95816.
| | - Sara E. Dahle
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
- Podiatry Section, Department of Surgery, VA Northern California, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, California
| | - Maija Kiuru
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - R. Rivkah Isseroff
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
- Dermatology Service, VA Northern California, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, California
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8
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Abdelfatah S, Berg A, Böckers M, Efferth T. A selective inhibitor of the Polo-box domain of Polo-like kinase 1 identified by virtual screening. J Adv Res 2018; 16:145-156. [PMID: 30899597 PMCID: PMC6412170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We were able to identify a novel anticancer molecule that targets PLK1. The compound shows good activity in leukaemia-sensitive and -resistant cells. Compound (1) induces mitotic arrest and interferes with normal spindle formation. We showed the importance of virtual screening for facilitating drug discovery. Compound (1) is a good scaffold for further chemical development.
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), a member of the Polo-like kinase family, plays an important regulatory role in mitosis and cell cycle progression. PLK1 overexpression is correlated with tumourigenesis and poor prognosis in cancer patients. Therefore, the identification of novel compounds that inhibit PLK1 would provide attractive therapeutic approaches. Although some PLK1 kinase inhibitors have been developed, their application has been limited by off-target effects. PLK1 contains a regulatory domain named the Polo-box domain (PBD), which is characteristic only for the Polo-like kinase family. This domain represents an alternative therapeutic target with higher selectivity for PLK1. In this study, we applied in silico virtual drug screening, fluorescence polarization and microscale thermophoresis to identify new scaffolds targeting the PBD of PLK1. One compound, 3-{[(1R,9S)-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-6-oxo-7,11-diazatricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]trideca-2,4-dien-11-yl]methyl}benzonitrile (designated compound (1)), out of a total of 30,793 natural product derivatives, inhibited the PLK1 PBD with high selectivity (IC50: 17.9 ± 0.5 µM). This compound inhibited the growth of cultured leukaemia cells (CCRF-CEM and CEM/ADR5000) and arrested the cell cycle in the G2/M phase, which is characteristic for PLK1 inhibitors. Immunofluorescence analyses showed that treatment with compound (1) disrupted spindle formation due to the aberrant localization of PLK1 during the mitotic process, leading to G2/M arrest and ultimately cell death. In conclusion, compound (1) is a selective PLK1 inhibitor that inhibits cancer cell growth. It represents a chemical scaffold for the future synthesis of new selective PLK1 inhibitors for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abdelfatah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Angela Berg
- Leipzig University, Institute of Organic Chemistry Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Madeleine Böckers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Corresponding author.
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9
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Scully KM, Lahmy R, Signaevskaia L, Sasik R, Medal R, Kim H, French R, James B, Wu Y, Lowy AM, Itkin-Ansari P. E47 Governs the MYC-CDKN1B/p27 KIP1-RB Network to Growth Arrest PDA Cells Independent of CDKN2A/p16 INK4A and Wild-Type p53. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:181-198. [PMID: 30003124 PMCID: PMC6039985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Oncogenic mutations in KRAS, coupled with inactivation of p53, CDKN2A/p16INK4A, and SMAD4, drive progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Overexpression of MYC and deregulation of retinoblastoma (RB) further promote cell proliferation and make identifying a means to therapeutically alter cell-cycle control pathways in PDA a significant challenge. We previously showed that the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor E47 induced stable growth arrest in PDA cells in vitro and in vivo. Here, we identified molecular mechanisms that underlie E47-induced growth arrest in low-passage, patient-derived primary and established PDA cell lines. METHODS RNA sequencing was used to profile E47-dependent transcriptomes in 5 PDA cell lines. Gene Ontology analysis identified cell-cycle control as the most altered pathway. Small interfering RNA/short hairpin RNA knockdown, small-molecule inhibitors, and viral expression were used to examine the function of E47-dependent genes in cell-cycle arrest. Cell morphology, expression of molecular markers, and senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity assays identified cellular senescence. RESULTS E47 uniformly inhibited PDA cell-cycle progression by decreasing expression of MYC, increasing the level of CDKN1B/p27KIP1, and restoring RB tumor-suppressor function. The molecular mechanisms by which E47 elicited these changes included altering both RNA transcript levels and protein stability of MYC and CDKN1B/p27KIP1. At the cellular level, E47 elicited a senescence-like phenotype characterized by increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and altered expression of senescence markers. CONCLUSIONS E47 governs a highly conserved network of cell-cycle control genes, including MYC, CDKN1B/p27KIP1, and RB, which can induce a senescence-like program in PDA cells that lack CDKN2A/p16INK4A and wild-type p53. RNA sequencing data are available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information GEO at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/; accession number: GSE100327.
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Key Words
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CDKN1B/p27KIP1, CDKN1B/p27Kinase Inhibitory Protein 1
- CDKN2A/p16INK4A, CDKN2A/p16Inhibitor of CDK 4A
- CEBP-α, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha
- CENP-A, centromere protein A
- CIP, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1
- Cell Cycle
- DDR, DNA damage response
- ERK, extracellular signal–regulated kinase
- GO, Gene Ontology
- INK, Inhibitor of CDK
- KIP, Kinase Inhibitory Protein
- MSCV, murine stem cell virus
- OIS, oncogene-induced senescence
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PDA, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
- Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
- RB, retinoblastoma
- RNA-seq, RNA sequencing
- SA-βgal, senescence-associated β-galactosidase
- SKP, S-phase Kinase-associated
- Senescence
- bHLH
- bHLH, basic helix-loop-helix
- lfdr, local false discovery rate
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- shRB, short hairpin RNA directed against RB
- shRNA, short hairpin RNA
- si-p27, small interfering RNA directed against p27
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Scully
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Reyhaneh Lahmy
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Lia Signaevskaia
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Roman Sasik
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Rachel Medal
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Heejung Kim
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Randall French
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Brian James
- Genomics Core, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Yifan Wu
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Andrew M. Lowy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Pamela Itkin-Ansari
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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10
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Karagounis T, Vallurupalli M, Nathan N, Nazarian R, Vedak P, Spring L, Chen ST. Stevens-Johnson syndrome-like eruption from palbociclib in a patient with metastatic breast cancer. JAAD Case Rep 2018; 4:452-454. [PMID: 29984280 PMCID: PMC6031570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Karagounis
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Neera Nathan
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rosalynn Nazarian
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Priyanka Vedak
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura Spring
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven T Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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11
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Abstract
Apoptosis, especially the intrinsic mitochondrial cell death pathway, is regulated by the BCL-2 family of proteins. Defects in apoptotic machinery are one of the main mechanisms that cells employ to evade cell death and become cancerous. Targeting the apoptotic defects, either by direct inhibition of BCL-2 family proteins or through modulation of regulatory pathways, can restore cell sensitivity to cell death. This review will focus on the aspects of BCL-2 family proteins, their interactions with kinase pathways, and how novel targeted agents can help overcome the apoptotic blockades. Furthermore, functional assays, such as BH3 profiling, may help in predicting responses to chemotherapies and aid in the selection of combination therapies by determining the mitochondrial threshold for initiating cell death.
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Key Words
- ASH, American Society of Hematology
- ATAP, amphipathic tail-anchoring peptide
- Apoptosis
- BAD, BCL-2-associated death promoter protein
- BAK, BCL-2 homologous antagonist killer
- BAX, BCL-2-associated X protein
- BCL-2 family
- BCL-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- BCL-w (BCL2L2), BCL-2-like protein 2
- BCL-xL, B-cell lymphoma X long
- BCR, B-cell receptor
- BFL-1 (BCL2A1), BCL-2-related protein A1
- BH3 profiling
- BH3, BCL-2 homology 3
- BID, BH3 interacting domain death agonist
- BIK, BCL-2-interacting killer
- BIM, BCL-2-interacting mediator of cell death
- BOK, BCL-2 related ovarian killer
- BTK, Bruton׳s tyrosine kinase
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CHOP, cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin, oncovin-vincristine and prednisone
- CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- CML, chronic myelogenous leukemia
- CR, complete response;EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- Combination therapy
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FDA, U. S. Food and Drug Administration
- GSK-3, glycogen synthase kinase-3
- ITK, interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase
- MCL, myeloid cell leukemia
- MOMP, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization
- Mitochondrial priming
- NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- NIH, National Institutes of Health
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
- PUMA, p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis
- SLL, small lymphocytic lymphoma
- T-ALL, T-acute lymphocytic leukemia
- Targeted therapy
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12
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Abstract
Hypoxia has long been known to serve as a stimulus for cell cycle arrest. Hypoxia-mediated cell cycle arrest is mediated through the actions of HIF1α (hypoxia inducible factor 1, α subunit [basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor]), which has a nontranscriptional role as an inhibitor of MCM (minichromosome maintenance complex component) helicase activity. We identified chaperone-mediated autophagy as a pathway for selective degradation of HIF1α through lysosomes prior to the onset of DNA replication. CDK2 (cyclin-dependent kinase 2) mediates degradation of HIF1α at the G1/S transition, whereas CDK1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1) increases HIF1α levels and transcriptional activity prior to the onset of G1 phase. Lysosomal inhibitors induce cell cycle arrest, which is recovered by knockdown of HIF1α and EPAS1/HIF2α. These findings establish lysosomes as essential regulators of cell cycle progression through the degradation of HIF1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maimon E Hubbi
- a Vascular Program; Institute for Cell Engineering; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD , USA
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13
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Liu X, Tseng SCG, Zhang MC, Chen SY, Tighe S, Lu WJ, Zhu YT. LIF-JAK1-STAT3 signaling delays contact inhibition of human corneal endothelial cells. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1197-206. [PMID: 25695744 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1013667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) responsible for corneal transparency have limited proliferative capacity in vivo because of "contact-inhibition." This feature has hampered the ability to engineer HCECs for transplantation. Previously we have reported an in vitro model of HCECs in which contact inhibition was re-established at Day 21, even though cell junction and cell matrix interaction were not perturbed during isolation. Herein, we observe that such HCEC monolayers continue to expand and retain a normal phenotype for 2 more weeks if cultured in a leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-containing serum-free medium. Such expansion is accompanied initially by upregulation of Cyclin E2 colocalized with nuclear translocation of phosphorylated retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (p-Rb) at Day 21 followed by a delay in contact inhibition through activation of LIF-Janus kinase1 (JAK1)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling at Day 35. The LIF-JAK1-STAT3 signaling is coupled with upregulation of E2F2 colocalized with nuclear p-Rb and with concomitant downregulation of p16(INK4a), of which upregulation is linked to senescence. Hence, activation of LIF-JAK1-STAT3 signaling to delay contact inhibition can be used as another strategy to facilitate engineering of HCEC grafts to solve the unmet global shortage of corneal grafts.
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Key Words
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CKI, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- E2F2
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EMT, endothelial mesenchymal transition
- ESC, embryonic stem cell
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase
- HBSS, Hanks’ balanced salt solution
- HCEC, human corneal endothelial cell
- ID, inhibitor of differentiation
- ITS, insulin-transferrin-sodium selenite
- JAK, Janus kinase
- JAK1
- LEF1, lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1
- LIF
- LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor
- MESCM, modified embryonic stem cell medium
- NC, neural crest
- NFkB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- RPE, retinal pigment epithelial cells
- Rb, retinoblastoma tumor suppressor
- SHEM, supplemental hormonal epithelial medium
- STAT3
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- ZO-1, Zona occludens protein 1
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- contact inhibition
- corneal endothelium
- iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells
- p120, p120 catenin
- p16INK4a
- proliferation
- scRNA, scramble RNA
- siRNA, small interfering ribonucleic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- a Department of Ophthalmology; Union Hospital; Tongji Medical College ; Huazhong University of Science and Technology ; Wuhan , China
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14
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Zhou X, Xia Y, Li L, Zhang G. MiR-101 inhibits cell growth and tumorigenesis of Helicobacter pylori related gastric cancer by repression of SOCS2. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:160-9. [PMID: 25561270 DOI: 10.4161/15384047.2014.987523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several microRNAs (miRNA) have been implicated in H. pylori related gastric cancer (GC). However, the molecular mechanism of miRNAs in gastric cancer has not been fully understood. In this study, we reported that miR-101 is significantly down-regulated in H. pylori positive tissues and cells and in tumor tissues with important functional consequences. Ectopic expression of miR-101 dramatically suppressed cell proliferation and colony formation by inducing G1-phase cell-cycle arrest. We found that miR-101 strongly reduced the expression of SOCS2 oncogene in GC cells. Similar to the restoring miR-26 expression, SOCS2 down-regulation inhibited cell growth and cell-cycle progression, whereas SOCS2 over-expression rescued the suppressive effect of miR-101. Mechanistic investigations revealed that miR-101 suppressed the expression of c-myc, CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, CCND2, CCND3, and CCNE2, while promoted tumor suppressor p14, p16, p21 and p27 expression. In clinical specimens, SOCS2 was over-expressed in tumors and H. pylori positive tissues and its mRNA levels were inversely correlated with miR-101 expression. Taken together, our results indicated that miR-101 functions as a growth-suppressive miRNA in H. pylori related GC, and that its suppressive effects are mediated mainly by repressing SOCS2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhou
- a Department of Gastroenterology ; First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University ; Nanjing , China
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15
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Abstract
The development and progression of melanoma have been attributed to independent or combined genetic and epigenetic events. There has been remarkable progress in understanding melanoma pathogenesis in terms of genetic alterations. However, recent studies have revealed a complex involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of gene expression, including methylation, chromatin modification and remodeling, and the diverse activities of non-coding RNAs. The roles of gene methylation and miRNAs have been relatively well studied in melanoma, but other studies have shown that changes in chromatin status and in the differential expression of long non-coding RNAs can lead to altered regulation of key genes. Taken together, they affect the functioning of signaling pathways that influence each other, intersect, and form networks in which local perturbations disturb the activity of the whole system. Here, we focus on how epigenetic events intertwine with these pathways and contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of melanoma.
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Key Words
- 5hmC, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine
- 5mC, 5-methylcytosine
- ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme
- ANCR, anti-differentiation non-coding RNA
- ANRIL, antisense noncoding RNA in INK4 locus
- ASK1, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1
- ATRA, all-trans retinoic acid
- BANCR, BRAF-activated non-coding RNA
- BCL-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- BRAF, B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase
- BRG1, ATP-dependent helicase SMARCA4
- CAF-1, chromatin assembly factor-1
- CBX7, chromobox homolog 7
- CCND1, cyclin D1
- CD28, cluster of differentiation 28
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CDKN2A/B, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A/B
- CHD8, chromodomain-helicase DNA-binding protein 8
- CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein
- CUDR, cancer upregulated drug resistant
- Cdc6, cell division cycle 6
- DNA methylation/demethylation
- DNMT, DNA methyltransferase
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- EZH2, enhancer of zeste homolog 2
- GPCRs, G-protein coupled receptors
- GSK3a, glycogen synthase kinase 3 α
- GWAS, genome-wide association study
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- HOTAIR, HOX antisense intergenic RNA
- IAP, inhibitor of apoptosis
- IDH2, isocitrate dehydrogenase
- IFN, interferon, interleukin 23
- JNK, Jun N-terminal kinase
- Jak/STAT, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription
- MAFG, v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog G
- MALAT1, metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MC1R, melanocortin-1 receptor
- MGMT, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase
- MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor
- MITF, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor
- MRE, miRNA recognition element
- MeCP2, methyl CpG binding protein 2
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NOD, nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain
- PBX, pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox
- PEDF, pigment epithelium derived factor
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate 3-kinase
- PIB5PA, phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-biphosphate 5-phosphatase A
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PRC, polycomb repressor complex
- PSF, PTB associated splicing factor
- PTB, polypyrimidine tract-binding
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- RARB, retinoic acid receptor-β2
- RASSF1A, Ras association domain family 1A
- SETDB1, SET Domain, bifurcated 1
- SPRY4, Sprouty 4
- STAU1, Staufen1
- SWI/SNF, SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable
- TCR, T-cell receptor
- TET, ten eleven translocase
- TGF β, transforming growth factor β
- TINCR, tissue differentiation-inducing non-protein coding RNA
- TOR, target of rapamycin
- TP53, tumor protein 53
- TRAF6, TNF receptor-associated factor 6
- UCA1, urothelial carcinoma-associated 1
- ceRNA, competitive endogenous RNAs
- chromatin modification
- chromatin remodeling
- epigenetics
- gene regulation
- lncRNA, long ncRNA
- melanoma
- miRNA, micro RNA
- ncRNA, non-coding RNA
- ncRNAs
- p14ARF, p14 alternative reading frame
- p16INK4a, p16 inhibitor of CDK4
- pRB, retinoblastoma protein
- snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA
- α-MSHm, α-melanocyte stimulating hormone
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Affiliation(s)
- Debina Sarkar
- a Auckland Cancer Society Research Center ; University of Auckland ; Auckland , New Zealand
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16
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Abstract
Greatwall (Gwl) functions as an essential mitotic kinase by antagonizing protein phosphatase 2A. In this study we identified Hsp90, Cdc37 and members of the importin α and β families as the major binding partners of Gwl. Both Hsp90/Cdc37 chaperone and importin complexes associated with the N-terminal kinase domain of Gwl, whereas an intact glycine-rich loop at the N-terminus of Gwl was essential for binding of Hsp90/Cdc37 but not importins. We found that Hsp90 inhibition led to destabilization of Gwl, a mechanism that may partially contribute to the emerging role of Hsp90 in cell cycle progression and the anti-proliferative potential of Hsp90 inhibition. Moreover, in agreement with its importin association, Gwl exhibited nuclear localization in interphase Xenopus S3 cells, and dynamic nucleocytoplasmic distribution during mitosis. We identified KR456/457 as the locus of importin binding and the functional NLS of Gwl. Mutation of this site resulted in exclusion of Gwl from the nucleus. Finally, we showed that the Gwl nuclear localization is indispensable for the biochemical function of Gwl in promoting mitotic entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi M Yamamoto
- a Department of Oral Biology ; University of Nebraska Medical Center ; Lincoln , NE USA
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17
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Bencivenga D, Tramontano A, Borgia A, Negri A, Caldarelli I, Oliva A, Perrotta S, Della Ragione F, Borriello A. P27Kip1 serine 10 phosphorylation determines its metabolism and interaction with cyclin-dependent kinases. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3768-82. [PMID: 25483085 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.965999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
p27Kip1 is a critical modulator of cell proliferation by controlling assembly, localization and activity of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). p27Kip1 also plays important roles in malignant transformation, modulating cell movement and interaction with the extracellular matrix. A critical p27Kip1 feature is the lack of a stable tertiary structure that enhances its "adaptability" to different interactors and explains the heterogeneity of its function. The absence of a well-defined folding underlines the importance of p27Kip1 post-translational modifications that might highly impact the protein functions. Here, we characterize the metabolism and CDK interaction of phosphoserine10-p27Kip1 (pS10- p27Kip1), the major phosphoisoform of p27Kip1. By an experimental strategy based on specific immunoprecipitation and bidimensional electrophoresis, we established that pS10-p27Kip1 is mainly bound to cyclin E/CDK2 rather than to cyclin A/CDK2. pS10- p27Kip1 is more stable than non-modified p27Kip1, since it is not (or scarcely) phosphorylated on T187, the post-translational modification required for p27Kip1 removal in the nucleus. pS10-p27Kip1 does not bind CDK1. The lack of this interaction might represent a mechanism for facilitating CDK1 activation and allowing mitosis completion. In conclusion, we suggest that nuclear p27Kip1 follows 2 almost independent pathways operating at different rates. One pathway involves threonine-187 and tyrosine phosphorylations and drives the protein toward its Skp2-dependent removal. The other involves serine-10 phosphorylation and results in the elongation of p27Kip1 half-life and specific CDK interactions. Thus, pS10-p27Kip1, due to its stability, might be thought as a major responsible for the p27Kip1-dependent arrest of cells in G1/G0 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Bencivenga
- a Department of Biochemistry; Biophysics and General Pathology ; Second University of Naples ; Naples , Italy
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18
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Abstract
Deregulated cell cycle progression can often be traced to intrinsic defects in specific regulatory proteins in cancer cells. Knowledge of these primary defects has led to targeted approaches that exploit the defects and spare normal cells. However, the success of such targeted approaches is still hit-or-miss. Genetic and epigenetic variability inherent in most tumors often results in phenotypic heterogeneity that, in turn, results in de novo or acquired resistance to therapeutic agents. The ability of cells to compensate and adapt to the inhibition of a specific cell cycle mediator is not remarkable. What is novel and of great potential importance is that the ability of cells to exhibit such adaptability varies markedly. "Phenotypic stability factors" that restrict the ability of cells to undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMT) may dictate the success or failure of targeted therapies by interfering with compensatory changes such as deregulation of CDK2 activity. Identification of existing and new agents that induce and maintain phenotypic stability factors will inform and enable synergistic approaches to the eradication of even the most aggressive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Yaswen
- a Life Sciences Division ; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ; Berkeley , CA USA
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19
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Berton S, Pellizzari I, Fabris L, D'Andrea S, Segatto I, Canzonieri V, Marconi D, Schiappacassi M, Benevol S, Gattei V, Colombatti A, Belletti B, Baldassarre G. Genetic characterization of p27(kip1) and stathmin in controlling cell proliferation in vivo. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3100-11. [PMID: 25486569 PMCID: PMC4612673 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.949512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The CDK inhibitor p27(kip1) is a critical regulator of cell cycle progression, but the mechanisms by which p27(kip1) controls cell proliferation in vivo are still not fully elucidated. We recently demonstrated that the microtubule destabilizing protein stathmin is a relevant p27(kip1) binding partner. To get more insights into the in vivo significance of this interaction, we generated p27(kip1) and stathmin double knock-out (DKO) mice. Interestingly, thorough characterization of DKO mice demonstrated that most of the phenotypes of p27(kip1) null mice linked to the hyper-proliferative behavior, such as the increased body and organ weight, the outgrowth of the retina basal layer and the development of pituitary adenomas, were reverted by co-ablation of stathmin. In vivo analyses showed a reduced proliferation rate in DKO compared to p27(kip1) null mice, linked, at molecular level, to decreased kinase activity of CDK4/6, rather than of CDK1 and CDK2. Gene expression profiling of mouse thymuses confirmed the phenotypes observed in vivo, showing that DKO clustered with WT more than with p27 knock-out tissue. Taken together, our results demonstrate that stathmin cooperates with p27(kip1) to control the early phase of G1 to S phase transition and that this function may be of particular relevance in the context of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Berton
- a Department of Translational Research; Division of Experimental Oncology 2; CRO of Aviano, National Cancer Institute ; Aviano , Italy
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20
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Abstract
CDK4 and CDK6 bound to D-type cyclins are master integrators of G1 phase cell cycle regulations by initiating the inactivating phosphorylation of the central oncosuppressor pRb. Because of their frequent deregulation in cancer, cyclin D-CDK4/6 complexes are emerging as especially promising therapeutic targets. The specific CDK4/6 inhibitor PD0332991 is currently tested in a growing number of phase II/III clinical trials against a variety of pRb-proficient chemotherapy-resistant cancers. We have previously shown that PD0332991 inhibits not only CDK4/6 activity but also the activation by phosphorylation of the bulk of cyclin D-CDK4 complexes stabilized by p21 binding. Here we show that PD0332991 has either a positive or a negative impact on the activation of cyclin D-CDK4/6 complexes, depending on their binding to p21. Indeed, whereas PD0332991 inhibits the phosphorylation and activity of p21-bound CDK4/6, it specifically stabilized activated cyclin D3-CDK4/6 complexes devoid of p21 and p27. After elimination of PD0332991, these activated cyclin D3-CDK4/6 complexes persisted for at least 24 h, resulting in paradoxical cell cycle entry in the absence of a mitogenic stimulation. This unsuspected positive effect of PD0332991 on cyclin D3-CDK4/6 activation should be carefully assessed in the clinical evaluation of PD0332991, which until now only involves discontinuous administration protocols.
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Key Words
- 2D, 2-dimensional
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CAK, CDK-activating kinase
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CDK4
- CDK6
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- IP, immunoprecipitation
- PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- PD033, PD0332991
- PD0332991
- Palbociclib
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- cell cycle-based tumor therapeutics
- cyclin D3
- p21
- pRb, retinoblastoma susceptibility protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Paternot
- a WELBIO and Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM) ; Université Libre de Bruxelles ; Campus Erasme; Brussels , Belgium
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21
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Abstract
Although every organism shares some common features of replication, this process varies greatly among eukaryotic species. Current data show that mathematical models of the organization of origins based on possibility theory may be applied (and remain accurate) in every model organism i.e. from yeast to humans. The major differences lie within the dynamics of origin firing and the regulation mechanisms that have evolved to meet new challenges throughout the evolution of the organism. This article elaborates on the relations between chromatin structure, organization of origins, their firing times and the impact that these features can have on genome stability, showing both differences and parallels inside the eukaryotic domain.
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Key Words
- APC, anaphase promoting complex
- ARS, autonomously replicating sequences
- ATR, ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related kinase
- C-Frag, chromosome fragmentation
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CDT, C-terminus domain
- CEN, centromere
- CFSs, chromosome fragile sites
- CIN, chromosome instability
- CMG, Cdc45-MCM-GINS complex
- Cdc45, cell division control protein 45
- Cdc6, cell division control protein 6
- Cdt1, chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1
- Chk1, checkpoint kinase 1
- Clb2, G2/mitotic-specific cyclin Clb2
- DCR, Ddb1-Cu14a-Roc1 complex
- DDK, Dbf-4-dependent kinase
- DSBs, double strand breaks
- Dbf4, protein Dbf4 homolog A
- Dfp1, Hsk1-Dfp1 kinase complex regulatory subunit Dfp1
- Dpb11, DNA replication regulator Dpb11
- E2F, E2F transcription factor
- EL, early to late origins transition
- ETG1, E2F target gene 1/replisome factor
- Fkh, fork head domain protein
- GCN5, histone acetyltransferase GCN5
- GINS, go-ichi-ni-san
- LE, late to early origins transition
- MCM2–7, minichromosome maintenance helicase complex
- NDT, N-terminus domain
- ORC, origin recognition complex
- ORCA, origin recognition complex subunit A
- PCC, premature chromosome condensation
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- RO, replication origin
- RPD3, histone deacetylase 3
- RTC, replication timing control
- Rif1, replication timing regulatory factor 1
- SCF, Skp1-Cullin-F-Box ligase
- SIR, sulfite reductase
- Sld2, replication regulator Sld2
- Sld3, replication regulator Sld3
- Swi6, chromatin-associated protein swi6
- Taz1, telomere length regulator taz1
- YKU70, yeast Ku protein.
- dormant origins
- mathematical models of replication
- ori, origin
- origin competence
- origin efficiency
- origin firing
- origin licensing
- p53, tumor suppressor protein p53
- replication timing
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelina W Musiałek
- a Department of Cytophysiology ; Institute of Experimental Biology; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection; University of Łódź ; Łódź , Poland
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22
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Jain MV, Jangamreddy JR, Grabarek J, Schweizer F, Klonisch T, Cieślar-Pobuda A, Łos MJ. Nuclear localized Akt enhances breast cancer stem-like cells through counter-regulation of p21(Waf1/Cip1) and p27(kip1). Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2109-20. [PMID: 26030190 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1041692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are a rare subpopulation of cancer cells capable of propagating the disease and causing cancer recurrence. In this study, we found that the cellular localization of PKB/Akt kinase affects the maintenance of CSCs. When Akt tagged with nuclear localization signal (Akt-NLS) was overexpressed in SKBR3 and MDA-MB468 cells, these cells showed a 10-15% increase in the number of cells with CSCs enhanced ALDH activity and demonstrated a CD44(+High)/CD24(-Low) phenotype. This effect was completely reversed in the presence of Akt-specific inhibitor, triciribine. Furthermore, cells overexpressing Akt or Akt-NLS were less likely to be in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle by inactivating p21(Waf1/Cip1) and exhibited increased clonogenicity and proliferation as assayed by colony-forming assay (mammosphere formation). Thus, our data emphasize the importance the intracellular localization of Akt has on stemness in human breast cancer cells. It also indicates a new robust way for improving the enrichment and culture of CSCs for experimental purposes. Hence, it allows for the development of simpler protocols to study stemness, clonogenic potency, and screening of new chemotherapeutic agents that preferentially target cancer stem cells. SUMMARY The presented data, (i) shows new, stemness-promoting role of nuclear Akt/PKB kinase, (ii) it underlines the effects of nuclear Akt on cell cycle regulation, and finally (iii) it suggests new ways to study cancer stem-like cells.
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Key Words
- 7-AAD, 7-aminoactinomycin D
- ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase
- Akt-NLS
- BPE, bovine pituitary epithelial
- Bcl2, B cell lymphoma 2
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CSCs, cancer stem-like cells
- DEAB, diethylaminobenzaldehyde
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GAPDH, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptor
- GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase-3
- IGF1, insulin like growth factor 1
- JAK, Janus kinase
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- PDK, phosphoinositide dependent kinase
- PH, pleckstrin-homology
- PI3K
- PI3K, phoshatidylinositol-3-kinase
- PKB, protein kinase B
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- PVDF, polyvinylidene fluoride
- RIPA, radioimmunoprecipitation
- RPMI, Roswell Park Memorial Institute
- RT, room temperature
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- T-ALL, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- WT, wild type
- cancer stem-like cells
- hEGF, human epidermal growth factor
- mTOR
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- poly-HEMA, poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate
- stemness
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Vilas Jain
- a Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine; Division of Cell Biology Integrative Regenerative Med. Center (IGEN); Linköping Univ. ; Linköping , Sweden
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23
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Abstract
Serine phosphorylation has generally been considered indispensable for full transcriptional activity of STAT proteins. Recent data indicate that CDK8-mediated phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) on S727 inhibits natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and restrains tumor surveillance. These findings implicate CDK8 as a promising target for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Putz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Gotthardt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna ; Vienna, Austria
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24
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Grob A, McStay B. Construction of synthetic nucleoli and what it tells us about propagation of sub-nuclear domains through cell division. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:2501-8. [PMID: 25486191 PMCID: PMC4614152 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.949124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell nucleus is functionally compartmentalized into numerous membraneless and dynamic, yet defined, bodies. The cell cycle inheritance of these nuclear bodies (NBs) is poorly understood at the molecular level. In higher eukaryotes, their propagation is challenged by cell division through an "open" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope disassembles along with most NBs. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved can be achieved using the engineering principles of synthetic biology to construct artificial NBs. Successful biogenesis of such synthetic NBs demonstrates knowledge of the basic mechanisms involved. Application of this approach to the nucleolus, a paradigm of nuclear organization, has highlighted a key role for mitotic bookmarking in the cell cycle propagation of NBs.
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Key Words
- 1°, primary
- 2°, secondary
- CBs, Cajal bodies
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- DFC, dense fibrillar component
- DJ, distal junction
- FCs, fibrillar centers
- GC, granular component
- HLBs, histone locus bodies
- HMG, high mobility group
- IGS, intergenic spacers
- NBs, nuclear bodies
- NORs, nucleolar organizer regions
- Nucleolar Organizer Region (NOR)
- PJ, proximal junction
- PML, promyelocytic leukemia
- PNBs, pre-nucleolar bodies
- TFs, transcription factors
- UBF
- UBF, Upstream binding factor
- XEn, Xenopus enhancer
- cell cycle
- mitotic bookmarking
- neo-NOR
- neonucleoli
- nuclear bodies
- nucleolus
- pol, RNA polymerase
- pre-rRNA, precursor rRNA
- pseudo-NOR
- rDNA, ribosomal genes
- rRNA, ribosomal RNA; RNP, ribonucleoprotein
- synthetic biology
- t-UTPs, transcription U 3 proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Grob
- Center for Chromosome Biology; School of Natural Sciences; National University of Ireland; Galway, Ireland
| | - Brian McStay
- Center for Chromosome Biology; School of Natural Sciences; National University of Ireland; Galway, Ireland
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25
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Spalluto C, Wilson DI, Hearn T. Evidence for reciliation of RPE1 cells in late G1 phase, and ciliary localisation of cyclin B1. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:334-40. [PMID: 24251092 PMCID: PMC3821022 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium, an organelle that transduces extracellular signals important for development and tissue homeostasis, is typically assembled upon cell cycle exit and disassembled upon cell cycle re-entry. Cilium assembly is thought to be suppressed in cycling cells, however the extent of suppression is not clear. For example, primary cilia are present in certain proliferating cells during development, and a period of reciliation has been reported to occur in late G1 in murine 3T3 cells released from serum starvation-induced quiescence. Human retinal pigmented epithelial (hTERT-RPE1; herein, RPE1) cells are commonly used to investigate pathways regulating cilium disassembly, however the ciliary disassembly profile of these cells remains uncertain. A period of reciliation has not been observed. Here, we analyse the ciliary disassembly profile of RPE1 cells by immunofluorescence microscopy. The results suggest a profile similar to 3T3 cells, including a period of reciliation in late G1 and a second wave of deciliation in S phase. We present evidence that arresting cells in early S phase with hydroxyurea or excess thymidine prevents the second wave of deciliation, and that deciliation is initiated shortly after release from a thymidine block, consistent with coupling to DNA replication. These findings support the often overlooked notion that cilium formation can occur in late G1, and suggest that RPE1 cells could serve as a model system for studying the molecular pathways that direct this process, in addition to those that stimulate cilium disassembly. We also present immunofluorescence data indicating that cyclin B1 localises to primary cilia.
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Key Words
- AurA, Aurora kinase A
- Aurora A
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CDK1
- Cilium disassembly
- Cyclin B1
- DAPI, 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DNA replication
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- HU, hydroxyurea
- Mim, mimosine
- Primary cilia
- SS, serum-starved
- Thy, thymidine
- siRNA, short interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosma Spalluto
- Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, UK
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