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Fang X, Cao J, Tao Z, Yang Z, Dai Y, Zhao L. Hydroxytyrosol attenuates ethanol-induced liver injury by ameliorating steatosis, oxidative stress and hepatic inflammation by interfering STAT3/iNOS pathway. Redox Rep 2023; 28:2187564. [PMID: 36932927 PMCID: PMC10026757 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2023.2187564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a polyphenol with a wide range of biological activities. Excessive drinking can lead to oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver, which usually develop into alcohol liver disease (ALD). At present, there is no specific drug to treat ALD. In this paper, the protection effect of HT on ALD and the underline mechanism were studied.Methods: HepG2 cells were exposed to ethanol in vitro and C57BL/6J mice were fed with a Lieber-DeCarli ethanol liquid diet in vivo.Results: triglyceride (TG) level in serum and the expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) were reduced significantly by the treatment with HT The acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity was increased, the serum level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was decreased, catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) were increased, suggesting that HT may reduce its oxidative damage to the body by promoting alcohol metabolism. Furthermore, according to the mRNA levels of tnf-α, il-6 and il-1β, HT inhibited ethanol-induced inflammation significantly. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of HT may be related to suppress the STAT3/iNOS pathway.Dissussion: Our study showed that HT could ameliorate ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress and inflammation and provide a new candidate for the prevention and treatment of ALD.
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Key Words
- ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase
- ALD, alcohol liver disease
- ALDH, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- CAT, catalase
- COX2, cyclo-oxygen-ase2
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 2E1
- DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
- DPPH, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- FASN, fatty acid synthase
- GSH, glutathione
- HT, hydroxytyrosol
- HepG2
- Hepatic steatosis
- Hydroxytyrosol
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- Liver injury
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NO, nitric oxide
- PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- STAT3/iNOS pathway
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- alcoholic liver disease
- anti-inflammation
- anti-oxidation
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide Synthas
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianying Fang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamin Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Tao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Yang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Dai
- Yanghe Distillery Co. Ltd, Suqian, People's Republic of China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Gantla MR, Tsigelny IF, Kouznetsova VL. Repurposing of drugs for combined treatment of COVID-19 cytokine storm using machine learning. Med Drug Discov 2023; 17:100148. [PMID: 36466363 PMCID: PMC9706997 DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2022.100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) induced cytokine storm is the major cause of COVID-19 related deaths. Patients have been treated with drugs that work by inhibiting a specific protein partly responsible for the cytokines production. This approach provided very limited success, since there are multiple proteins involved in the complex cell signaling disease mechanisms. We targeted five proteins: Angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R), A disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17), Nuclear Factor‑Kappa B (NF‑κB), Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), which are involved in the SARS‑CoV‑2 induced cytokine storm pathway. We developed machine-learning (ML) models for these five proteins, using known active inhibitors. After developing the model for each of these proteins, FDA-approved drugs were screened to find novel therapeutics for COVID‑19. We identified twenty drugs that are active for four proteins with predicted scores greater than 0.8 and eight drugs active for all five proteins with predicted scores over 0.85. Mitomycin C is the most active drug across all five proteins with an average prediction score of 0.886. For further validation of these results, we used the PyRx software to conduct protein-ligand docking experiments and calculated the binding affinity. The docking results support findings by the ML model. This research study predicted that several drugs can target multiple proteins simultaneously in cytokine storm-related pathway. These may be useful drugs to treat patients because these therapies can fight cytokine storm caused by the virus at multiple points of inhibition, leading to synergistically effective treatments.
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Key Words
- 1D 2D 3D, one- two- three-dimensional
- ADAM17, A disintegrin and metalloprotease 17
- ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- AT1R, Angiotensin II receptor type 1
- AUROC, Area under receiver operator characteristic curve
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- CRS, cytokine release syndrome
- CXCL10, CXC-chemokine ligand 10
- Docking
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- G-CSF, granulocyte colony stimulating factor
- IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration
- ICU, intensive care unit
- IL, interleukin
- JAK1, Janus kinase 1
- MCP1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MIP1α, macrophage inflammatory protein 1
- ML, machine learning
- Machine learning
- Multi-targeted drug discovery
- NF-κB, Nuclear Factor-Kappa B
- PDB, Protein Data Bank
- PaDEL, Pharmaeutical data exploration laboratory
- ROC, receiver operator characteristic curve
- SARS-CoV-2
- SMILES, Simplified Molecular-Input Line-Entry System
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- Screening of FDA-approved drugs
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- WEKA, Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor F Tsigelny
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, UC San Diego, Calif, USA
- BiAna, La Jolla, Calif, USA
- Dept. of Neurosciences, UC San Diego, Calif, USA
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Wu JY, Xie JH, Chen YJ, Fu XQ, Wang RJ, Deng YY, Wang S, Yu HX, Liang C, Yu ZL. Amelioration of TPA-induced skin inflammation by the leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina involves ERK/STAT3 (Ser727) signaling inhibition. Phytomedicine 2022; 102:154194. [PMID: 35660348 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncontrolled inflammation causes health problems. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) at Ser727, resulting in inflammation. The leaf of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) is a medicinal herb for managing inflammation-associated diseases. Oral administration or topical application of VA leaf extract exerts anti-inflammatory effects in rat models. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the herb are not fully understood. PURPOSE In this study, we aimed to investigate the involvement of ERK/STAT3 (Ser727) signaling in the anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanolic extract of VA leaves. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Extracts of VA leaves were prepared with different concentrations of ethanol. A LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cell model was used for in vitro assays, and a TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate)-induced ear edema mouse model was employed for in vivo assays. The 95% ethanol extract of VA leaves (VAE) exerted the strongest inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated macrophages; thus it was selected for use in this study. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to examine pathological conditions of mouse ear tissues. Griess reagent was employed to examine NO generation in cell cultures. Immunoblotting and ELISA were used to examine protein levels, and RT-qPCR was employed to examine mRNA levels. RESULTS Topical application of VAE ameliorated mouse ear edema induced by TPA. VAE suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK (Thr202/Tyr204) and STAT3 (Ser727); and decreased protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the mouse ear tissues and in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. VAE also inhibited NO production, and lowered mRNA levels of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in the macrophages. CONCLUSIONS VAE ameliorates TPA-induced mouse ear edema. Suppression of ERK/STAT3 (Ser727) signaling is involved in VAE's anti-inflammatory effects. These novel data provide further pharmacological justifications for the medicinal use of VA in treating inflammation-associated diseases, and lay the groundwork for developing VAE into a new anti-inflammatory agent.
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Key Words
- Acute inflammation
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- ERK
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- IL, interleukin
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- NO, nitric oxide
- STAT3
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TPA
- VA, Vernonia amygdalina Del.
- VAE, the 95% ethanol extract of VA leaves
- Vernonia amygdalina
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ying Wu
- Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China; Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian-Hua Xie
- Department of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhangzhou Institute of Technology, China
| | - Ying-Jie Chen
- Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China; Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiu-Qiong Fu
- Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China; Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rui-Jun Wang
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Yi Deng
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Dalian Fusheng Natural Medicine Research Institute, China
| | - Hai-Xia Yu
- Jilin Yatai Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Institute, China
| | - Chun Liang
- Division of Life Science and State Key Lab of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China; Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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Fan Z, Wu C, Chen M, Jiang Y, Wu Y, Mao R, Fan Y. The generation of PD-L1 and PD-L2 in cancer cells: From nuclear chromatin reorganization to extracellular presentation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1041-1053. [PMID: 35530130 PMCID: PMC9069407 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) targeting on PD-1/PD-L1 has shown remarkable promise in treating cancers. However, the low response rate and frequently observed severe side effects limit its broad benefits. It is partially due to less understanding of the biological regulation of PD-L1. Here, we systematically and comprehensively summarized the regulation of PD-L1 from nuclear chromatin reorganization to extracellular presentation. In PD-L1 and PD-L2 highly expressed cancer cells, a new TAD (topologically associating domain) (chr9: 5,400,000-5,600,000) around CD274 and CD273 was discovered, which includes a reported super-enhancer to drive synchronous transcription of PD-L1 and PD-L2. The re-shaped TAD allows transcription factors such as STAT3 and IRF1 recruit to PD-L1 locus in order to guide the expression of PD-L1. After transcription, the PD-L1 is tightly regulated by miRNAs and RNA-binding proteins via the long 3'UTR. At translational level, PD-L1 protein and its membrane presentation are tightly regulated by post-translational modification such as glycosylation and ubiquitination. In addition, PD-L1 can be secreted via exosome to systematically inhibit immune response. Therefore, fully dissecting the regulation of PD-L1/PD-L2 and thoroughly detecting PD-L1/PD-L2 as well as their regulatory networks will bring more insights in ICB and ICB-based combinational therapy.
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Key Words
- 3′-UTR, 3′-untranslated region
- ADAM17, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17
- APCs, antigen-presenting cells
- AREs, adenylate and uridylate (AU)-rich elements
- ATF3, activating transcription factor 3
- CD273/274, cluster of differentiation 273/274
- CDK4, cyclin-dependent kinase 4
- CMTM6, CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 6
- CSN5, COP9 signalosome subunit 5
- CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- EpCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule
- Exosome
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- GSDMC, Gasdermin C
- GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
- HSF1, heat shock transcription factor 1
- Hi-C, high throughput chromosome conformation capture
- ICB, immune checkpoint blockade
- IFN, interferon
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IRF1, interferon regulatory factor 1
- Immune checkpoint blockade
- JAK, Janus kinase 1
- NFκB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- OTUB1, OTU deubiquitinase, ubiquitin aldehyde binding 1
- PARP1, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1
- PD-1, programmed cell death-1
- PD-L1
- PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1
- PD-L2
- PD-L2, programmed death ligand 2
- Post-transcriptional regulation
- Post-translational regulation
- SP1, specificity protein 1
- SPOP, speckle-type POZ protein
- STAG2, stromal antigen 2
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- TADs, topologically associating domains
- TFEB, transcription factor EB
- TFs, transcription factors
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- TTP, tristetraprolin
- Topologically associating domain
- Transcription
- UCHL1, ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1
- USP22, ubiquitin specific peptidase 22
- dMMR, deficient DNA mismatch repair
- irAEs, immune related adverse events
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Fan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Changyue Wu
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Miaomiao Chen
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yongying Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Renfang Mao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Yihui Fan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Corresponding authors.
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Shan S, Niu J, Yin R, Shi J, Zhang L, Wu C, Li H, Li Z. Peroxidase from foxtail millet bran exerts anti-colorectal cancer activity via targeting cell-surface GRP78 to inactivate STAT3 pathway. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1254-1270. [PMID: 35530132 PMCID: PMC9069399 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular targeted therapy has become an emerging promising strategy in cancer treatment, and screening the agents targeting at cancer cell specific targets is very desirable for cancer treatment. Our previous study firstly found that a secretory peroxidase of class III derived from foxtail millet bran (FMBP) exhibited excellent targeting anti-colorectal cancer (CRC) activity in vivo and in vitro, whereas its underlying target remains unclear. The highlight of present study focuses on the finding that cell surface glucose-regulated protein 78 (csGRP78) abnormally located on CRC is positively correlated with the anti-CRC effects of FMBP, indicating it serves as a potential target of FMBP against CRC. Further, we demonstrated that the combination of FMBP with the nucleotide binding domain (NBD) of csGRP78 interfered with the downstream activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in CRC cells, thus promoting the intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell grown inhibition. These phenomena were further confirmed in nude mice tumor model. Collectively, our study highlights csGRP78 acts as an underlying target of FMBP against CRC, uncovering the clinical potential of FMBP as a targeted agent for CRC in the future.
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Key Words
- CAC, colitis-associated carcinogenesis
- CDKs, cyclin-dependent kinases
- CETSA, cellular thermal shift assay
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- Co-IP, co-immunoprecipitation
- Colorectal cancer
- DCFH-DA, dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FMBP
- FMBP, peroxidase derived from foxtail millet bran
- Foxtail millet bran
- GRP78, glucose-regulated protein 78
- H&E, hematoxylin & eosin
- ISM, isthmin
- MPs, membrane proteins
- NBD, the nucleotide binding domain of csGRP78
- PD-1, programmed death-1
- ROS
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SBD, substrate-binding domain of csGRP78
- SPF, specific pathogen free
- STAT3
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- csGRP78
- csGRP78, cell surface glucose-regulated protein 78
- rGRP78, recombinant GRP78
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Dong S, Guo X, Han F, He Z, Wang Y. Emerging role of natural products in cancer immunotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1163-1185. [PMID: 35530162 PMCID: PMC9069318 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has become a new generation of anti-tumor treatment, but its indications still focus on several types of tumors that are sensitive to the immune system. Therefore, effective strategies that can expand its indications and enhance its efficiency become the key element for the further development of cancer immunotherapy. Natural products are reported to have this effect on cancer immunotherapy, including cancer vaccines, immune-check points inhibitors, and adoptive immune-cells therapy. And the mechanism of that is mainly attributed to the remodeling of the tumor-immunosuppressive microenvironment, which is the key factor that assists tumor to avoid the recognition and attack from immune system and cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, this review summarizes and concludes the natural products that reportedly improve cancer immunotherapy and investigates the mechanism. And we found that saponins, polysaccharides, and flavonoids are mainly three categories of natural products, which reflected significant effects combined with cancer immunotherapy through reversing the tumor-immunosuppressive microenvironment. Besides, this review also collected the studies about nano-technology used to improve the disadvantages of natural products. All of these studies showed the great potential of natural products in cancer immunotherapy.
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Key Words
- AKT, alpha-serine/threonine-specific protein kinase
- Adoptive immune-cells transfer immunotherapy
- B2M, beta-2-microglobulin
- BMDCs, bone marrow dendritic cells
- BPS, basil polysaccharide
- BTLA, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator
- CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts
- CCL22, C–C motif chemokine 22
- CIKs, cytokine-induced killer cells
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- CTL, cytotoxic T cell
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4
- Cancer immunotherapy
- Cancer vaccines
- DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns
- DCs, dendritic cells
- FDA, US Food and Drug Administration
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HER-2, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2
- HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α
- HMGB1, high-mobility group box 1
- HSPs, heat shock proteins
- ICD, Immunogenic cell death
- ICTs, immunological checkpoints
- IFN-γ, interferon γ
- IL-10, interleukin-10
- Immuno-check points
- Immunosuppressive microenvironment
- LLC, Lewis lung cancer
- MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex class
- MITF, melanogenesis associated transcription factor
- MMP-9, matrix metalloprotein-9
- Mcl-1, myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein 1
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NKTs, natural killer T cells
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- Natural products
- OVA, ovalbumin
- PD-1, programmed death-1
- PD-L1, programmed death receptor ligand 1
- PGE-2, prostaglandin E2
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages
- TAP, transporters related with antigen processing
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TILs, tumor infiltration lymphocytes
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α
- TSA, tumor specific antigens
- Teffs, effective T cells
- Th1, T helper type 1
- Tregs, regulatory T cells
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiangnan Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fei Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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Jung YY, Ha IJ, Um JY, Sethi G, Ahn KS. Fangchinoline diminishes STAT3 activation by stimulating oxidative stress and targeting SHP-1 protein in multiple myeloma model. J Adv Res 2022; 35:245-57. [PMID: 35024200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant STAT3 activation can promote neoplastic transformation by affecting cellular proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and anti-apoptosis induction. Fangchinoline abrogated protein expression levels of STAT3 and upstream signals (JAK1/2 and Src) in different tumor cells. Fangchinoline inhibited the levels of various tumorigenic markers and promoted marked apoptosis through degradation of PARP and caspase-3. Fangchinoline attenuated the level of STAT3 and upstream signals and suppressed the level of anti- apoptotic proteins in xenograft mice model.
Introduction The development of cancer generally occurs as a result of various deregulated molecular mechanisms affecting the genes that can control normal cellular growth. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway, once aberrantly activated can promote carcinogenesis by regulating the transcription of a number of oncogenic genes. Objectives Here, we evaluated the impact of fangchinoline (FCN) to attenuate tumor growth and survival through modulation of oncogenic STAT3 signaling pathway using diverse tumor cell lines and a xenograft mouse model. Methods To evaluate the action of FCN on STAT3 cascade, protein levels were analyzed by Western blot analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Translocation of STAT3 was detected by immunocytochemistry. Thereafter, FCN-induced ROS was measured by GSH/GSSG assay and H2DCF-DA. FCN-induced apoptosis was analyzed using Western blot analysis and flow cytometry for various assays. Finally, anti-cancer effects of FCN in vivo was evaluated in a myeloma model. Results We noted that FCN abrogated protein expression levels of STAT3 and upstream signals (JAK1/2 and Src). In addition, FCN also attenuated DNA binding ability of STAT3 and its translocation into the nucleus. It altered the levels of upstream signaling proteins, increased SHP-1 levels, and induced substantial apoptosis in U266 cells. FCN also promoted an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and altered GSSG/GSH ratio in tumor cells. Moreover, FCN effectively abrogated tumor progression and STAT3 activation in a preclinical myeloma model. Conclusion Overall, this study suggests that FCN may have a tremendous potential to alter abnormal STAT3 activation and induce cell death in malignant cells along with causing the suppression of pathogenesis and growth of cancer through a pro-oxidant dependent molecular mechanism.
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Key Words
- Apoptosis
- DAPI, 4′,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum
- FCN, Fangchinoline
- Fangchinoline
- GAPDH, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GSH
- HRP, Horseradish peroxidase
- ICC, Immunocytochemistry
- IHC, Immunohistochemistry
- JAK, Janus kinase
- MMP, Matrix metalloproteinase
- Multiple myeloma
- NT, Non treat
- P/S, Penicillin-streptomycin
- PARP, Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase
- ROS
- RT-PCR, Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- RTCA, Real-time cell analysis
- SHP-1, Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1
- STAT3
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- c/w, Cell per well
- ip, Intraperitoneal injection
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Xu J, Zhang Z, Huang L, Xiong J, Zhou Z, Yu H, Wu L, Liu Z, Cao K. Let-7a suppresses Ewing sarcoma CSCs' malignant phenotype via forming a positive feedback circuit with STAT3 and lin28. J Bone Oncol 2021; 31:100406. [PMID: 34917467 PMCID: PMC8645918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2021.100406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Let-7a was repressed in the cancer stem cells of Ewing sarcoma(ES-CSCs). Increase the expression of let-7a suppress the ability of colony formation and invasion of ES-CSCs. Let-7a, STAT3 and lin28 form a positive feedback circuit in ES-CSCs. Increase the expression of let-7a suppress xenograft tumor growth of ES-CSCs.
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been documented to be closely related with tumor metastasis and recurrence, and the same important role were identified in Ewing Sarcoma (ES). In our previous study, we found that let-7a expression was repressed in ES. Herein, we further identified its putative effects in the CSCs of ES (ES-CSCs). The expression of let-7a was consistently suppressed in the separated side population (SP) cells, which were identified to contain the characteristics of the stem cells. Then, we increased the expression of let-7a in ES-CSCs, and found that the ability of colony formation and invasion of ES-CSCs were suppressed in vitro. The same results were found in the tumor growth of ES-CSCs’ xenograft mice in vivo. To further explore the putative mechanism involved, we also explored whether signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was involved in the suppressive effects. As expected, excessive expression of let-7a could suppress the expression STAT3 in the ES-CSCs, and repressed the expression of STAT3 imitated the suppressive effects of let-7a on ES-CSCs, suppressing the ability of colony formation and invasion of ES-CSCs. Furthermore, we found lin28 was involved in the relative impacts of let-7a, as well as STAT3. Let-7a, STAT3 and lin28 might form a positive feedback circuit, which serve a pivotal role in the carcinogensis of ES-CSCs. These findings maybe provide assistance for patients with ES in the future, especially those with metastasis and recurrence, and new directions for their treatment.
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Key Words
- ABCG2, ATP-binding cassette transporter G 2
- ATCC, American Type Culture Collection
- CSCs, Cancer stem cells
- Cancer stem cells
- ES, Ewing Sarcoma
- ES-CSCs, CSCs of ES
- Ewing sarcoma
- FBS, fatal bovine serum
- Let-7a
- Lin28
- MMP2, Matrix Metallopeptidase 2
- MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells
- ORF, open reading frame
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- PI, propidium iodide
- SP, side populationl
- STAT3
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- iPSCs, human induced pluripotent stem cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Zhongzu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, PR China
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Children Health and Care, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Jiachao Xiong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Zhenhai Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Honggui Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Zhimin Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Kai Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
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Nalkurthi C, Schroder WA, Melino M, Irvine KM, Nyuydzefe M, Chen W, Liu J, Teng MWL, Hill GR, Bertolino P, Blazar BR, Miller GC, Clouston AD, Zanin-Zhorov A, MacDonald KPA. ROCK2 inhibition attenuates profibrogenic immune cell function to reverse thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis. JHEP Rep 2021; 4:100386. [PMID: 34917911 PMCID: PMC8645924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background & Aims Fibrosis, the primary cause of morbidity in chronic liver disease, is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines, immune cell infiltrates, and tissue resident cells that drive excessive myofibroblast activation, collagen production, and tissue scarring. Rho-associated kinase 2 (ROCK2) regulates key pro-fibrotic pathways involved in both inflammatory reactions and altered extracellular matrix remodelling, implicating this pathway as a potential therapeutic target. Methods We used the thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis model to examine the efficacy of administration of the selective ROCK2 inhibitor KD025 to prevent or treat liver fibrosis and its impact on immune composition and function. Results Prophylactic and therapeutic administration of KD025 effectively attenuated thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis and promoted fibrotic regression. KD025 treatment inhibited liver macrophage tumour necrosis factor production and disrupted the macrophage niche within fibrotic septae. ROCK2 targeting in vitro directly regulated macrophage function through disruption of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)/cofilin signalling pathways leading to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production and macrophage migration. In vivo, KDO25 administration significantly reduced STAT3 phosphorylation and cofilin levels in the liver. Additionally, livers exhibited robust downregulation of immune cell infiltrates and diminished levels of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγt) and B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) transcription factors that correlated with a significant reduction in liver IL-17, splenic germinal centre numbers and serum IgG. Conclusions As IL-17 and IgG–Fc binding promote pathogenic macrophage differentiation, together our data demonstrate that ROCK2 inhibition prevents and reverses liver fibrosis through direct and indirect effects on macrophage function and highlight the therapeutic potential of ROCK2 inhibition in liver fibrosis. Lay summary By using a clinic-ready small-molecule inhibitor, we demonstrate that selective ROCK2 inhibition prevents and reverses hepatic fibrosis through its pleiotropic effects on pro-inflammatory immune cell function. We show that ROCK2 mediates increased IL-17 production, antibody production, and macrophage dysregulation, which together drive fibrogenesis in a model of chemical-induced liver fibrosis. Therefore, in this study, we not only highlight the therapeutic potential of ROCK2 targeting in chronic liver disease but also provide previously undocumented insights into our understanding of cellular and molecular pathways driving the liver fibrosis pathology. ROCK2 inhibition with the small-molecule inhibitor KD025 prevents and reverses hepatoxin-induced liver fibrosis. ROCK2 inhibition attenuates profibrogenic immune function. KD025 exerts direct effects on liver macrophages resulting in decreased TNF secretion and impeded migration. KD025 administration attenuates T cell IL-17 production and B-cell IgG production, which indirectly contributes to downregulation of profibrogenic macrophage function.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- B cells
- BMDM, bone marrow-derived macrophages
- Bcl6, B-cell lymphoma 6
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- Col1a2, collagen type α1
- DR, ductular reaction
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- GC, germinal centre
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- IHC, immunohistochemical
- IL-17
- Inflammation
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- Liver fibrosis
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- Macrophages
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- RAR, retinoic acid receptor
- ROCK, Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinases
- ROCK2
- ROCK2, Rho-associated kinase 2
- RORγt, RAR-related orphan receptor gamma
- SR, Sirius red
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TAA, thioacetamide
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- Tfh, T follicular helper
- Th17, T helper 17
- Therapy
- cGVHD, chronic graft-vs-host disease
- pCofilin, phosphorylated cofilin
- pMac, peritoneal macrophages
- pSTAT3, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription
- qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR
- α-SMA, alpha smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nalkurthi
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Michelle Melino
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katharine M Irvine
- Mater Research, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Wei Chen
- Kadmon Corporation LLC, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Geoffrey R Hill
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Bruce R Blazar
- Masonic Cancer Center and Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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10
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Li M, Wang Y, Li M, Wu X, Setrerrahmane S, Xu H. Integrins as attractive targets for cancer therapeutics. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2726-2737. [PMID: 34589393 PMCID: PMC8463276 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane receptors that have been implicated in the biology of various human physiological and pathological processes. These molecules facilitate cell–extracellular matrix and cell–cell interactions, and they have been implicated in fibrosis, inflammation, thrombosis, and tumor metastasis. The role of integrins in tumor progression makes them promising targets for cancer treatment, and certain integrin antagonists, such as antibodies and synthetic peptides, have been effectively utilized in the clinic for cancer therapy. Here, we discuss the evidence and knowledge on the contribution of integrins to cancer biology. Furthermore, we summarize the clinical attempts targeting this family in anti-cancer therapy development.
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Key Words
- ADAMs, adisintegrin and metalloproteases
- AJ, adherens junctions
- Antagonists
- CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts
- CAR, chimeric antigen receptor
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- CSC, cancer stem cell
- Clinical trial
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- EMT, epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- ERK, extracellular regulated kinase
- Extracellular matrix
- FAK, focal adhesion kinase
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α
- HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- ICAMs, intercellular adhesion molecules
- IGFR, insulin-like growth factor receptor
- IMD, integrin-mediated death
- Integrins
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase 16
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MMP2, matrix metalloprotease 2
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- RGD, Arg-Gly-Asp
- RTKs, receptor tyrosine kinases
- SAPKs, stress-activated MAP kinases
- SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor-1
- SH2, Src homology 2
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas
- TICs, tumor initiating cells
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Targeted drug
- Tumor progression
- VCAMs, vascular cell adhesion molecules
- VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- mAb, monoclonal antibodies
- sdCAR-T, switchable dual-receptor CAR-engineered T
- siRNA, small interference RNA
- uPA, urokinase-type plasminogen activator
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Abstract
The prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing worldwide, whereas that of most other cancers is decreasing. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which has increased with the epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes, increases the risk of HCC. Interestingly, NAFLD-associated HCC can develop in patients with or without cirrhosis. A lack of awareness about NAFLD-related HCC has led to delays in diagnosis. Therefore, a large number of patients with HCC are diagnosed with advanced-stage HCC with low 5-year survival. In this context, increasing awareness of NAFLD and NAFLD-related HCC may lead to earlier diagnosis and more effective interventions.
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Key Words
- ALD, alcohol-related liver disease
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- ELF, enhanced liver fibrosis
- FIB-4, fibrosis-4
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor-α
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- awareness
- cirrhosis
- natural history
- non-cirrhosis
- surveillance
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Affiliation(s)
- Zobair M. Younossi
- Center for Liver Disease and Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, United States
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, United States
- Medical Service Line. Inova Health Systems, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Linda Henry
- Center for Outcomes Research in Liver Diseases, Washington DC, United States
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Wang D, Li D, Zhang Y, Chen J, Zhang Y, Liao C, Qin S, Tian Y, Zhang Z, Xu F. Functional metabolomics reveal the role of AHR/GPR35 mediated kynurenic acid gradient sensing in chemotherapy-induced intestinal damage. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:763-80. [PMID: 33777681 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal toxicity induced by chemotherapeutics has become an important reason for the interruption of therapy and withdrawal of approved agents. In this study, we demonstrated that chemotherapeutics-induced intestinal damage were commonly characterized by the sharp upregulation of tryptophan (Trp)−kynurenine (KYN)−kynurenic acid (KA) axis metabolism. Mechanistically, chemotherapy-induced intestinal damage triggered the formation of an interleukin-6 (IL-6)−indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1)−aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) positive feedback loop, which accelerated kynurenine pathway metabolism in gut. Besides, AHR and G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) negative feedback regulates intestinal damage and inflammation to maintain intestinal integrity and homeostasis through gradually sensing kynurenic acid level in gut and macrophage, respectively. Moreover, based on virtual screening and biological verification, vardenafil and linagliptin as GPR35 and AHR agonists respectively were discovered from 2388 approved drugs. Importantly, the results that vardenafil and linagliptin significantly alleviated chemotherapy-induced intestinal toxicity in vivo suggests that chemotherapeutics combined with the two could be a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer patients in clinic. This work highlights GPR35 and AHR as the guardian of kynurenine pathway metabolism and core component of defense responses against intestinal damage.
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Key Words
- 1-MT, 1-methyl-tryptophan
- AG, AG490
- AHR
- AHR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- ARNT, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator
- BCA, bicinchoninic acid
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CH, CH223191
- CPT-11, irinotecan
- CYP1A1, cytochrome P450 1A1
- DAI, disease activity index
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4
- DRE, dioxin response elements
- DSS, dextran sulphate sodium
- Dens-Cl, N-diethyl-amino naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride
- Dns-Cl, N-dimethyl-amino naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride
- ECL, enhanced chemiluminescence
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ERK1/2, extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2
- ESI, electrospray ionization
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GE, gastric emptying
- GFP, green fluorescence protein
- GI, gastrointestinal transit
- GPR35
- GPR35, G protein-coupled receptor 35
- Gradually sensing
- HE, hematoxylin and eosin
- HRP, horseradish peroxi-dase
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IDO1, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- IS, internal standard
- Intestinal toxicity
- JAK2, janus kinase 2
- KA, kynurenic acid
- KAT, kynurenine aminotransferase
- KYN, kynurenine
- Kynurenine pathway
- LC–MS, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- Linag, linagliptin
- MOE, molecular operating environment
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- MRM, multiple-reaction monitoring
- MTT, thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- PDB, protein data bank
- PDE5, phosphodiesterase type-5
- PF, PF-04859989
- PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
- PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
- RIPA, radioimmunoprecipitation
- RPKM, reads per kilobase per million mapped reads
- RPMI 1640, Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640
- RT-PCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- Trp, tryptophan
- VCR, vincristine
- Vard, vardenafil
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Aydemir MN, Aydemir HB, Korkmaz EM, Budak M, Cekin N, Pinarbasi E. Computationally predicted SARS-COV-2 encoded microRNAs target NFKB, JAK/STAT and TGFB signaling pathways. Gene Rep 2021; 22:101012. [PMID: 33398248 PMCID: PMC7773562 DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.101012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently an outbreak that emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019, spread to the whole world in a short time and killed >1,410,000 people. It was determined that a new type of beta coronavirus called severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was causative agent of this outbreak and the disease caused by the virus was named as coronavirus disease 19 (COVID19). Despite the information obtained from the viral genome structure, many aspects of the virus-host interactions during infection is still unknown. In this study we aimed to identify SARS-CoV-2 encoded microRNAs and their cellular targets. We applied a computational method to predict miRNAs encoded by SARS-CoV-2 along with their putative targets in humans. Targets of predicted miRNAs were clustered into groups based on their biological processes, molecular function, and cellular compartments using GO and PANTHER. By using KEGG pathway enrichment analysis top pathways were identified. Finally, we have constructed an integrative pathway network analysis with target genes. We identified 40 SARS-CoV-2 miRNAs and their regulated targets. Our analysis showed that targeted genes including NFKB1, NFKBIE, JAK1-2, STAT3-4, STAT5B, STAT6, SOCS1-6, IL2, IL8, IL10, IL17, TGFBR1-2, SMAD2-4, HDAC1-6 and JARID1A-C, JARID2 play important roles in NFKB, JAK/STAT and TGFB signaling pathways as well as cells' epigenetic regulation pathways. Our results may help to understand virus-host interaction and the role of viral miRNAs during SARS-CoV-2 infection. As there is no current drug and effective treatment available for COVID19, it may also help to develop new treatment strategies.
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Key Words
- ACE-2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- AKT1, AKT serine/threonine kinase 1
- BCL2, BCL2 apoptosis regulator
- CDK1, cyclin dependent kinase 1
- CDKL2, cyclin dependent kinase like 2
- COVID19, new type corona virus disease
- CTNNB1, catenin beta 1
- CXCL1, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1
- CXCL10, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10
- CXCL11, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 11
- CXCL16, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16
- CXCL9, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9
- E2F1, E2F transcription factor 1
- EIF4A1, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1
- GRB2, growth factor receptor bound protein 2
- HDAC1, histone deacetylase 1
- HDAC2, histone deacetylase 2
- HDAC3, histone deacetylase 3
- HIF1A, hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha
- ICTV, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
- IFNGR2, interferon gamma receptor 2
- IKBKE, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit epsilon
- IL10, interleukin 10
- IL13, interleukin 13
- IL15, interleukin 15
- IL16, interleukin 16
- IL17A, interleukin 17 A
- IL2, interleukin 2
- IL21, interleukin 21
- IL22, interleukin 22
- IL24, interleukin 24
- IL25, interleukin 25
- IL33, interleukin 33
- IL5, interleukin 5
- IL7, interleukin 7
- IL8, interleukin 8
- JAK/STAT
- JAK1, Janus kinase 1
- JAK2, Janus kinase 2
- JARID1A, lysine demethylase 5A
- JARID1B, lysine demethylase 5B
- JARID1C, lysine demethylase 5C
- JARID2, Jumonji and AT-rich interaction domain containing 2
- KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- MAPK1, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1
- MAPK3, mitogen-activated protein kinase 3
- MAPK4, mitogen-activated protein kinase 4
- MAPK6, mitogen-activated protein kinase 6
- MAPK7, mitogen-activated protein kinase 7
- NFKB
- NFKB1, nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1
- NFKBIE, NFKB inhibitor epsilon
- NOS3, nitric oxide synthase 3
- PANTHER, protein analysis through evolutionary relationships
- PIK3CA, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- RB1, RB transcriptional corepressor 1
- RHOA, ras homolog family member A
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus type 2
- SMAD2, SMAD family member 2
- SMAD3, SMAD family member 3
- SMAD4, SMAD family member 4
- SOCS1, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1
- SOCS3, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3
- SOCS4, suppressor of cytokine signaling 4
- SOCS5, suppressor of cytokine signaling 5
- SOCS6, suppressor of cytokine signaling 6
- SOS1, SOS Ras/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1
- SP1, Sp1 transcription factor
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- STAT4, signal transducer and activator of transcription 4
- STAT5B, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B
- STAT6, signal transducer and activator of transcription 6
- SUMO1, small ubiquitin like modifier 1
- SUMO2, small ubiquitin like modifier 2
- TBP, TATA-box binding protein
- TGFB
- TGFBR1, transforming growth factor beta receptor 1
- TGFBR2, transforming growth factor beta receptor 2
- TMPRSS11A, transmembrane serine protease 11A
- TMPRSS4, transmembrane serine protease 4
- TNFRSF21, TNF receptor superfamily member 21
- WHO, World Health Organization
- miRNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Nur Aydemir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Habes Bilal Aydemir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Ertan Mahir Korkmaz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mahir Budak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Cekin
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ergun Pinarbasi
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
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14
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He S, Lyu F, Lou L, Liu L, Li S, Jakowitsch J, Ma Y. Anti-tumor activities of Panax quinquefolius saponins and potential biomarkers in prostate cancer. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:273-286. [PMID: 33841008 PMCID: PMC8020356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate carcinoma is the second most common cancer among men worldwide. Developing new therapeutic approaches and diagnostic biomarkers for prostate cancer (PC) is a significant need. The Chinese herbal medicine Panax quinquefolius saponins (PQS) have been reported to show anti-tumor effects. We hypothesized that PQS exhibits anti-cancer activity in human PC cells and we aimed to search for novel biomarkers allowing early diagnosis of PC. METHODS We used the human PC cell line DU145 and the prostate epithelial cell line PNT2 to perform cell viability assays, flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle, and FACS-based apoptosis assays. Microarray-based gene expression analysis was used to display specific gene expression patterns and to search for novel biomarkers. Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to demonstrate the expression levels of multiple cancer-related genes. RESULTS Our data showed that PQS inhibited the viability of DU145 cells and induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. A significant decrease in DU145 cell invasion and migration were observed after 24 h treatment by PQS. PQS up-regulated the expression levels of p21, p53, TMEM79, ACOXL, ETV5, and SPINT1 while it down-regulated the expression levels of bcl2, STAT3, FANCD2, DRD2, and TMPRSS2. CONCLUSION PQS promoted cells apoptosis and inhibited the proliferation of DU145 cells, which suggests that PQS may be effective for treating PC. TMEM79 and ACOXL were expressed significantly higher in PNT2 than in DU145 cells and could be novel biomarker candidates for PC diagnosis.
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Key Words
- ACOXL, Acyl-CoA oxidase-like protein
- Chinese medicinal herbs
- DRD2, dopamine receptor D2
- ETV5, ETS variant 5
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- FANCD2, fanconi anemia group D2
- PC, prostate cancer
- PQS, Panax quinquefolius saponins
- Panax quinquefolius
- Potential biomarkers
- Prostate cancer cells
- SPINT1, serine peptidase inhibitor Kunitz type 1
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TCM, Traditional Chinese Medicine
- TMEM79, transmembrane protein 79
- TMPRSS2, transmembrane protease serine 2
- bcl2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- p21, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21
- p53, tumor suppressor p53
- qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR
- saponins
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fangqiao Lyu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lixia Lou
- The Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Songlin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Johannes Jakowitsch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Zhang J, Fan J, Zeng X, Nie M, Luan J, Wang Y, Ju D, Yin K. Hedgehog signaling in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis and the gastrointestinal tumor microenvironment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:609-620. [PMID: 33777671 PMCID: PMC7982428 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway plays important roles in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis and the gastrointestinal tumor microenvironment (TME). Aberrant HH signaling activation may accelerate the growth of gastrointestinal tumors and lead to tumor immune tolerance and drug resistance. The interaction between HH signaling and the TME is intimately involved in these processes, for example, tumor growth, tumor immune tolerance, inflammation, and drug resistance. Evidence indicates that inflammatory factors in the TME, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), macrophages, and T cell-dependent immune responses, play a vital role in tumor growth by affecting the HH signaling pathway. Moreover, inhibition of proliferating cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and inflammatory factors can normalize the TME by suppressing HH signaling. Furthermore, aberrant HH signaling activation is favorable to both the proliferation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the drug resistance of gastrointestinal tumors. This review discusses the current understanding of the role and mechanism of aberrant HH signaling activation in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis, the gastrointestinal TME, tumor immune tolerance and drug resistance and highlights the underlying therapeutic opportunities.
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Key Words
- 5-Fu, 5-fluorouracil
- ALK5, TGF-β receptor I kinase
- ATO, arsenic trioxide
- BCC, basal cell carcinoma
- BCL-2, B cell lymphoma 2
- BMI-1, B cell-specific moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region-1
- CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts
- CSCs, cancer stem cells
- Cancer stem cells
- Carcinogenesis
- DHH, Desert Hedgehog
- Drug resistance
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- FOLFOX, oxaliplatin
- G protein coupled receptor kinase 2, HH
- Gastrointestinal cancer
- Hedgehog
- Hedgehog, HIF-1α
- IHH, Indian Hedgehog
- IL-10/6, interleukin 10/6
- ITCH, itchy E3 ubiquitin ligase
- MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- NK, natural killer
- NOX4, NADPH Oxidase 4
- PD-1, programmed cell death-1
- PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand-1
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PTCH, Patched
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SHH, Sonic Hedgehog
- SMAD3, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3
- SMO, Smoothened
- SNF5, sucrose non-fermenting 5
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- SUFU, Suppressor of Fused
- TAMs, tumor-related macrophages
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- TME, tumor microenvironment
- Tumor microenvironment
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- WNT, Wingless/Integrated
- and leucovorin, GLI
- ch5E1, chimeric monoclonal antibody 5E1
- glioma-associated oncogene homologue, GRK2
- hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, IFN-γ: interferon-γ
- βArr2, β-arrestin2
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiajun Fan
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xian Zeng
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingming Nie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jingyun Luan
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 65349106 (Kai Yin); Tel.: +86 21 5198 0037; Fax +86 21 5198 0036 (Dianwen Ju).
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 65349106 (Kai Yin); Tel.: +86 21 5198 0037; Fax +86 21 5198 0036 (Dianwen Ju).
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Alexandris N, Lagoumintzis G, Chasapis CT, Leonidas DD, Papadopoulos GE, Tzartos SJ, Tsatsakis A, Eliopoulos E, Poulas K, Farsalinos K. Nicotinic cholinergic system and COVID-19: In silico evaluation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists as potential therapeutic interventions. Toxicol Rep 2020; 8:73-83. [PMID: 33425684 PMCID: PMC7776751 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection was announced as a pandemic in March 2020. Since then, several scientists have focused on the low prevalence of smokers among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. These findings led to our hypothesis that the Nicotinic Cholinergic System (NCS) plays a crucial role in the manifestation of COVID-19 and its severe symptoms. Molecular modeling revealed that the SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein might bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) through a cryptic epitope homologous to snake toxins, substrates well documented and known for their affinity to the nAChRs. This binding model could provide logical explanations for the acute inflammatory disorder in patients with COVID-19, which may be linked to severe dysregulation of NCS. In this study, we present a series of complexes with cholinergic agonists that can potentially prevent SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein from binding to nAChRs, avoiding dysregulation of the NCS and moderating the symptoms and clinical manifestations of COVID-19. If our hypothesis is verified by in vitro and in vivo studies, repurposing agents currently approved for smoking cessation and neurological conditions could provide the scientific community with a therapeutic option in severe COVID-19.
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Key Words
- ACh, Acetylcholine
- AChBP, Acetylcholine-binding protein
- ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- BLAST, Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
- CHARMM, Chemistry at Harvard Macromolecular Mechanics
- CNS, Central Nervous System
- COVID-19
- Cholinergic agonists
- CoV, coronavirus
- DCD, single precision binary FORTRAN
- ECD, extracellular domain
- HADDOCK, High Ambiguity Driven protein-protein DOCKing
- HMGB1, High-mobility group protein 1
- IL, Interleukin
- Jak2, Janus kinases 2
- LBD, Ligand Binding Domain
- MD, Molecular Dynamics
- MDS, Molecular Dynamics Simulations
- MERS, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
- NAMD, Nanoscale Molecular Dynamics
- NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information
- NCS, Nicotinic Cholinergic System
- NF-kB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NPT, constant number, pressure, energy
- NVT, constant number, volume, energy
- Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
- PDB, Protein Data Bank
- PME, Particle Mesh Ewald
- PRODIGY, PROtein binDIng enerGY prediction
- PyMOL, Python Molecule
- RBD, Receptor Binding Domain
- RMSD, Root-mean-square deviation
- SARS, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2 S1, SARS - 2 Spike Subunit 1 protein
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- STD NMR, Saturation Transfer Difference Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- Spike glycoprotein
- TNF, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- VMD, Visual Molecular Dynamics
- lig, ligand
- nAChRs, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Alexandris
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26500, Rio-Patras, Greece
| | - George Lagoumintzis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26500, Rio-Patras, Greece
- Institute of Research and Innovation - IRIS, Patras Science Park SA, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Christos T. Chasapis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26500, Rio-Patras, Greece
| | - Demetres D. Leonidas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Georgios E. Papadopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | | | | | - Elias Eliopoulos
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Genetics, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Poulas
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26500, Rio-Patras, Greece
- Institute of Research and Innovation - IRIS, Patras Science Park SA, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Farsalinos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26500, Rio-Patras, Greece
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Hou X, Sun M, Bao T, Xie X, Wei F, Wang S. Recent advances in screening active components from natural products based on bioaffinity techniques. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1800-1813. [PMID: 33163336 PMCID: PMC7606101 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products have provided numerous lead compounds for drug discovery. However, the traditional analytical methods cannot detect most of these active components, especially at their usual low concentrations, from complex natural products. Herein, we reviewed the recent technological advances (2015–2019) related to the separation and screening bioactive components from natural resources, especially the emerging screening methods based on the bioaffinity techniques, including biological chromatography, affinity electrophoresis, affinity mass spectroscopy, and the latest magnetic and optical methods. These screening methods are uniquely advanced compared to other traditional methods, and they can fish out the active components from complex natural products because of the affinity between target and components, without tedious separation works. Therefore, these new tools can reduce the time and cost of the drug discovery process and accelerate the development of more effective and better-targeted therapeutic agents.
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Key Words
- AAs, amaryllidaceous alkaloids
- ABCA1, ATP-binding cassette transporter A1
- ACE, affinity capillary electrophoresis
- APTES, 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane
- ASMS, affinity selection mass spectrometry
- Active components
- Bioaffinity techniques
- CMC, Cell membrane chromatography
- CMMCNTs, Cell membrane magnetic carbon nanotube
- CMSP, Cell membrane stationary phase
- CNT, carbon nanotubes
- ChE, cholesterol efflux
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- FP, fluorescence polarization
- Fe3O4–NH2, aminated magnetic nanoparticles
- HCS, high content screen
- HTS, high throughout screen
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- IMER, immobilized enzyme microreactor
- MAO-B, monoamine oxidases B
- MNP, immobilized on nanoparticles
- MPTS, 3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MSPE, magnetic solid-phase extraction
- Natural products
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PMG, physcion-8-O-β-d-monoglucoside
- RGD, arginine-glycine-aspartic acid
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- Screening
- TCMs, traditional Chinese medicines
- TYR, tyrosinase
- TYR-MNPs, tyrosinase-immobilized magnetic nanoparticles
- Topo I, topoisomerase I
- UF, affinity ultrafiltration
- XOD, xanthine oxidase
- α1A-AR, α1A-adrenergic receptor
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Azouz AA, Saleh E, Abo-Saif AA. Aliskiren, tadalafil, and cinnamaldehyde alleviate joint destruction biomarkers; MMP-3 and RANKL; in complete Freund's adjuvant arthritis model: Downregulation of IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:1101-1111. [PMID: 32922141 PMCID: PMC7474170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease, which is accompanied by progressive joint damage and disability. The intolerability of conventional antirheumatic drugs by some patients necessitates the search for effective antirheumatic agents having better tolerability. In the current work, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of cinnamaldehyde, tadalafil, and aliskiren as potential antirheumatic candidates and to explore their modulatory effects on joint destruction, inflammatory response, and intracellular signaling. Arthritis was induced in female Wistar rats by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) 0.4 ml s.c. on days 1, 4, and 7. Treated groups received their respective drugs, starting from day 13, daily for 3 weeks. Methotrexate and prednisolone were the standard antirheumatic drugs, while cinnamaldehyde, tadalafil, and aliskiren were the test agents. Treatment with cinnamaldehyde, tadalafil, or aliskiren reduced serum levels of rheumatoid factor, and pro-inflammatory cytokines; tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6), along with elevated level of IL-10 which is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Besides, cartilage and bone destruction biomarkers; matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL); were significantly reduced after treatment with the test agents, which was further confirmed by histopathological investigation. The elevated protein expressions of phosphorylated-Janus kinase 2 (p-JAK2), phosphorylated-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in articular tissue were markedly attenuated after treatment with cinnamaldehyde, tadalafil, or aliskiren, while that of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was greatly enhanced. In addition, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers such as malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and myeloperoxidase were reduced in joint tissue after treatment with the test agents, while glutathione content was elevated. Furthermore, the renin inhibitor aliskiren produced effects close to those of the normal and methotrexate, the gold standard antirheumatic drug, in most of the measured parameters. Collectively, these findings led to the assumption that the downregulation of IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling by cinnamaldehyde, tadalafil, and aliskiren could alleviate joint destruction by MMP-3 and RANKL, reduce iNOS, and enhance eNOS expressions. Moreover, aliskiren could be a promising therapeutic agent for RA, because of its ability to normalize most of the measured parameters after CFA-induced arthritis.
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Key Words
- Aliskiren
- CFA, complete Freund's adjuvant
- CFA-induced arthritis
- DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- IL-10, interleukin-10
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling
- JAK2, Janus kinase 2
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MMP-3
- MMP-3, matrix metalloproteinase-3
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- NO, nitric oxide
- PDE, phosphodiesterase
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- RANKL
- RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand
- RAS, renin angiotensin system
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany A Azouz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Esraa Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt.,Operations Pharmacy, General Fayoum Hospital, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Ali A Abo-Saif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Kolenda T, Guglas K, Kopczyńska M, Sobocińska J, Teresiak A, Bliźniak R, Lamperska K. Good or not good: Role of miR-18a in cancer biology. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2020; 25:808-819. [PMID: 32884453 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
miR-18a is a member of primary transcript called miR-17-92a (C13orf25 or MIR17HG) which also contains five other miRNAs: miR-17, miR-19a, miR-20a, miR-19b and miR-92a. This cluster as a whole shows specific characteristics, where miR-18a seems to be unique. In contrast to the other members, the expression of miR-18a is additionally controlled and probably functions as its own internal controller of the cluster. miR-18a regulates many genes involved in proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, response to different kinds of stress, autophagy and differentiation. The disturbances of miR-18a expression are observed in cancer as well as in different diseases or pathological states. The miR-17-92a cluster is commonly described as oncogenic and it is known as 'oncomiR-1', but this statement is a simplification because miR-18a can act both as an oncogene and a suppressor. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about miR-18a focusing on its regulation, role in cancer biology and utility as a potential biomarker.
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Key Words
- 5-FU, 5-fluorouracyl
- ACVR2A, activin A receptor type 2A
- AKT, AKT serine/threonine kinase
- AR, androgen receptor
- ATG7, autophagy related 7
- ATM, ATM serine/threonine kinase
- BAX, BCL2 associated Xapoptosis regulator
- BCL2, BCL2 apoptosis regulator
- BCL2L10, BCL2 like 10
- BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor
- BLCA, bladder urothelial carcinoma
- BRCA, breast cancer
- Biomarker
- Bp, base pair
- C-myc (MYCBP), MYC binding protein
- CASC2, cancer susceptibility 2
- CD133 (PROM1), prominin 1
- CDC42, cell division cycle 42
- CDKN1, Bcyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1B
- COAD, colon adenocarcinoma
- Cancer
- Circulating miRNA
- DDR, DNA damage repair
- E2F family (E2F1, E2F2, E2F3), E2F transcription factors
- EBV, Epstein-Barr virus
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- ER, estrogen receptor
- ERBB (EGFR), epidermal growth factor receptor
- ESCA, esophageal carcinoma
- FENDRR, FOXF1 adjacent non-coding developmental regulatory RNA
- FER1L4, fer-1 like family member 4 (pseudogene)
- GAS5, growth arrest–specific 5
- HIF-1α (HIF1A), hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha
- HNRNPA1, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1
- HNSC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
- HRR, homologous recombination-based DNA repair
- IFN-γ (IFNG), interferon gamma
- IGF1, insulin like growth factor 1
- IL6, interleukin 6
- IPMK, inositol phosphate multikinase
- KIRC, clear cell kidney carcinoma
- KIRP, kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma
- KRAS, KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase
- LIHC, liver hepatocellular carcinoma
- LMP1, latent membrane protein 1
- LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma
- LUSC, lung squamous cell carcinoma
- Liquid biopsy
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCM7, minichromosome maintenance complex component 7
- MET, mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition
- MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase
- N-myc (MYCN), MYCN proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NOTCH2, notch receptor 2
- Oncogene
- PAAD, pancreatic adenocarcinoma
- PERK (EIF2AK3), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3
- PI3K (PIK3CA), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha
- PIAS3, protein inhibitor of activated STAT 3
- PRAD, prostate adenocarcinoma
- RISC, RNA-induced silencing complex
- SMAD2, SMAD family member 2
- SMG1, SMG1 nonsense mediated mRNA decay associated PI3K related kinase
- SNHG1, small nucleolar RNA host gene 1
- SOCS5, suppressor of cytokine signaling 5
- STAD, stomach adenocarcinoma
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- STK4, serine/threonine kinase 4
- Suppressor
- TCGA
- TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas
- TGF-β (TGFB1), transforming growth factor beta 1
- TGFBR2, transforming growth factor beta receptor 2
- THCA, papillary thyroid carcinoma
- TNM, Classification of Malignant Tumors: T - tumor / N - lymph nodes / M – metastasis
- TP53, tumor protein p53
- TP53TG1, TP53 target 1
- TRIAP1, p53-regulating inhibitor of apoptosis gene
- TSC1, TSC complex subunit 1
- UCA1, urothelial cancer associated 1
- UCEC, uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma
- UTR, untranslated region
- WDFY3-AS2, WDFY3 antisense RNA 2
- WEE1, WEE1 G2 checkpoint kinase
- WNT family, Wingless-type MMTV integration site family/Wnt family ligands
- ZEB1/ZEB2, zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 and 2
- ceRNA, competitive endogenous RNA
- cncRNA, protein coding and non-coding RNA
- lncRNA, long-non coding RNA
- miR-17-92a
- miR-18a
- miRNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kolenda
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Kacper Guglas
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Magda Kopczyńska
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Sobocińska
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Teresiak
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Renata Bliźniak
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
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Sun HJ, Wu ZY, Nie XW, Wang XY, Bian JS. Implications of hydrogen sulfide in liver pathophysiology: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential. J Adv Res 2020; 27:127-135. [PMID: 33318872 PMCID: PMC7728580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Over the last several decades, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been found to exert multiple physiological functions in mammal systems. The endogenous production of H2S is primarily mediated by cystathione β-synthase (CBS), cystathione γ-lyase (CSE), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST). These enzymes are widely expressed in the liver tissues and regulate hepatic functions by acting on various molecular targets. Aim of Review In the present review, we will highlight the recent advancements in the cellular events triggered by H2S under liver diseases. The therapeutic effects of H2S donors on hepatic diseases will also be discussed. Key Scientific Concepts of Review As a critical regulator of liver functions, H2S is critically involved in the etiology of various liver disorders, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hepatic fibrosis, hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury, and liver cancer. Targeting H2S-producing enzymes may be a promising strategy for managing hepatic disorders.
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Key Words
- 3-MP, 3-mercaptopyruvate
- 3-MST, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase
- AGTR1, angiotensin II type 1 receptor
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- Akt, protein kinase B
- CAT, cysteine aminotransferase
- CBS, cystathione β-synthase
- CO, carbon monoxide
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- CSE, cystathione γ-lyase
- CX3CR1, chemokine CX3C motif receptor 1
- Cancer
- DAO, D-amino acid oxidase
- DATS, Diallyl trisulfide
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinases
- FAS, fatty acid synthase
- Fibrosis
- H2S, hydrogen sulfide
- HFD, high fat diet
- HO-1, heme oxygenase 1
- Hydrogen sulfide
- IR, ischemia/reperfusion
- Liver disease
- MMP-2, matrix metalloproteinase 2
- NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B
- NaHS, sodium hydrosulfide
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- PLP, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate
- PPG, propargylglycine
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten
- SAC, S-allyl-cysteine
- SPRC, S-propargyl-cysteine
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- Steatosis
- VLDL, very low density lipoprotein
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jian Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Xiao-Wei Nie
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Xin-Yu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Shenzhen Second People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518037, China
| | - Jin-Song Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore.,National University of Singapore Research Institute, Suzhou 215000, China
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21
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Zhang H, Li Q, Teng Y, Lin Y, Li S, Qin T, Chen L, Huang J, Zhai H, Yu Q, Xu G. Interleukin-27 decreases ghrelin production through signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:837-849. [PMID: 32528831 PMCID: PMC7280146 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-27 (IL-27), a heterodimeric cytokine, plays a protective role in diabetes. Ghrelin, a gastric hormone, provides a hunger signal to the central nervous system to stimulate food intake. The relationship between IL-27 and ghrelin is still unexplored. Here we investigated that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)—mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling mediates the suppression of ghrelin induced by IL-27. Co-localization of interleukin 27 receptor subunit alpha (WSX-1) and ghrelin was observed in mouse and human gastric mucosa. Intracerebroventricular injection of IL-27 markedly suppressed ghrelin synthesis and secretion while stimulating STAT3–mTOR signaling in both C57BL/6J mice and high-fat diet-induced-obese mice. IL-27 inhibited the production of ghrelin in mHypoE-N42 cells. Inhibition of mTOR activity induced by mTOR siRNA or rapamycin blocked the suppression of ghrelin production induced by IL-27 in mHypoE-N42 cells. Stat 3 siRNA also abolished the inhibitory effect of IL-27 on ghrelin. IL-27 increased the interaction between STAT3 and mTOR in mHypoE-N42 cells. In conclusion, IL-27 suppresses ghrelin production through the STAT3-mTOR dependent mechanism.
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Piotrowski I, Kulcenty K, Suchorska W. Interplay between inflammation and cancer. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2020; 25:422-427. [PMID: 32372882 PMCID: PMC7191124 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-promoting inflammation is one of the hallmarks of cancer. It has been shown that cancer development is strongly influenced by both chronic and acute inflammation process. Progress in research on inflammation revealed a connection between inflammatory processes and neoplastic transformation, the progression of tumour, and the development of metastases and recurrences. Moreover, the tumour invasive procedures (both surgery and biopsy) affect the remaining tumour cells by increasing their survival, proliferation and migration. One of the concepts explaining this phenomena is an induction of a wound healing response. While in normal tissue it is necessary for tissue repair, in tumour tissue, induction of adaptive and innate immune response related to wound healing, stimulates tumour cell survival, angiogenesis and extravasation of circulating tumour cells. It has become evident that certain types of immune response and immune cells can promote tumour progression more than others. In this review, we focus on current knowledge on carcinogenesis and promotion of cancer growth induced by inflammatory processes.
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Key Words
- ANGPTL4, angiopoietin-like 4
- CDH1, cadherin 1
- COX, cyclooxygenase
- Cancer
- EMT, epithelail to mesenchymal transition
- EP, receptor - prostaglandin receptor
- GI, gastrointensinal cancer
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- Inflammation
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- NADPH, nicotynamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen
- NFκB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NK, natural killer cells
- NO, nitric oxide
- NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- PTHrP, parathyroid hormone related protein
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxigen species
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- TGFBRII, transforming growth factor, beta receptor II
- TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor α
- TNFR1, Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1
- TNFR2, Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2
- Tumor reccurence
- VEGF, vascular endothelail growth factor
- bFGF, fibroblast growth factor
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Piotrowski
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15 Street, 61-866 Poznań, Poland.,Department of Electroradiology, University of Medical Sciences, Garbary 15 Street, 61-866 Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kulcenty
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15 Street, 61-866 Poznań, Poland.,Department of Electroradiology, University of Medical Sciences, Garbary 15 Street, 61-866 Poznań, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Suchorska
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15 Street, 61-866 Poznań, Poland.,Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15 Street, 61-866 Poznań, Poland
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23
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Wang B, Zhang M, Urabe G, Huang Y, Chen G, Wheeler D, Dornbos DJ 3rd, Huttinger A, Nimjee SM, Gong S, Guo LW, Kent KC. PERK Inhibition Mitigates Restenosis and Thrombosis: A Potential Low-Thrombogenic Antirestenotic Paradigm. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2020; 5:245-63. [PMID: 32215348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug-eluting stents impede neointimal smooth muscle cell hyperplasia but exacerbate endothelial cell dysfunction and thrombogenicity. It has been a challenge to identify a common target to inhibit both. Findings in this study suggest PERK as such a target. A PERK inhibitor administered either via an endovascular (in biomimetic nanocarriers) or perivascular (in hydrogel) route effectively mitigated neointimal hyperplasia in rats. Oral gavage of the PERK inhibitor partially preserved the normal blood flow in a mouse model of induced thrombosis. Dampening PERK activity inhibited STAT3 while activating SRF in smooth muscle cells, and also reduced prothrombogenic tissue factor and growth impairment of endothelial cells.
Developing endothelial-protective, nonthrombogenic antirestenotic treatments has been a challenge. A major hurdle to this has been the identification of a common molecular target in both smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, inhibition of which blocks dysfunction of both cell types. The authors’ findings suggest that the PERK kinase could be such a target. Importantly, PERK inhibition mitigated both restenosis and thrombosis in preclinical models, implicating a low-thrombogenic antirestenotic paradigm.
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Key Words
- ATF, activating transcription factor
- Ad, adenovirus
- CHOP, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein
- DES, drug-eluting stents
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- EC, endothelial cell
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HA, hemagglutinin
- I/M, intima to media
- IEL, internal elastic lamina
- IH, intimal hyperplasia
- IRE1, inositol-requiring kinase 1
- MRTF-A, myocardin related transcription factor A
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGF-BB, platelet-derived growth factor with 2 B subunits
- PERK
- PERK, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
- SMA, smooth muscle actin
- SMC, smooth muscle cell
- SRF, serum response factor
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- eIF2, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2
- endothelial cells
- restenosis
- siRNA, small interfering ribonucleic acid
- smooth muscle cells
- thrombosis
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24
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Gardner GT, Travers JG, Qian J, Liu GS, Haghighi K, Robbins N, Jiang M, Li Y, Fan GC, Rubinstein J, Blaxall BC, Kranias EG. Phosphorylation of Hsp20 Promotes Fibrotic Remodeling and Heart Failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 4:188-199. [PMID: 31061921 PMCID: PMC6488766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte-specific increases in phosphorylated Hsp20 (S16D-Hsp20) to levels similar to those observed in human failing hearts are associated with early fibrotic remodeling and depressed left ventricular function, symptoms which progress to heart failure and early death. The underlying mechanisms appear to involve translocation of phosphorylated Hsp20 to the nucleus and upregulation of interleukin (IL)-6, which subsequently activates cardiac fibroblasts in a paracrine fashion through transcription factor STAT3 signaling. Accordingly, treatment of S16D-Hsp20 mice with a rat anti-mouse IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody (MR16-1) attenuated interstitial fibrosis and preserved cardiac function. These findings suggest that phosphorylated Hsp20 may be a potential therapeutic target in heart failure.
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Key Words
- Ccl2, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2
- Ccl3, C-C motif chemokine ligand 3
- Col1a1, collagen 1A1
- Col3A1, collagen 3A1
- ECM, extra-cellular matrix
- Hsp, heat shock protein
- Hsp20
- I/R, ischemia/reperfusion
- IL, interleukin
- IL-6
- Postn, periostin
- SMA, smooth muscle actin
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TG, transgenic
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
- WT, wild type
- fibroblast
- heart failure
- remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- George T Gardner
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joshua G Travers
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Guan-Sheng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kobra Haghighi
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nathan Robbins
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yutian Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Guo-Chang Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jack Rubinstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Burns C Blaxall
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Evangelia G Kranias
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Molecular Biology Division, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is swiftly increasing in prevalence globally with a high mortality rate. The progression of HCC in patients is induced with advanced fibrosis, mainly cirrhosis, and hepatitis. The absence of proper preventive or curative treatment methods encouraged extensive research against HCC to develop new therapeutic strategies. The Food and Drug Administration-approved Nexavar (sorafenib) is used in the treatment of patients with unresectable HCC. In 2017, Stivarga (regorafenib) and Opdivo (nivolumab) got approved for patients with HCC after being treated with sorafenib, and in 2018, Lenvima (lenvatinib) got approved for patients with unresectable HCC. But, owing to the rapid drug resistance development and toxicities, these treatment options are not completely satisfactory. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new systemic combination therapies that target different signaling mechanisms, thereby decreasing the prospect of cancer cells developing resistance to treatment. In this review, HCC etiology and new therapeutic strategies that include currently approved drugs and other potential candidates of HCC such as Milciclib, palbociclib, galunisertib, ipafricept, and ramucirumab are evaluated.
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Key Words
- AMP, adenosine monophosphate
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- ATP, adenosine 5′-triphosphate
- BMF, Bcl2 modifying factor
- BMI, body mass index
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- CTLA, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EFGR, endothelial growth factor receptor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- EMT, Epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GFG, fibroblast growth factor
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HBcAg, hepatitis B core antibody
- HBsAg, HBV surface antigen
- HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma
- HCV, hepatitis B virus
- HDV, hepatitis D virus
- HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IGFR, insulin-like growth factor
- JAK, janus kinase
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NK, natural killer
- NKT, natural killer T cell
- ORR, objective response rate
- OS, overall survival
- PAPSS1, 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate synthase 1
- PD-L1, programmed death ligand1
- PD1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- PEDF, pigment epithelium-derived factor
- PFS, progression-free survival
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinases
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- PUMA, p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis
- RFA, radiofrequency ablation
- Rb, retinoblastoma protein
- SCF, stem cell factor
- SHP1, src homology 2 domain–containing phosphatase 1
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TACE, transarterial chemoembolization
- TGF 1, transforming growth factor-1
- TK, tyrosine kinase
- TKI, Tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- TRKA, tropomyosin receptor kinase A
- Treg, regulatory T cells
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- combination therapy
- cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors
- hepatocellular carcinoma
- hepatology
- tyrosine kinase inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Aastha Jindal
- Research and Development Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
- Address for correspondence: Aastha Jindal, Research and Development Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
| | - Anusha Thadi
- Research and Development Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Kunwar Shailubhai
- Research and Development Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
- Research & Development, Tiziana Lifesciences, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
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26
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Wang K, Ding R, Ha Y, Jia Y, Liao X, Wang S, Li R, Shen Z, Xiong H, Guo J, Jie W. Hypoxia-stressed cardiomyocytes promote early cardiac differentiation of cardiac stem cells through HIF-1 α/Jagged1/Notch1 signaling. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:795-804. [PMID: 30245966 PMCID: PMC6148082 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is beneficial for the differentiation of stem cells transplanted for myocardial injury, but mechanisms underlying this benefit remain unsolved. Here, we report the impact of hypoxia-induced Jagged1 expression in cardiomyocytes (CMs) for driving the differentiation of cardiac stem cells (CSCs). Forced hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) expression and physical hypoxia (5% O2) treatment could induce Jagged1 expression in neonatal rat CMs. Pharmacological inhibition of HIF-1α by YC-1 attenuated hypoxia-promoted Jagged1 expression in CMs. An ERK inhibitor (PD98059), but not inhibitors of JNK (SP600125), Notch (DAPT), NF-κB (PTDC), JAK (AG490), or STAT3 (Stattic) suppressed hypoxia-induced Jagged1 protein expression in CMs. c-Kit+ CSCs isolated from neonatal rat hearts using a magnetic-activated cell sorting method expressed GATA4, SM22α or vWF, but not Nkx2.5 and cTnI. Moreover, 87.3% of freshly isolated CSCs displayed Notch1 receptor expression. Direct co-culture of CMs with BrdU-labeled CSCs enhanced CSCs differentiation, as evidenced by an increased number of BrdU+/Nkx2.5+ cells, while intermittent hypoxia for 21 days promoted co-culture-triggered differentiation of CSCs into CM-like cells. Notably, YC-1 and DAPT attenuated hypoxia-induced differentiation. Our results suggest that hypoxia induces Jagged1 expression in CMs primarily through ERK signaling, and facilitates early cardiac lineage differentiation of CSCs in CM/CSC co-cultures via HIF-1α/Jagged1/Notch signaling.
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Key Words
- BMSCs, bone marrow stem cells
- BrdU, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine
- CMs, cardiomyocytes
- CSCs, cardiac stem cells
- Cardiac stem cell
- Cardiomyocyte, Co-culture
- Cell differentiation
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α
- HRE, hypoxia responsive element
- Hypoxia
- JAK, Janus kinase
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- MACS, magnetic-activated cell sorting
- MI, myocardial infarction
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- N-ICD, notch intracellular domain
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κB
- Notch1 signaling
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- PE, phycoerythrin
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription PCR
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- YC-1, 3-(5′-hydroxymethyl-2′-furyl)-1-benzyl-indazole
- qPCR, quantitative PCR
- vWF, von Willebrand factor
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27
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Zwarycz B, Gracz AD, Rivera KR, Williamson IA, Samsa LA, Starmer J, Daniele MA, Salter-Cid L, Zhao Q, Magness ST. IL22 Inhibits Epithelial Stem Cell Expansion in an Ileal Organoid Model. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:1-17. [PMID: 30364840 PMCID: PMC6199238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background & Aims Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that affects the ileum and is associated with increased cytokines. Although interleukin (IL)6, IL17, IL21, and IL22 are increased in Crohn's disease and are associated with disrupted epithelial regeneration, little is known about their effects on the intestinal stem cells (ISCs) that mediate tissue repair. We hypothesized that ILs may target ISCs and reduce ISC-driven epithelial renewal. Methods A screen of IL6, IL17, IL21, or IL22 was performed on ileal mouse organoids. Computational modeling was used to predict microenvironment cytokine concentrations. Organoid size, survival, proliferation, and differentiation were characterized by morphometrics, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunostaining on whole organoids or isolated ISCs. ISC function was assayed using serial passaging to single cells followed by organoid quantification. Single-cell RNA sequencing was used to assess Il22ra1 expression patterns in ISCs and transit-amplifying (TA) progenitors. An IL22-transgenic mouse was used to confirm the impact of increased IL22 on proliferative cells in vivo. Results High IL22 levels caused decreased ileal organoid survival, however, resistant organoids grew larger and showed increased proliferation over controls. Il22ra1 was expressed on only a subset of ISCs and TA progenitors. IL22-treated ISCs did not show appreciable differentiation defects, but ISC biomarker expression and self-renewal-associated pathway activity was reduced and accompanied by an inhibition of ISC expansion. In vivo, chronically increased IL22 levels, similar to predicted microenvironment levels, showed increases in proliferative cells in the TA zone with no increase in ISCs. Conclusions Increased IL22 limits ISC expansion in favor of increased TA progenitor cell expansion.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorter
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IL, interleukin
- IL22RA1, IL22 receptor A1
- IL22TG, IL22 transgenic
- ILC, innate lymphoid cell
- ILC3, IL22-secreting lymphocyte
- ISC, intestinal stem cell
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Interleukin-22
- Intestinal Stem Cells
- OFE, organoid forming efficiency
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TA, transit-amplifying
- TBS, Tris-buffered saline
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Zwarycz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Adam D Gracz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kristina R Rivera
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ian A Williamson
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Leigh A Samsa
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Josh Starmer
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael A Daniele
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Scott T Magness
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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28
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Means AL, Freeman TJ, Zhu J, Woodbury LG, Marincola-Smith P, Wu C, Meyer AR, Weaver CJ, Padmanabhan C, An H, Zi J, Wessinger BC, Chaturvedi R, Brown TD, Deane NG, Coffey RJ, Wilson KT, Smith JJ, Sawyers CL, Goldenring JR, Novitskiy SV, Washington MK, Shi C, Beauchamp RD. Epithelial Smad4 Deletion Up-Regulates Inflammation and Promotes Inflammation-Associated Cancer. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:257-276. [PMID: 30109253 PMCID: PMC6083016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background & Aims Chronic inflammation is a predisposing condition for colorectal cancer. Many studies to date have focused on proinflammatory signaling pathways in the colon. Understanding the mechanisms that suppress inflammation, particularly in epithelial cells, is critical for developing therapeutic interventions. Here, we explored the roles of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family signaling through SMAD4 in colonic epithelial cells. Methods The Smad4 gene was deleted specifically in adult murine intestinal epithelium. Colitis was induced by 3 rounds of dextran sodium sulfate in drinking water, after which mice were observed for up to 3 months. Nontransformed mouse colonocyte cell lines and colonoid cultures and human colorectal cancer cell lines were analyzed for responses to TGFβ1 and bone morphogenetic protein 2. Results Dextran sodium sulfate treatment was sufficient to drive carcinogenesis in mice lacking colonic Smad4 expression, with resulting tumors bearing striking resemblance to human colitis-associated carcinoma. Loss of SMAD4 protein was observed in 48% of human colitis-associated carcinoma samples as compared with 19% of sporadic colorectal carcinomas. Loss of Smad4 increased the expression of inflammatory mediators within nontransformed mouse colon epithelial cells in vivo. In vitro analysis of mouse and human colonic epithelial cell lines and organoids indicated that much of this regulation was cell autonomous. Furthermore, TGFβ signaling inhibited the epithelial inflammatory response to proinflammatory cytokines. Conclusions TGFβ suppresses the expression of proinflammatory genes in the colon epithelium, and loss of its downstream mediator, SMAD4, is sufficient to initiate inflammation-driven colon cancer. Transcript profiling: GSE100082.
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Key Words
- AOM, azoxymethane
- APC, adenomatous polyposis coli
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- CAC, colitis-associated carcinoma
- CCL20, Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- CRISPR/Cas9, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9
- Colitis-Associated Carcinoma
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
- DSS, dextran sodium sulfate
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FDR, false discovery rate
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HBSS, Hank's balanced salt solution
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IL, interleukin
- IMCS4fl/fl, immortalized mouse colonoctye cell line with loxP-flanked Smad4 alleles
- IMCS4null, immortalized mouse colonocyte cell line with deletion of the Smad4 alleles
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PE, phycoerythrin
- R-SMAD, Receptor-SMAD
- SFG, retroviral vector
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TGFβ
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Tumor Necrosis Factor
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- WNT, wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site
- YAMC, young adult mouse colon epithelial cells
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- sgRNA, single-guide RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Means
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tanner J. Freeman
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Luke G. Woodbury
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Chao Wu
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Anne R. Meyer
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Connie J. Weaver
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Hanbing An
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jinghuan Zi
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Bronson C. Wessinger
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tasia D. Brown
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Natasha G. Deane
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Robert J. Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Keith T. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - J. Joshua Smith
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Charles L. Sawyers
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - James R. Goldenring
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sergey V. Novitskiy
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - M. Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Chanjuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - R. Daniel Beauchamp
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Tsuchida C, Sakuramoto-Tsuchida S, Taked M, Itaya-Hironaka A, Yamauchi A, Misu M, Shobatake R, Uchiyama T, Makino M, Pujol-Autonell I, Vives-Pi M, Ohbayashi C, Takasawa S. Expression of REG family genes in human inflammatory bowel diseases and its regulation. Biochem Biophys Rep 2017; 12:198-205. [PMID: 29090282 PMCID: PMC5655384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) reflects a balance between mucosal injury and reparative mechanisms. Some regenerating gene (Reg) family members have been reported to be expressed in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) and to be involved as proliferative mucosal factors in IBD. However, expression of all REG family genes in IBD is still unclear. Here, we analyzed expression of all REG family genes (REG Iα, REG Iβ, REG III, HIP/PAP, and REG IV) in biopsy specimens of UC and CD by real-time RT-PCR. REG Iα, REG Iβ, and REG IV genes were overexpressed in CD samples. REG IV gene was also overexpressed in UC samples. We further analyzed the expression mechanisms of REG Iα, REG Iβ, and REG IV genes in human colon cells. The expression of REG Iα was significantly induced by IL-6 or IL-22, and REG Iβ was induced by IL-22. Deletion analyses revealed that three regions (- 220 to - 211, - 179 to - 156, and - 146 to - 130) in REG Iα and the region (- 274 to- 260) in REG Iβ promoter were responsible for the activation by IL-22/IL-6. The promoters contain consensus transcription factor binding sequences for MZF1, RTEF1/TEAD4, and STAT3 in REG Iα, and HLTF/FOXN2F in REG Iβ, respectively. The introduction of siRNAs for MZF1, RTEF1/TEAD4, STAT3, and HLTF/FOXN2F abolished the transcription of REG Iα and REG Iβ. The gene activation mechanisms of REG Iα/REG Iβ may play a role in colon mucosal regeneration in IBD.
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Key Words
- CD, Crohn's disease
- CDX2, caudal-type homeobox transcription factor 2
- Celiac disease
- Crohn's disease
- FOXN2, forkhead box protein N2
- GATA6, GATA DNA-binding protein 6
- HLTF, helicase-like transcription factor
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IL, interleukin
- MZF1, myeloid zinc finger 1
- REG family genes
- REG, regenerating gene
- RTEF1, related transcriptional enhancer factor-1
- SOCS3, suppressors of the cytokine signaling 3
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TEAD4, TEA Domain transcription Factor 4
- Transcription
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- Ulcerative colitis
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikatsugu Tsuchida
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan.,Saiseikai Nara Hospital, Nara 630-8145, Japan
| | | | - Maiko Taked
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan.,Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai 591-8025, Japan
| | | | - Akiyo Yamauchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Masayasu Misu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Ryogo Shobatake
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Tomoko Uchiyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan.,Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Mai Makino
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Irma Pujol-Autonell
- Immunology Division, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Marta Vives-Pi
- Immunology Division, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain.,CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chiho Ohbayashi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Shin Takasawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
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Hösel M, Quasdorff M, Ringelhan M, Kashkar H, Debey-Pascher S, Sprinzl MF, Bockmann JH, Arzberger S, Webb D, von Olshausen G, Weber A, Schultze JL, Büning H, Heikenwalder M, Protzer U. Hepatitis B Virus Activates Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Supporting Hepatocyte Survival and Virus Replication. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 4:339-63. [PMID: 28884137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The human hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma, but molecular mechanisms driving liver disease and carcinogenesis are largely unknown. We therefore studied cellular pathways altered by HBV infection. METHODS We performed gene expression profiling of primary human hepatocytes infected with HBV and proved the results in HBV-replicating cell lines and human liver tissue using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) was examined in HBV-replicating human hepatocytes, HBV-replicating mice, and liver tissue from HBV-infected individuals using Western blotting, STAT3-luciferase reporter assay, and immunohistochemistry. The consequences of STAT3 activation on HBV infection and cell survival were studied by chemical inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of STAT3. RESULTS Gene expression profiling of HBV-infected primary human hepatocytes detected no interferon response, while genes encoding for acute phase and antiapoptotic proteins were up-regulated. This gene regulation was confirmed in liver tissue samples of patients with chronic HBV infection and in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Pathway analysis revealed activation of STAT3 to be the major regulator. Interleukin-6-dependent and -independent activation of STAT3 was detected in HBV-replicating hepatocytes in cell culture and in vivo. Prevention of STAT3 activation by inhibition of Janus tyrosine kinases as well as small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of STAT3-induced apoptosis and reduced HBV replication and gene expression. CONCLUSIONS HBV activates STAT3 signaling in hepatocytes to foster its own replication but also to prevent apoptosis of infected cells. This very likely supports HBV-related carcinogenesis.
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Key Words
- APR, acute phase response
- Apoptosis
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- HBV pg RNA, hepatitis B pregenomic RNA
- HBV, Hepatitis B virus
- HBVtg, hepatitis B transgenic
- HBeAg, hepatitis B early antigen
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HNF, hepatocyte nuclear factor
- Hepatitis B Virus Infection
- Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- IFN, interferon
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IRF3, interferon regulatory factor 3
- NAC, N-acetyl-L-cysteine
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PHH, primary human hepatocyte
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RT, reverse transcription
- STAT3 Signaling
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- cRNA, complementary RNA
- cccDNA, covalently closed circular DNA
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- p.i., postinfection
- pSTAT3, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- pgRNA, pregenomic RNA
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Wieck MM, Schlieve CR, Thornton ME, Fowler KL, Isani M, Grant CN, Hilton AE, Hou X, Grubbs BH, Frey MR, Grikscheit TC. Prolonged Absence of Mechanoluminal Stimulation in Human Intestine Alters the Transcriptome and Intestinal Stem Cell Niche. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 3:367-388.e1. [PMID: 28462379 PMCID: PMC5403975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS For patients with short-bowel syndrome, intestinal adaptation is required to achieve enteral independence. Although adaptation has been studied extensively in animal models, little is known about this process in human intestine. We hypothesized that analysis of matched specimens with and without luminal flow could identify new potential therapeutic pathways. METHODS Fifteen paired human ileum samples were collected from children aged 2-20 months during ileostomy-reversal surgery after short-segment intestinal resection and diversion. The segment exposed to enteral feeding was denoted as fed, and the diverted segment was labeled as unfed. Morphometrics and cell differentiation were compared histologically. RNA Sequencing and Gene Ontology Enrichment Analysis identified over-represented and under-represented pathways. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot evaluated proteins of interest. Paired data were compared with 1-tailed Wilcoxon rank-sum tests with a P value less than .05 considered significant. RESULTS Unfed ileum contained shorter villi, shallower crypts, and fewer Paneth cells. Genes up-regulated by the absence of mechanoluminal stimulation were involved in digestion, metabolism, and transport. Messenger RNA expression of LGR5 was significantly higher in unfed intestine, accompanied by increased levels of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 protein, and CCND1 and C-MYC messenger RNA. However, decreased proliferation and fewer LGR5+, OLFM4+, and SOX9+ intestinal stem cells (ISCs) were observed in unfed ileum. CONCLUSIONS Even with sufficient systemic caloric intake, human ileum responds to the chronic absence of mechanoluminal stimulation by up-regulating brush-border enzymes, transporters, structural genes, and ISC genes LGR5 and ASCL2. These data suggest that unfed intestine is primed to replenish the ISC population upon re-introduction of enteral feeding. Therefore, the elucidation of pathways involved in these processes may provide therapeutic targets for patients with intestinal failure. RNA sequencing data are available at Gene Expression Omnibus series GSE82147.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna M. Wieck
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christopher R. Schlieve
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Matthew E. Thornton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kathryn L. Fowler
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mubina Isani
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christa N. Grant
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ashley E. Hilton
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xiaogang Hou
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - Brendan H. Grubbs
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark R. Frey
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tracy C. Grikscheit
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Tracy C. Grikscheit, MD, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 W Sunset Boulevard, MS#100, Los Angeles, California 90027. fax: (323) 361-1546.The Saban Research InstituteChildren’s Hospital Los Angeles4650 W Sunset BoulevardMS#100Los AngelesCalifornia 90027
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Abstract
Metastasis and resistance to therapy significantly contribute to cancer-related deaths. Growing body of evidence suggest that altered expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is one of the root cause of adverse clinical outcome. miRNAs such as let-7 are the new fine tuners of signaling cascade and cellular processes which regulates the genes in post-transcriptional manner. In this review, we described the regulation of let-7 expression and the involvement of molecular factors in this process. We discussed the mechanism by which let-7 alter the expression of genes involved in the process of tumorigenesis. Further, we listed the pathways targeted by let-7 to reduce the burden of the tumor. In addition, we described the role of let-7 in breast cancer metastasis and stemness properties. This article will provide the in-depth insight into the biology of let-7 miRNA and its role in the breast cancer progression.
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Shimoda M, Horiuchi K, Sasaki A, Tsukamoto T, Okabayashi K, Hasegawa H, Kitagawa Y, Okada Y. Epithelial Cell-Derived a Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase-17 Confers Resistance to Colonic Inflammation Through EGFR Activation. EBioMedicine 2016; 5:114-24. [PMID: 27077118 PMCID: PMC4816818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial regeneration is a key process for the recovery from ulcerative colitis (UC). Here we demonstrate that a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-17 (ADAM17), a main sheddase for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, is essential for defensive epithelial properties against UC by promoting epithelial cell growth and goblet cell differentiation in mouse and human. Mice with systemic deletion of Adam17 developed severe dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis when compared to mice with myeloid cell Adam17 deletion or control littermates. ADAM17 was predominantly expressed by regenerating epithelia in control mice, and its loss or inhibition attenuated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation, epithelial proliferation, mucus production and barrier functions. Conversely, ectopic EGFR stimulation promoted epithelial regeneration thereby partially rescuing the severe colitis caused by ADAM17 deficiency. In UC patients, epithelial ADAM17 expression positively correlated with both cell proliferation and goblet cell number. These findings suggest that maintaining ADAM17–EGFR epithelial signaling is necessary for the recovery from UC and would be beneficial to therapeutic strategies targeting ADAM17-mediated TNF-α shedding. Mice with systemic deletion of ADAM17, but not with its myeloid cell-specific deficiency, are more sensitive to colitis. ADAM17-EGFR axis promotes repair processes through epithelial cell proliferation and goblet cell differentiation. Epithelial ADAM17 expression correlates with cell growth and mucus production in ulcerative colitis patients.
Epithelial regeneration is a key process for the recovery from ulcerative colitis (UC). We now demonstrate that a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-17 (ADAM17) is essential for defensive epithelial properties against UC by driving repair processes in mouse and human. During colonic inflammation, ADAM17 is up-regulated in regenerating epithelia, and its loss or inhibition attenuated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation, epithelial proliferation, mucus production and barrier functions. These findings suggest that maintaining ADAM17–EGFR epithelial signaling is necessary for the recovery from UC and would be beneficial to therapeutic strategies targeting ADAM17-mediated tumor necrosis factor-α shedding.
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Key Words
- A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17)
- ADAM, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- DSS, dextran sulfate sodium
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)
- Epithelial barrier
- Goblet cell
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- PCNA, proliferation cell nuclear antigen
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- RT-qPCR, real-time quantitative PCR
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TACE, tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TGM, transglutaminase
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- Ulcerative colitis
- pEGFR, phosphorylated EGFR
- pIpC, polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Shimoda
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Horiuchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Sasaki
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tsukamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koji Okabayashi
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Okada
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathophysiology for Locomotive and Neoplastic Diseases, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Liu X, Tseng SCG, Zhang MC, Chen SY, Tighe S, Lu WJ, Zhu YT. LIF-JAK1-STAT3 signaling delays contact inhibition of human corneal endothelial cells. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1197-206. [PMID: 25695744 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1013667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) responsible for corneal transparency have limited proliferative capacity in vivo because of "contact-inhibition." This feature has hampered the ability to engineer HCECs for transplantation. Previously we have reported an in vitro model of HCECs in which contact inhibition was re-established at Day 21, even though cell junction and cell matrix interaction were not perturbed during isolation. Herein, we observe that such HCEC monolayers continue to expand and retain a normal phenotype for 2 more weeks if cultured in a leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-containing serum-free medium. Such expansion is accompanied initially by upregulation of Cyclin E2 colocalized with nuclear translocation of phosphorylated retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (p-Rb) at Day 21 followed by a delay in contact inhibition through activation of LIF-Janus kinase1 (JAK1)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling at Day 35. The LIF-JAK1-STAT3 signaling is coupled with upregulation of E2F2 colocalized with nuclear p-Rb and with concomitant downregulation of p16(INK4a), of which upregulation is linked to senescence. Hence, activation of LIF-JAK1-STAT3 signaling to delay contact inhibition can be used as another strategy to facilitate engineering of HCEC grafts to solve the unmet global shortage of corneal grafts.
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Key Words
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CKI, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- E2F2
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EMT, endothelial mesenchymal transition
- ESC, embryonic stem cell
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase
- HBSS, Hanks’ balanced salt solution
- HCEC, human corneal endothelial cell
- ID, inhibitor of differentiation
- ITS, insulin-transferrin-sodium selenite
- JAK, Janus kinase
- JAK1
- LEF1, lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1
- LIF
- LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor
- MESCM, modified embryonic stem cell medium
- NC, neural crest
- NFkB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- RPE, retinal pigment epithelial cells
- Rb, retinoblastoma tumor suppressor
- SHEM, supplemental hormonal epithelial medium
- STAT3
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- ZO-1, Zona occludens protein 1
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- contact inhibition
- corneal endothelium
- iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells
- p120, p120 catenin
- p16INK4a
- proliferation
- scRNA, scramble RNA
- siRNA, small interfering ribonucleic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- a Department of Ophthalmology; Union Hospital; Tongji Medical College ; Huazhong University of Science and Technology ; Wuhan , China
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White AT, LaBarge SA, McCurdy CE, Schenk S. Knockout of STAT3 in skeletal muscle does not prevent high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance. Mol Metab 2015; 4:569-75. [PMID: 26266089 PMCID: PMC4529495 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Increased signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling has been implicated in the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance, though its contribution, in vivo, remains to be fully defined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether knockout of skeletal muscle STAT3 would prevent high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance. Methods We used Cre-LoxP methodology to generate mice with muscle-specific knockout (KO) of STAT3 (mKO). Beginning at 10 weeks of age, mKO mice and their wildtype/floxed (WT) littermates either continued consuming a low fat, control diet (CON; 10% of calories from fat) or were switched to a HFD (60% of calories from fat) for 20 days. We measured body composition, energy expenditure, oral glucose tolerance and in vivo insulin action using hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. We also measured insulin sensitivity in isolated soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles using the 2-deoxy-glucose (2DOG) uptake technique. Results STAT3 protein expression was reduced ∼75–100% in muscle from mKO vs. WT mice. Fat mass and body fat percentage did not differ between WT and mKO mice on CON and were increased equally by HFD. There were also no genotype differences in energy expenditure or whole-body fat oxidation. As determined, in vivo (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps) and ex vivo (2DOG uptake), skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity did not differ between CON-fed mice, and was impaired similarly by HFD. Conclusions These results demonstrate that STAT3 activation does not underlie the development of HFD-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Loss of STAT3 in skeletal muscle does not effect whole body energy expenditure in mice. Mice with knockout of STAT3 in skeletal muscle (mKO) develop glucose intolerance with HFD feeding similar to littermate controls. HFD-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is not prevented by knockout of STAT3.
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Key Words
- 2DOG, 2-deoxyglucose
- AT, adipose tissue
- Adgre1, adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E1
- CON, normal chow, control diet
- Clamp
- Cre-LoxP
- EDL, extensor digitorum longus
- GA, gastrocnemius
- GIR, glucose infusion rate
- Glucose homeostasis
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HGP, hepatic glucose production
- HYP-EUG, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic
- IL, interleukin
- IS-GDR, insulin-stimulated glucose disposal rate
- In vivo
- KO, knockout
- MCK, muscle creatine kinase
- Obesity
- STAT3
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- WT, wild-type
- mKO, muscle-specific knockout of STAT3
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda T White
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA ; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Samuel A LaBarge
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carrie E McCurdy
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Simon Schenk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA ; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Wu AA, Drake V, Huang HS, Chiu S, Zheng L. Reprogramming the tumor microenvironment: tumor-induced immunosuppressive factors paralyze T cells. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1016700. [PMID: 26140242 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1016700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It has become evident that tumor-induced immuno-suppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment play a major role in suppressing normal functions of effector T cells. These factors serve as hurdles that limit the therapeutic potential of cancer immunotherapies. This review focuses on illustrating the molecular mechanisms of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment, including evasion of T-cell recognition, interference with T-cell trafficking, metabolism, and functions, induction of resistance to T-cell killing, and apoptosis of T cells. A better understanding of these mechanisms may help in the development of strategies to enhance the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies.
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Key Words
- 1MT, 1-methyltryptophan
- COX2, cyclooxygenase-2
- GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- Gal1, galectin-1
- HDACi, histone deacetylase inhibitor
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- IDO, indoleamine-2,3- dioxygenase
- IL-10, interleukin-10
- IMC, immature myeloid cell
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- MHC, major histocompatibility
- MICA, MHC class I related molecule A
- MICB, MHC class I related molecule B
- NO, nitric oxide
- PARP, poly ADP-ribose polymerase
- PD-1, program death receptor-1
- PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- RCAS1, receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on Siso cells 1
- RCC, renal cell carcinoma
- SOCS, suppressor of cytokine signaling
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- SVV, survivin
- T cells
- TCR, T-cell receptor
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
- XIAP, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein
- iNOS, inducible nitric-oxide synthase
- immunosuppression
- immunosuppressive factors
- immunotherapy
- tumor microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie A Wu
- Department of Oncology; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Virginia Drake
- School of Medicine; University of Maryland ; Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - ShihChi Chiu
- College of Medicine; National Taiwan University ; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA
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Li G, L. Guo G. Farnesoid X receptor, the bile acid sensing nuclear receptor, in liver regeneration. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:93-8. [PMID: 26579433 PMCID: PMC4629218 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is unique in regenerative potential, which could recover the lost mass and function after injury from ischemia and resection. The underlying molecular mechanisms of liver regeneration have been extensively studied in the past using the partial hepatectomy (PH) model in rodents, where 2/3 PH is carried out by removing two lobes. The whole process of liver regeneration is complicated, orchestrated event involving a network of connected interactions, which still remain fully elusive. Bile acids (BAs) are ligands of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor of ligand-activated transcription factor. FXR has been shown to be highly involved in liver regeneration. BAs and FXR not only interact with each other but also regulate various downstream targets independently during liver regeneration. Moreover, recent findings suggest that tissue-specific FXR also contributes to liver regeneration significantly. These novel findings suggest that FXR has much broader role than regulating BA, cholesterol, lipid and glucose metabolism. Therefore, these researches highlight FXR as an important pharmaceutical target for potential use of FXR ligands to regulate liver regeneration in clinic. This review focuses on the roles of BAs and FXR in liver regeneration and the current underlying molecular mechanisms which contribute to liver regeneration.
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Key Words
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- BA, bile acid
- Bile acids
- C/EBPβ, CCAAT-enhancer binding protein β
- CA, cholic acid
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- CTX, cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase
- CYP8B1, sterol 12α-hydroxylase
- Cyp27-KO, sterol 27-hydroxylase–knockout
- DDAH-1, dimethylarginineaminohydrolase-1
- ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
- FGF-15, fibroblast growth factor 15
- FGFR4, FGF receptor 4
- FOXM1b, forkhead boxm1b
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- Farnesoid X receptor
- Fibroblast growth factor 15
- Fxr-KO, Fxr-knockout
- GPBAR1 or TGR5, G protein-coupled BA receptor 1
- HEX, hematopoietically expressed homeobox
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- KC, Kupffer cells
- KO, knockout
- Liver regeneration
- Liver-intestine croass talk
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MRP3, multidrug resistance associated protein 3
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- PH, partial hepatectomy
- Rb, retinoblastoma
- SHP, small heterodimer partner
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TH, thyroid hormone
- THR, TH receptor
- Transmembrane G protein coupled receptor 5
- WT, wild type
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- hepFxr-KO, hepatocyte-specific Fxr knockout
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Draghiciu O, Lubbers J, Nijman HW, Daemen T. Myeloid derived suppressor cells-An overview of combat strategies to increase immunotherapy efficacy. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e954829. [PMID: 25949858 PMCID: PMC4368153 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.954829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) contribute to tumor-mediated immune escape and negatively correlate with overall survival of cancer patients. Nowadays, a variety of methods to target MDSCs are being investigated. Based on the intervention stage of MDSCs, namely development, expansion and activation, function and turnover, these methods can be divided into: (I) prevention or differentiation to mature cells, (II) blockade of MDSC expansion and activation, (III) inhibition of MDSC suppressive activity or (IV) depletion of intratumoral MDSCs. This review describes effective mono- or multimodal-therapies that target MDSCs for the benefit of cancer treatment.
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Key Words
- 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil
- 5-Fluorouracil
- ADAM17, metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17
- APCs, antigen presenting cells
- ARG1, arginase-1
- ATRA, all-trans retinoic acid
- CCL2, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2
- CD62L, L-selectin
- CDDO-Me, bardoxolone methyl
- COX2, cyclooxygenase 2
- CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- CXCL12, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12
- CXCL15, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 15
- DCs, dendritic cells
- ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- Flt3, Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3
- FoxP3, forkhead box P3
- GITR, anti-glucocorticoid tumor necrosis factor receptor
- GM-CSF/CSF2, granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor
- GSH, glutathione
- HIF-1α, hypoxia inducible factor 1α
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
- HPV-16, human papillomavirus 16
- HSCs, hematopoietic stem cells
- ICT, 3, 5, 7-trihydroxy-4′-emthoxy-8-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-flavone
- IFNγ, interferon γ
- IL-10, interleukin 10
- IL-13, interleukin 13
- IL-1β, interleukin 1 β
- IL-4, interleukin 4
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IMCs, immature myeloid cells
- JAK2, Janus kinase 2
- MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- MMPs, metalloproteinases (e.g., MMP9)
- Myd88, myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88
- NAC, N-acetyl cysteine
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase NK cells, natural killer cells
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOHA, N-hydroxy-L-Arginine
- NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- ODN, oligodeoxynucleotides
- PDE-5, phosphodiesterase type 5
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SCF, stem cell factor
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- Tregs, regulatory T cells
- VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- WA, withaferin A
- WRE, Withaferin somnifera
- all-trans retinoic acid
- bisphosphonates
- c-kit, Mast/stem cell growth factor receptor
- gemcitabine
- iNOS2, inducible nitric oxid synthase 2
- immune suppressive mechanisms
- mRCC, metastatic renal cell carcinoma
- myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- sunitinib therapeutic vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Draghiciu
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen ; Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce Lubbers
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen ; Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W Nijman
- Department of Gynecology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen ; Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Toos Daemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen ; Groningen, The Netherlands
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Pathria P, Gotthardt D, Prchal-Murphy M, Putz EM, Holcmann M, Schlederer M, Grabner B, Crncec I, Svinka J, Musteanu M, Hoffmann T, Filipits M, Berger W, Poli V, Kenner L, Bilban M, Casanova E, Müller M, Strobl B, Bayer E, Mohr T, Sexl V, Eferl R. Myeloid STAT3 promotes formation of colitis-associated colorectal cancer in mice. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e998529. [PMID: 26137415 PMCID: PMC4485776 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2014.998529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells lacking STAT3 promote antitumor responses of NK and T cells but it is unknown if this crosstalk affects development of autochthonous tumors. We deleted STAT3 in murine myeloid cells (STAT3Δm) and examined the effect on the development of autochthonous colorectal cancers (CRCs). Formation of Azoxymethane/Dextransulfate (AOM/DSS)-induced CRCs was strongly suppressed in STAT3Δm mice. Gene expression profiling showed strong activation of T cells in the stroma of STAT3Δm CRCs. Moreover, STAT3Δm host mice were better able to control the growth of transplanted MC38 colorectal tumor cells which are known to be killed in a T cell-dependent manner. These data suggest that myeloid cells lacking STAT3 control formation of CRCs mainly via cross activation of T cells. Interestingly, the few CRCs that formed in STAT3Δm mice displayed enhanced stromalization but appeared normal in size indicating that they have acquired ways to escape enhanced tumor surveillance. We found that CRCs in STAT3Δm mice consistently activate STAT3 signaling which is implicated in immune evasion and might be a target to prevent tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Pathria
- Institute for Cancer Research; Medical University Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Gotthardt
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Austria
| | - Michaela Prchal-Murphy
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Putz
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Austria
| | - Martin Holcmann
- Institute for Cancer Research; Medical University Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Schlederer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research LBICR; Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Pathology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna, Austria; Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatrice Grabner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research LBICR; Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Pathology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna, Austria; Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilija Crncec
- Institute for Cancer Research; Medical University Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasmin Svinka
- Institute for Cancer Research; Medical University Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Monica Musteanu
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) ; Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Martin Filipits
- Institute for Cancer Research; Medical University Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute for Cancer Research; Medical University Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Valeria Poli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences; Molecular Biotechnology Center; University of Turin ; Italy
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research LBICR; Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Pathology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna, Austria; Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Bilban
- Medical University Vienna; Department of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Emilio Casanova
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research LBICR; Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Pathology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna, Austria; Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Editha Bayer
- Institute for Cancer Research; Medical University Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Mohr
- Institute for Cancer Research; Medical University Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Austria
| | - Robert Eferl
- Institute for Cancer Research; Medical University Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) ; Vienna, Austria
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Spary LK, Salimu J, Webber JP, Clayton A, Mason MD, Tabi Z. Tumor stroma-derived factors skew monocyte to dendritic cell differentiation toward a suppressive CD14 + PD-L1 + phenotype in prostate cancer. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e955331. [PMID: 25941611 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.955331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated stromal myofibroblasts are essential for the progression and metastatic spread of solid tumors. Corresponding myeloid cell infiltration into primary tumors is a negative prognostic factor in some malignancies. The aim of this study was to define the exact role of stromal myofibroblasts and stromal factors in early prostate carcinoma (PCa) regulating monocyte infiltration and differentiation into dendritic cells (DCs). Epithelial and stromal primary cultures were generated from PCa biopsies and their purity confirmed. Stromal cells produced significantly more of the (C-C) motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) than epithelial cells. Monocyte chemoattraction was predominantly due to stromal-derived factors, mainly CCL2. DCs generated in the presence of stromal (but not epithelial) factors upregulated CD209, but failed to downregulate the monocyte marker CD14 in a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)-dependent manner. Monocytes exposed to stromal factors did not produce detectable amounts of IL-10, however, upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation, stromal factor generated dendritic cells (sDC) produced significantly more IL-10 and less IL-12 than their conventional DC counterparts. sDC failed to cross-present tumor-antigen to CD8+ T cells and suppressed T-cell proliferation. Most importantly, sDC expressed significantly elevated levels of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) in a primarily STAT3 and IL-6-dependent manner. In parallel with our findings in vitro, tumor-infiltrating CD14+ cells in situ were found to express both PD-L1 and CD209, and a higher percentage of tumor-associated CD3+ T cells expressed programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) molecules compared to T cells in blood. These results demonstrate a hitherto undescribed, fundamental contribution of tumor-associated stromal myofibroblasts to the development of an immunosuppressive microenvironment in early PCa.
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Key Words
- CCL2
- CCL2, (C–C) motif chemokine ligand-2
- CFSE, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester
- CK, cytokeratin
- CM, conditioned media
- CXCL, chemokine (C–X–C) motif
- DC, dendritic cell
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- HFF, human foreskin fibroblast
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- I-TAC, interferon-inducible T cell α chemoattractant
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IL-6
- IP-10, interferon-γ induced protein 10
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MIF, macrophage inhibitory factor
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PCaEp, prostate cancer epithelia
- PCaSt, prostate cancer stroma
- PD-1, programmed cell death-1
- PD-L1
- PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand-1
- RANTES/CCL5, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted
- SCBM, stromal cell basal media
- SDF-1, stromal-derived factor-1
- STAT3
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- TIL, tumor infiltrating leukocytes
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- antigen cross-presentation
- dendritic cells
- immunosuppression
- prostate cancer
- sDC, DC generated in the presence of 50% PCaSt-CM
- tumor microenvironment
- tumor stroma
- α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Spary
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics; School of Medicine ; Cardiff University ; Whitchurch, Cardiff, UK
| | - Josephine Salimu
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics; School of Medicine ; Cardiff University ; Whitchurch, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jason P Webber
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics; School of Medicine ; Cardiff University ; Whitchurch, Cardiff, UK
| | - Aled Clayton
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics; School of Medicine ; Cardiff University ; Whitchurch, Cardiff, UK
| | - Malcolm D Mason
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics; School of Medicine ; Cardiff University ; Whitchurch, Cardiff, UK
| | - Zsuzsanna Tabi
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics; School of Medicine ; Cardiff University ; Whitchurch, Cardiff, UK
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Abstract
The inflammatory bowel diseases ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are associated with an increased risk for the development of colorectal cancer. During recent years, several immune signaling pathways have been linked to colitis-associated cancer (CAC), largely owing to the availability of suitable preclinical models. Among these, chronic intestinal inflammation has been shown to support tumor initiation through oxidative stress-induced mutations. A proinflammatory microenvironment that develops, possibly as a result of defective intestinal barrier function and host-microbial interactions, enables tumor promotion. Several molecular pathways such as tumor necrosis factor/nuclear factor-κB or interleukin 6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling have been identified as important contributors to CAC development and could be promising therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of CAC.
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Key Words
- AOM-DSS, azoxymethane–dextran sulfate sodium
- APC, adenomatous polyposis coli
- CAC, colitis-associated cancer
- CD, Crohn’s disease
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- Colorectal Cancer
- Crohn's Disease
- Cytokines
- DDR, DNA damage response
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IKK, IκB kinase
- IL, interleukin
- IL6R, interleukin 6 receptor
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Interleukin-6
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- Myd88, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- NLR, NOD- and leucine-rich repeat–containing protein
- NLRP, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain- and leucine-rich repeat–containing protein family, pyrin domain-containing
- NOD, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain
- RONS, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TNFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor
- Th17, T-helper 17
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- Ulcerative Colitis
- gp, glycoprotein
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Nii T, Marumoto T, Kawano H, Yamaguchi S, Liao J, Okada M, Sasaki E, Miura Y, Tani K. Analysis of essential pathways for self-renewal in common marmoset embryonic stem cells. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:213-9. [PMID: 24649403 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Common marmoset (CM) is widely recognized as a useful non-human primate for disease modeling and preclinical studies. Thus, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from CM have potential as an appropriate cell source to test human regenerative medicine using human ESCs. CM ESCs have been established by us and other groups, and can be cultured in vitro. However, the growth factors and downstream pathways for self-renewal of CM ESCs are largely unknown. In this study, we found that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) rather than leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) promoted CM ESC self-renewal via the activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT) pathway on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeders. Moreover, bFGF and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathways cooperatively maintained the undifferentiated state of CM ESCs under feeder-free condition. Our findings may improve the culture techniques of CM ESCs and facilitate their use as a preclinical experimental resource for human regenerative medicine.
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Key Words
- AKT, protein kinase B
- CM, common marmoset
- Common marmoset
- EB, embryoid body
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- ESCs, embryonic stem cells
- Embryonic stem cells
- EpiSCs, epiblast stem cells
- FCM, flow cytometry
- JAK, janus kinase
- KSR, knockout serum replacement
- LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor
- MEFs, mouse embryonic fibroblasts
- MEK, mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- SMAD2/3, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2/3
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- Self-renewal
- TGFβ
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- bFGF
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells
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Adornetto A, Pagliara V, Renzo GD, Arcone R. Polychlorinated biphenyls impair dibutyryl cAMP-induced astrocytic differentiation in rat C6 glial cell line. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:459-66. [PMID: 24251112 PMCID: PMC3829991 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, alteration of glial cell differentiation can affect brain functions. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental chemical contaminants that exert neurotoxic effects in glial and neuronal cells. We examined the effects of a commercial mixture of PCBs, Aroclor1254 (A1254) on astrocytic differentiation of glial cells, using the rat C6 cell line as in vitro model. The exposure for 24 h to sub-toxic concentrations of A1254 (3 or 9 μM) impaired dibutyryl cAMP-induced astrocytic differentiation as showed by the decrease of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) protein levels and inhibition in change of cell morphology toward an astrocytic phenotype. The A1254 inhibition was restored by the addition of a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide (bis), therefore indicating that PCBs disturbed the cAMP-induced astrocytic differentiation of C6 cells via the PKC pathway. The phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is essential for cAMP-induced transcription of GFAP promoter in C6 cells. Our results indicated that the exposure to A1254 (3 or 9 μM) for 24 h suppressed cAMP-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. Moreover, A1254 reduced cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of STAT3 requires inhibition of PKC activity. Together, our results suggest that PCBs induce perturbation in cAMP/PKA and PKC signaling pathway during astrocytic differentiation of glial cells.
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Key Words
- A1254, Aroclor 1254
- Aroclor1254
- Astrocytic differentiation
- C6 glial cell line
- CNS, central nervous system
- CRE, cAMP responsive element
- CREB, cAMP-response element binding protein
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide
- NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate
- PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PKC, protein kinase C
- Protein kinase C (PKC)
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)
- TRE, CRE transcriptional response element
- bis, 2-[1-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)indol-3-yl]-3-(indol-3-yl) maleimide
- dbcAMP, N6,2′-O-dibutyryl cAMP
- nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide
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Affiliation(s)
- Annagrazia Adornetto
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza (CS) 87036, Italy
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