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Fauste E, Donis C, Pérez-Armas M, Rodríguez L, Rodrigo S, Álvarez-Millán JJ, Otero P, Panadero MI, Bocos C. Maternal fructose boosts the effects of a Western-type diet increasing SARS-COV-2 cell entry factors in male offspring. J Funct Foods 2023; 100:105366. [PMID: 36506002 PMCID: PMC9722681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructose-rich beverages and foods consumption correlates with the epidemic rise in cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. Severity of COVID-19 has been related to these metabolic diseases. Fructose-rich foods could place people at an increased risk for severe COVID-19. We investigated whether maternal fructose intake in offspring affects hepatic and ileal gene expression of proteins that permit SARS-CoV2 entry to the cell. Carbohydrates were supplied to pregnant rats in drinking water. Adult and young male descendants subjected to water, liquid fructose alone or as a part of a Western diet, were studied. Maternal fructose reduced hepatic SARS-CoV2 entry factors expression in older offspring. On the contrary, maternal fructose boosted the Western diet-induced increase in viral entry factors expression in ileum of young descendants. Maternal fructose intake produced a fetal programming that increases hepatic viral protection and, in contrast, exacerbates fructose plus cholesterol-induced diminution in SARS-CoV2 protection in small intestine of progeny.
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Key Words
- ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- ADAM17, ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17
- Cholesterol
- Fetal programming
- Fructose
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HFCS, high fructose corn syrup
- Ileum
- Liver
- MetS, metabolic syndrome
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2
- SRB1, HDL-scavenger receptor B type 1
- SSB, sugar-sweetened beverages
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes
- TMPRSS2, transmembrane protease serine 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fauste
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Donis
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Madelín Pérez-Armas
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Rodríguez
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Rodrigo
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Paola Otero
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - María I. Panadero
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Bocos
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain,Corresponding author at: Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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Yusuf AP, Zhang JY, Li JQ, Muhammad A, Abubakar MB. Herbal medications and natural products for patients with covid-19 and diabetes mellitus: Potentials and challenges. Phytomed Plus 2022; 2:100280. [PMID: 35463625 PMCID: PMC9014648 DOI: 10.1016/j.phyplu.2022.100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) among COVID-19 patients is associated with increased hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality. Evidence has shown that hyperglycemia potentiates SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection and plays a central role in severe COVID-19 and diabetes comorbidity. In this review, we explore the therapeutic potentials of herbal medications and natural products in the management of COVID-19 and DM comorbidity and the challenges associated with the preexisting or concurrent use of these substances. METHODS Research papers that were published from January 2016 to December 2021 were retrieved from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. Papers reporting clinical evidence of antidiabetic activities and any available evidence of the anti-COVID-19 potential of ten selected natural products were retrieved and analyzed for discussion in this review. RESULTS A total of 548 papers (73 clinical trials on the antidiabetic activities of the selected natural products and 475 research and review articles on their anti-COVID-19 potential) were retrieved from the literature search for further analysis. A total of 517 articles (reviews and less relevant research papers) were excluded. A cumulative sum of thirty-one (31) research papers (20 clinical trials and 10 others) met the criteria and have been discussed in this review. CONCLUSION The findings of this review suggest that phenolic compounds are the most promising phytochemicals in the management of COVID-19 and DM comorbidity. Curcumin and propolis have shown substantial evidence against COVID-19 and DM in humans and are thus, considered the best potential therapeutic options.
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Key Words
- 8-OHDG, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine
- ACE2
- ACE2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- ADMA, asymmetric de-methyl-arginine
- ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- COVID-19
- Comorbidity
- DM, diabetes mellitus
- Diabetes
- FBS, fasting blood sugar
- GLUT-4, glucose transporter-4
- GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3β
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HOMA, homeostasis model assessment
- Herbal medication
- IAPP, islet amyloid polypeptide
- IFN, interferon
- IFNAR2, interferon-alpha receptor 2
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- Mpro, main protease
- Natural products
- PLpro, papain-like protease
- PON1, paraoxonase-1
- RBD, receptor-binding domain
- RCT, randomized control trial
- RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2
- SFJDC, Shufeng Jiedu Capsule
- T1D, type 1 diabetes
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- TAC, total antioxidant capacity
- TMPRSS2, transmembrane protease serine 2
- hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrahman Pharmacy Yusuf
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria
| | - Jian-Ye Zhang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Quan Li
- The first Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, P.R. China
| | - Aliyu Muhammad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 810107, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Murtala Bello Abubakar
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B. 2254, Sokoto, Nigeria
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Tanikawa T, Hayashi T, Suzuki R, Kitamura M, Inoue Y. Inhibitory effect of honokiol on furin-like activity and SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 12:69-72. [PMID: 34545325 PMCID: PMC8444047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as a pandemic and has caused damage to the lives of the people and economy of countries. However, the therapeutic reagents against SARS-CoV-2 remain unclear. The spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 contains a cleavage motif at the S1/S2 boundary, known to be cleaved by furin. As cleavage is essential for S protein activation and viral entry, furin was selected as the target compound. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of two lignans (honokiol and magnolol) on furin-like enzymatic activity using a fluorogenic substrate with whole-cell lysates. Of two compounds tested, honokiol partially inhibited furin-like enzymatic activity. We further examined the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of honokiol using VeroE6 cell line, which is stably expressing a transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). It was shown that honokiol exhibited remarkable inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, honokiol and crude drugs which contain honokiol such as Magnolia species have a potential therapeutic reagents for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tanikawa
- Laboratory of Nutri-Pharmacotherapeutics Management, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Phytochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masashi Kitamura
- Laboratory of Pharmacognocy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inoue
- Laboratory of Nutri-Pharmacotherapeutics Management, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
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Bo W, Xi Y, Tian Z. The role of exercise in rehabilitation of discharged COVID-19 patients. Sports Med Health Sci 2021; 3:194-201. [PMID: 34541561 PMCID: PMC8438861 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mainly caused pneumonia and pulmonary fibrosis through upper respiratory tract infection, which resulted in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiorgan damage of cardiovascular, nervous, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Although the virus test turned negative after the patient recovered, the damage to multiorgan caused by SARS-CoV-2 may irreversible. Therefore, the health status of the recovered patients has gradually become the focus of people's attention. Whether coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients can receive exercise rehabilitation training after discharge? and what's the basis? We try to analyze and answer these questions, will provide some ideas about the patients to develop a reasonable and effective exercise rehabilitation program.
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Key Words
- ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- ACS, acute coronary syndrome
- AKI, acute kidney injury
- ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- Ang II, accumulation of angiotensin Ⅱ
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- CHI3L1, chitinase-3-like protein 1
- CNS, central nervous system
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- CRS, cytokine release syndrome
- EcSOD, extracellular superoxide dismutase
- Exercise rehabilitation
- Exercise response factor
- FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21
- FSTL1, follistatin-related protein 1
- GDF-15, growth/differentiation factor-15
- ICU, intensive care unit
- Inflammation cytokine storm
- LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor
- NK, natural killer
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- TMPRSS2, transmembrane protease serine 2
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- WBV, whole-body vibration
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Bo
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yue Xi
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zhenjun Tian
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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Hasan M, Ashik AI, Chowdhury MB, Tasnim AT, Nishat ZS, Hossain T, Ahmed S. Computational prediction of potential siRNA and human miRNA sequences to silence orf1ab associated genes for future therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. Inform Med Unlocked 2021; 24:100569. [PMID: 33846694 PMCID: PMC8028608 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing pandemic caused by an RNA virus termed as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 possesses an almost 30kbp long genome. The genome contains open-reading frame 1ab (ORF1ab) gene, the largest one of SARS-CoV-2, encoding polyprotein PP1ab and PP1a responsible for viral transcription and replication. Several vaccines have already been approved by the respective authorities over the world to develop herd immunity among the population. In consonance with this effort, RNA interference (RNAi) technology holds the possibility to strengthen the fight against this virus. Here, we have implemented a computational approach to predict potential short interfering RNAs including small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), which are presumed to be intrinsically active against SARS-CoV-2. In doing so, we have screened miRNA library and siRNA library targeting the ORF1ab gene. We predicted the potential miRNA and siRNA candidate molecules utilizing an array of bioinformatic tools. By extending the analysis, out of 24 potential pre-miRNA hairpins and 131 siRNAs, 12 human miRNA and 10 siRNA molecules were sorted as potential therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2 based on their GC content, melting temperature (Tm), heat capacity (Cp), hybridization and minimal free energy (MFE) of hybridization. This computational study is focused on lessening the extensive time and labor needed in conventional trial and error based wet lab methods and it has the potential to act as a decent base for future researchers to develop a successful RNAi therapeutic.
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Key Words
- ACE-2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- Cp, heat capacity
- Gene silencing
- ORF, open reading frame
- Posttranscriptional regulation
- RNAi Therapeutics
- RNAi, RNA interference
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2
- TMPRSS2, transmembrane protease serine 2
- Tm, melting temperature
- UTR, untranslated region
- hsa-miR, human microRNA
- miRNA
- miRNA, microRNA
- sgRNA, sub-genomic RNA
- siRNA
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahedi Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Arafat Islam Ashik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Md Belal Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Atiya Tahira Tasnim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Zakia Sultana Nishat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Tanvir Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Shamim Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
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He S, Lyu F, Lou L, Liu L, Li S, Jakowitsch J, Ma Y. Anti-tumor activities of Panax quinquefolius saponins and potential biomarkers in prostate cancer. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:273-286. [PMID: 33841008 PMCID: PMC8020356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate carcinoma is the second most common cancer among men worldwide. Developing new therapeutic approaches and diagnostic biomarkers for prostate cancer (PC) is a significant need. The Chinese herbal medicine Panax quinquefolius saponins (PQS) have been reported to show anti-tumor effects. We hypothesized that PQS exhibits anti-cancer activity in human PC cells and we aimed to search for novel biomarkers allowing early diagnosis of PC. METHODS We used the human PC cell line DU145 and the prostate epithelial cell line PNT2 to perform cell viability assays, flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle, and FACS-based apoptosis assays. Microarray-based gene expression analysis was used to display specific gene expression patterns and to search for novel biomarkers. Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to demonstrate the expression levels of multiple cancer-related genes. RESULTS Our data showed that PQS inhibited the viability of DU145 cells and induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. A significant decrease in DU145 cell invasion and migration were observed after 24 h treatment by PQS. PQS up-regulated the expression levels of p21, p53, TMEM79, ACOXL, ETV5, and SPINT1 while it down-regulated the expression levels of bcl2, STAT3, FANCD2, DRD2, and TMPRSS2. CONCLUSION PQS promoted cells apoptosis and inhibited the proliferation of DU145 cells, which suggests that PQS may be effective for treating PC. TMEM79 and ACOXL were expressed significantly higher in PNT2 than in DU145 cells and could be novel biomarker candidates for PC diagnosis.
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Key Words
- ACOXL, Acyl-CoA oxidase-like protein
- Chinese medicinal herbs
- DRD2, dopamine receptor D2
- ETV5, ETS variant 5
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- FANCD2, fanconi anemia group D2
- PC, prostate cancer
- PQS, Panax quinquefolius saponins
- Panax quinquefolius
- Potential biomarkers
- Prostate cancer cells
- SPINT1, serine peptidase inhibitor Kunitz type 1
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TCM, Traditional Chinese Medicine
- TMEM79, transmembrane protein 79
- TMPRSS2, transmembrane protease serine 2
- bcl2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- p21, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21
- p53, tumor suppressor p53
- qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR
- saponins
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fangqiao Lyu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lixia Lou
- The Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Songlin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Johannes Jakowitsch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Trigueiro-Louro J, Correia V, Figueiredo-Nunes I, Gíria M, Rebelo-de-Andrade H. Unlocking COVID therapeutic targets: A structure-based rationale against SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV Spike. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:2117-2131. [PMID: 32913581 PMCID: PMC7452956 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no approved target therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 or other beta-CoVs. The beta-CoV Spike protein is a promising target considering the critical role in viral infection and pathogenesis and its surface exposed features. We performed a structure-based strategy targeting highly conserved druggable regions resulting from a comprehensive large-scale sequence analysis and structural characterization of Spike domains across SARSr- and MERSr-CoVs. We have disclosed 28 main consensus druggable pockets within the Spike. The RBD and SD1 (S1 subunit); and the CR, HR1 and CH (S2 subunit) represent the most promising conserved druggable regions. Additionally, we have identified 181 new potential hot spot residues for the hSARSr-CoVs and 72 new hot spot residues for the SARSr- and MERSr-CoVs, which have not been described before in the literature. These sites/residues exhibit advantageous structural features for targeted molecular and pharmacological modulation. This study establishes the Spike as a promising anti-CoV target using an approach with a potential higher resilience to resistance development and directed to a broad spectrum of Beta-CoVs, including the new SARS-CoV-2 responsible for COVID-19. This research also provides a structure-based rationale for the design and discovery of chemical inhibitors, antibodies or other therapeutic modalities successfully targeting the Beta-CoV Spike protein.
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Key Words
- ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme2
- Bat-SL-CoVs, bat SARS-like coronavirus
- Beta-CoVs, betacoronavirus
- Betacoronavirus
- CC, conserved cluster
- CD, connector domain
- CDP, consensus druggable pocket
- CDR, consensus druggable residue
- CH, central helix
- CP, cytoplasmic domain
- CR, connecting region
- CS, conservation score
- CoVs, coronavirus
- Coronavirus disease
- DGSS, DoGSiteScorer
- DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4
- Druggability prediction
- FP, fusion peptide
- HR1, heptad repeat 1
- HR2, heptad repeat 2
- MERS-CoVs, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- MERSr-CoVs, middle east respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
- MSA, multiple sequence alignment
- NTD, N-terminal domain
- Novel antiviral targets
- PDB, Protein Data Bank
- PDS, PockDrug-Server
- RBD, Receptor-Binding Domain
- S, Spike
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SARS-CoVs, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- SARSr-CoVs, severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
- SD1, subdomain 1
- SD2, subdomain 2
- SF, SiteFinder from MOE
- SP, small pocket
- Sequence conservation
- Spike protein
- Sv, shorter variant
- T-RHS, top-ranked hot spots
- TMPRSS2, transmembrane protease serine 2
- aa, amino acid
- hSARSr-CoVs, human Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
- nts, nucleotides
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Affiliation(s)
- João Trigueiro-Louro
- Antiviral Resistance Lab, Research & Development Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IP, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Unit, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Correia
- Antiviral Resistance Lab, Research & Development Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IP, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Figueiredo-Nunes
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Unit, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Gíria
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Unit, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Rebelo-de-Andrade
- Antiviral Resistance Lab, Research & Development Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IP, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Unit, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in a proliferation of clinical trials designed to slow the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Many therapeutic agents that are being used to treat patients with COVID-19 are repurposed treatments for influenza, Ebola, or for malaria that were developed decades ago and are unlikely to be familiar to the cardiovascular and cardio-oncology communities. Here, we provide a foundation for cardiovascular and cardio-oncology physicians on the front line providing care to patients with COVID-19, so that they may better understand the emerging cardiovascular epidemiology and the biological rationale for the clinical trials that are ongoing for the treatment of patients with COVID-19.
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Key Words
- ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme
- ACE2
- AT1R, angiotensin II type 1 receptor
- CI, confidence interval
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease-2019
- CoV, coronavirus
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IQR, interquartile range
- MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome
- RAS, renin-angiotensin system
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2
- TMPRSS2, transmembrane protease serine 2
- clinical trials
- renin angiotensin system
- sACE2, soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Ky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Douglas L. Mann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in a proliferation of clinical trials designed to slow the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Many therapeutic agents that are being used to treat patients with COVID-19 are repurposed treatments for influenza, Ebola, or for malaria that were developed decades ago and are unlikely to be familiar to the cardiovascular and cardio-oncology communities. Here, the authors provide a foundation for cardiovascular and cardio-oncology physicians on the front line providing care to patients with COVID-19, so that they may better understand the emerging cardiovascular epidemiology and the biological rationale for the clinical trials that are ongoing for the treatment of patients with COVID-19.
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Key Words
- ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme
- ACE2
- AT1R, angiotensin II type 1 receptor
- CI, confidence interval
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease-2019
- CoV, coronavirus
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IQR, interquartile range
- MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome
- RAS, renin-angiotensin system
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2
- TMPRSS2, transmembrane protease serine 2
- clinical trials
- renin angiotensin system
- sACE2, soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Ky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas L. Mann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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