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Yusuf AP, Zhang JY, Li JQ, Muhammad A, Abubakar MB. Herbal medications and natural products for patients with covid-19 and diabetes mellitus: Potentials and challenges. Phytomed Plus 2022; 2:100280. [PMID: 35463625 PMCID: PMC9014648 DOI: 10.1016/j.phyplu.2022.100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) among COVID-19 patients is associated with increased hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality. Evidence has shown that hyperglycemia potentiates SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection and plays a central role in severe COVID-19 and diabetes comorbidity. In this review, we explore the therapeutic potentials of herbal medications and natural products in the management of COVID-19 and DM comorbidity and the challenges associated with the preexisting or concurrent use of these substances. METHODS Research papers that were published from January 2016 to December 2021 were retrieved from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. Papers reporting clinical evidence of antidiabetic activities and any available evidence of the anti-COVID-19 potential of ten selected natural products were retrieved and analyzed for discussion in this review. RESULTS A total of 548 papers (73 clinical trials on the antidiabetic activities of the selected natural products and 475 research and review articles on their anti-COVID-19 potential) were retrieved from the literature search for further analysis. A total of 517 articles (reviews and less relevant research papers) were excluded. A cumulative sum of thirty-one (31) research papers (20 clinical trials and 10 others) met the criteria and have been discussed in this review. CONCLUSION The findings of this review suggest that phenolic compounds are the most promising phytochemicals in the management of COVID-19 and DM comorbidity. Curcumin and propolis have shown substantial evidence against COVID-19 and DM in humans and are thus, considered the best potential therapeutic options.
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Key Words
- 8-OHDG, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine
- ACE2
- ACE2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- ADMA, asymmetric de-methyl-arginine
- ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- COVID-19
- Comorbidity
- DM, diabetes mellitus
- Diabetes
- FBS, fasting blood sugar
- GLUT-4, glucose transporter-4
- GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3β
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HOMA, homeostasis model assessment
- Herbal medication
- IAPP, islet amyloid polypeptide
- IFN, interferon
- IFNAR2, interferon-alpha receptor 2
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- Mpro, main protease
- Natural products
- PLpro, papain-like protease
- PON1, paraoxonase-1
- RBD, receptor-binding domain
- RCT, randomized control trial
- RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2
- SFJDC, Shufeng Jiedu Capsule
- T1D, type 1 diabetes
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- TAC, total antioxidant capacity
- TMPRSS2, transmembrane protease serine 2
- hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrahman Pharmacy Yusuf
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria
| | - Jian-Ye Zhang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Quan Li
- The first Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, P.R. China
| | - Aliyu Muhammad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 810107, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Murtala Bello Abubakar
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B. 2254, Sokoto, Nigeria
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Fujiwara H, Yoshida J, Dibwe DF, Awale S, Hoshino H, Kohama H, Arai H, Kudo Y, Matsumoto K. Orengedokuto and san'oshashinto improve memory deficits by inhibiting aging-dependent activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β. J Tradit Complement Med 2018; 9:328-335. [PMID: 31453129 PMCID: PMC6702137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim The aging-dependent activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) has been suggested to be important in the onset of dementia. To discover novel therapeutic Kampo medicines for dementia, we examined the effects of orengedokuto (OGT; 黃連解毒湯 huáng lián jiědú tāng) and san'oshashinto (SST; 三黃瀉心湯 sān huáng xiè xīn tāng) on memory deficits and GSK-3β activity in senescence-accelerated prone mice (SAMP8). Experimental procedure The object recognition test (ORT) and conditioned fear memory test (CFT) were employed to elucidate short-term working memory and long-term fear memory. The activity of GSK-3β and the phosphorylation of related molecules were measured using a kinase assay and Western blotting. Results and conclusion OGT and SST attenuated memory deficits in SAMP8 in ORT, but not in CFT. In ex vivo experiments, cortical GSK-3β activity was significantly stronger in SAMP8 than in SAMR1. The enhanced cortical GSK-3β activity in SAMP8 was accompanied by a significant increase in the level of phosphorylated collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP2), an important factor that is involved in the regulation of microtubule stability. OGT and SST attenuated not only increases in cortical GSK-3β activity, but also the levels of phosphorylated CRMP2 in SAMP8. In vitro experiments, flavonoids contained in these kampo medicines, inhibited GSK-3β activity in concentration-dependent manners. These results suggest that OGT and SST prevent aging-induced short-term working memory deficits by inhibiting aging-dependent elevations in the cortical GSK-3β activity and subsequent CRMP2 phosphorylation. OGT and SST attenuated short-term working memory deficits in SAMP8. Age-dependent cortical GSK-3β activation was suppressed by OGT and SST. OGT and SST also attenuated the levels of phosphorylated CRMP2 in SAMP8.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- Alzheimer's disease
- BPSD, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia
- CFT, conditioned fear memory test
- CRMP2, collapsin response mediator protein-2
- Collapsin response mediator protein-2
- GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3β
- Glycogen synthase kinase-3β
- OGT, orengedokuto
- ORT, object recognition test
- Orengedokuto
- SAMP8, senescence-accelerated prone mice 8
- SAMR1, senescence-accelerated prone mice-resistant
- SST, san'oshashinto
- san'oshashinto
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Yoshida
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Dya Fita Dibwe
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Suresh Awale
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Haruka Hoshino
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kohama
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukitsuka Kudo
- Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kinzo Matsumoto
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Xu ZP, Yang SL, Zhao S, Zheng CH, Li HH, Zhang Y, Huang RX, Li MZ, Gao Y, Zhang SJ, Zhan PY, Zhang LF, Deng L, Wei S, Liu YC, Ye JW, Ren HJ, Li N, Kong CX, Wang X, Fang L, Zhou QZ, Jiang HW, Li JR, Wang Q, Ke D, Liu GP, Wang JZ. Biomarkers for Early Diagnostic of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Type-2 Diabetes Patients: A Multicentre, Retrospective, Nested Case-Control Study. EBioMedicine 2016; 5:105-13. [PMID: 27077117 PMCID: PMC4816853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are common age-associated disorders and T2DM patients show an increased risk to suffer from AD, however, there is currently no marker to identify who in T2DM populations will develop AD. Since glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) activity, ApoE genotypes and olfactory function are involved in both T2DM and AD pathogenesis, we investigate whether alterations of these factors can identify cognitive impairment in T2DM patients. Methods The cognitive ability was evaluated using Minimum Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), and the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was diagnosed by Petersen's criteria. GSK-3β activity in platelet, ApoE genotypes in leucocytes and the olfactory function were detected by Western/dot blotting, the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) PCR and the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) test, respectively. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of the biomarkers for MCI diagnosis were calculated by logistic regression. The diagnostic capability of the biomarkers was evaluated by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses. Findings We recruited 694 T2DM patients from Jan. 2012 to May. 2015 in 5 hospitals (Wuhan), and 646 of them met the inclusion criteria and were included in this study. 345 patients in 2 hospitals were assigned to the training set, and 301 patients in another 3 hospitals assigned to the validation set. Patients in each set were randomly divided into two groups: T2DM without MCI (termed T2DM-nMCI) or with MCI (termed T2DM-MCI). There were no significant differences for sex, T2DM years, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary disease, complications, insulin treatment, HbA1c, ApoE ε2, ApoE ε3, tGSK3β and pS9GSK3β between the two groups. Compared with the T2DM-nMCI group, T2DM-MCI group showed lower MMSE score with older age, ApoE ε4 allele, higher olfactory score and higher rGSK-3β (ratio of total GSK-3β to Ser9-phosphorylated GSK-3β) in the training set and the validation set. The OR values of age, ApoE ε4 gene, olfactory score and rGSK-3β were 1.09, 2.09, 1.51, 10.08 in the training set, and 1.06, 2.67, 1.47, 7.19 in the validation set, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of age, ApoE ε4 gene, olfactory score and rGSK-3β were 0.76, 0.72, 0.66, 0.79 in the training set, and 0.70, 0.68, 0.73, 0.79 in the validation set, respectively. These four combined biomarkers had the area under the curve (AUC) of 82% and 86%, diagnostic accuracy of 83% and 81% in the training set and the validation set, respectively. Interpretation Aging, activation of peripheral circulating GSK-3β, expression of ApoE ε4 and increase of olfactory score are diagnostic for the mild cognitive impairment in T2DM patients, and combination of these biomarkers can improve the diagnostic accuracy. ApoE ε4 gene, platelet GSK-3β activation, olfactory dysfunction and aging are non-invasive, affordable and accessible biomarkers for diagnosing mild cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, and the combination of these non-invasive, affordable and accessible biomarkers can improve the accuracy of the diagnosis.
Epidemiological studies show that type 2 diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor of Alzheimer disease, and a large proportion of diabetic patients will develop Alzheimer disease, but no early diagnostic tool to identify them. We find that ApoE ε4 gene, platelet GSK-3β activation, olfactory dysfunction and aging are early markers for dementia in type 2 diabetes patients, and combination of these non-invasive markers can improve the diagnostic accuracy. These findings shed light on the early identification in type 2 diabetes population who will develop Alzheimer disease and thus enable early intervention to this currently incurable neurodegenerative disorder.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ARMS, amplification refractory mutation system
- AUC, the area under the curve
- Alzheimer's disease
- ApoE gene
- ApoE, apolipoprotein E
- CCCRC, Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center
- CDR, clinical dementia rating
- CI, confidence intervals
- GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3β
- Glycogen synthase kinase-3β
- HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c
- MCI, mild cognitive impairment
- MMSE, minimum mental state examination
- Mild cognitive impairment
- OR, odds ratio
- Olfactory score
- ROC, receiver operating characteristics
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Peng Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Neurology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Su-Lian Yang
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shi Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Cheng-Hong Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Hong-Hua Li
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Li-Yuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430077, China
| | - Rong-Xi Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shu-Juan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Pei-Yan Zhan
- Department of Neurology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Li-Fang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Sheng Wei
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yan-Chao Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jing-Wang Ye
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hu-Jun Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Cai-Xia Kong
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qiu-Zhi Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hong-Wei Jiang
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jing-Rong Li
- Health Service Center of Jianghan District, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Dan Ke
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Gong-Ping Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
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Xiao K, Chen P, Chang DC. The VTLISFG motif in the BH1 domain plays a significant role in regulating the degradation of Mcl-1. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:147-52. [PMID: 24490139 PMCID: PMC3907746 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mcl-1 is a member of the Bcl-2 family protein; its degradation is required for the initiation of apoptosis. The mechanism, however, is not yet clearly known. Previously, it was reported that Mcl-1 is degraded through the ubiquitination-mediated pathway and the PEST domain is the motif responsible for promoting this degradation. We found evidence that this may not be true. We generated several Mcl-1 deletion mutants and examined their effects on protein stability. Deletion of the PEST domain did not prevent the degradation of Mcl-1 during apoptosis. The BH1 domain, but not the PEST, BH3 or BH2 domain, exhibited a short half-life. A peptide named “F3” (VTLISFG) in the C-terminus of the BH1 domain appears to be critical for the rapid turnover of Mcl-1. Deletion of F3 from GFP-Mcl-1-ΔPEST retarded the degradation of this mutant. F3 appeared to be the minimum functional sequence of the degradation motif, since deletion of a single residue was sufficient to abrogate its short half-life. Fusion of F3 with p32 resulted in the degradation of p32 during UV-induced apoptosis, while wild type p32 was not affected. Taken together, these findings suggest that F3 (VTLISFG), instead of PEST, is the major motif responsible for the degradation of Mcl-1 during apoptosis. The PEST domain may not be responsible for the short half-life of Mcl-1 during apoptosis. A short peptide (F3) inside the BH1 domain was found to have a short half-life. Fusion of F3 with p32 impairs the stability of p32 during apoptosis. Deletion of F3 increases the stability of GFP-Mcl-1-ΔPEST.
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Key Words
- Apoptosis
- BH domain, Bcl-2 homology domain
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein
- Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma-2
- Bim, Bcl-2-interacting mediator
- CCD, charge-coupled device
- Caspase, cysteine aspartase
- Degradation motif
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- EIF2, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2
- EYFP, enhanced yellow fluorescent protein
- GCN2, general control nonrepressed 2
- GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3β
- HECT, homologous to E6-AP carboxylterminus
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- MEM, minimum essential medium
- Mcl-1
- Mcl-1, myeloid cell leukaemia sequence 1
- Mule, Mcl-1 ubiquitin ligase E3
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PERK, PKR-like ER kinase
- PEST domain
- SDS–PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- TM domain, transmembrane domain
- UV, ultraviolet light
- h, hour
- kD, kilodaltons
- pDNA, plasmid DNA
- β-TrCP, β-transducin repeat-containing protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xiao
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong ; Shenzhen Middle School, 18 Shenzhong Street, North Renmin Road, Luohu District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, P.R. China, 518025
| | - Pengxuan Chen
- Shenzhen Middle School, 18 Shenzhong Street, North Renmin Road, Luohu District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, P.R. China, 518025
| | - Donald Choy Chang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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