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Moon J, Jung Y, Moon S, Hwang J, Kim S, Kim MS, Yoon JH, Kim K, Park Y, Cho JY, Kweon DH. Production and characterization of lentivirus vector-based SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses with dual reporters: Evaluation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 viral effect of Korean Red Ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:123-32. [PMID: 35855181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudotyped virus systems that incorporate viral proteins have been widely employed for the rapid determination of the effectiveness and neutralizing activity of drug and vaccine candidates in biosafety level 2 facilities. We report an efficient method for producing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pseudovirus with dual luciferase and fluorescent protein reporters. Moreover, using the established method, we also aimed to investigate whether Korean Red Ginseng (KRG), a valuable Korean herbal medicine, can attenuate infectivity of the pseudotyped virus. Methods A pseudovirus of SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-2pv) was constructed and efficiently produced using lentivirus vector systems available in the public domain by the introduction of critical mutations in the cytoplasmic tail of the spike protein. KRG extract was dose-dependently treated to Calu-3 cells during SARS2-pv treatment to evaluate the protective activity against SARS-CoV-2. Results The use of Calu-3 cells or the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in HEK293T cells enabled SARS-2pv infection of host cells. Coexpression of transmembrane protease serine subtype 2 (TMPRSS2), which is the activator of spike protein, with ACE2 dramatically elevated luciferase activity, confirming the importance of the TMPRSS2-mediated pathway during SARS-CoV-2 entry. Our pseudovirus assay also revealed that KRG elicited resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infection in lung cells, suggesting its beneficial health effect. Conclusion The method demonstrated the production of SARS-2pv for the analysis of vaccine or drug candidates. When KRG was assessed by the method, it protected host cells from coronavirus infection. Further studies will be followed for demonstrating this potential benefit.
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Sekiya A, Takasawa K, Arai Y, Horike S, Akutsu H, Umezawa A, Nishino K. Variation of DNA methylation on the IRX1/2 genes is responsible for the neural differentiation propensity in human induced pluripotent stem cells. Regen Ther 2022; 21:620-630. [PMID: 36514370 PMCID: PMC9719094 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are useful tools for reproducing neural development in vitro. However, each hiPSC line has a different ability to differentiate into specific lineages, known as differentiation propensity, resulting in reduced reproducibility and increased time and funding requirements for research. To overcome this issue, we searched for predictive signatures of neural differentiation propensity of hiPSCs focusing on DNA methylation, which is the main modulator of cellular properties. Methods We obtained 32 hiPSC lines and their comprehensive DNA methylation data using the Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip. To assess the neural differentiation efficiency of these hiPSCs, we measured the percentage of neural stem cells on day 7 of induction. Using the DNA methylation data of undifferentiated hiPSCs and their measured differentiation efficiency into neural stem cells as the set of data, and HSIC Lasso, a machine learning-based nonlinear feature selection method, we attempted to identify neural differentiation-associated differentially methylated sites. Results Epigenome-wide unsupervised clustering cannot distinguish hiPSCs with varying differentiation efficiencies. In contrast, HSIC Lasso identified 62 CpG sites that could explain the neural differentiation efficiency of hiPSCs. Features selected by HSIC Lasso were particularly enriched within 3 Mbp of chromosome 5, harboring IRX1, IRX2, and C5orf38 genes. Within this region, DNA methylation rates were correlated with neural differentiation efficiency and were negatively correlated with gene expression of the IRX1/2 genes, particularly in female hiPSCs. In addition, forced expression of the IRX1/2 impaired the neural differentiation ability of hiPSCs in both sexes. Conclusion We for the first time showed that the DNA methylation state of the IRX1/2 genes of hiPSCs is a predictive biomarker of their potential for neural differentiation. The predictive markers for neural differentiation efficiency identified in this study may be useful for the selection of suitable undifferentiated hiPSCs prior to differentiation induction.
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Alshebib YA, Hori T, Kashiwagi T. HOP protein expression in the hippocampal dentate gyrus is acutely downregulated in a status epilepticus mouse model. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 11:183-193. [PMID: 34766103 PMCID: PMC8569711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency, and delayed management can lead to higher morbidity and mortality. It is thought that prolonged seizures stimulate stem cells in the hippocampus and that epileptogenesis may arise from aberrant connections formed by newly born cells, while others have suggested that the acute neuroinflammation and gliosis often seen in epileptic hippocampi contribute to hyperexcitability and epilepsy development. Previous studies have identified the expression of homeodomain-only protein (HOP) in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (HDG) and the heart. HOP was found to be a regulator of cell proliferation and differentiation during heart development, while it maintains the 'heart conduction system' in adulthood. However, little is known about HOP function in the adult HDG, particularly in the SE setting. Here, a HOP immunohistochemical profile in an SE mouse model was established. A total of 24 adult mice were analyzed 3-10 days following the SE episode, the 'acute phase'. Our findings demonstrate a significant downregulation of HOP and BLBP protein expression in the SE group following SE episodes, while HOP/Ki67 coexpression did not remarkably differ. Furthermore, coexpression of HOP/S100β and HOP/Prox1 was not observed, although we noticed insignificant HOP/DCX coexpression level. The findings of this study show no compelling evidence of proliferation, and newly added neurons were not identified during the acute phase following SE, although HOP protein expression was significantly decreased in the HDG. Similar to its counterpart in the adult heart, this suggests that HOP seems to play a key role in regulating signal conduction in adult hippocampus. Moreover, acute changes in HOP expression following SE could be part of an inflammatory response that could subsequently influence epileptogenicity.
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Key Words
- BLBP, Brain lipid-binding protein
- BrdU, 5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine
- Ctrl, control tissue
- DCX, Doublecortin
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- Epileptogenicity
- GCL, granule cell layer
- GFAP, Glial fibrillary acidic protein
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HDG, Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus
- HF, Hippocampus Formation
- HOP
- HOP, Homeodomain Only Protein
- Hippocampal Formation
- Homeodomain-Only Protein
- IHC, Immunohistochemistry
- NSC, Neural stem cells
- Neurocardiology
- Prox1, Prospero Homeobox 1
- RGL cell, Radial glia-like cell
- S100β, S100 calcium-binding protein B
- SE, Status Epilepticus
- SGZ, subgranular zone
- SVZ, subventricular zone
- Seizure-induced neuroinflammation
- Status Epileptics
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Affiliation(s)
- YA Alshebib
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Neurological Center Hospital, Tokyo 134-0088, Japan
| | - Tomokatsu Hori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Neurological Center Hospital, Tokyo 134-0088, Japan
| | - Taichi Kashiwagi
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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Pletneva NV, Maksimov EG, Protasova EA, Mamontova AV, Simonyan TR, Ziganshin RH, Lukyanov KA, Muslinkina L, Pletnev S, Bogdanov AM, Pletnev VZ. Amino acid residue at the 165th position tunes EYFP chromophore maturation. A structure-based design. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:2950-2959. [PMID: 34136094 PMCID: PMC8163865 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For the whole GFP family, a few cases, when a single mutation in the chromophore environment strongly inhibits maturation, were described. Here we study EYFP-F165G - a variant of the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein - obtained by a single F165G replacement, and demonstrated multiple fluorescent states represented by the minor emission peaks in blue and yellow ranges (~470 and ~530 nm), and the major peak at ~330 nm. The latter has been assigned to tryptophan fluorescence, quenched due to excitation energy transfer to the mature chromophore in the parental EYFP protein. EYFP-F165G crystal structure revealed two general independent routes of post-translational chemistry, resulting in two main states of the polypeptide chain with the intact chromophore forming triad (~85%) and mature chromophore (~15%). Our experiments thus highlighted important stereochemical role of the 165th position strongly affecting spectral characteristics of the protein. On the basis of the determined EYFP-F165G three-dimensional structure, new variants with ~ 2-fold improved brightness were engineered.
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Key Words
- Ala (A), alanine
- Arg (R), arginine
- Asn (R), asparagine
- Chromophore maturation
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- EC, extinction coefficient
- EET, excitation energy transfer
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- ESET, excited-state electron transfer
- EYFP
- EYFP, enhanced yellow fluorescent protein
- Excitation energy transfer
- FLIM, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy
- FP, fluorescent protein
- FQY, fluorescence quantum yield
- FRET, Förster resonance energy transfer
- FTIR, Fourier-transform infrared (spectroscopy
- Femtosecond spectroscopy
- Fluorescent proteins
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GYG, glycine-tyrosine-glycine
- Gln (Q), glutamine
- Glu (E), glutamic acid
- Gly (G), glycine
- His (H), histidine
- IVA-cloning, in vivo assembly cloning
- Leu (L), leucine
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- Phe (F), phenylalanine
- REACh, resonance energy-accepting chromoprotein
- Ser (S), serine
- Structure-guided mutagenesis
- Trp (W), tryptophan
- Tryptophan fluorescence
- Tyr (Y), tyrosine
- Val (V), valine
- X-ray structure
- avGFP, Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein
- sfGFP, superfolder GFP
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya V. Pletneva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Eugene G. Maksimov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A. Protasova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V. Mamontova
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Tatiana R. Simonyan
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Rustam H. Ziganshin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Konstantin A. Lukyanov
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Liya Muslinkina
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sergei Pletnev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexey M. Bogdanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia,Corresponding authors at: Depatment of biophotonics (both), Laboratory of genetically encoded molecular tools ( A.M.B.), Laboratory of of X-ray study ( V.Z.P.).
| | - Vladimir Z. Pletnev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia,Corresponding authors at: Depatment of biophotonics (both), Laboratory of genetically encoded molecular tools ( A.M.B.), Laboratory of of X-ray study ( V.Z.P.).
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Fujii-Tezuka R, Ishige-Wada M, Nagoshi N, Okano H, Mugishima H, Takahashi S, Morioka I, Matsumoto T. Umbilical artery tissue contains p75 neurotrophin receptor-positive pericyte-like cells that possess neurosphere formation capacity and neurogenic differentiation potential. Regen Ther 2021; 16:1-11. [PMID: 33426237 PMCID: PMC7773767 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is known as an efficient marker for the prospective isolation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and neural crest-derived stem cells (NCSCs). To date, there is quite limited information concerning p75NTR-expressing cells in umbilical cord (UC), although UC is known as a rich source of MSCs. We show for the first time the localization, phenotype, and functional properties of p75NTR+ cells in UC. METHODS Human UC tissue sections were subjected to immunohistochemistry for MSC markers including p75NTR. Enzymatically isolated umbilical artery (UA) cells containing p75NTR+ cells were assessed for immunophenotype, clonogenic capacity, and differentiation potential. To identify the presence of neural crest-derived cells in the UA, P0-Cre/Floxed-EGFP reporter mouse embryos were used, and immunohistochemical analysis of UC tissue was performed. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that p75NTR+ cells were specifically localized to the subendothelial area of the UA and umbilical vein. The p75NTR+ cells co-expressed PDGFRβ, CD90, CD146, and NG2, phenotypic markers of MSCs and pericytes. Isolated UA cells possessed the potential to form neurospheres that further differentiated into neuronal and glial cell lineages. Genetic lineage tracing analysis showed that EGFP+ neural crest-derived cells were detected in the subendothelial area of UA with p75NTR immunoreactivity. CONCLUSIONS These results show that UA tissue harbors p75NTR+ pericyte-like cells in the subendothelial area that have the capacity to form neurospheres and the potential for neurogenic differentiation. The lineage tracing data suggests the p75NTR+ cells are putatively derived from the neural crest.
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Key Words
- ASMA, α-smooth muscle actin
- BDNF, bone-derived neurotrophic factor
- CFU-F, colony-forming unit fibroblast
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamino-2-phenylindole
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- EdU, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FGF-2, fibroblast growth factor-2
- FSK, forskolin
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- MAP2, microtubule-associated protein 2
- MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells
- Mesenchymal stem cells
- NCSCs, neural crest-derived stem cells
- NF200, neurofilament 200
- NG2, neuron-glial antigen 2
- Neural crest stem cells
- Neurosphere
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- RA, all-trans-retinoic acid
- TBS, Tris-buffered saline
- UA, umbilical artery
- UC, umbilical cord
- UV, umbilical vein
- Umbilical cord
- WJ, Wharton's jelly
- p75 neurotrophin receptor
- p75NTR, p75 neurotrophin receptor
- vWF, von Willebrand factor
- α-MEM, alpha-modified minimum essential medium
- βME, β-mercaptoethanol
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Fujii-Tezuka
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Ishige-Wada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Narihito Nagoshi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Mugishima
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Kawagoe Preventive Medical Center Clinic, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Shori Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Itabashi Chuo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Morioka
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Matsumoto
- Department of Functional Morphology, Division of Cell Regeneration and Transplantation, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Maruelli S, Besio R, Rousseau J, Garibaldi N, Amiaud J, Brulin B, Layrolle P, Escriou V, Rossi A, Trichet V, Forlino A. Osteoblasts mineralization and collagen matrix are conserved upon specific Col1a2 silencing. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 6-7:100028. [PMID: 33543025 PMCID: PMC7852305 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is an inherited rare brittle bone disease caused by dominant mutations in the COL1A1 or COL1A2 genes, encoding for the α chains of collagen type I. The definitive cure for the disease will require a gene therapy approach, aimed to correct or suppress the mutant allele. Interestingly, individuals lacking α2(I) chain and synthetizing collagen α1(I)3 homotrimers do not show bone phenotype, making appealing a bone specific COL1A2 silencing approach for OI therapy. To this aim, three different Col1a2-silencing RNAs (siRNAs), −3554, −3825 and −4125, selected at the 3′-end of the murine Col1a2 transcript were tested in vitro and in vivo. In murine embryonic fibroblasts Col1a2-siRNA-3554 was able to efficiently and specifically target the Col1a2 mRNA and to strongly reduce α2(I) chain expression. Its efficiency and specificity were also demonstrated in primary murine osteoblasts, whose mineralization was preserved. The efficiency of Col1a2-siRNA-3554 was proved also in vivo. Biphasic calcium phosphate implants loaded with murine mesenchymal stem cells were intramuscularly transplanted in nude mice and injected with Col1a2-siRNA-3554 three times a week for three weeks. Collagen α2 silencing was demonstrated both at mRNA and protein level and Masson's Trichrome staining confirmed the presence of newly formed collagen matrix. Our data pave the way for further investigation of Col1a2 silencing and siRNA delivery to the bone tissue as a possible strategy for OI therapy. Identification of a specific and efficient Col1a2 siRNA Silencing of Col1a2 allows osteoblasts mineralization. Col1a2 silencing is not impairing matrix deposition in vivo.
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Key Words
- BCP, biphasic calcium phosphate
- Collagen
- D-MEM, Dulbecco-modified Eagle's medium
- EDS, Ehlers Danlos syndrome
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Gene therapy
- MEF, murine embryonic fibroblast
- MSC, mesenchymal stem cell
- NMD, nonsense mediated RNA decay
- OI, osteogenesis imperfecta
- Osteogenesis imperfecta
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- RNAi, RNA interference
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulphate
- Silencing
- TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
- shRNA, short hairpin RNA
- siRNA
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Maruelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberta Besio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Julie Rousseau
- INSERM, Université de Nantes, UMR1238, Phy-Os, Bone sarcomas and remodeling of calcified tissues, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Nadia Garibaldi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jérôme Amiaud
- INSERM, Université de Nantes, UMR1238, Phy-Os, Bone sarcomas and remodeling of calcified tissues, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Bénédicte Brulin
- INSERM, Université de Nantes, UMR1238, Phy-Os, Bone sarcomas and remodeling of calcified tissues, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Layrolle
- INSERM, Université de Nantes, UMR1238, Phy-Os, Bone sarcomas and remodeling of calcified tissues, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valerie Trichet
- INSERM, Université de Nantes, UMR1238, Phy-Os, Bone sarcomas and remodeling of calcified tissues, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Antonella Forlino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Zitzmann J, Schreiber C, Eichmann J, Bilz RO, Salzig D, Weidner T, Czermak P. Single-cell cloning enables the selection of more productive Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells for recombinant protein expression. Biotechnol Rep (Amst) 2018; 19:e00272. [PMID: 29998071 PMCID: PMC6037645 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2018.e00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The generation of monoclonal cell lines is an important early process development step for recombinant protein production. Although single-cell cloning is an established method in mammalian cell lines, straightforward protocols are not yet available for insect cells. We describe a new method for the generation of monoclonal insect cells without using fetal bovine serum and/or feeder cells pretreated by irradiation or exposure to mitomycin. Highly productive clones of Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells were prepared in a two-step procedure, comprising the establishment of a polyclonal population and subsequent single cell isolation by limiting dilution. Necessary growth factors were provided by co-cultivation of single transformants with untransfected feeder cells, which were later removed by antibiotic selection. Enhanced expression of EGFP and two target peptides was confirmed by flow cytometry and dot/western blotting. Highly productive clones were stable, showed a uniform expression profile and typically a sixfold to tenfold increase in cell-specific productivity.
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Key Words
- AMP, antimicrobial peptide/protein
- BR021, Harmonia axyridis antimicrobial peptide BR021
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- D. melanogaster S2 cells
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- FACS, fluorescence activated cell sorting
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GMP, good manufacturing practice
- GmGlv, Galleria mellonella antimicrobial peptide Gloverin
- Insect cell culture
- Monoclonal cell line
- OD600, optical density at 600nm
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- RMCE, recombinase mediated cassette exchange
- Recombinant protein expression
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SFM, serum free medium
- Sf9, clonal isolate of Spodoptera frugiperda Sf21 cells
- Single-cell cloning
- Stably transformed
- rS2, recombinant Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zitzmann
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christine Schreiber
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joel Eichmann
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Roberto Otmar Bilz
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan KS, USA
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Project group Bioresources, Giessen, Germany
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Xu H, Li J, Chen H, Ghishan FK. NHE8 Deficiency Promotes Colitis-Associated Cancer in Mice via Expansion of Lgr5-Expressing Cells. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:19-31. [PMID: 30465020 PMCID: PMC6240644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Lgr5 overexpression has been detected in colorectal cancers (CRCs), including some cases of colitis-associated CRCs. In colitis-associated CRCs, chronic inflammation is a contributing factor in carcinogenesis. We recently reported that intestinal Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 8 (NHE8) plays an important role in intestinal mucosal protection and that loss of NHE8 expression results in an ulcerative colitis-like condition. Therefore, we hypothesized that NHE8 may be involved in the development of intestinal tumors. METHODS We assessed NHE8 expression in human CRCs by immunohistochemistry and studied tumor burden in NHE8 knockout (KO) mice using an azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate colon cancer model. We also evaluated cell proliferation in HT29NHE8KO cells and assessed tumor growth in NOD scid gamma (NSG) mice xenografted with HT29NHE8KO cells. To verify if a relationship exists between Lgr5 and NHE8 expression, we analyzed Lgr5 expression in NHE8KO mice by polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. Lgr5 expression and cell proliferation in the absence of NHE8 were confirmed in colonic organoid cultures. The expression of β-catenin and c-Myc also were analyzed to evaluate Wnt/β-catenin activation. RESULTS NHE8 was undetectable in human CRC tissues. Although only 9% of NHE8 wild-type mice showed tumorigenesis in the azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate colon cancer model, almost 10 times more NHE8KO mice (89%) developed tumors. In the absence of NHE8, a higher colony formation unit was discovered in HT29NHE8KO cells. In NSG mice, larger tumors developed at the site where HT29NHE8KO cells were injected compared with HT29NHE8 wild type cells. Furthermore, NHE8 deficiency resulted in increased Lgr5 expression in the colon, in HT29-derived tumors, and in colonoids. The absence of NHE8 also increased Wnt/β-catenin activation. CONCLUSIONS NHE8 might be an intrinsic factor that regulates Wnt/β-catenin in the intestine.
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Key Words
- AOM, azoxymethane
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- CRISPR/Cas9, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9
- Colorectal Tumor
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
- DSS, dextran sodium sulfate
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- EdU, 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorter
- KO, knockout
- Lgr5
- NHE, Na+/H+ exchanger
- NHE8
- NSG, NOD scid gamma
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- WT, wild type
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Fayez K. Ghishan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Fayez K. Ghishan, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85724. fax: (520) 626-4141.
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Mosa MH, Nicolle O, Maschalidi S, Sepulveda FE, Bidaud-Meynard A, Menche C, Michels BE, Michaux G, de Saint Basile G, Farin HF. Dynamic Formation of Microvillus Inclusions During Enterocyte Differentiation in Munc18-2-Deficient Intestinal Organoids. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:477-493.e1. [PMID: 30364784 PMCID: PMC6198061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is a congenital intestinal malabsorption disorder caused by defective apical vesicular transport. Existing cellular models do not fully recapitulate this heterogeneous pathology. The aim of this study was to characterize 3-dimensional intestinal organoids that continuously generate polarized absorptive cells as an accessible and relevant model to investigate MVID. METHODS Intestinal organoids from Munc18-2/Stxbp2-null mice that are deficient for apical vesicular transport were subjected to enterocyte-specific differentiation protocols. Lentiviral rescue experiments were performed using human MUNC18-2 variants. Apical trafficking and microvillus formation were characterized by confocal and transmission electron microscopy. Spinning disc time-lapse microscopy was used to document the lifecycle of microvillus inclusions. RESULTS Loss of Munc18-2/Stxbp2 recapitulated the pathologic features observed in patients with MUNC18-2 deficiency. The defects were fully restored by transgenic wild-type human MUNC18-2 protein, but not the patient variant (P477L). Importantly, we discovered that the MVID phenotype was correlated with the degree of enterocyte differentiation: secretory vesicles accumulated already in crypt progenitors, while differentiated enterocytes showed an apical tubulovesicular network and enlarged lysosomes. Upon prolonged enterocyte differentiation, cytoplasmic F-actin-positive foci were observed that further progressed into classic microvillus inclusions. Time-lapse microscopy showed their dynamic formation by intracellular maturation or invagination of the apical or basolateral plasma membrane. CONCLUSIONS We show that prolonged enterocyte-specific differentiation is required to recapitulate the entire spectrum of MVID. Primary organoids can provide a powerful model for this heterogeneous pathology. Formation of microvillus inclusions from multiple membrane sources showed an unexpected dynamic of the enterocyte brush border.
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- Apical Vesicular Transport
- Brush Border Formation
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- Disease Modeling
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- FHL5, familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 5
- IWP-2, inhibitor of WNT production-2
- KO, knock-out
- MVID, microvillus inclusion disease
- MVIs, microvillus inclusions
- Microvillus Atrophy
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- STXBP2, syntaxin binding protein 2
- Stx3, syntaxin 3
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- VPA, valproic acid
- WT, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed H. Mosa
- German Cancer Consortium (Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung), Heidelberg, Germany,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ophélie Nicolle
- University Rennes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes UMR6290, Rennes, France
| | - Sophia Maschalidi
- INSERM UMR1163, Laboratory of Normal and Pathological Homeostasis of the Immune System, Paris, France,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Fernando E. Sepulveda
- INSERM UMR1163, Laboratory of Normal and Pathological Homeostasis of the Immune System, Paris, France,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Aurelien Bidaud-Meynard
- University Rennes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes UMR6290, Rennes, France
| | - Constantin Menche
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Birgitta E. Michels
- German Cancer Consortium (Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung), Heidelberg, Germany,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), Heidelberg, Germany,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Grégoire Michaux
- University Rennes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes UMR6290, Rennes, France,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Grégoire Michaux, PhD, University Rennes, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France.
| | - Geneviève de Saint Basile
- INSERM UMR1163, Laboratory of Normal and Pathological Homeostasis of the Immune System, Paris, France,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France,Centre d’Etudes des Déficites Immunitaires, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France,Geneviève de Saint Basile, MD, PhD, INSERM, Paris, France.
| | - Henner F. Farin
- German Cancer Consortium (Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung), Heidelberg, Germany,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), Heidelberg, Germany,Henner F. Farin, PhD, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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10
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Tran THY, Fukuda A, Aizawa S, Bui PL, Hayashi Y, Nishimura K, Hisatake K. Live cell imaging of X chromosome reactivation during somatic cell reprogramming. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 15:86-92. [PMID: 30094351 PMCID: PMC6073053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with naive pluripotency is important for their applications in regenerative medicine. In female iPSCs, acquisition of naive pluripotency is coupled to X chromosome reactivation (XCR) during somatic cell reprogramming, and live cell monitoring of XCR is potentially useful for analyzing how iPSCs acquire naive pluripotency. Here we generated female mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that carry the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and humanized Kusabira-Orange (hKO) genes inserted into an intergenic site near either the Syap1 or Taf1 gene on both X chromosomes. The ESC clones, which initially expressed both EGFP and hKO, inactivated one of the fluorescent protein genes upon differentiation, indicating that the EGFP and hKO genes are subject to X chromosome inactivation (XCI). When the derived somatic cells carrying the EGFP gene on the inactive X chromosome (Xi) were reprogrammed into iPSCs, the EGFP gene on the Xi was reactivated when pluripotency marker genes were induced. Thus, the fluorescent protein genes inserted into an intergenic locus on both X chromosomes enable live cell monitoring of XCI during ESC differentiation and XCR during reprogramming. This is the first study that succeeded live cell imaging of XCR during reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hai Yen Tran
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Aya Fukuda
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shiho Aizawa
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Phuong Linh Bui
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yohei Hayashi
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,iPS Cell Advanced Characterization and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Ken Nishimura
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Koji Hisatake
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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Zwarycz B, Gracz AD, Rivera KR, Williamson IA, Samsa LA, Starmer J, Daniele MA, Salter-Cid L, Zhao Q, Magness ST. IL22 Inhibits Epithelial Stem Cell Expansion in an Ileal Organoid Model. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:1-17. [PMID: 30364840 PMCID: PMC6199238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background & Aims Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that affects the ileum and is associated with increased cytokines. Although interleukin (IL)6, IL17, IL21, and IL22 are increased in Crohn's disease and are associated with disrupted epithelial regeneration, little is known about their effects on the intestinal stem cells (ISCs) that mediate tissue repair. We hypothesized that ILs may target ISCs and reduce ISC-driven epithelial renewal. Methods A screen of IL6, IL17, IL21, or IL22 was performed on ileal mouse organoids. Computational modeling was used to predict microenvironment cytokine concentrations. Organoid size, survival, proliferation, and differentiation were characterized by morphometrics, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunostaining on whole organoids or isolated ISCs. ISC function was assayed using serial passaging to single cells followed by organoid quantification. Single-cell RNA sequencing was used to assess Il22ra1 expression patterns in ISCs and transit-amplifying (TA) progenitors. An IL22-transgenic mouse was used to confirm the impact of increased IL22 on proliferative cells in vivo. Results High IL22 levels caused decreased ileal organoid survival, however, resistant organoids grew larger and showed increased proliferation over controls. Il22ra1 was expressed on only a subset of ISCs and TA progenitors. IL22-treated ISCs did not show appreciable differentiation defects, but ISC biomarker expression and self-renewal-associated pathway activity was reduced and accompanied by an inhibition of ISC expansion. In vivo, chronically increased IL22 levels, similar to predicted microenvironment levels, showed increases in proliferative cells in the TA zone with no increase in ISCs. Conclusions Increased IL22 limits ISC expansion in favor of increased TA progenitor cell expansion.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorter
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IL, interleukin
- IL22RA1, IL22 receptor A1
- IL22TG, IL22 transgenic
- ILC, innate lymphoid cell
- ILC3, IL22-secreting lymphocyte
- ISC, intestinal stem cell
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Interleukin-22
- Intestinal Stem Cells
- OFE, organoid forming efficiency
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TA, transit-amplifying
- TBS, Tris-buffered saline
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Zwarycz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Adam D Gracz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kristina R Rivera
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ian A Williamson
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Leigh A Samsa
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Josh Starmer
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael A Daniele
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Scott T Magness
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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12
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Zhang J, Wang C, Lu M, Xing H, Yang T, Cai C, Zhao X, Wei M, Yu J, Ding P. Intracellular distribution and internalization pathways of guanidinylated bioresponsive poly(amido amine)s in gene delivery. Asian J Pharm Sci 2018; 13:360-372. [PMID: 32104410 PMCID: PMC7032094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanidinylated bioresponsive poly(amido amine)s polymers, CAR-CBA and CHL-CBA, were synthesized by Michael-type addition reaction between guanidine hydrochloride (CAR) or chlorhexidine (CHL) and N,N'-cystaminebisacrylamide (CBA). Previous studies have shown that both polymers had high transfection efficiencies as gene delivery carriers. In this study, we investigated the nucleolus localization abilities and cellular internalization pathways of these two polymers in gene delivery. Each polymer condensed plasmid DNA (pDNA) and formed nanoparticle complexes, and then their transfection studies were performed in MCF-7 cells. Both complexes were found enriched in nucleolus after cellular transfection, and their transfection efficiencies were significantly improved when transfection was performed on MCF-7 cells arrested at M phase. The transfection efficiency of CAR-CBA-pDNA was inhibited by chlorpromazine, and cell endosomes were disrupted after being exposed to CAR-CBA-pDNA. In regards to CHL-CBA-pDNA, its transfection efficiency was not affected by three types of endocytosis inhibitors used in the study, and CHL-CBA-pDNA showed no effect on endosomes. Cellular lactate dehydrogenase release and membrane morphology were changed after cells were transfected by the two complexes. The results indicated that both CAR-CBA and CHL-CBA polymers demonstrated good nucleolus localization abilities. It was beneficial for transfection when cells were arrested at M phase. CAR-CBA-pDNA cellular internalization was involved with clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway, and escaping from endosomal entrapment, while the cellular uptake of CHL-CBA-pDNA occurs via clathrin- and caveolae-independent mechanism.
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Key Words
- AFM, atomic force microscopy
- CAR, guanidine hydrochloride
- CBA, N,N’-cystaminebisacrylamide
- CHL, chlorhexidine
- CPPs, cell- penetrating peptides
- Cell cycle status
- DAPI, 2-(4-Amidinophenyl)-6-indolecarbamidine dihydrochloride
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modification of Eagle's medium
- DiI, 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- Gua-SS-PAAs, guanidinylated disulfide containing poly(amido amine) polymers
- Guanidinylated poly(amido amine)s polymers
- Internalization pathways
- LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- NOR, nucleolar organizing region
- Nucleolus localization
- OD, optical density
- PAAs, poly(amido, amine)s
- SS-PAAs, disulfide containing poly(amido, amine)
- pDNA, plasmid DNA
- rRNA, ribosomal RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Chunxi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Mei Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Haonan Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Husson University, Bangor, ME, 04401, USA
| | - Cuifang Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, School of life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Minjie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Jiankun Yu
- Department of Ion Channel Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Pingtian Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
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13
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Williamson IA, Arnold JW, Samsa LA, Gaynor L, DiSalvo M, Cocchiaro JL, Carroll I, Azcarate-Peril MA, Rawls JF, Allbritton NL, Magness ST. A High-Throughput Organoid Microinjection Platform to Study Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Luminal Physiology. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:301-319. [PMID: 30123820 PMCID: PMC6092482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background & Aims The human gut microbiota is becoming increasingly recognized as a key factor in homeostasis and disease. The lack of physiologically relevant in vitro models to investigate host-microbe interactions is considered a substantial bottleneck for microbiota research. Organoids represent an attractive model system because they are derived from primary tissues and embody key properties of the native gut lumen; however, access to the organoid lumen for experimental perturbation is challenging. Here, we report the development and validation of a high-throughput organoid microinjection system for cargo delivery to the organoid lumen and high-content sampling. Methods A microinjection platform was engineered using off-the-shelf and 3-dimensional printed components. Microinjection needles were modified for vertical trajectories and reproducible injection volumes. Computer vision (CVis) and microfabricated CellRaft Arrays (Cell Microsystems, Research Triangle Park, NC) were used to increase throughput and enable high-content sampling of mock bacterial communities. Modeling preformed using the COMSOL Multiphysics platform predicted a hypoxic luminal environment that was functionally validated by transplantation of fecal-derived microbial communities and monocultures of a nonsporulating anaerobe. Results CVis identified and logged locations of organoids suitable for injection. Reproducible loads of 0.2 nL could be microinjected into the organoid lumen at approximately 90 organoids/h. CVis analyzed and confirmed retention of injected cargos in approximately 500 organoids over 18 hours and showed the requirement to normalize for organoid growth for accurate assessment of barrier function. CVis analyzed growth dynamics of a mock community of green fluorescent protein- or Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein-expressing bacteria, which grew within the organoid lumen even in the presence of antibiotics to control media contamination. Complex microbiota communities from fecal samples survived and grew in the colonoid lumen without appreciable changes in complexity. Conclusions High-throughput microinjection into organoids represents a next-generation in vitro approach to investigate gastrointestinal luminal physiology and the gastrointestinal microbiota.
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Key Words
- 2D, 2-dimensional
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- Anaerobic
- Barrier Function
- CAG, chicken beta-actin promoter with CMV enhancer
- CFU, colony-forming unit
- CRA, CellRaft Array
- CVis, computer vision
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- Fecal Microbiota
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GI, gastrointestinal
- HF, hydrogen fluoride
- High-Content Sampling
- High-Throughput
- Microinjection
- OUT, operational taxonomic unit
- Organoid
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- QIIME, Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology
- WT, wild-type
- hiPS, Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell
- rRNA, ribosomal RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. Williamson
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jason W. Arnold
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Leigh Ann Samsa
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Liam Gaynor
- Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew DiSalvo
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jordan L. Cocchiaro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ian Carroll
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - M. Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - John F. Rawls
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott T. Magness
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Ye W, Takabayashi H, Yang Y, Mao M, Hibdon ES, Samuelson LC, Eaton KA, Todisco A. Regulation of Gastric Lgr5+ve Cell Homeostasis by Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) Signaling and Inflammatory Stimuli. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:523-538. [PMID: 29930977 PMCID: PMC6009760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gastric Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) cells exert important functions during injury and homeostasis. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling regulates gastric inflammation and epithelial homeostasis. We investigated if BMP signaling controls the fate of Lgr5+ve cells during inflammation. METHODS The H+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase β-subunit promoter was used to express the BMP inhibitor noggin (Nog) in the stomach (H+/K+-Nog mice). Inhibition of BMP signaling in Lgr5 cells was achieved by crossing Lgr5-EGFP-ires-CreERT2 (Lgr5-Cre) mice to mice with floxed alleles of BMP receptor 1A (Lgr5-Cre;Bmpr1aflox/flox mice). Lgr5/GFP+ve cells were isolated using flow cytometry. Lineage tracing studies were conducted by crossing Lgr5-Cre mice to mice that express Nog and tdTomato (Lgr5-Cre;H+/K+-Nog;Rosa26-tdTom). Infection with Helicobacter felis was used to induce inflammation. Morphology of the mucosa was analyzed by H&E staining. Distribution of H+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase-, IF-, Ki67-, CD44-, CD44v9-, and bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells was analyzed by immunostaining. Expression of neck and pit cell mucins was determined by staining with the lectins Griffonia (Bandeiraea) simplicifolia lectin II and Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1, respectively. Id1, Bmpr1a, Lgr5, c-Myc, and Cd44 messenger RNAs were measured by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Lgr5-Cre;Bmpr1aflox/flox mice showed diminished expression of Bmpr1a in Lgr5/GFP+ve cells. Infection of Lgr5-Cre;Bmpr1aflox/flox mice with H felis led to enhanced inflammation, increased cell proliferation, parietal cell loss, and to the development of metaplasia and dysplasia. Infected Lgr5-Cre;H+/K+-Nog;Rosa26-tdTom mice, but not control mice, showed the presence of tomato+ve glands lining the lesser curvature that stained positively with Griffonia (Bandeiraea) simplicifolia lectin II and Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1, and with anti-IF, -CD44, -CD44v9, and -bromodeoxyuridine antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Inflammation and inhibition of BMP signaling activate Lgr5+ve cells, which give rise to metaplastic, dysplastic, proliferating lineages that express markers of mucus neck and zymogenic cell differentiation.
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Key Words
- ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- Chief Cells
- Differentiation
- Dysplasia
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- ERK, extracellular signal–regulated kinase
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GSII, Griffonia (Bandeiraea) simplicifolia lectin II
- H/K-nog, H/K-noggin
- HBSS, Hank's balanced salt solution
- IF, intrinsic factor
- Metaplasia
- QRT-PCR, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
- SPEM, spasmolytic polypeptide expressing metaplasia
- TFF2, Trefoil factor 2
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ye
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou Chinese Medicine Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hidehiko Takabayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yitian Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou Chinese Medicine Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Maria Mao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Elise S. Hibdon
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Linda C. Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kathryn A. Eaton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrea Todisco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Andrea Todisco, MD, 6520 Medical Science Research Building I, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0682. fax: (734) 763-2535.
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Strubberg AM, Liu J, Walker NM, Stefanski CD, MacLeod RJ, Magness ST, Clarke LL. Cftr Modulates Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling and Stem Cell Proliferation in Murine Intestine. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 5:253-271. [PMID: 29675451 PMCID: PMC5904038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and CF mouse models have increased risk for gastrointestinal tumors. CF mice show augmented intestinal proliferation of unknown etiology and an altered intestinal environment. We examined the role of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (Cftr) in Wnt/β-catenin signaling, stem cell proliferation, and its functional expression in the active intestinal stem cell (ISC) population. Dysregulation of intracellular pH (pHi) in CF ISCs was investigated for facilitation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. METHODS Crypt epithelia from wild-type (WT) and CF mice were compared ex vivo and in intestinal organoids (enteroids) for proliferation and Wnt/β-catenin signaling by standard assays. Cftr in ISCs was assessed by immunoblot of sorted Sox9 enhanced green fluorescent protein(EGFP) intestinal epithelia and pHi regulation by confocal microfluorimetry of leucine-rich G-protein-coupled receptor 5 ISCs. Plasma membrane association of the Wnt transducer Dishevelled 2 (Dvl2) was assessed by fluorescence imaging of live enteroids from WT and CF mice crossed with Dvl2-EGFP/ACTB-tdTomato,-EGFP)Luo/J (RosamT/mG) mice. RESULTS Relative to WT, CF intestinal crypts showed an ∼30% increase in epithelial and Lgr5+ ISC proliferation and increased Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Cftr was expressed in Sox9EGFPLo ISCs and loss of Cftr induced an alkaline pHi in ISCs. CF crypt-base columnar cells showed a generalized increase in plasma membrane Dvl2-EGFP association as compared with WT. Dvl2-EGFP membrane association was charge- and pH-dependent and increased in WT crypt-base columnar cells by Cftr inhibition. CONCLUSIONS CF intestine shows increased ISC proliferation and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Loss of Cftr increases pHi in ISCs, which stabilizes the plasma membrane association of the Wnt transducer Dvl, likely facilitating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Absence of Cftr-dependent suppression of ISC proliferation in the CF intestine may contribute to increased risk for intestinal tumors.
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Key Words
- CBC, crypt-base columnar cell
- CCH, carbachol
- CF, cystic fibrosis
- Cftr, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
- Cystic Fibrosis
- DEP, Dishevelled, Egl-10, and Pleckstrin
- Dishevelled
- Dvl, Dishevelled
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- EdU, 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine
- Fz, Frizzled
- GI, gastrointestinal
- ISC, intestinal stem cell
- Intracellular pH
- KO, knockout
- Lgr5, leucine-rich G-protein–coupled receptor 5
- Neoplasia
- Organoids
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PDZ, Post synaptic density protein, Drosophila disc large tumor suppressor, and Zonula occludens-1 protein
- PH3, phospho-histone H3
- ROI, region of interest
- WT, wild type
- pHi, intracellular pH
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee M. Strubberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Nancy M. Walker
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Casey D. Stefanski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - R. John MacLeod
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott T. Magness
- Department of Medicine, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lane L. Clarke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Lane L. Clarke, DVM, PhD, 324D Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park Drive, Columbia, Missouri 65211-3300. fax: (573) 884–4232.
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Hassanane MS, El Makawy AI, Helalia SM, Abdoon AS, Khalil KM, Ghanem TA, Tohamy AM, Sun XF, Shen W. First study of sperm mediated gene transfer in Egyptian river buffalo. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2017; 15:475-482. [PMID: 30647689 PMCID: PMC6296624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to find the best treatments for enhancing the ration of insertion of a desired gene construct (pEGFP-N1) onto the sperm of buffalo as the first step for the production of transgenic buffalo using sperm mediated gene transfer (SMGT). The tested conditions were plasmid DNA concentration, sperm concentration, transfecting agent concentration: Dimethyle sulphoxide (DMSO) and time of transfection. The study proved that the best conditions for producing transgenic embryos were incubation sperm solution its concentration is 107/ml sperm with 3% DMSO: with 20 µg/ml from the linarized DNA, for 15 min at 4 °C are the best conditions to produce transgenic buffalo embryo using sperm mediated gene transfer.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- Buffalo embryos
- CCC, covalently closed circular
- COCs, Cumulus oocyte complexes
- DMSO
- DMSO, Dimethyle sulphoxide
- EGFP
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- IVF, in vitro fertilization
- MII, second meiotic division
- OD, optical density
- PBS, Phosphate buffer saline
- SMGT
- SMGT, sperm mediated gene transfer
- TCM199, tissue culture medium
- Transgenic
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Hassanane
- Cell Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Aida I. El Makawy
- Cell Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Sahar M. Helalia
- Cell Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S. Abdoon
- Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination Department, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Kamal M.A. Khalil
- Genetics and Cytology Dept., Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | | | - Amany M. Tohamy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Egypt
| | - Xiao-Feng Sun
- Institute of Reproductive Sciences, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Institute of Reproductive Sciences, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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Han W, Sfondouris ME, Jones FE. Direct coupling of the HER4 intracellular domain (4ICD) and STAT5A signaling is required to induce mammary epithelial cell differentiation. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:323-327. [PMID: 28955922 PMCID: PMC5613636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The HER4 receptor tyrosine kinase and STAT5A cooperate to promote mammary luminal progenitor cell maturation and mammary epithelial cell differentiation. Coupled HER4 and STAT5A signaling is mediated, in part, through association of the HER4 intracellular domain (4ICD) with STAT5A at STAT5A target gene promoters where 4ICD functions as a STAT5A transcriptional coactivator. Despite an essential role for coupled 4ICD and STAT5A signaling in mammary gland development, the mechanistic basis of 4ICD and STAT5A cooperative signaling remains unexplored. Here we show for the first time that 4ICD and STAT5A directly interact through STAT5A recruitment and binding to HER4/4ICD residue Y984. Accordingly, altering the 4ICD Y984 to phenylalanine results in a dramatic reduction of STAT5A and 4ICD-Y984F interacting complexes coimmunoprecipitated with HER4 or STAT5A specific antibodies. We further show that disrupting the 4ICD and STAT5A interaction has an important physiological impact on mammary epithelial cell differentiation. HC11 mammary epithelial cells with stable expression of 4ICD undergo differentiation with significantly increased expression of the STAT5A target genes and differentiation markers β-casein and WAP. In contrast, HC11 cells stably expressing 4ICD-Y984F failed to undergo differentiation with basal expression levels of β-casein and WAP. Differentiation in this cell system was induced in the absence of exogenous prolactin indicating that 4ICD activity is sufficient to induce mammary epithelial cell differentiation. Finally, we show that suppression of STAT5A expression abolishes the ability of 4ICD to induce HC11 differentiation and activate β-casein or WAP expression. Taken together our results demonstrate for the first time that direct coupling of 4ICD and STAT5A is both necessary and sufficient to drive mammary epithelial differentiation. In conclusion, our findings that 4ICD and STAT5A directly interact to form a physiologically important transcriptional activation complex, provide a mechanistic basis for the in vivo observations that HER4/4ICD and STAT5A cooperate to promote mammary gland progenitor cell maturation and initiate lactation at parturition. HER4/4ICD tyrosine 984 mediates a direct interaction with STAT5A. 4ICD expression with an intact Y984 is sufficient to induce mammary differentiation. Mammary differentiation is abolished by disrupting the 4ICD and STAT5A interaction. STAT5 expression is required for 4ICD-induced mammary differentiation.
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Key Words
- 4ICD, HER4 intracellular domain
- ATCC, American type culture collection
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor family
- EGFR-family
- ERα, estrogen receptor alpha
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Gene expression
- HEK, human embryonic kidney
- HER4/ERBB4
- HRGα, heregulin alpha
- HRGα1, heregulin beta 1
- Mammary epithelial differentiation
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- RIP, regulated intramembrane cleavage
- RT, reverse transcription
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SH2, src homology 2
- STAT5A
- STAT5A, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A
- TACE, tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme
- Transactivation
- WAP, whey acidic protein
- YAP, yes-associated protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Han
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Mary E Sfondouris
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Frank E Jones
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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Szilvay AM, Sarria SV, Mannelqvist M, Aasland R, Furnes C. Proteolytic activity assayed by subcellular localization switching of a substrate. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 8:23-28. [PMID: 28955937 PMCID: PMC5613695 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An approach to assay proteolytic activity in vivo by altering the subcellular localization of a labelled substrate was demonstrated. The assay included a protein shuttling between different cellular compartments and a site-specific recombinant protease. The shuttle protein used was the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Rev protein tandemly fused to the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and the red fluorescent protein (RFP), while the protease was the site-specific protease VP24 from the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). The fluorescent proteins in the Rev fusion protein were separated by a cleavage site specific for the VP24 protease. When co-expressed in COS-7 cells proteolysis was observed by fluorescence microscopy as a shift from a predominantly cytoplasmic localization of the fusion protein RevEGFP to a nuclear localization while the RFP part of the fusion protein remained in the cytoplasm. The cleavage of the fusion protein by VP24 was confirmed by Western blot analysis. The activity of VP24, when tagged N-terminally by the Myc-epitope, was found to be comparable to VP24. These results demonstrates that the activity and localization of a recombinantly expressed protease can be assessed by protease-mediated cleavage of fusion proteins containing a specific protease cleavage site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Szilvay
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, HIB, Post-box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Monica Mannelqvist
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, HIB, Post-box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, HIB, Post-box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Rein Aasland
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, HIB, Post-box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Clemens Furnes
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, HIB, Post-box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Organelle Research (CORE), University of Stavanger, Norway
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Armstrong MJ, Stang MT, Liu Y, Yan J, Pizzoferrato E, Yim JH. IRF-1 inhibits NF-κB activity, suppresses TRAF2 and cIAP1 and induces breast cancer cell specific growth inhibition. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 16:1029-41. [PMID: 26011589 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1046646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF)-1, originally identified as a transcription factor of the human interferon (IFN)-β gene, mediates tumor suppression and may inhibit oncogenesis. We have shown that IRF-1 in human breast cancer cells results in the down-regulation of survivin, tumor cell death, and the inhibition of tumor growth in vivo in xenogeneic mouse models. In this current report, we initiate studies comparing the effect of IRF-1 in human nonmalignant breast cell and breast cancer cell lines. While IRF-1 in breast cancer cells results in growth inhibition and cell death, profound growth inhibition and cell death are not observed in nonmalignant human breast cells. We show that TNF-α or IFN-γ induces IRF-1 in breast cancer cells and results in enhanced cell death. Abrogation of IRF-1 diminishes TNF-α and IFN-γ-induced apoptosis. We test the hypothesis that IRF-1 augments TNF-α-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Potential signaling networks elicited by IRF-1 are investigated by evaluating the NF-κB pathway. TNF-α and/or IFN-γ results in decreased presence of NF-κB p65 in the nucleus of breast cancer cells. While TNF-α and/or IFN-γ can induce IRF-1 in nonmalignant breast cells, a marked change in NF-κB p65 is not observed. Moreover, the ectopic expression of IRF-1 in breast cancer cells results in caspase-3, -7, -8 cleavage, inhibits NF-κB activity, and suppresses the expression of molecules involved in the NF-κB pathway. These data show that IRF-1 in human breast cancer cells elicits multiple signaling networks including intrinsic and extrinsic cell death and down-regulates molecules involved in the NF-κB pathway.
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Key Words
- Ad, adenovirus
- Cdk, cyclin-dependent kinase
- DISC, death-inducing signaling complex
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium
- DR, death receptor
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- ER, estrogen receptor
- FADD, fas-associated death domain
- FBS, Fetal Bovine Serum
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- FLICE, fas-associated death domain protein interleukin-1 β-converting enzyme
- IAP
- IFN-β, interferon-β
- IFN-γ, interferon-gamma
- IKK, IκB, kinase complex
- IRF-1
- IRF-1, interferon regulatory factor-1
- IκB, Inhibitory kappaB
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- MTT, methylthiazoltetrazolium
- NEMO, NF-κB essential modulator
- NF-κB
- NF-κB, nuclear factor of kappa Beta
- RIP1, receptor interacting protein 1
- SCID, severe combined immunodeficiency
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- Smac/DIABLO, Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/Direct IAP-binding protein with low pI
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TNFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor
- TRADD, TNF receptor associated protein with a death domain
- TRAF2, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2
- TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- XIAP, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein
- apoptosis
- breast cancer
- cFLIP, cellular FLICE inhibitory protein
- cIAP1, c-inhibitor of apoptosis
- p53
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
- tumor suppressor
- β-gal, β-galactosidase
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaele J Armstrong
- a Department of Surgery; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine ; Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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20
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Mziaut H, Mulligan B, Hoboth P, Otto O, Ivanova A, Herbig M, Schumann D, Hildebrandt T, Dehghany J, Sönmez A, Münster C, Meyer-Hermann M, Guck J, Kalaidzidis Y, Solimena M. The F-actin modifier villin regulates insulin granule dynamics and exocytosis downstream of islet cell autoantigen 512. Mol Metab 2016; 5:656-668. [PMID: 27656403 PMCID: PMC5021679 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Insulin release from pancreatic islet β cells should be tightly controlled to avoid hypoglycemia and insulin resistance. The cortical actin cytoskeleton is a gate for regulated exocytosis of insulin secretory granules (SGs) by restricting their mobility and access to the plasma membrane. Prior studies suggest that SGs interact with F-actin through their transmembrane cargo islet cell autoantigen 512 (Ica512) (also known as islet antigen 2/Ptprn). Here we investigated how Ica512 modulates SG trafficking and exocytosis. Methods Transcriptomic changes in Ica512−/− mouse islets were analyzed. Imaging as well as biophysical and biochemical methods were used to validate if and how the Ica512-regulated gene villin modulates insulin secretion in mouse islets and insulinoma cells. Results The F-actin modifier villin was consistently downregulated in Ica512−/− mouse islets and in Ica512-depleted insulinoma cells. Villin was enriched at the cell cortex of β cells and dispersed villin−/− islet cells were less round and less deformable. Basal mobility of SGs in villin-depleted cells was enhanced. Moreover, in cells depleted either of villin or Ica512 F-actin cages restraining cortical SGs were enlarged, basal secretion was increased while glucose-stimulated insulin release was blunted. The latter changes were reverted by overexpressing villin in Ica512-depleted cells, but not vice versa. Conclusion Our findings show that villin controls the size of the F-actin cages restricting SGs and, thus, regulates their dynamics and availability for exocytosis. Evidence that villin acts downstream of Ica512 also indicates that SGs directly influence the remodeling properties of the cortical actin cytoskeleton for tight control of insulin secretion. Ica512-depletion reduces the genetic expression of the F-actin modifier villin. Villin-depletion enhances basal insulin granule mobility and exocytosis. Villin regulates the size of actin cages restraining insulin granules. Villin acts downstream of insulin granule cargo Ica512. The Ica512-villin genetic link enables granules to control cytoskeleton plasticity.
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Key Words
- D, diffusion coefficient
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- F-actin
- Granules
- IPGTT, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test
- IVGTT, intravenous glucose tolerance test
- Ica512
- Ica512, islet cell autoantigen
- Insulin
- OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- RT-DC, real-time deformability cytometry
- SE, standard error
- SG, secretory granules
- Secretion
- TIRFM, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy
- Villin
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mziaut
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Univ. Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Univ. Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), 85674 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernard Mulligan
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Univ. Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Univ. Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), 85674 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Hoboth
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Univ. Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Univ. Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), 85674 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Otto
- Biotechnology Center Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Ivanova
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Univ. Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Univ. Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), 85674 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maik Herbig
- Biotechnology Center Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Desiree Schumann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG. Cardiometabolic Research, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Tobias Hildebrandt
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG. Cardiometabolic Research, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Jaber Dehghany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig Integrated Centre for Systems Biology (BRICS), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anke Sönmez
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Univ. Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Univ. Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), 85674 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Carla Münster
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Univ. Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Univ. Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), 85674 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig Integrated Centre for Systems Biology (BRICS), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yannis Kalaidzidis
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michele Solimena
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Univ. Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Univ. Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), 85674 Neuherberg, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Abstract
Cocaine abuse leads to neuroinflammation, which, in turn, contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration associated with advanced HIV-1 infection. Autophagy plays important roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the possible functional link between cocaine and autophagy has not been explored before. Herein, we demonstrate that cocaine exposure induced autophagy in both BV-2 and primary rat microglial cells as demonstrated by a dose- and time-dependent induction of autophagy-signature proteins such as BECN1/Beclin 1, ATG5, and MAP1LC3B. These findings were validated wherein cocaine treatment of BV-2 cells resulted in increased formation of puncta in cells expressing either endogenous MAP1LC3B or overexpressing GFP-MAP1LC3B. Specificity of cocaine-induced autophagy was confirmed by treating cells with inhibitors of autophagy (3-MA and wortmannin). Intriguingly, cocaine-mediated induction of autophagy involved upstream activation of 2 ER stress pathways (EIF2AK3- and ERN1-dependent), as evidenced by the ability of the ER stress inhibitor salubrinal to ameliorate cocaine-induced autophagy. In vivo validation of these findings demonstrated increased expression of BECN1, ATG5, and MAP1LC3B-II proteins in cocaine-treated mouse brains compared to untreated animals. Increased autophagy contributes to cocaine-mediated activation of microglia since pretreatment of cells with wortmannin resulted in decreased expression and release of inflammatory factors (TNF, IL1B, IL6, and CCL2) in microglial cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that cocaine exposure results in induction of autophagy that is closely linked with neuroinflammation. Targeting autophagic proteins could thus be considered as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cocaine-related neuroinflammation diseases.
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Key Words
- 3-MA, 3-methyladenine
- ATF6, activating transcription factor 6
- ATG5, autophagy-related 5
- BCL2, B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2
- BECN1
- BECN1, Beclin 1, autophagy related
- Baf1, bafilomycin A1
- CCL2, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2
- DAPI: 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride
- DDIT3, DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- EIF2AK3, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-α kinase 3
- EIF2S1, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 1 α, 35kDa
- ER stress
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERN1, endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IL1B, interleukin 1, β
- IL6, interleukin 6
- MAP1LC3B
- MAP1LC3B, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- METH, methamphetamine
- MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
- NFKB1, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1
- PBN, N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone
- PPP1R3A, protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A
- PtdIns3K, class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RPS6, ribosomal protein S6
- TLR4, toll-like receptor 4
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- autophagy
- cocaine
- microglial cells
- neuroinflammation
- rPMCs, rat primary microglial cells
- wort, wortmannin
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Lei Guo
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience; Nebraska Medical Center; University of Nebraska Medical Center ; Omaha , NE , USA
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Liskovykh M, Ponomartsev S, Popova E, Bader M, Kouprina N, Larionov V, Alenina N, Tomilin A. Stable maintenance of de novo assembled human artificial chromosomes in embryonic stem cells and their differentiated progeny in mice. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1268-73. [PMID: 25695642 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1014151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo assembled alphoid(tetO)-type human artificial chromosomes (HACs) represent a novel promising generation of high capacity episomal vectors. Their function and persistence, and any adverse effects, in various cell types in live animals, have not, however, been explored. In this study we transferred the alphoid(tetO)-HAC into mouse ES cells and assessed whether the presence of this extra chromosome affects their pluripotent properties. Alphoid(tetO)-HAC-bearing ES cells were indistinguishable from their wild-type counterparts: they retained self-renewal potential and full capacity for multilineage differentiation during mouse development, whereas the HAC itself was mitotically and transcriptionally stable during this process. Our data provide the first example of fully synthetic DNA behaving like a normal chromosome in cells of living animals. It also opens a new perspective into functional genetic studies in laboratory animals as well as stem cell-based regenerative medicine.
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Key Words
- Bsd, blasticidin
- DAPI, 4′, 6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- ES cells, embryonic stem cells
- FISH, fluorescent in situ hybridization
- HAC, human artificial chromosome
- HAT, hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine
- MMCT, microcell mediated chromosome transfer
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PFA, paraformaldehyde
- dpc, days post coitum
- embryonic stem cells
- gene therapy
- human artificial chromosomes
- iPS cells, induced pluripotent stem cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Liskovykh
- a Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Sciences ; St-Petersburg , Russia
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Burns FR, Lanham KA, Xiong KM, Gooding AJ, Peterson RE, Heideman W. Analysis of the zebrafish sox9b promoter: Identification of elements that recapitulate organ-specific expression of sox9b. Gene 2015; 578:281-9. [PMID: 26721460 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The SRY-related high-mobility box 9 (SOX9) gene is expressed in many different tissues. To better understand the DNA elements that control tissue-specific expression, we cloned and sequenced a 2.5 kb fragment lying 5' to the zebrafish sox9b gene transcriptional start site. Three regions of this clone contained stable secondary structures that hindered cloning, sequencing, and amplification. This segment and smaller fragmentswere inserted 5' of an EGFP reporter and transgenic fish were raised with the different reporters. Reporter expression was also observed in embryos directly injected with the constructs to transiently express the reporter. Heart expression required only a very short 5' sequence, as a 0.6 kb sox9b fragment produced reporter expression in heart in transgenic zebrafish, and transient experiments showed heart expression from a minimal sox9b promoter region containing a conserved TATA box and an EGR2 element (-74/+29 bp). Reporter expression in transgenic skeletal muscle was consistently lower than in other tissues. Jaw, brain, and notochord expression was strong with the full-length clone, but was dramatically reduced as the size of the fragment driving the reporter decreased from approximately 1.8 to 0.9 kb. The 2.5 kb region 5' of the sox9b contained 7 conserved non-coding elements (CNEs) that included putative hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), CAAT box (CCAAT), early growth response protein 2 (EGR2), and core promoter elements. While a synthetic fragment containing all 7 CNEs produced some degree of reporter expression in muscle, jaw, heart and brain, the degree of reporter expression was considerably lower than that produced by the full length clone. These results can account for the tissue-specific expression of sox9b in the developing zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe R Burns
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Kevin A Lanham
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kong M Xiong
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 420 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Immunoassay Research and Development, Beckman Coulter Inc., 1000 Lake Hazeltine Dr., Chaska, MN 55318, USA
| | - Alex J Gooding
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Richard E Peterson
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Warren Heideman
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Daniels SM, Sinck L, Ward NJ, Melendez-Peña CE, Scarborough RJ, Azar I, Rance E, Daher A, Pang KM, Rossi JJ, Gatignol A. HIV-1 RRE RNA acts as an RNA silencing suppressor by competing with TRBP-bound siRNAs. RNA Biol 2015; 12:123-35. [PMID: 25668122 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2015.1014759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several proteins and RNAs expressed by mammalian viruses have been reported to interfere with RNA interference (RNAi) activity. We investigated the ability of the HIV-1-encoded RNA elements Trans-Activation Response (TAR) and Rev-Response Element (RRE) to alter RNAi. MicroRNA let7-based assays showed that RRE is a potent suppressor of RNAi activity, while TAR displayed moderate RNAi suppression. We demonstrate that RRE binds to TAR-RNA Binding Protein (TRBP), an essential component of the RNA Induced Silencing Complex (RISC). The binding of TAR and RRE to TRBP displaces small interfering (si)RNAs from binding to TRBP. Several stem-deleted RRE mutants lost their ability to suppress RNAi activity, which correlated with a reduced ability to compete with siRNA-TRBP binding. A lentiviral vector expressing TAR and RRE restricted RNAi, but RNAi was restored when Rev or GagPol were coexpressed. Adenoviruses are restricted by RNAi and encode their own suppressors of RNAi, the Virus-Associated (VA) RNA elements. RRE enhanced the replication of wild-type and VA-deficient adenovirus. Our work describes RRE as a novel suppressor of RNAi that acts by competing with siRNAs rather than by disrupting the RISC. This function is masked in lentiviral vectors co-expressed with viral proteins and thus will not affect their use in gene therapy. The potent RNAi suppressive effects of RRE identified in this study could be used to enhance the expression of RNAi restricted viruses used in oncolysis such as adenoviruses.
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Key Words
- Ago2, Argonaute-2
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- EMSA, electrophoresis mobility shift assay
- FL, firefly luciferase
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HIV-1
- IP, immunoprecipitation
- NC, nucleocapsid
- PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- RISC, RNA-Induced Silencing Complex
- RL, Renilla luciferase
- RNA interference
- RNA silencing suppressor
- RNAi, RNA interference
- RRE, Rev Response Element
- RSS, RNA silencing suppressor
- RT, reverse transcription
- Rev-Response Element RNA
- TAR RNA Binding Protein (TRBP)
- TAR, trans-activation responsive element
- TRBP, TAR RNA Binding Protein
- Trans-Activation Response Element
- UTR, untranslated region
- VA, virus-associated
- WT, wild-type
- adenovirus
- ds, double-stranded
- lentiviral vectors
- miRNA, micro RNA
- pre-miRNA, precursor miRNA
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvanne M Daniels
- a Virus-Cell Interactions Laboratory ; Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research ; Montréal , Québec , Canada
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Mugikura SI, Katoh A, Watanabe S, Kimura M, Kajiwara K. Abnormal gait, reduced locomotor activity and impaired motor coordination in Dgcr2-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 5:120-6. [PMID: 28955813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that the DGCR2 gene plays a role in the pathogenesis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. To analyze its function, we used our Dgcr2-knock-out/EGFP-knock-in mice (Dgcr2-KO mice). At 20-26 weeks of age, approximately 20% of Dgcr2-KO mice showed gait abnormalities with trembling and difficulty in balancing. Footprint test revealed awkward movements in Dgcr2-KO mice soon after they were placed on the floor. Once they started walking, their stride lengths were not different from wild-type mice. In short-term open field test, Dgcr2-KO mice travelled a significantly shorter distance and walked more slowly than wild-type mice during the initial 5 min after being placed in a new environment. In long-term open field test, Dgcr2-KO mice exhibited reduced cage activity compared to wild-type mice on the first day, but not on later days. Dgcr2-KO mice showed reduced latency to fall in the rotarod test, and the latency was not improved in the 3-day test. Histology revealed sparseness of cerebellar Purkinje cells in Dgcr2-KO mice. Our results suggest that Dgcr2 plays a role in motor control related to Purkinje cell function and that the deficiency of DGCR2 contributes at least to some of the symptoms of patients of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Dgcr2-KO mice showed abnormal behavior and gaits in footprint analysis. Locomotor activity was significantly reduced in Dgcr2-KO mice in open field tests. Dgcr2-KO mice showed impaired motor coordination in the rotarod test. Dgcr2-KO mice had sparseness of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Loss of DGCR2 may contribute to neuronal dysfunction in humans.
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Abstract
Embryonic cell cycles of amphibians are rapid and lack zygotic transcription and checkpoint control. At the mid-blastula transition, zygotic transcription is initiated and cell divisions become asynchronous. Several cell cycle-related amphibian genes retain 2 distinct forms, maternal and zygotic, but little is known about the functional differences between these 2 forms of proteins. The minichromosome maintenance (MCM) 2-7 complex, consisting of 6 MCM proteins, plays a central role in the regulation of eukaryotic DNA replication. Almost all eukaryotes retain just a single MCM gene for each subunit. Here we report that Xenopus and zebrafish have 2 copies of MCM3 genes, one of which shows a maternal and the other a zygotic expression pattern. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the Xenopus and zebrafish zygotic MCM3 genes are more similar to their mammalian MCM3 ortholog, suggesting that maternal MCM3 was lost during evolution in most vertebrate lineages. Maternal MCM3 proteins in these 2 species are functionally different from zygotic MCM3 proteins because zygotic, but not maternal, MCM3 possesses an active nuclear localization signal in its C-terminal region, such as mammalian MCM3 orthologs do. mRNA injection experiments in zebrafish embryos show that overexpression of maternal MCM3 impairs proliferation and causes developmental defects, whereas zygotic MCM3 has a much weaker effect. This difference is brought about by the difference in their C-terminal regions, which contain putative nuclear localization signals; swapping the C-terminal region between maternal and zygotic genes diminishes the developmental defects. This study suggests that evolutionary diversification has occurred in MCM3 genes, leading to distinct functions, possibly as an adaption to the rapid DNA replication required for early development of Xenopus and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minori Shinya
- a Genetic Strains Research Center; National Institute of Genetics ; Mishima , Shizuoka , Japan
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Abstract
Defects in the completion of cell division by cytokinesis have long been proposed to foster carcinogenesis by engendering chromosome instability, but few tumor suppressor mechanisms controlling this process have so far been identified. Here, we identify a carboxyl (C)-terminal region of the high-mobility group protein HMG20b that is essential for cytokinesis, and report that it is inactivated by a cancer-associated mutation. We find that a C-terminal region of HMG20b spanning residues 173-317 is necessary and sufficient not only for its localization to cytokinetic structures, but also for its interaction with the tumor suppressor BRCA2, implicated in the abscission step of cytokinesis. Indeed, expression of this C-terminal HMG20b region suffices to restore cytokinesis in HMG20b-depleted cells. The non-conservative substitution of HMG20b residue Ala247 with Pro, reported in human lung cancer, disrupts these activities of HMG20b, impairing cytokinesis in a trans-dominant manner. Our findings provide fresh insight into the mechanism by which the HMG20b-BRCA2 complex controls mitotic cell division, and implicate heterozygous HMG20b mutations affecting cytokinesis regulation in the genesis of human cancers.
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Key Words
- A247P, alanine to proline substitution at position 247
- BRCA2
- BRCA2, breast cancer 2, early onset
- COSMIC, Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer
- Dox, doxycycline
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- ESCRT, endosomal sorting complex required for transport
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- HMG, high mobility group
- HMG20b
- KLCC, kinesin-like coiled coil
- Luc, luciferase
- Tet, Tetracycline
- UTR, untranslated regions
- V312G, valine to glycine substitution at position 312
- cytokinesis
- somatic mutations in cancer
- tumor suppression
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Affiliation(s)
- MiYoung Lee
- a University of Cambridge ; Medical Research Council Cancer Unit; Hutchison/MRC Research Center ; Cambridge , UK
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Sakamaki K, Iwabe N, Iwata H, Imai K, Takagi C, Chiba K, Shukunami C, Tomii K, Ueno N. Conservation of structure and function in vertebrate c-FLIP proteins despite rapid evolutionary change. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 3:175-189. [PMID: 29124180 PMCID: PMC5668880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP, gene symbol CFLAR) was first identified as a negative regulator of death receptor-mediated apoptosis in mammals. To understand the ubiquity and diversity of the c-FLIP protein subfamily during evolution, c-FLIP orthologs were identified from a comprehensive range of vertebrates, including birds, amphibians, and fish, and were characterized by combining experimental and computational analysis. Predictions of three-dimensional protein structures and molecular phylogenetic analysis indicated that the conserved structural features of c-FLIP proteins are all derived from an ancestral caspase-8, although they rapidly diverged from the subfamily consisting of caspases-8, -10, and -18. The functional role of the c-FLIP subfamily members is nearly ubiquitous throughout vertebrates. Exogenous expression of non-mammalian c-FLIP proteins in cultured mammalian cells suppressed death receptor-mediated apoptosis, implying that all of these proteins possess anti-apoptotic activity. Furthermore, non-mammalian c-FLIP proteins induced NF-κB activation much like their mammalian counterparts. The CFLAR mRNAs were synthesized during frog and fish embryogenesis. Overexpression of a truncated mutant of c-FLIP in the Xenopus laevis embryos by mRNA microinjection caused thorax edema and abnormal constriction of the abdomen. Depletion of cflar transcripts in zebrafish resulted in developmental abnormalities accompanied by edema and irregular red blood cell flow. Thus, our results demonstrate that c-FLIP/CFLAR is conserved in both protein structure and function in several vertebrate species, and suggest a significant role of c-FLIP in embryonic development.
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Key Words
- Apoptosis
- CARD, caspase-recruitment domain
- CASc, Caspase, interleukin-1 β converting enzyme homologs
- CHX, cycloheximide
- Caspase-8
- DED, death effector domain
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- Embryogenesis
- Evolution
- FADD, Fas-associated death domain protein
- MO, morpholino oligonucleotide
- NF-κB
- NF-κB, Nuclear factor-kappa B
- ODC, ornithine decarboxylase
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- Pseudocatalytic triad
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- TRAF2, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2
- c-FLIP, cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein
- tubα6, tubulin α6
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Sakamaki
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Iwabe
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iwata
- Multi-scale Research Center for Medical Science, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Imai
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Chiyo Takagi
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kumiko Chiba
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Chisa Shukunami
- Department of Cellular Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tomii
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Naoto Ueno
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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Abstract
Capsaicin, a selective activator of the chemo- and heat-sensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) V1 cation channel, has characteristic feature of causing long-term functional and structural impairment of neural elements supplied by TRPV1/capsaicin receptor. In mammals, systemic application of capsaicin induces complex heat-loss response characteristic for each species and avoidance of warm environment. Capsaicin activates cutaneous warm receptors and polymodal nociceptors but has no effect on cold receptors or mechanoreceptors. In this review, thermoregulatory features of capsaicin-pretreated rodents and TRPV1-mediated neural elements with innocuous heat sensitivity are summarized. Recent data support a novel hypothesis for the role of visceral warmth sensors in monitoring core body temperature. Furthermore, strong evidence suggests that central presynaptic nerve terminals of TRPV1-expressing cutaneous, thoracic and abdominal visceral receptors are activated by innocuous warmth stimuli and capsaicin. These responses are absent in TRPV1 knockout mice. Thermoregulatory disturbance induced by systemic capsaicin pretreatment lasts for months and is characterized by a normal body temperature at cool environment up to a total dose of 150 mg/kg s.c. Upward differential shift of set points for activation vasodilation, other heat-loss effectors and thermopreference develops. Avoidance of warm ambient temperature (35°C, 40°C) is severely impaired but thermopreference at cool ambient temperatures (Tas) are not altered. TRPV1 knockout or knockdown and genetically altered TRPV1, TRPV2 and TRPM8 knockout mice have normal core temperature in thermoneutral or cool environments, but the combined mutant mice have impaired regulation in warm or cold (4°C) environments. Several lines of evidence support that in the preoptic area warmth sensitive neurons are activated and desensitized by capsaicin, but morphological evidence for it is controversial. It is suggested that these neurons have also integrator function. Fever is enhanced in capsaicin-desensitized rats and the inhibition observed after pretreatment with low i.p. doses does not support in the light of their warmth sensitivity the concept that abdominal TRPV1-expressing nerve terminals serve as nonthermal chemosensors for reference signals in thermoregulation.
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Key Words
- (s)EPSC(s), (spontaneous) excitatory postsynaptic current(s)
- DRG, dorsal root ganglion (ganglia)
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- LC, locus coeruleus
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- NTS, nucleus of the solitary tract
- PG(s), prostaglandin(s)
- POA, the preoptic area (of the hypothalamus)
- RTX, resiniferatoxin
- TRP, transient receptor potential
- TRPM8
- TRPV1
- Ta(s), ambient temperature(s)
- Tr, rectal temperature
- Ts, skin temperature
- Tt, tail temperature
- capsaicin
- fever
- preoptic area
- thermoregulation
- visceral thermoreceptors
- warm receptors
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Affiliation(s)
- János Szolcsányi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy; University Medical School of Pécs; Pécs, Hungary; Szentágothai Research Centre University of Pécs; Pécs, Hungary
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Nakamura S, Maehara T, Watanabe S, Ishihara M, Sato M. Liver lobe and strain difference in gene expression after hydrodynamics-based gene delivery in mice. Anim Biotechnol 2015; 26:51-7. [PMID: 25153456 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2014.886583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodynamics-based gene delivery (HGD) is a widely recognized technique for delivering exogenous DNA with high efficiency to murine hepatocytes. In this study, we investigated stimulation of exogenous DNA uptake and expression using a commercially available reagent for HGD. We also examined which mouse strain and mouse liver lobe would achieve the best gene delivery performance. Mice were injected with a solution containing reporter plasmid DNA or DNA and a gene delivery reagent. One day after the HGD procedure, liver samples were isolated and subjected to biochemical and histochemical analyses. The reporter plasmid DNA showed the strongest signal when the DNA was dissolved in TransIT-EE Hydrodynamic Delivery Solution (Takara Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan). Evaluation of transgene expression in each hepatic lobe in ICR, C57BL/6N, Balb/cA, and B6C3F1 mice showed that ICR mice exhibited the best gene transfer and that the right median lobe had the highest level of transgene expression. These findings suggest the importance of choice in mouse strains and liver lobes when performing gene-based manipulations of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Nakamura
- a Department of Surgery II , National Defense Medical College , Saitama , Japan
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Ehm P, Nalaskowski MM, Wundenberg T, Jücker M. The tumor suppressor SHIP1 colocalizes in nucleolar cavities with p53 and components of PML nuclear bodies. Nucleus 2015; 6:154-64. [PMID: 25723258 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2015.1022701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The inositol 5-phosphatase SHIP1 is a negative regulator of signaling processes in haematopoietic cells. By converting PI(3,4,5)P3 to PtdIns(3,4)P2 at the plasma membrane, SHIP1 modifies PI3-kinase mediated signaling. We have recently demonstrated that SHIP1 is a nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling protein and SHIP1 nuclear puncta partially colocalize with FLASH, a component of nuclear bodies. In this study, we demonstrate that endogenous SHIP1 localizes to intranucleolar regions of both normal and leukemic haematopoietic cells. In addition, we report that ectopically expressed SHIP1 accumulates in nucleolar cavities and colocalizes with the tumor suppressor protein p53 and components of PML nuclear bodies (e.g. SP100, SUMO-1 and CK2). Moreover, SHIP1 also colocalizes in nucleolar cavities with components of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. By using confocal microscopy data, we generated 3D-models revealing the enormous extent of the SHIP1 aggresomes in the nucleolus. Furthermore, treatment of cells with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 causes an enlargement of nucleolar SHIP1 containing structures. Unexpectedly, this accumulation can be partially prevented by treatment with the inhibitor of nuclear protein export Leptomycin B. In recent years, several proteins aggregating in nucleolar cavities were shown to be key factors of neurodegenerative diseases and cancerogenesis. Our findings support current relevance of nuclear localized SHIP1.
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Key Words
- DFC, dense fibrillar component
- DIC, Differential interference contrast
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- FC, fibrillar center
- GC, granular component
- LMB, leptomycin B
- MG132
- NES, nuclear export signal
- PBMC, Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell
- PML bodies
- PML, Promyelocytic Leukemia
- PtdIns(3, 4)P2, phosphatidylinositol-(3, 4)-bisphosphate
- PtdIns(3, 4, 5)P3, phosphatidylinositol-(3, 4, 5)-trisphosphate
- RNA pol, RNA polymerase
- SHIP1
- SHIP1, src homology 2 domain-containing inositol phosphatase 1
- UPP, ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
- aggresome
- cancer
- leptomycin B
- nucleolar cavities
- nucleus
- p53
- ubiquitin proteasome pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ehm
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction ; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf ; Hamburg , Germany
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Zhu D, Xie L, Karimian N, Liang T, Kang Y, Huang YC, Gaisano HY. Munc18c mediates exocytosis of pre-docked and newcomer insulin granules underlying biphasic glucose stimulated insulin secretion in human pancreatic beta-cells. Mol Metab 2015; 4:418-26. [PMID: 25973389 PMCID: PMC4421095 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Pancreatic beta-cells express three Munc18 isoforms. Much is known about the roles of Munc18a (pre-docked secretory granules-SGs) and Munc18b (newcomer SGs and SG–SG fusion) in insulin exocytosis. Although shown to influence glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in rodents the precise role of Munc18c in insulin SG exocytosis has not been elucidated. We here examined the role of Munc18c in human pancreatic beta-cells. Methods Munc18c-shRNA/RFP lenti-virus (versus control virus) was used to knock down the expression level of Munc18c in human islets or single beta-cells. Insulin secretion and granule exocytosis were measured by performing islets perifusion, single-cell patch clamp capacitance measurements and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM). Results Munc18c is most abundant in the cytosol of human beta-cells. Endogenous function of Munc18c was assessed by knocking down (KD) its islet expression by 70% employing lenti-shRNA virus. Munc18c-KD caused reduction in cognate syntaxin-4 islet expression but not in other exocytotic proteins, resulting in the reduction in GSIS in first- (by 42%) and second phases (by 35%). Single cell analyses of RFP-tagged Munc18c-KD beta-cells by patch clamp capacitance measurements showed inhibition in both readily-releasable pool (by 52%) and mobilization from the reserve pool (by 57%). TIRFM to assess single SG behavior showed that Munc18c-KD inhibition of first phase GSIS was attributed to reduction in exocytosis of pre-docked and newcomer SGs, and second phase inhibition attributed entirely to reduction in newcomer SG fusion (SGs that undergo minimal residence or docking time at the plasma membrane before fusion). Conclusion Munc18c is involved in the distinct molecular machineries that affect exocytosis of both predocked and newcomer SG pools that underlie Munc18c's role in first and second phases of GSIS, respectively.
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Key Words
- Ad, adenovirus
- CmPatch, clamp capacitance measurements
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- Exocytosis
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1
- GSIS, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
- Human islets
- KD, knock down
- Munc18c
- NPY, neuropeptide Y
- Newcomer insulin granules
- PM, plasma membrane
- RRP, readily releasable pool
- SG, secretory insulin-containing granule
- SM, Sec1/Munc18-like protein
- SNAP25/23, synaptosomal-associated protein of 25/23 kD
- SNARE, soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor
- Syn, syntaxin
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- TIRFM, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy
- VAMPs, Vesicle Associated Membrane Proteins
- t-, target-
- v-, vesicle-
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Negar Karimian
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tao Liang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Youhou Kang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ya-Chi Huang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Herbert Y Gaisano
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Cicchini M, Chakrabarti R, Kongara S, Price S, Nahar R, Lozy F, Zhong H, Vazquez A, Kang Y, Karantza V. Autophagy regulator BECN1 suppresses mammary tumorigenesis driven by WNT1 activation and following parity. Autophagy 2014; 10:2036-52. [PMID: 25483966 PMCID: PMC4502817 DOI: 10.4161/auto.34398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies reported allelic deletion of the essential autophagy regulator BECN1 in breast cancers implicating BECN1 loss, and likely defective autophagy, in tumorigenesis. Recent studies have questioned the tumor suppressive role of autophagy, as autophagy-related gene (Atg) defects generally suppress tumorigenesis in well-characterized mouse tumor models. We now report that, while it delays or does not alter mammary tumorigenesis driven by Palb2 loss or ERBB2 and PyMT overexpression, monoallelic Becn1 loss promotes mammary tumor development in 2 specific contexts, namely following parity and in association with wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 1 (WNT1) activation. Our studies demonstrate that Becn1 heterozygosity, which results in immature mammary epithelial cell expansion and aberrant TNFRSF11A/TNR11/RANK (tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 11a, NFKB activator) signaling, promotes mammary tumorigenesis in multiparous FVB/N mice and in cooperation with the progenitor cell-transforming WNT1 oncogene. Similar to our Becn1(+/-);MMTV-Wnt1 mouse model, low BECN1 expression and an activated WNT pathway gene signature correlate with the triple-negative subtype, TNFRSF11A axis activation and poor prognosis in human breast cancers. Our results suggest that BECN1 may have nonautophagy-related roles in mammary development, provide insight in the seemingly paradoxical roles of BECN1 in tumorigenesis, and constitute the basis for further studies on the pathophysiology and treatment of clinically aggressive triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs).
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Key Words
- 8-O-dG, 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydroguanine
- ATG, autophagy-related
- BECN1, Beclin 1, autophagy-related
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- Beclin 1
- CASP3, caspase 3
- CD24, cluster of differentiation 24
- DAPI, 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DFS, disease-free survival
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- E, 17b-estradiol
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- EGFR/ERBB1, epidermal growth factor receptor
- EM, electron microscopy
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- ERBB2, v-erb-b2 avian erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2
- ESR1, estrogen receptor 1
- FACS, fluorescence activated cell sorting
- FGF2/bFGF, fibroblast growth factor 2 (basic)
- GSEA, gene set enrichment analysis
- H&E, hematoxylin &, eosin
- HR, hormone receptor
- IF, immunofluorescence
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- IL, interleukin
- ITGB1/CD29, Integrin, beta 1 (fibronectin receptor beta polypeptide, antigen CD29 includes MDF2, MSK12)
- ITGB3/CD61, integrin, beta 3 (platelet glycoprotein IIIa, antigen CD61)
- KRT, keratin
- Keratin 6
- LIN−, lineage negative (CD31− CD45− LY76−)
- LY76/TER119, lymphocyte antigen 76
- MAP1LC3B/LC3B, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta
- MEC, mammary epithelial cell
- MEGM, mammary epithelial growth medium
- MGs, mammary glands
- MKI67, marker of proliferation Ki-67
- MMTV, mouse mammary tumor virus
- MaPC, mammary progenitor cell
- MaSC, mammary stem cell
- NFKB
- NFKB/NFkB, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PECAM1/CD31, platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1
- PGR, progesterone receptor
- PI, propidium iodide
- PTPRC/CD45, protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C
- RELA/P65, v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog a
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SD, standard deviation
- SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms
- SQSTM1/p62, sequestosome1
- TEBs, terminal end buds
- TNBC
- TNBCs, triple-negative breast cancers
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TNF11
- TNFRSF11A
- TNFRSF11A/TNR11/RANK, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 11a, NFKB activator
- TNFSF11
- TNFSF11/TNF11/RANKL, tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 11
- TNR11
- TP53 (TRP53 in mice), tumor protein p53 (transformation related protein 53 in mice)
- WNT1
- WNT1, wingless-Type MMTV integration site family, member 1
- basal-like breast cancer
- iMMECs, immortalized mouse mammary epithelial cells
- p-KRT8/p-K8, phosphorylated Keratin 8
- parity
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Giri S, Bader A. Immortalization of Human Fetal Hepatocyte by Ectopic Expression of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase, Human Papilloma Virus (E7) and Simian Virus 40 Large T (SV40 T) Antigen Towards Bioartificial Liver Support. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2014; 4:191-201. [PMID: 25755560 PMCID: PMC4284290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generation of genetically stable and non-tumoric immortalization cell line from primary cells would be enormously useful for research and therapeutic purposes, but progress towards this goal has so far been limited. It is now universal acceptance that immortalization of human fetal hepatocytes based on recent advances of telomerase biology and oncogene, lead to unlimited population doubling could be the possible source for bioartificial liver device. METHODS Immortalization of human fetal hepatocytes cell line by ectopic expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), human papilloma virus gene (E7) and simian virus 40 large T (SV40 T) antigens is main goal of present study. We used an inducible system containing human telomerase and E7, both of which are cloned into responder constructs controlled by doxycycline transactivator. We characterized the immortalized human fetal hepatocyte cells by analysis of green fluorescent cells (GFP) positive cells using flow cytometry (FACs) cell sorting and morphology, proliferative rate and antigen expression by immunohistochemical analysis. In addition to we analysized lactate formation, glucose consumption, albumin secretion and urea production of immortalized human fetal hepatocyte cells. RESULTS After 25 attempts for transfection of adult primary hepatocytes by human telomerase and E7 to immortalize them, none of the transfection systems resulted in the production of a stable, proliferating cell line. Although the transfection efficiency was more than 70% on the first day, the vast majority of the transfected hepatocytes lost their signal within the first 5-7 days. The remaining transfected hepatocytes persisted for 2-4 weeks and divided one or two times without forming a clone. After 10 attempts of transfection human fetal hepatocytes using the same transfection system, we obtained one stable human fetal hepatocytes cell line which was able albumin secretion urea production and glucose consumption. CONCLUSION We established a conditional human fetal hepatocytes cell line with mesenchymal characteristics. Thus immortalization of human fetal hepatocytes cell line by telomerase biology offers a great challenge to examine basic biological mechanisms which are directly related to human and best cell source having unlimited population doubling for bioartificial support without any risk of replicative senescence and pathogenic risks.
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Key Words
- AFP, alpha-fetoprotein
- BLD, bioartificail liver device
- E7
- E7, human papilloma virus
- EBV, epstein barr virus
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- FACs, flow cytometry
- FH, fetal hepatocytes
- GFP, green fluorescent cells positive cells
- HPV, human papilloma virus
- SV T 40 antigen
- SV40 T, simian virus 40 large T
- bioartificial liver device
- hTERT
- hTERT, human telomerase reverse transcriptase
- human fetal hepatocytes
- iPS, pluripotent stem cell
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibashish Giri
- Address for correspondence: Shibashish Giri, Department of Cell Techniques and Applied Stem Cell Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. Tel.: +49 341 9731353; fax: +49 341 9731329.
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Xiao K, Chen P, Chang DC. The VTLISFG motif in the BH1 domain plays a significant role in regulating the degradation of Mcl-1. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:147-52. [PMID: 24490139 PMCID: PMC3907746 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mcl-1 is a member of the Bcl-2 family protein; its degradation is required for the initiation of apoptosis. The mechanism, however, is not yet clearly known. Previously, it was reported that Mcl-1 is degraded through the ubiquitination-mediated pathway and the PEST domain is the motif responsible for promoting this degradation. We found evidence that this may not be true. We generated several Mcl-1 deletion mutants and examined their effects on protein stability. Deletion of the PEST domain did not prevent the degradation of Mcl-1 during apoptosis. The BH1 domain, but not the PEST, BH3 or BH2 domain, exhibited a short half-life. A peptide named “F3” (VTLISFG) in the C-terminus of the BH1 domain appears to be critical for the rapid turnover of Mcl-1. Deletion of F3 from GFP-Mcl-1-ΔPEST retarded the degradation of this mutant. F3 appeared to be the minimum functional sequence of the degradation motif, since deletion of a single residue was sufficient to abrogate its short half-life. Fusion of F3 with p32 resulted in the degradation of p32 during UV-induced apoptosis, while wild type p32 was not affected. Taken together, these findings suggest that F3 (VTLISFG), instead of PEST, is the major motif responsible for the degradation of Mcl-1 during apoptosis. The PEST domain may not be responsible for the short half-life of Mcl-1 during apoptosis. A short peptide (F3) inside the BH1 domain was found to have a short half-life. Fusion of F3 with p32 impairs the stability of p32 during apoptosis. Deletion of F3 increases the stability of GFP-Mcl-1-ΔPEST.
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Key Words
- Apoptosis
- BH domain, Bcl-2 homology domain
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein
- Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma-2
- Bim, Bcl-2-interacting mediator
- CCD, charge-coupled device
- Caspase, cysteine aspartase
- Degradation motif
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- EIF2, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2
- EYFP, enhanced yellow fluorescent protein
- GCN2, general control nonrepressed 2
- GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3β
- HECT, homologous to E6-AP carboxylterminus
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- MEM, minimum essential medium
- Mcl-1
- Mcl-1, myeloid cell leukaemia sequence 1
- Mule, Mcl-1 ubiquitin ligase E3
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PERK, PKR-like ER kinase
- PEST domain
- SDS–PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- TM domain, transmembrane domain
- UV, ultraviolet light
- h, hour
- kD, kilodaltons
- pDNA, plasmid DNA
- β-TrCP, β-transducin repeat-containing protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xiao
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong ; Shenzhen Middle School, 18 Shenzhong Street, North Renmin Road, Luohu District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, P.R. China, 518025
| | - Pengxuan Chen
- Shenzhen Middle School, 18 Shenzhong Street, North Renmin Road, Luohu District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, P.R. China, 518025
| | - Donald Choy Chang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Wuhanqimuge, Itakura A, Matsuki Y, Tanaka M, Arioka M. Lysophosphatidylcholine enhances NGF-induced MAPK and Akt signals through the extracellular domain of TrkA in PC12 cells. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:243-51. [PMID: 23772401 PMCID: PMC3678299 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is one of the major lysophospholipids mainly generated by phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC). We previously found that LPC displays neurotrophin-like activity in the rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells and in cerebellar granule neurons, but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. We report here that LPC specifically enhances nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced signals in PC12 cells. When PC12 cells were treated with NGF, MAPK was phosphorylated, but this phosphorylation was significantly elevated when LPC was added together. In accordance, NGF-induced expression of immediate early genes, c-fos and NGF-IA, was upregulated by LPC. Phosphorylation of the upstream components, MEK and NGF receptor TrkA, was also promoted by LPC, which was in line with increased phosphorylation of Akt. In contrast, LPC did not enhance epidermal growth factor (EGF)-, basic fibroblast growth factor-, or insulin-like growth factor-1-induced signals. Studies using TrkA/EGF receptor chimeras demonstrated that the extracellular domain, but not the transmembrane or intracellular domains, of TrkA is responsible for the effect of LPC. Exogenously-added secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) enhanced NGF-induced MAPK phosphorylation at a comparable level to LPC, suggesting that LPC generated in situ by sPLA2-mediated hydrolysis of membrane PC stimulated NGF-TrkA signal. Taken together, these results indicate a specific role and function of LPC on NGF-TrkA signaling pathway. LPC potentiates NGF-induced MAPK and Akt phosphorylation in PC12 cells. LPC enhances NGF-induced MEK and TrkA phosphorylation. LPC does not affect the signals of EGF, FGF, and IGF-1. The effect of LPC requires the extracellular domain of TrkA. sPLA2 also potentiates NGF-induced MAPK phosphorylation.
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Key Words
- Akt
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- CGNs, cerebellar granule neurons
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- EGFR, EGF receptor
- GPCR, G protein-coupled receptors
- IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1
- LPA, lysophosphatidic acid
- LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine
- LPE, lysophosphatidylethanolamine
- LPS, lysophosphatidylserine
- Lysophosphatidylcholine
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
- Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)
- NGF, nerve growth factor
- Nerve growth factor
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- PLA2, phospholipase A2
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- TTBS, Tris-buffered saline containing 0.01% Tween 20
- TrkA
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- sPLA2, secretory PLA2
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuhanqimuge
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Koike M, Yutoku Y, Koike A. Ku80 attentuates cytotoxicity induced by green fluorescent protein transduction independently of non-homologous end joining. FEBS Open Bio 2012; 3:46-50. [PMID: 23772373 PMCID: PMC3668519 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The green fluorescent protein (GFP) is the most commonly used reporter protein for monitoring gene expression and protein localization in a variety of living and fixed cells, including not only prokaryotes, but also eukaryotes, e.g., yeasts, mammals, plants and fish. In general, it is thought that GFP is nontoxic to cells, although there are some reports on the side effect of GFP. Further, details of the molecular mechanism concerning the side effect of GFP remain unclear. Here we show that Ku80, but not XRCC4, plays an important role in the mechanism of the resistance to cytotoxicity induced by enhanced GFP (EGFP). EGFP inhibited both cell proliferation and colony formation, and induced cell death in Ku80-deficient hamster cells, i.e., xrs-6 cells. In addition, Ku80 attenuated EGFP-induced cytotoxicity in the xrs-6 cells. No EGFP-induced cytotoxicity was observed in the NHEJ core protein XRCC4-deficient hamster cells, i.e., XR-1 cells. Furthermore, EGFP markedly enhanced X-ray-induced cytotoxicity in the xrs-6 cells. These results suggest that Ku80 plays a key role in the novel NHEJ-independent defense mechanism against EGFP-induced cytotoxicity. Caution should be taken in considering of the potential influence by the stress response mechanism, namely, the Ku80-dependent elimination mechanism of EGFP-induced cytotoxicity, being activated, even when using EGFP-expressing cells in which Ku80 functions normally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Koike
- DNA Repair Gene Res., National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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Ma YY, Cepeda C, Chatta P, Franklin L, Evans CJ, Levine MS. Regional and cell-type-specific effects of DAMGO on striatal D1 and D2 dopamine receptor-expressing medium-sized spiny neurons. ASN Neuro 2012; 4:e00077. [PMID: 22273000 DOI: 10.1042/AN20110063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum can be divided into the DLS (dorsolateral striatum) and the VMS (ventromedial striatum), which includes NAcC (nucleus accumbens core) and NAcS (nucleus accumbens shell). Here, we examined differences in electrophysiological properties of MSSNs (medium-sized spiny neurons) based on their location, expression of DA (dopamine) D1/D2 receptors and responses to the μ-opioid receptor agonist, DAMGO {[D-Ala2-MePhe4-Gly(ol)5]enkephalin}. The main differences in morphological and biophysical membrane properties occurred among striatal sub-regions. MSSNs in the DLS were larger, had higher membrane capacitances and lower Rin (input resistances) compared with cells in the VMS. RMPs (resting membrane potentials) were similar among regions except for D2 cells in the NAcC, which displayed a significantly more depolarized RMP. In contrast, differences in frequency of spontaneous excitatory synaptic inputs were more prominent between cell types, with D2 cells receiving significantly more excitatory inputs than D1 cells, particularly in the VMS. Inhibitory inputs were not different between D1 and D2 cells. However, MSSNs in the VMS received more inhibitory inputs than those in the DLS. Acute application of DAMGO reduced the frequency of spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents, but the effect was greater in the VMS, in particular in the NAcS, where excitatory currents from D2 cells and inhibitory currents from D1 cells were inhibited by the largest amount. DAMGO also increased cellular excitability in the VMS, as shown by reduced threshold for evoking APs (action potentials). Together the present findings help elucidate the regional and cell-type-specific substrate of opioid actions in the striatum and point to the VMS as a critical mediator of DAMGO effects.
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Key Words
- ACSF, artificial cerebrospinal fluid
- AHP, after hyperpolarization
- AP, action potential
- AP-5, dl-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid
- BIC, bicuculline
- CNQX, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
- CsMeth, Cs-methanesulfonate
- D1/D2 receptors
- DA, dopamine
- DAMGO, [d-Ala2-MePhe4-Gly(ol)5]enkephalin
- DLS, dorsolateral striatum
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- EPSC, excitatory postsynaptic current
- IPSC, inhibitory postsynaptic current
- KGluc, K-gluconate
- MSSN, medium-sized spiny neuron
- NAcC, nucleus accumbens core
- NAcS, nucleus accumbens shell
- RMP, resting membrane potential
- Rin, input resistance
- TBST, TBS containing 0.1% Tween 20
- TTX, tetrodotoxin
- UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles
- VMS, ventromedial striatum
- VTA, ventral tegmental area
- electrophysiology
- mEPSC, miniature EPSC
- mIPSC, miniature IPSC
- nucleus accumbens
- opioid receptors
- sEPSC, spontaneous EPSC
- sIPSC, spontaneous IPSC
- striatum
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