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Díaz-Peña LF, Daniela TO, Aguilar MB, Luis E, Lazcano-Pérez F, Arreguín-Espinosa R, Hernandez-Cruz A, Ibarra-Alvarado C, García-Arredondo A. A subfraction obtained from the venom of the tarantula Poecilotheria regalis contains inhibitor cystine knot peptides and induces relaxation of rat aorta by inhibiting L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. Toxicon X 2023; 18:100151. [PMID: 36873112 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2023.100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Venoms from tarantulas contain low molecular weight vasodilatory compounds whose biological action is conceived as part of the envenomation strategy due to its propagative effects. However, some properties of venom-induced vasodilation do not match those described by such compounds, suggesting that other toxins may cooperate with these ones to produce the observed biological effect. Owing to the distribution and function of voltage-gated ion channels in blood vessels, disulfide-rich peptides isolated from venoms of tarantulas could be conceived into potential vasodilatory compounds. However, only two peptides isolated from spider venoms have been investigated so far. This study describes for the first time a subfraction containing inhibitor cystine knot peptides, PrFr-I, obtained from the venom of the tarantula Poecilotheria regalis. This subfraction induced sustained vasodilation in rat aortic rings independent of vascular endothelium and endothelial ion channels. Furthermore, PrFr-I decreased calcium-induced contraction of rat aortic segments and reduced extracellular calcium influx to chromaffin cells by the blockade of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. This mechanism was unrelated to the activation of potassium channels from vascular smooth muscle, since vasodilation was not affected in the presence of TEA, and PrFr-I did not modify the conductance of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv10.1. This work proposes a new envenomating function of peptides from venoms of tarantulas, and establishes a new mechanism for venom-induced vasodilation.
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Key Words
- ACh, acetylcholine
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- Cav, voltage-gated calcium channel
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium
- DRP, disulfide-rich peptide
- EC50, half maximal effective concentration
- Emax, maximum effect
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- ICK peptide
- ICK, inhibitor cystine knot
- IKCa, intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel
- Kv, voltage-gated potassium channel
- L-type calcium voltage-gated calcium
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer
- MALDI, matrix-assisted desorption ionization
- Nav, voltage-gated sodium channel
- Phe, phenylephrine
- Poecilotheria regalis, venom
- RP, reverse phase
- Rat aorta
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- SKCa, small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel
- SNP, sodium nitroprusside
- TEA, tetraethylammonium
- TOF, time of flight
- TRP, transient receptor potential
- Vasodilation
- Vh, holding-voltage
- endothelium-intact (E+), endothelium-denuded (E−)
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Wheeler JJ, Domenichiello AF, Jensen JR, Keyes GS, Maiden KM, Davis JM, Ramsden CE, Mishra SK. Endogenous Derivatives of Linoleic Acid and their Stable Analogs Are Potential Pain Mediators. JID Innov 2023; 3:100177. [PMID: 36876220 PMCID: PMC9982331 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is characterized by intense pruritus, with a subset of individuals with psoriasis experiencing thermal hypersensitivity. However, the pathophysiology of thermal hypersensitivity in psoriasis and other skin conditions remains enigmatic. Linoleic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid that is concentrated in the skin, and oxidation of linoleic acid into metabolites with multiple hydroxyl and epoxide functional groups has been shown to play a role in skin barrier function. Previously, we identified several linoleic acid‒derived mediators that were more concentrated in psoriatic lesions, but the role of these lipids in psoriasis remains unknown. In this study, we report that two such compounds-9,10-epoxy-13-hydroxy-octadecenoate and 9,10,13-trihydroxy-octadecenoate-are present as free fatty acids and induce nociceptive behavior in mice but not in rats. By chemically stabilizing 9,10-epoxy-13-hydroxy-octadecenoate and 9,10,13-trihydroxy-octadecenoate through the addition of methyl groups, we observed pain and hypersensitization in mice. The nociceptive responses suggest an involvement of the TRPA1 channel, whereas hypersensitive responses induced by these mediators may require both TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels. Furthermore, we showed that 9,10,13-trihydroxy-octadecenoate‒induced calcium transients in sensory neurons are mediated through the Gβγ subunit of an unidentified G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). Overall, mechanistic insights from this study will guide the development of potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of pain and hypersensitivity.
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Key Words
- 9,10,13-THL, 9,10,13-trihydroxy-octadecenoate
- 9,13-EHL, 13-hydroxy-9,10-epoxy octadecenoate
- CFA, complete Freund’s adjuvant
- DRG, dorsal root ganglia
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- HODE, hydroxyoctadecenoate
- KO, knockout
- LA, linoleic acid
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography‒tandem mass spectrometry
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- TRP, transient receptor potential
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Wheeler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anthony F. Domenichiello
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Jensen
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gregory S. Keyes
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristen M. Maiden
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Obstetrics-Gynecology Program, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - John M. Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ilinois, USA
| | - Christopher E. Ramsden
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Santosh K. Mishra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Correspondence: Santosh K. Mishra, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, RB 242, Raleigh 27607, North Carolina, USA.
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Qi H, Shi Y, Wu H, Niu C, Sun X, Wang K. Inhibition of temperature-sensitive TRPV3 channel by two natural isochlorogenic acid isomers for alleviation of dermatitis and chronic pruritus. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:723-734. [PMID: 35256942 PMCID: PMC8897028 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic gain-of-function mutations of warm temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 (TRPV3) channel cause Olmsted syndrome characterized by severe itching and keratoderma, indicating that pharmacological inhibition of TRPV3 may hold promise for therapy of chronic pruritus and skin diseases. However, currently available TRPV3 tool inhibitors are either nonselective or less potent, thus impeding the validation of TRPV3 as therapeutic target. Using whole-cell patch-clamp and single-channel recordings, we report the identification of two natural dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers isochlorogenic acid A (IAA) and isochlorogenic acid B (IAB) that selectively inhibit TRPV3 currents with IC50 values of 2.7 ± 1.3 and 0.9 ± 0.3 μmol/L, respectively, and reduce the channel open probability to 3.7 ± 1.2% and 3.2 ± 1.1% from 26.9 ± 5.5%, respectively. In vivo evaluation confirms that both IAA and IAB significantly reverse the ear swelling of dermatitis and chronic pruritus. Furthermore, the isomer IAB is able to rescue the keratinocyte death induced by TRPV3 agonist carvacrol. Molecular docking combined with site-directed mutations reveals two residues T636 and F666 critical for the binding of the two isomers. Taken together, our identification of isochlorogenic acids A and B that act as specific TRPV3 channel inhibitors and gating modifiers not only provides an essential pharmacological tool for further investigation of the channel pharmacology and pathology, but also holds developmental potential for treatment of dermatitis and chronic pruritus.
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Key Words
- 2-APB, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate
- AITC, allyl isothiocyanate
- Chronic pruritus
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- Dermatitis
- Dicaffeoylquinic acid
- Ear swelling
- Gate modifier
- HEK293, human embryonic kidney 293
- HaCaT, human immortalized nontumorigenic keratinocyte
- IAA, isochlorogenic acid A
- IAB, isochlorogenic acid B
- OS, Olmsted syndrome
- Olmsted syndrome
- RR, ruthenium red
- TRP, transient receptor potential
- TRPV3
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Oda M, Fujiwara Y, Ishizaki Y, Shibasaki K. Oxidation sensitizes TRPV2 to chemical and heat stimuli, but not mechanical stimulation. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 28:101173. [PMID: 34841092 PMCID: PMC8605382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2) ion channel is activated by a chemical ligand (2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate; 2-APB), noxious heat and mechanical stimulation. In a heterologous mammalian cell expression system, the oxidant chloramine T (ChT) sensitizes TRPV2 activation in response to 2-APB and heat by oxidation of methionine residues at positions 528 and 607 in rat TRPV2. Here, we used a Xenopus oocyte expression system to determine whether ChT-mediated oxidation can also sensitize TRPV2 to mechanical stimulation. In this system, we confirmed that ChT sensitized TRPV2 activation in response to 2-APB and heat, but we detected no sensitization to mechanical stimulation. This result suggests that the activation mechanism of TRPV2 by a chemical ligand and heat differs from that for mechanical stimulation. Further, we demonstrated that two-electrode voltage clamp recording in the Xenopus oocyte expression system is an excellent format for high throughput analysis of oxidization of redox-sensitive TRP channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Oda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Fujiwara
- Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Yasuki Ishizaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Koji Shibasaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Human Health Science, University of Nagasaki, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagasaki, 851-2195, Japan
- Corresponding author. Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Human Health Science, University of Nagasaki, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo, Nagasaki, 851-2195, Japan.
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Abstract
Expansion and activation of fibroblasts following cardiac injury is important for repair but may also contribute to fibrosis, remodeling, and dysfunction. The authors discuss the dynamic alterations of fibroblasts in failing and remodeling myocardium. Emerging concepts suggest that fibroblasts are not unidimensional cells that act exclusively by secreting extracellular matrix proteins, thus promoting fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction. In addition to their involvement in extracellular matrix expansion, activated fibroblasts may also exert protective actions, preserving the cardiac extracellular matrix, transducing survival signals to cardiomyocytes, and regulating inflammation and angiogenesis. The functional diversity of cardiac fibroblasts may reflect their phenotypic heterogeneity.
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Key Words
- AT1, angiotensin type 1
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- FAK, focal adhesion kinase
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- IL, interleukin
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MRTF, myocardin-related transcription factor
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- ROCK, Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SMA, smooth muscle actin
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TRP, transient receptor potential
- cytokines
- extracellular matrix
- fibroblast
- infarction
- lncRNA, long noncoding ribonucleic acid
- miRNA, micro–ribonucleic acid
- remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Humeres
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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Abstract
Sea urchins can detect and respond to light, and many species of sea urchins are negatively phototaxic. Light detection is hypothesized to occur via photoreceptors located on sea urchin tube feet, and opsins have been detected in tube feet, spines, and the test. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying light detection are, for the most part, unknown. Individual tube feet disc cells were isolated from purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus), and the electrical responses of these cells to varying levels of illumination were quantified using the patch clamp technique. No currents were observed under bright illumination, whereas under dark conditions, large, slowly activating currents were consistently observed. Two types of cells were functionally identified based on their responses to darkness. Type I cells sustained currents indefinitely in the dark, whereas Type II cell currents spontaneously decayed after several seconds. The large currents observed were composed of the summation of many smaller events that were characterized by a rapid onset and an exponentially decaying component, which may be indicative of direct vesicular release from the tube feet disc cells in response to the dark conditions.
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Abstract
The understanding of the molecular basis of sea urchin behavior and sensory and motor systems lags far behind that of many other animal species. To investigate whole-animal behavior pharmacologically, we first demonstrated that immersion in drug solution is an effective drug administration route for sea urchins, whereas oral drug administration was found to be ineffective. Although intracoelomic injection was found to be effective at administering drugs, it was also found that injection itself can disrupt normal sea urchin behavior. Using the drug immersion procedure, we demonstrate that sea urchin locomotion and the sea urchin righting response are inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor theophylline and the transient receptor potential channel inhibitor 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate. The sea urchin righting response was also inhibited by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester and the Ca2+ channel inhibitor diltiazem, which, along with theophylline and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, would all be expected to disrupt smooth muscle function, based on studies in other animals. In addition, the removal of extracellular Ca2+ also inhibited the righting response, whereas an inhibitor of intracellular Ca2+ release, thapsigargin, did not affect the righting response, indicating that extracellular Ca2+ rather than intracellular Ca2+ stores are required for righting.
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Key Words
- 2-APB, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- L-NAME, N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester
- NO, nitric oxide
- PDE, phosphodiesterase
- SERCA, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase
- TRP, transient receptor potential
- TRPC, canonical-type TRP
- TRPM, melastatin-type TRP
- TRPV, vanilloid-type TRP
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Kurahara LH, Hiraishi K, Hu Y, Koga K, Onitsuka M, Doi M, Aoyagi K, Takedatsu H, Kojima D, Fujihara Y, Jian Y, Inoue R. Activation of Myofibroblast TRPA1 by Steroids and Pirfenidone Ameliorates Fibrosis in Experimental Crohn's Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 5:299-318. [PMID: 29552620 PMCID: PMC5852292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel is highly expressed in the intestinal lamina propria, but its contribution to gut physiology/pathophysiology is unclear. Here, we evaluated the function of myofibroblast TRPA1 channels in intestinal remodeling. METHODS An intestinal myofibroblast cell line (InMyoFibs) was stimulated by transforming growth factor-β1 to induce in vitro fibrosis. Trpa1 knockout mice were generated using the Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9) system. A murine chronic colitis model was established by weekly intrarectal trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) administration. Samples from the intestines of Crohn's disease (CD) patients were used for pathologic staining and quantitative analyses. RESULTS In InMyoFibs, TRPA1 showed the highest expression among TRP family members. In TNBS chronic colitis model mice, the extents of inflammation and fibrotic changes were more prominent in TRPA1-/- knockout than in wild-type mice. One-week enema administration of prednisolone suppressed fibrotic lesions in wild-type mice, but not in TRPA1 knockout mice. Steroids and pirfenidone induced Ca2+ influx in InMyoFibs, which was antagonized by the selective TRPA1 channel blocker HC-030031. Steroids and pirfenidone counteracted transforming growth factor-β1-induced expression of heat shock protein 47, type 1 collagen, and α-smooth muscle actin, and reduced Smad-2 phosphorylation and myocardin expression in InMyoFibs. In stenotic intestinal regions of CD patients, TRPA1 expression was increased significantly. TRPA1/heat shock protein 47 double-positive cells accumulated in the stenotic intestinal regions of both CD patients and TNBS-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS TRPA1, in addition to its anti-inflammatory actions, may protect against intestinal fibrosis, thus being a novel therapeutic target for highly incurable inflammatory/fibrotic disorders.
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Key Words
- AITC, allyl isothiocyanate
- CD, Crohn’s disease
- Crohn’s Disease
- EGTA, ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid
- HSP47, heat shock protein 47
- InMyoFib, intestinal myofibroblast cell line
- Intestinal Fibrosis
- KO, knockout
- MT, Masson trichrome
- Myofibroblast
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- RT-PCR, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TNBS, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TRP, transient receptor potential
- TRPA1, transient receptor potential ankyrin 1
- TRPC, transient receptor potential canonical
- Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1
- WT, wild-type
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- sgRNA, single-guide RNA
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
- α-SMA, α smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hai Kurahara
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Lin Hai Kurahara, PhD, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan. fax: (81) 92-865-6032.Department of PhysiologyFaculty of MedicineFukuoka UniversityFukuoka814-0180Japan
| | - Keizo Hiraishi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yaopeng Hu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kaori Koga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miki Onitsuka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mayumi Doi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Aoyagi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Japanese Red Cross Fukuoka Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Takedatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daibo Kojima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Fujihara
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuwen Jian
- College of Letters and Science, University of California—Davis, Davis, California
| | - Ryuji Inoue
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Chen X, Wang K. The fate of medications evaluated for ischemic stroke pharmacotherapy over the period 1995-2015. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:522-30. [PMID: 27818918 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a brain damage caused by a loss of blood supply to a portion of the brain, which requires prompt and effective treatment. The current pharmacotherapy for ischemic stroke primarily relies on thrombolysis using recombinant tissue plasminogen activators (rt-PAs) to breakdown blood clots. Neuroprotective agents that inhibit excitatory neurotransmitters are also used to treat ischemic stroke but have failed to translate into clinical benefits. This poses a major challenge in biomedical research to understand what causes the progressive brain cell death after stroke and how to develop an effective pharmacotherapy for stroke. This brief review analyzes the fate of about 430 potentially useful stroke medications over the period 1995–2015 and describes in detail those that successfully reached the market. Hopefully, the information from this analysis will shed light on how future stroke research can improve stroke drug discovery.
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Key Words
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- AMPA, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
- ASIC1a, acid-sensing ion channel 1a
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- CFDA, the China Food and Drug Administration
- CNTF, ciliary neurotrophic factor
- GDNF, glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor
- Ion channel
- Ischemic stroke
- MHRA, Medicine and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency
- NBP, butylphthalide/3-n-butylphthalide
- NGF, nerve growth factor
- NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate
- Neuroprotective agent
- Non-NMDA mechanism
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicine
- TRP, transient receptor potential
- TRPC, transient receptor potential canonical
- TRPM, transient receptor potential melastatin
- TRPV, transient receptor potential vanilloid
- Thrombosis
- Traditional Chinese medicine
- iGluRs, ionotropic glutamate receptors
- rt-Pas, recombinant tissue plasminogen activators
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Breuksch I, Weinert M, Brenner W. The role of extracellular calcium in bone metastasis. J Bone Oncol 2016; 5:143-145. [PMID: 27761377 PMCID: PMC5063220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the role of extracellular calcium, as found present in the bone tissue, in the process of bone metastasis.
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Key Words
- AKT, AKT8 virus oncogene cellular homolog
- BMP's, bone morphogenetic proteins
- Bone metastasis
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CaSR
- CaSR, calcium-sensing receptor
- Calcium
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- ET-1, endothelin-1
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- Ion channels
- JNK, jun N-terminal kinase
- M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PGE-2, prostaglandin E-2
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PLC, phospholipase C
- PSA, prostate specific antigen
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10
- PTHrP, parathyroid hormone-related protein
- RANK, receptor activator of NF-κB
- RANKL, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand
- SK3, small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel 3
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor beta
- TRP, transient receptor potential
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
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Abstract
Capsaicin, a selective activator of the chemo- and heat-sensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) V1 cation channel, has characteristic feature of causing long-term functional and structural impairment of neural elements supplied by TRPV1/capsaicin receptor. In mammals, systemic application of capsaicin induces complex heat-loss response characteristic for each species and avoidance of warm environment. Capsaicin activates cutaneous warm receptors and polymodal nociceptors but has no effect on cold receptors or mechanoreceptors. In this review, thermoregulatory features of capsaicin-pretreated rodents and TRPV1-mediated neural elements with innocuous heat sensitivity are summarized. Recent data support a novel hypothesis for the role of visceral warmth sensors in monitoring core body temperature. Furthermore, strong evidence suggests that central presynaptic nerve terminals of TRPV1-expressing cutaneous, thoracic and abdominal visceral receptors are activated by innocuous warmth stimuli and capsaicin. These responses are absent in TRPV1 knockout mice. Thermoregulatory disturbance induced by systemic capsaicin pretreatment lasts for months and is characterized by a normal body temperature at cool environment up to a total dose of 150 mg/kg s.c. Upward differential shift of set points for activation vasodilation, other heat-loss effectors and thermopreference develops. Avoidance of warm ambient temperature (35°C, 40°C) is severely impaired but thermopreference at cool ambient temperatures (Tas) are not altered. TRPV1 knockout or knockdown and genetically altered TRPV1, TRPV2 and TRPM8 knockout mice have normal core temperature in thermoneutral or cool environments, but the combined mutant mice have impaired regulation in warm or cold (4°C) environments. Several lines of evidence support that in the preoptic area warmth sensitive neurons are activated and desensitized by capsaicin, but morphological evidence for it is controversial. It is suggested that these neurons have also integrator function. Fever is enhanced in capsaicin-desensitized rats and the inhibition observed after pretreatment with low i.p. doses does not support in the light of their warmth sensitivity the concept that abdominal TRPV1-expressing nerve terminals serve as nonthermal chemosensors for reference signals in thermoregulation.
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Key Words
- (s)EPSC(s), (spontaneous) excitatory postsynaptic current(s)
- DRG, dorsal root ganglion (ganglia)
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- LC, locus coeruleus
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- NTS, nucleus of the solitary tract
- PG(s), prostaglandin(s)
- POA, the preoptic area (of the hypothalamus)
- RTX, resiniferatoxin
- TRP, transient receptor potential
- TRPM8
- TRPV1
- Ta(s), ambient temperature(s)
- Tr, rectal temperature
- Ts, skin temperature
- Tt, tail temperature
- capsaicin
- fever
- preoptic area
- thermoregulation
- visceral thermoreceptors
- warm receptors
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Affiliation(s)
- János Szolcsányi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy; University Medical School of Pécs; Pécs, Hungary; Szentágothai Research Centre University of Pécs; Pécs, Hungary
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12
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Vetter I, Kym PR, Szallasi A. Feeling hot, feeling cold: TRP channels-a great story unfolds. Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:150-1. [PMID: 27227014 PMCID: PMC4843895 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1047721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This editorial is about the roles that TRP channels play in heat and cold sensation and body temperature regulation. These roles may be exploited for therapeutic purposes (indeed, drugs targeting TRPV1, TRPA1 and TRPM8 channels are currently undergoing clinical trials for indications that range from pain through chronic cough and overactive bladder to cancer) or, conversely, may limit drug development (for example, several TRPV1 antagonists were withdrawn from clinical trials due to the hyperthermic reaction that they caused). In the future, modulation of thermosensitive TRP channels may ultimately find application in the treatment not only of pain, but also itch, stroke, asthma, and metabolic disorders. Of the multitude of targets involved in temperature sensation and body temperature regulation, why TRP channels? And why now?
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience & School of Pharmacy; The University of Queensland ; Brisbane, Australia
| | - Philip R Kym
- Centralized Lead Optimization; AbbVie ; Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arpad Szallasi
- Department of Pathology; Monmouth Medical Center; Long Branch, NJ, USA; Drexel University College of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Wang H, Siemens J. TRP ion channels in thermosensation, thermoregulation and metabolism. Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:178-87. [PMID: 27227022 PMCID: PMC4843888 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1040604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the TRP superfamily of cation channels includes 27 related molecules that respond to a remarkable variety of chemical and physical stimuli. While physiological roles for many TRP channels remain unknown, over the past years several have been shown to function as molecular sensors in organisms ranging from yeast to humans. In particular, TRP channels are now known to constitute important components of sensory systems, where they participate in the detection or transduction of osmotic, mechanical, thermal, or chemosensory stimuli. We here summarize our current understanding of the role individual members of this versatile receptor family play in thermosensation and thermoregulation, and also touch upon their immerging role in metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Heidelberg ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Siemens
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Heidelberg ; Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Carrasquel-Ursulaez W, Moldenhauer H, Castillo JP, Latorre R, Alvarez O. Biophysical analysis of thermosensitive TRP channels with a special focus on the cold receptor TRPM8. Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:188-200. [PMID: 27227023 PMCID: PMC4843903 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1047558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals maintain homeostatic control of their body temperature. Therefore, these organisms are expected to have adaptations that confer the ability to detect and react to both self and ambient temperature. Temperature-activated ion channels have been discovered to be the primary molecular determinants of thermosensation. The most representative group of these determinants constitutes members of the transient receptor potential superfamily, TRP, which are activated by either low or high temperatures covering the whole range of physiologically relevant temperatures. This review makes a critical assessment of existing analytical methods of temperature-activated TRP channel mechanisms using the cold-activated TRPM8 channel as a paradigm.
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Key Words
- DRG, dorsal root ganglion
- F, Faraday
- G0, Standard molar Gibbs free energy
- H0, Standard molar enthalpy
- Q10, temperature coefficient
- R, universal gas constant
- S0, Standard molar entropy
- T, temperature
- TG, trigeminal ganglion
- TRP, transient receptor potential
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy Carrasquel-Ursulaez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso; Universidad de Valparaíso; Valparaíso, Chile; Doctorado en Ciencias Mención Neurociencias; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Valparaíso; Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Hans Moldenhauer
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso; Universidad de Valparaíso ; Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Castillo
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso; Universidad de Valparaíso ; Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ramón Latorre
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso; Universidad de Valparaíso ; Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Osvaldo Alvarez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso; Universidad de Valparaíso; Valparaíso, Chile; Departamento de Biología; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Chile; Santiago, Chile
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15
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Bautista DM. Spicy science: David Julius and the discovery of temperature-sensitive TRP channels. Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:135-41. [PMID: 27227012 PMCID: PMC4843893 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1047077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This invited biographical review covers the career of Dr. David Julius and his discovery of thermosensitive TRP channels. Dr. Julius is currently the Morris Herzstein Chair in Molecular Biology and Medicine and Professor and Chair of Physiology at the University of California, San Francisco Medical School. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and has received many distinguished awards for his landmark discoveries of the molecular basis of pain and thermosensation.
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Key Words
- 5-HT3 (also HTR3), 5-Hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin) Receptor 3
- DRG, dorsal root ganglia
- GABAB, Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) B Receptor
- GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor
- P2X, Purinergic Receptor P2X
- TRP channel
- TRP, transient receptor potential
- TRPA1, transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1
- TRPM8, transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 8
- TRPV1, transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1
- pain
- sensory neuron
- somatosensation
- thermosensation
- α-MSH, α-melanocyte stimulating hormone
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Bautista
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute; University of California Berkeley ; Berkeley, CA, USA
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Romanovsky AA. Protecting western redcedar from deer browsing-with a passing reference to TRP channels. Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:142-9. [PMID: 27227013 PMCID: PMC4843894 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1047078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This editorial is about tree farming. It proposes to test in an experiment whether co-planting (in the same hole) western redcedar (WRC, Thuja plicata) with Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) protects WRC seedlings from wildlife browsing. This sustainable protection method is an alternative to the traditional use of mechanical devices and big-game repellents. Many repellents contain transient receptor potential (TRP) agonists, such as capsaicin, a TRP vanilloid-1 agonist. This editorial also delivers a puzzle: while herbivores avoid capsaicin, why do people living in hot climates consume large quantities of it (in chili peppers)?
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej A Romanovsky
- FeverLab; Trauma Research; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center; Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Tree Fever: Forestland Conservation and Development; Glendale, AZ, USA
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Abstract
Temperature sensing is essential in every organism in order to adapt and survive. However, the mechanisms by which temperature is perceived and detected remain unclear. Recent findings on thermally-activated ion channels have shed light on the puzzle and unravel molecular entities for temperature detection and transduction in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Toro
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center; Oregon Health & Science University ; Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Sebastian Brauchi
- Instituto de Fisiología; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Austral de Chile ; Valdivia, Chile
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Abstract
Mathematical modeling of the electrical activity of the pancreatic β-cell has been extremely important for understanding the cellular mechanisms involved in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Several models have been proposed over the last 30 y, growing in complexity as experimental evidence of the cellular mechanisms involved has become available. Almost all the models have been developed based on experimental data from rodents. However, given the many important differences between species, models of human β-cells have recently been developed. This review summarizes how modeling of β-cells has evolved, highlighting the proposed physiological mechanisms underlying β-cell electrical activity.
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Key Words
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- CK, Chay-Keizer
- CRAC, calcium release-activated current
- Ca2+, calcium ions
- DOM, dual oscillator model
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- F6P, fructose-6-phosphate
- FBP, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
- GLUT, glucose transporter
- GSIS, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
- HERG, human eter à-go-go related gene
- IP3R, inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors
- KATP, ATP-sensitive K+ channels
- KCa, Ca2+-dependent K+ channels
- Kv, voltage-dependent K+ channels
- MCU, mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter
- NCX, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger
- PFK, phosphofructokinase
- PMCA, plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RyR, ryanodine receptors
- SERCA, sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase
- T2D, Type 2 Diabetes
- TCA, trycarboxylic acid cycle
- TRP, transient receptor potential
- VDCC, voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels
- Vm, membrane potential
- [ATP]i, cytosolic ATP
- [Ca2+]i, intracellular calcium concentration
- [Ca2+]m, mitochondrial calcium
- [Na+], Na+ concentration
- action potentials
- bursting
- cAMP, cyclic AMP
- calcium
- electrical activity
- ion channels
- mNCX, mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger
- mathematical model
- β-cell
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo J Félix-Martínez
- Department of Electrical Engineering; Universidad
Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa; México, DF,
México
- Correspondence to: Gerardo J
Félix-Martínez;
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