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Wheeler JJ, Domenichiello AF, Jensen JR, Keyes GS, Maiden KM, Davis JM, Ramsden CE, Mishra SK. Endogenous Derivatives of Linoleic Acid and their Stable Analogs Are Potential Pain Mediators. JID Innov 2023; 3:100177. [PMID: 36876220 PMCID: PMC9982331 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is characterized by intense pruritus, with a subset of individuals with psoriasis experiencing thermal hypersensitivity. However, the pathophysiology of thermal hypersensitivity in psoriasis and other skin conditions remains enigmatic. Linoleic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid that is concentrated in the skin, and oxidation of linoleic acid into metabolites with multiple hydroxyl and epoxide functional groups has been shown to play a role in skin barrier function. Previously, we identified several linoleic acid‒derived mediators that were more concentrated in psoriatic lesions, but the role of these lipids in psoriasis remains unknown. In this study, we report that two such compounds-9,10-epoxy-13-hydroxy-octadecenoate and 9,10,13-trihydroxy-octadecenoate-are present as free fatty acids and induce nociceptive behavior in mice but not in rats. By chemically stabilizing 9,10-epoxy-13-hydroxy-octadecenoate and 9,10,13-trihydroxy-octadecenoate through the addition of methyl groups, we observed pain and hypersensitization in mice. The nociceptive responses suggest an involvement of the TRPA1 channel, whereas hypersensitive responses induced by these mediators may require both TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels. Furthermore, we showed that 9,10,13-trihydroxy-octadecenoate‒induced calcium transients in sensory neurons are mediated through the Gβγ subunit of an unidentified G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). Overall, mechanistic insights from this study will guide the development of potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of pain and hypersensitivity.
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Key Words
- 9,10,13-THL, 9,10,13-trihydroxy-octadecenoate
- 9,13-EHL, 13-hydroxy-9,10-epoxy octadecenoate
- CFA, complete Freund’s adjuvant
- DRG, dorsal root ganglia
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- HODE, hydroxyoctadecenoate
- KO, knockout
- LA, linoleic acid
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography‒tandem mass spectrometry
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- TRP, transient receptor potential
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Wheeler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anthony F. Domenichiello
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Jensen
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gregory S. Keyes
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristen M. Maiden
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Obstetrics-Gynecology Program, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - John M. Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ilinois, USA
| | - Christopher E. Ramsden
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Santosh K. Mishra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Correspondence: Santosh K. Mishra, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, RB 242, Raleigh 27607, North Carolina, USA.
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Zhong T, Zhang W, Guo H, Pan X, Chen X, He Q, Yang B, Ding L. The regulatory and modulatory roles of TRP family channels in malignant tumors and relevant therapeutic strategies. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1761-1780. [PMID: 35847486 PMCID: PMC9279634 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are one primary type of calcium (Ca2+) permeable channels, and those relevant transmembrane and intracellular TRP channels were previously thought to be mainly associated with the regulation of cardiovascular and neuronal systems. Nowadays, however, accumulating evidence shows that those TRP channels are also responsible for tumorigenesis and progression, inducing tumor invasion and metastasis. However, the overall underlying mechanisms and possible signaling transduction pathways that TRP channels in malignant tumors might still remain elusive. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the linkage between TRP channels and the significant characteristics of tumors such as multi-drug resistance (MDR), metastasis, apoptosis, proliferation, immune surveillance evasion, and the alterations of relevant tumor micro-environment. Moreover, we also have discussed the expression of relevant TRP channels in various forms of cancer and the relevant inhibitors' efficacy. The chemo-sensitivity of the anti-cancer drugs of various acting mechanisms and the potential clinical applications are also presented. Furthermore, it would be enlightening to provide possible novel therapeutic approaches to counteract malignant tumors regarding the intervention of calcium channels of this type.
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Key Words
- 4α-PDD, 4α-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate
- ABCB, ATP-binding cassette B1
- AKT, protein kinase B
- ALA, alpha lipoic acid
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- APB, aminoethoxydiphenyl borate
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- CBD, cannabidiol
- CRAC, Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channel
- CaR, calcium-sensing receptor
- CaSR, calcium sensing receptor
- Cancer progression
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DBTRG, Denver Brain Tumor Research Group
- ECFC, endothelial colony-forming cells
- ECM, enhanced extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EMT, epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- ETS, erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog
- FAK, focal adhesion kinase
- GADD, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene
- GC, gastric cancer
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- GSC, glioma stem-like cells
- GSK, glycogen synthase kinase
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HIF, hypoxia-induced factor
- HSC, hematopoietic stem cells
- IP3R, inositol triphosphate receptor
- Intracellular mechanism
- KO, knockout
- LOX, lipoxygenase
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LRP, lipoprotein receptor-related protein
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MLKL, mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinases
- NEDD4, neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 4
- NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T-cells
- NLRP3, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3
- NO, nitro oxide
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- PCa, prostate cancer
- PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
- PHD, prolyl hydroxylases
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PKD, polycystic kidney disease
- PLC, phospholipase C
- Programmed cancer cell death
- RNS/ROS, reactive nitrogen species/reactive oxygen species
- RTX, resiniferatoxin
- SMAD, Caenorhabditis elegans protein (Sma) and mothers against decapentaplegic (Mad)
- SOCE, store operated calcium entry
- SOR, soricimed
- STIM1, stromal interaction molecules 1
- TEC, tumor endothelial cells
- TGF, transforming growth factor-β
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TRP channels
- TRPA/C/M/ML/N/P/V, transient receptor potential ankyrin/canonical/melastatin/mucolipon/NOMPC/polycystin/vanilloid
- Targeted tumor therapy
- Tumor microenvironment
- Tumor-associated immunocytes
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide
- VPAC, vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor subtype
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- pFRG/RTN, parafacial respiratory group/retrotrapezoid nucleus
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Ahsan A, Liu M, Zheng Y, Yan W, Pan L, Li Y, Ma S, Zhang X, Cao M, Wu Z, Hu W, Chen Z, Zhang X. Natural compounds modulate the autophagy with potential implication of stroke. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1708-20. [PMID: 34386317 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is considered a leading cause of mortality and neurological disability, which puts a huge burden on individuals and the community. To date, effective therapy for stroke has been limited by its complex pathological mechanisms. Autophagy refers to an intracellular degrading process with the involvement of lysosomes. Autophagy plays a critical role in maintaining the homeostasis and survival of cells by eliminating damaged or non-essential cellular constituents. Increasing evidence support that autophagy protects neuronal cells from ischemic injury. However, under certain circumstances, autophagy activation induces cell death and aggravates ischemic brain injury. Diverse naturally derived compounds have been found to modulate autophagy and exert neuroprotection against stroke. In the present work, we have reviewed recent advances in naturally derived compounds that regulate autophagy and discussed their potential application in stroke treatment.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- AMPK, 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
- ATF6, activating transcription factor 6
- ATG, autophagy related genes
- Autophagy
- BCL-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- BNIP3L, BCL2/adenovirus
- COPII, coat protein complex II
- Cerebral ischemia
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FOXO, forkhead box O
- FUNDC1, FUN14 domain containing 1
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- HD, Huntington's disease
- IPC, ischemic preconditioning
- IRE1, inositol-requiring enzyme 1
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LAMP, lysosomal-associated membrane protein
- LC3, light chain 3
- LKB1, liver kinase B1
- Lysosomal activation
- Mitochondria
- Mitophagy
- Natural compounds
- Neurological disorders
- Neuroprotection
- OGD/R, oxygen and glucose deprivation-reperfusion
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PERK, protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SQSTM1, sequestosome 1
- TFEB, transcription factor EB
- TIGAR, TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator
- ULK, Unc-51- like kinase
- Uro-A, urolithin A
- eIF2a, eukaryotic translation-initiation factor 2
- mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
- ΔΨm, mitochondrial membrane potential
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Liu Y, Liu Z, Wang K. The Ca 2+-activated chloride channel ANO1/TMEM16A: An emerging therapeutic target for epithelium-originated diseases? Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1412-1433. [PMID: 34221860 PMCID: PMC8245819 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anoctamin 1 (ANO1) or TMEM16A gene encodes a member of Ca2+ activated Cl– channels (CaCCs) that are critical for physiological functions, such as epithelial secretion, smooth muscle contraction and sensory signal transduction. The attraction and interest in ANO1/TMEM16A arise from a decade long investigations that abnormal expression or dysfunction of ANO1 is involved in many pathological phenotypes and diseases, including asthma, neuropathic pain, hypertension and cancer. However, the lack of specific modulators of ANO1 has impeded the efforts to validate ANO1 as a therapeutic target. This review focuses on the recent progress made in understanding of the pathophysiological functions of CaCC ANO1 and the current modulators used as pharmacological tools, hopefully illustrating a broad spectrum of ANO1 channelopathy and a path forward for this target validation.
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Key Words
- ANO1
- ANO1, anoctamin-1
- ASM, airway smooth muscle
- Ang II, angiotensin II
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- CAMK, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
- CF, cystic fibrosis
- CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
- Ca2+-activated Cl– channels (CaCCs)
- CaCCinh-A01
- CaCCs, Ca2+ activated chloride channels
- Cancer
- Cystic fibrosis
- DRG, dorsal root ganglion
- Drug target
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ENaC, epithelial sodium channels
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- FRT, fisher rat thyroid
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GIST, gastrointestinal stromal tumor
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
- HTS, high-throughput screening
- ICC, interstitial cells of Cajal
- IPAH, idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κB
- PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension
- PAR2, protease activated receptor 2
- PASMC, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells
- PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
- PKD, polycystic kidney disease
- T16Ainh-A01
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TMEM16A
- VGCC, voltage gated calcium channel
- VRAC, volume regulated anion channel
- VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cells
- YFP, yellow fluorescent protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266073, China
- Institute of Innovative Drugs, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Zongtao Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Third People's Hospital, Qingdao 266041, China
| | - KeWei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266073, China
- Institute of Innovative Drugs, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
- Corresponding authors.
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Scheepstra M, Hekking KFW, van Hijfte L, Folmer RHA. Bivalent Ligands for Protein Degradation in Drug Discovery. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:160-176. [PMID: 30788082 PMCID: PMC6369262 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting the "undruggable" proteome remains one of the big challenges in drug discovery. Recent innovations in the field of targeted protein degradation and manipulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system open up new therapeutic approaches for disorders that cannot be targeted with conventional inhibitor paradigms. Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are bivalent ligands in which a compound that binds to the protein target of interest is connected to a second molecule that binds an E3 ligase via a linker. The E3 protein is usually either Cereblon or Von Hippel-Lindau. Several examples of selective PROTAC molecules with potent effect in cells and in vivo models have been reported. The degradation of specific proteins via these bivalent molecules is already allowing for the study of biochemical pathways and cell biology with more specificity than was possible with inhibitor compounds. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the field of small molecule mediated protein degradation, including transcription factors, kinases and nuclear receptors. We discuss the potential benefits of protein degradation over inhibition as well as the challenges that need to be overcome.
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Key Words
- ABCB1, ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- AHR, aryl hydrogen receptor
- ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase
- Aβ, amyloid-β
- BET, bromodomain and extra-terminal
- BTK, Bruton's tyrosine kinase
- Bcl6, B-cell lymphoma 6
- Bivalent ligand
- Brd4, bromodomain 4
- CDK9, cyclin dependent kinase 9
- CK2, Casein kinase 2
- CLIPTAC, click-formed proteolysis targeting chimera
- CRBN, Cereblon
- Chimera
- DC50, the compound concentration that results in 50% target protein degradation
- DHODH, Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
- Degrader
- ERK1, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1
- ERRα, estrogen-related receptor alpha
- ERα, estrogen receptor alpha
- EZH2, enhancer of zeste homolog 2
- FLT3, FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3
- FRS2, fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2
- GCN5, general control nonderepressible 5
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- HTS, high-throughput screening
- MDM2, mouse double-minute 2 homolog
- MetAP-2, methionine aminopeptidase-2
- PCAF, P300/CBP-associated factor
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
- PLK-1, polo-like kinase 1
- POI, protein of interest
- PROTAC
- PROTAC, proteolysis targeting chimeras
- Proteasome
- Protein degradation
- RAR, retinoic acid receptor
- RIPK2, receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SARM, selective androgen receptor modulator
- SNIPER, specific and non-genetic IAP-dependent protein eraser
- TBK1, TANK-Binding kinase 1
- TRIM24, tripartite motif-containing 24 (also known as TIF1α)
- VHL, Von Hippel-Lindau
- cIAP1, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koen F W Hekking
- Mercachem BV, Kerkenbos 1013, 6546 BB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Luc van Hijfte
- Mercachem BV, Kerkenbos 1013, 6546 BB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Mashima H, Watanabe N, Sekine M, Matsumoto S, Asano T, Yuhashi K, Sagihara N, Urayoshi S, Uehara T, Fujiwara J, Ishii T, Tsuboi R, Miyatani H, Ohnishi H. The role of Gα q/Gα 11 signaling in intestinal epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 13:93-98. [PMID: 29387814 PMCID: PMC5789759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal homeostasis and the coordinated actions of digestion, absorption and excretion are tightly regulated by a number of gastrointestinal hormones. Most of them exert their actions through G-protein-coupled receptors. Recently, we showed that the absence of Gαq/Gα11 signaling impaired the maturation of Paneth cells, induced their differentiation toward goblet cells, and affected the regeneration of the colonic mucosa in an experimental model of colitis. Although an immunohistochemical study showed that Gαq/Gα11 were highly expressed in enterocytes, it seemed that enterocytes were not affected in Int-Gq/G11 double knock-out intestine. Thus, we used an intestinal epithelial cell line to examine the role of signaling through Gαq/Gα11 in enterocytes and manipulated the expression level of Gαq and/or Gα11. The proliferation was inhibited in IEC-6 cells that overexpressed Gαq/Gα11 and enhanced in IEC-6 cells in which Gαq/Gα11 was downregulated. The expression of T-cell factor 1 was increased according to the overexpression of Gαq/Gα11. The expression of Notch1 intracellular cytoplasmic domain was decreased by the overexpression of Gαq/Gα11 and increased by the downregulation of Gαq/Gα11. The relative mRNA expression of Muc2, a goblet cell marker, was elevated in a Gαq/Gα11 knock-down experiment. Our findings suggest that Gαq/Gα11-mediated signaling inhibits proliferation and may support a physiological function, such as absorption or secretion, in terminally differentiated enterocytes.
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Key Words
- ACh, acetylcholine
- Ab, antibody
- Atoh1, atonal homolog 1
- CCK, cholecystokinin
- CCK2R, cholecystokinin-2 receptor
- DKO, double knock-out
- Enterocyte
- GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
- GLP-1, glucagon-like-peptide-1
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- Gα11
- Gαq
- HE, hematoxylin and eosin
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cell
- NICD, Notch1 intracellular cytoplasmic domain
- Notch
- Proliferation
- TA, transit amplifying
- Tcf1, T-cell factor 1
- VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide
- Wnt/β-catenin
- mAChR, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
- qPCR, quantitative real-time PCR
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirosato Mashima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Noboru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Masanari Sekine
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Satohiro Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Takeharu Asano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Yuhashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Sagihara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Urayoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uehara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Junichi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Takehiro Ishii
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Rumiko Tsuboi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miyatani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Hirohide Ohnishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
- Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Kawasaki 211-0021, Japan
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Masuhara M, Tsukahara T, Tomita K, Furukawa M, Miyawaki S, Sato T. A relation between osteoclastogenesis inhibition and membrane-type estrogen receptor GPR30. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 8:389-394. [PMID: 28955981 PMCID: PMC5614543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the cooperative balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts causes various bone disorders, some of which are because of abnormal osteoclast recruitment. Osteoporosis, one of the bone disorders, is not effectively treated by currently available medicines. In addition to the development of novel drugs for palliative treatment, the exploitation of novel compounds for preventive treatment is important in an aging society. Quercetin, a major flavonoid found in many fruits and vegetables, has been expected to inhibit cancer and prevent several diseases because of its anti-inflammatory and estrogenic functions. It has been reported that quercetin has the potential to reduce bone resorption, but the mechanism by which this compound affects the differentiation of osteoclasts remains unknown. Here, using a bone marrow cell-based in vitro osteoclast differentiation system from bone marrow cells, we found that the ability of quercetin to inhibit osteoclastogenesis was related to its estrogenic activity. The inhibition was partially blocked by a specific antagonist for the nuclear receptor estrogen receptor α, but a specific antagonist of the membrane-type receptor GPR30 completely ablated this inhibition. Furthermore, quercetin suppressed the transient increase of Akt phosphorylation induced by the stimulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand with no effect on MAPK phosphorylation, suggesting exquisite crosstalk between cytokine receptor and G-protein coupled receptor signaling. These results indicate the important role of GPR30 in osteoclast differentiation and provide new insights to the development of new treatments for osteoporosis. Flavonoids can prevent osteoporosis, but the precise mechanism remains unknown. The major flavonoid quercetin inhibited osteoclastogenesis. The inhibition was entirely rescued by GPR30 antagonism. GPR30 has a key role in mechanism of osteoclastogenesis prevention by quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Masuhara
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Takao Tsukahara
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tomita
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Minami Furukawa
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Department of Orthodontics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Shouichi Miyawaki
- Department of Orthodontics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Sato
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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Thirkettle-Watts D. Impedance-based analysis of mu opioid receptor signaling and underlying mechanisms. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 6:32-8. [PMID: 30338303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mu opioid receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor able to signal through the Gαi/o class of G-protein and β-arrestin pathways, stimulating down-stream effector pathways. Signaling bias occurs when different receptor agonists lead to different signaling outcomes. Traditionally these have been studied using end-point assays. Real-time cellular analysis platforms allow for the analysis of the holistic effects of receptor activation as an integrated output. While this allows for different ligands to be compared rapidly, the cellular mechanisms underlying the signal are not well described. Using an impedance based system, the impedance responses for two opioid ligands, morphine and DAMGO were examined. The impedance responses for these two agonists, while showing similar features, were distinct from each other. Some of the mechanisms underlying the mu opioid receptor coupled impedance changes were investigated. It was found that the response is a result of discrete cellular processes, including G-protein signaling and protein kinase phosphorylation. An impedance assay was used to capture label-free real-time data for two opioids. DAMGO and morphine treatments produced different responses. Cellular mechanisms underlying impedance response were investigated. G-protein signaling and protein phosphorylation were implicated in the response. The contribution of two kinases, AKT1/2/3 and ERK1/2, was demonstrated.
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Zhao S, Poursharifi P, Mugabo Y, Levens EJ, Vivot K, Attane C, Iglesias J, Peyot ML, Joly E, Madiraju SM, Prentki M. α/β-Hydrolase domain-6 and saturated long chain monoacylglycerol regulate insulin secretion promoted by both fuel and non-fuel stimuli. Mol Metab 2015; 4:940-50. [PMID: 26909310 PMCID: PMC4731734 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective α/β-Hydrolase domain-6 (ABHD6) is a newly identified monoacylglycerol (MAG) lipase. We recently reported that it negatively regulates glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in the β cells by hydrolyzing lipolysis-derived MAG that acts as a metabolic coupling factor and signaling molecule via exocytotic regulator Munc13-1. Whether ABHD6 and MAG play a role in response to all classes of insulin secretagogues, in particular various fuel and non-fuel stimuli, is unknown. Methods Insulin secretion in response to various classes of secretagogues, exogenous MAG and pharmacological agents was measured in islets of mice deficient in ABHD6 specifically in the β cell (BKO). Islet perifusion experiments and determinations of glucose and fatty acid metabolism, cytosolic Ca2+ and MAG species levels were carried out. Results Deletion of ABHD6 potentiated insulin secretion in response to the fuels glutamine plus leucine and α-ketoisocaproate and to the non-fuel stimuli glucagon-like peptide 1, carbamylcholine and elevated KCl. Fatty acids amplified GSIS in control and BKO mice to the same extent. Exogenous 1-MAG amplified insulin secretion in response to fuel and non-fuel stimuli. MAG hydrolysis activity was greatly reduced in BKO islets without changes in total diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol lipase activity. ABHD6 deletion induced insulin secretion independently from KATP channels and did not alter the glucose induced rise in intracellular Ca2+. Perifusion studies showed elevated insulin secretion during second phase of GSIS in BKO islets that was not due to altered cytosolic Ca2+ signaling or because of changes in glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Glucose increased islet saturated long chain 1-MAG species and ABHD6 deletion caused accumulation of these 1-MAG species at both low and elevated glucose. Conclusion ABHD6 regulates insulin secretion in response to fuel stimuli at large and some non-fuel stimuli by controlling long chain saturated 1-MAG levels that synergize with other signaling pathways for secretion. ABHD6 is the major monoacylglycerol (MAG) hydrolase in pancreatic β cells. 1-MAG level is elevated in islets from β cell specific ABHD6-KO mice (BKO). BKO islets show enhanced fuel and non-fuel induced insulin secretion. ABHD6 accessible 1-MAG synergizes with other signals for insulin secretion.
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Key Words
- 1-OG, 1-oleoylglycerol
- 1-PG, 1-palmitoylglycerol
- 1-SG, 1-stearoylglycerol
- ABHD6, α/β-hydrolase domain-6
- ATGL, adipose triglyceride lipase
- BKO, β cell specific ABHD6-knockout
- Carb, carbamylcholine
- Cytosolic Ca2+
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- FFA, free fatty acid
- Flox, flox/flox
- GL/FFA, glycerolipid/ free fatty acid
- GLP1, glucagon-like peptide 1
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- GSIS, glucose stimulated insulin secretion
- HSL, hormone sensitive lipase
- Insulin secretion
- KO, knockout
- Kic, α-ketoisocaproate
- MAG, monoacylglycerol
- Monoacylglycerol
- OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- Pancreatic islets
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TG, triacylglycerol
- WT, wild type
- α/β-Hydrolase domain-6
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - S.R. Murthy Madiraju
- Corresponding author. Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, 900 St-Denis (Viger Tower), Rm R08-414, Montreal, QC H1W 4A4, Canada. Tel.: +1 514 890 8000x23610; fax: +1 514 412 7648.
| | - Marc Prentki
- Corresponding author. Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, 900 St-Denis (Viger Tower), Rm R08-412, Montreal, QC H1W 4A4, Canada. Tel.: +1 514 890 8000x23642; fax: +1 514 412 7648.
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Douthwaite JA, Sridharan S, Huntington C, Hammersley J, Marwood R, Hakulinen JK, Ek M, Sjögren T, Rider D, Privezentzev C, Seaman JC, Cariuk P, Knights V, Young J, Wilkinson T, Sleeman M, Finch DK, Lowe DC, Vaughan TJ. Affinity maturation of a novel antagonistic human monoclonal antibody with a long VH CDR3 targeting the Class A GPCR formyl-peptide receptor 1. MAbs 2015; 7:152-66. [PMID: 25484051 PMCID: PMC4622665 DOI: 10.4161/19420862.2014.985158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies targeting G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are desirable for intervention in a wide range of disease processes. The discovery of such antibodies is challenging due to a lack of stability of many GPCRs as purified proteins. We describe here the generation of Fpro0165, a human anti-formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) antibody generated by variable domain engineering of an antibody derived by immunization of transgenic mice expressing human variable region genes. Antibody isolation and subsequent engineering of affinity, potency and species cross-reactivity using phage display were achieved using FPR1 expressed on HEK cells for immunization and selection, along with calcium release cellular assays for antibody screening. Fpro0165 shows full neutralization of formyl peptide-mediated activation of primary human neutrophils. A crystal structure of the Fpro0165 Fab shows a long, protruding VH CDR3 of 24 amino acids and in silico docking with a homology model of FPR1 suggests that this long VH CDR3 is critical to the predicted binding mode of the antibody. Antibody mutation studies identify the apex of the long VH CDR3 as key to mediating the species cross-reactivity profile of the antibody. This study illustrates an approach for antibody discovery and affinity engineering to typically intractable membrane proteins such as GPCRs.
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Key Words
- CDR, complementarity determining region
- FLIPR, Fluorescent Imaging Plate Reader
- FMAT, fluorometric microvolume assay technology
- FPR, formyl peptide receptor
- Fv, variable domain
- G-protein coupled receptor
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- MPL, magnetic proteoliposome
- RIMMS, repetitive immunization at multiple sites
- VH, variable heavy
- VL, variable light
- affinity maturation
- antibody crystal structure
- antibody engineering
- formyl peptide receptor-1
- homology modeling
- long CDR
- phage display
- scFv, single chain Fv fragment
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Hori T, Nakamura M, Yokomizo T, Shimizu T, Miyano M. The leukotriene B 4 receptor BLT1 is stabilized by transmembrane helix capping mutations. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 4:243-9. [PMID: 29124210 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we introduced structure-based rational mutations in the guinea pig leukotriene B4 receptor (gpBLT1) in order to enhance the stabilization of the protein. Elements thought to be unfavorable for the stability of gpBLT1 were extracted based on the stabilization elements established in soluble proteins, determined crystal structures of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and multiple sequence alignment. The two unfavorable residues His832.67 and Lys883.21, located at helix capping sites, were replaced with Gly (His83Gly2.67 and Lys88Gly3.21). The modified protein containing His83Gly2.67/Lys88Gly3.21 was highly expressed, solubilized, and purified and exhibited improved thermal stability by 4 °C in comparison with that of the original gpBLT1 construct. Owing to the double mutation, the expression level increased by 6-fold (Bmax=311 pmol/mg) in the membrane fraction of Pichia pastoris. The ligand binding affinity was similar to that of the original gpBLT1 without the mutations. Similar unfavorable residues have been observed at helix capping sites in many other GPCRs; therefore, the replacement of such residues with more favorable residues will improve stabilization of the GPCR structure for the crystallization. Point mutations were rationally designed to stabilize LTB4 receptor (BLT1). The stability of mutant His83Gly2.67/Lys88Gly3.21 improved by 5 °C. BLT1 expression by P. pastoris was increased 6-fold. Mutations were designed to replace unfavorable residues at the helix capping site. This method would be useful for the stabilization of the other membrane proteins.
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Boshuizen RS, Marsden C, Turkstra J, Rossant CJ, Slootstra J, Copley C, Schwamborn K. A combination of in vitro techniques for efficient discovery of functional monoclonal antibodies against human CXC chemokine receptor-2 (CXCR2). MAbs 2015; 6:1415-24. [PMID: 25484047 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.36237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of functional monoclonal antibodies against intractable GPCR targets. RESULTS Identification of structured peptides mimicking the ligand binding site, their use in panning to enrich for a population of binders, and the subsequent challenge of this population with receptor overexpressing cells leads to functional monoclonal antibodies. CONCLUSION The combination of techniques provides a successful strategic approach for the development of functional monoclonal antibodies against CXCR2 in a relatively small campaign. SIGNIFICANCE The presented combination of techniques might be applicable for other, notoriously difficult, GPCR targets. SUMMARY The CXC chemokine receptor-2 (CXCR2) is a member of the large 'family A' of G-protein-coupled-receptors and is overexpressed in various types of cancer cells. CXCR2 is activated by binding of a number of ligands, including interleukin 8 (IL-8) and growth-related protein α (Gro-α). Monoclonal antibodies capable of blocking the ligand-receptor interaction are therefore of therapeutic interest; however, the development of biological active antibodies against highly structured GPCR proteins is challenging. Here we present a combination of techniques that improve the discovery of functional monoclonal antibodies against the native CXCR2 receptor. The IL-8 binding site of CXCR2 was identified by screening peptide libraries with the IL-8 ligand, and then reconstructed as soluble synthetic peptides. These peptides were used as antigens to probe an antibody fragment phage display library to obtain subpopulations binding to the IL-8 binding site of CXCR2. Further enrichment of the phage population was achieved by an additional selection round with CXCR2 overexpressing cells as a different antigen source. The scFvs from the CXCR2 specific phage clones were sequenced and converted into monoclonal antibodies. The obtained antibodies bound specifically to CXCR2 expressing cells and inhibited the IL-8 and Gro-α induced ß-arrestin recruitment with IC50 values of 0.3 and 0.2 nM, respectively, and were significantly more potent than the murine monoclonal antibodies (18 and 19 nM, respectively) obtained by the classical hybridoma technique, elicited with the same peptide antigen. According to epitope mapping studies, the antibody efficacy is largely defined by N-terminal epitopes comprising the IL-8 and Gro-α binding sites. The presented strategic combination of in vitro techniques, including the use of different antigen sources, is a powerful alternative for the development of functional monoclonal antibodies by the classical hybridoma technique, and might be applicable to other GPCR targets.
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Key Words
- ABTS, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CLIPS™, Chemical LInkage of Peptides onto Scaffolds
- CXCR2
- ECL, extracellular loop
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay
- Fmoc, fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl
- GPCR
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- Gro-α, growth-related protein α
- IL-8, interleukin 8
- IPTG, isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PEG, polyethyleneglycol
- TES, 2-[[1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethanesulfonic acid
- TRIS, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
- ligand inhibition
- monoclonal antibody
- phage display library
- scFv, single-chain variable fragment
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Rossant CJ, Carroll D, Huang L, Elvin J, Neal F, Walker E, Benschop JJ, Kim EE, Barry ST, Vaughan TJ. Phage display and hybridoma generation of antibodies to human CXCR2 yields antibodies with distinct mechanisms and epitopes. MAbs 2015; 6:1425-38. [PMID: 25484064 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.34376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of functional antibodies against integral membrane proteins such as the G-protein coupled receptor CXCR2 is technically challenging for several reasons, including limited epitope accessibility, the requirement for a lipid environment to maintain structure and their existence in dynamic conformational states. Antibodies to human CXCR2 were generated by immunization in vivo and by in vitro selection methods. Whole cell immunization of transgenic mice and screening of phage display libraries using CXCR2 magnetic proteoliposomes resulted in the isolation of antibodies with distinct modes of action. The hybridoma-derived antibody fully inhibited IL-8 and Gro-α responses in calcium flux and β-arrestin recruitment assays. The phage-display derived antibodies were allosteric antagonists that showed ligand dependent differences in functional assays. The hybridoma and phage display antibodies did not cross-compete in epitope competition assays and mapping using linear and CLIPS peptides confirmed that they recognized distinct epitopes of human CXCR2. This illustrates the benefits of using parallel antibody isolation approaches with different antigen presentation methods to successfully generate functionally and mechanistically diverse antagonistic antibodies to human CXCR2. The method is likely to be broadly applicable to other complex membrane proteins.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CDR, complementarity determining region
- CXCR2
- CXCR2, C-X-C Chemokine Receptor 2
- ECL, extracellular loops
- ENA-78, epithelial derived -neutrophil activating protein
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FMAT, Fluorescence Microvolume Assay Technology
- GCP-2, granulocyte activating protein
- GPCR
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- Gro-α, growth related oncogene- α
- Gro-β, growth related oncogene- β
- Gro-γ, growth related oncogene- γ
- IL-8, Interleukin-8
- Ig, Immunoglobulin
- NAP-2, neutrophil activating protein-2, CLIPS, Chemical Linkage of Peptides onto Scaffolds
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- epitope mapping
- human antibody
- immunization
- phage display
- proteoliposomes
- scFv, single chain Fv fragments
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Oku Y, Nishiya N, Shito T, Yamamoto R, Yamamoto Y, Oyama C, Uehara Y. Small molecules inhibiting the nuclear localization of YAP/TAZ for chemotherapeutics and chemosensitizers against breast cancers. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:542-9. [PMID: 26199863 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pazopanib, in addition to dasatinib and statins, activates the Hippo pathway. Pazopanib induces the proteasomal degradation of YAP/TAZ. YAP/TAZ inhibitors reduce viability of YAP/TAZ-dependent breast cancer cells. YAP/TAZ inhibitors sensitize cancer cells to anti-cancer drugs.
YAP and TAZ oncoproteins confer malignancy and drug resistance to various cancer types. We screened for small molecules that inhibit the nuclear localization of YAP/TAZ. Dasatinib, statins and pazopanib inhibited the nuclear localization and target gene expression of YAP and TAZ. All three drugs induced phosphorylation of YAP and TAZ, and pazopanib induced proteasomal degradation of YAP/TAZ. The sensitivities to these drugs are correlated with dependence on YAP/TAZ in breast cancer cell lines. Combinations of these compounds with each other or with other anti-cancer drugs efficiently reduced cell proliferation of YAP/TAZ-dependent breast cancer cells. These results suggest that these drugs can be therapeutics and chemosensitizers for YAP/TAZ-dependent breast cancers.
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Kwong E, Li Y, Hylemon PB, Zhou H. Bile acids and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 in hepatic lipid metabolism. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:151-7. [PMID: 26579441 PMCID: PMC4629213 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is the central organ involved in lipid metabolism. Dyslipidemia and its related disorders, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity and other metabolic diseases, are of increasing public health concern due to their increasing prevalence in the population. Besides their well-characterized functions in cholesterol homoeostasis and nutrient absorption, bile acids are also important metabolic regulators and function as signaling hormones by activating specific nuclear receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, and multiple signaling pathways. Recent studies identified a new signaling pathway by which conjugated bile acids (CBA) activate the extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2) and protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway via sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2). CBA-induced activation of S1PR2 is a key regulator of sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2) and hepatic gene expression. This review focuses on recent findings related to the role of bile acids/S1PR2-mediated signaling pathways in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Key Words
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- AKT/PKB, protein kinase B
- BSEP/ABCB11, bile salt export protein
- Bile acid
- CA, cholic acid
- CBA, conjugated bile acids
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- CYP27A1, sterol 27-hydroxylase
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- CYP7B1, oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase
- CYP8B1, 12α-hydroxylase
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinases
- FGF15/19, fibroblast growth factor 15/19
- FGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptor
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- G-6-Pase, glucose-6-phophatase
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- HDL, high density lipoprotein
- HNF4α, hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α
- Heptic lipid metabolism
- IBAT, ileal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter
- JNK1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LCA, lithocholic acid
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LRH-1, liver-related homolog-1
- M1–5, muscarinic receptor 1–5
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NK, natural killer cells
- NTCP, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide
- PEPCK, PEP carboxykinse
- PTX, pertussis toxin
- S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate
- S1PR2, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2
- SHP, small heterodimer partner
- SPL, S1P lyase
- SPPs, S1P phosphatases
- SRC, proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase
- SphK, sphingosine kinase
- Sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor
- Spns2, spinster homologue 2
- TCA, taurocholate
- TGR5, G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Kwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Yunzhou Li
- McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, USA. Tel.: +1 804 8286817; fax: +1 804 8280676.
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Kidd M, Modlin IM, Bodei L, Drozdov I. Decoding the Molecular and Mutational Ambiguities of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasm Pathobiology. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:131-153. [PMID: 28210673 PMCID: PMC5301133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NEN), considered a heterogeneous neoplasia, exhibit ill-defined pathobiology and protean symptomatology and are ubiquitous in location. They are difficult to diagnose, challenging to manage, and outcome depends on cell type, secretory product, histopathologic grading, and organ of origin. A morphologic and molecular genomic review of these lesions highlights tumor characteristics that can be used clinically, such as somatostatin-receptor expression, and confirms features that set them outside the standard neoplasia paradigm. Their unique pathobiology is useful for developing diagnostics using somatostatin-receptor targeted imaging or uptake of radiolabeled amino acids specific to secretory products or metabolism. Therapy has evolved via targeting of protein kinase B signaling or somatostatin receptors with drugs or isotopes (peptide-receptor radiotherapy). With DNA sequencing, rarely identified activating mutations confirm that tumor suppressor genes are relevant. Genomic approaches focusing on cancer-associated genes and signaling pathways likely will remain uninformative. Their uniquely dissimilar molecular profiles mean individual tumors are unlikely to be easily or uniformly targeted by therapeutics currently linked to standard cancer genetic paradigms. The prevalence of menin mutations in pancreatic NEN and P27KIP1 mutations in small intestinal NEN represents initial steps to identifying a regulatory commonality in GEP-NEN. Transcriptional profiling and network-based analyses may define the cellular toolkit. Multianalyte diagnostic tools facilitate more accurate molecular pathologic delineations of NEN for assessing prognosis and identifying strategies for individualized patient treatment. GEP-NEN remain unique, poorly understood entities, and insight into their pathobiology and molecular mechanisms of growth and metastasis will help identify the diagnostic and therapeutic weaknesses of this neoplasia.
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Key Words
- 5-HT, serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine
- Akt, protein kinase B
- BRAF, gene encoding serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf
- Blood
- CGH, comparative genomic hybridization
- CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein
- Carcinoid
- CgA, chromogranin A
- D cell, somatostatin
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- EC, enterochromaffin
- ECL, enterochromaffin-like
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase
- G cell, gastrin
- GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid
- GEP-NEN, gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
- IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor-I
- ISG, immature secretory vesicles
- Ki-67
- LOH, loss of heterozygosity
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MEN-1/MEN1, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
- MSI, microsatellite instability
- MTA, metastasis associated-1
- NEN, neuroendocrine neoplasms
- NFκB, nuclear factor κB
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PI3, phosphoinositide-3
- PI3K, phosphoinositide-3 kinase
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10
- Proliferation
- SD-208, 2-(5-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-4-[(4-pyridyl)amino]p-teridine
- SNV, single-nucleotide variant
- SSA, somatostatin analog
- SST, somatostatin
- Somatostatin
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TGN, trans-Golgi network
- TSC2, tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (tuberin)
- Transcriptome
- VMAT, vesicular monoamine transporters
- X/A-like cells, ghrelin
- cAMP, adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- miR/miRNA, micro-RNA
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irvin M. Modlin
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Irvin M. Modlin, MD, PhD, The Gnostic Consortium, Wren Laboratories, 35 NE Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut, 06405.
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