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Ghanbarzadeh B, Dadashzadeh E, Zare Ebrahimabad Zare Ebrahimabad M, Rahmati M, Behnampour N, Hosseini P, Mohammadi S, Hosseini SA. Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNFα) Gene Promoter Polymorphisms and Haplotypes are Associated with the Febrile Seizure (FS) and TNFα Serum Levels. Iran J Child Neurol 2023; 17:55-69. [PMID: 38074935 PMCID: PMC10704284 DOI: 10.22037/ijcn.v18i1.36719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Febrile seizure (FS) is a neuroinflammatory disease involving fever-induced seizures affecting children in the early stages of life. TNFα is a pro-inflammatory cytokine reported to be elevated in FS. Specific promoter variants of TNFα could be associated with its elevated cytokine expression and susceptibility to FS. The present study analyzed the association of specific TNFα variants, including TNFα -238 G/A (rs361525), TNFα -308 G/A (rs1800629), and TNFα -376 G/A (rs1800750) promoter polymorphisms, with FS susceptibility, and TNFα serum levels in an Iranian population. Materials & Methods Sixty-eight FS patients and 136 controls were enrolled. The SSP-PCR method was utilized to analyze TNFα promoter genotypes. This research also confirmed the genotyping results by sequencing samples of ten patients and normal controls. Results The GG genotype of -238 SNP was associated with the increased risk of FS [OR = 12.65, 95% CI (2.83-56.60), P-value = 0.0012]. The AA genotype in the-308 region was increased in patients with FS and associated with the disease [OR = 4.62, 95% CI (1.46-14.56), P-value = 0.028]. The increased occurrence of heterozygous AG in the -376 SNP among control groups has been linked to a decreased risk of FS [OR = 0.22, 95% CI (0.11-0.43), P-value = 0.0001]. This study revealed that AGA (-238/ -308/ -376) haplotype with the highest frequency in controls was associated with a decreased risk of FS, while GAA (-238/ -308/ -376) carriers were more susceptible to FS. Conclusion The current study suggested that TNFα gene promoter variants at rs361525, rs1800629, and rs1800750 could be associated with the susceptibility to FS and altered serum levels of TNFα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Ghanbarzadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Taleghani Children's Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Elnaz Dadashzadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | - Mina Rahmati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Nasser Behnampour
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Parniansadat Hosseini
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Taleghani Children's Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Saeed Mohammadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Hosseini
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Taleghani Children's Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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Wafa H, Saoussen M, Dhia K, Imen Z, Montacer KM. Sarcoidosis and spondyloarthritis: A coincidence or common etiopathogenesis? Caspian J Intern Med 2018; 9:100-103. [PMID: 29387328 PMCID: PMC5771369 DOI: 10.22088/cjim.9.1.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background: Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease. Co-existence with spondyloarthritis (SA) has been more described as an adverse effect of anti-TNF α therapy than an association. We report herein a case of a typical sarcoidosis confirmed by histological proofs and an advanced SA with a bamboo column. Case Presentation: A 48-years-old woman presented with inflammatory back pain for 5 years and ankle swelling for 1 year. On physical examination, she had an exaggerated dorsal kyphosis and disappearance of lumbar lordosis with limitation in motion of the cervical and lumbar spine. Laboratory tests did not show an inflammatory syndrome or hypercalcemia. Plain radiographies of the spine and pelvic revealed a triple ray appearance with sacroiliitis grade 4. Chest radiography and CT confirmed the presence of bilateral hilar lymph nodes and parenchymal nodes. Bronchoscopy and biopsies were performed showing non-calcified granulomatous reaction without cell necrosis. The diagnosis of SA was performed based on 9 points of Amor criteria associated with pulmonary sarcoidosis. She was treated with 15 mg per week of methotrexate and 1mg/kg/day of prednisone for pulmonary disease with good outcomes. Conclusions: Sarcoidosis may be associated to SA besides paradoxical drug effect. The same physio pathological pathways mediate by TNF α are arguments for association than hazardous coincidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi Wafa
- Department of Rheumatology, Kassab Institute of Orthopedics, Manouba. Tunisia
| | - Miladi Saoussen
- Department of Rheumatology, Kassab Institute of Orthopedics, Manouba. Tunisia
| | - Kaffel Dhia
- Department of Rheumatology, Kassab Institute of Orthopedics, Manouba. Tunisia
| | - Zouch Imen
- Department of Rheumatology, Kassab Institute of Orthopedics, Manouba. Tunisia
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Khademi Bami M, Dehghan Tezerjani M, Montazeri F, Ashrafzadeh Mehrjardi HR, Ghasemi-Esmailabad S, Sheikhha MH, Kalantar SM. Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha -308 G/A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism and Risk of Sperm Abnormalities in Iranian Males. Int J Fertil Steril 2017; 11:112-116. [PMID: 28670429 PMCID: PMC5347448 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2017.4830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signaling molecules such as cytokines regulate spermatogenesis during the maturation of germ cells and sperm apoptosis. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is one of the most-documented cytokines that is involved in spermatogenesis. We investigated the association of the TNFα -308 G/A single nucleotide polymorphism with sperm abnormalities in Iranian males. MATERIALS AND METHODS This case-control study included 180 infertile men who re- ferred to Yazd Research and Clinical Center for Infertility and 100 healthy normospermic controls. Infertile men were classified into four groups of azoospermia (n=91), oligospermia (n=26), teratospermia (n=30) and asthenoteratospermia (n=33). After sperm analysis, DNA was extracted from blood and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was carried out for the genotyping of TNFα- 308 G/A. RESULTS The A allele was significantly associated with sperm abnormality in our population [(P<0.001, odds ratios (OR) 95% confidence interval (CI)=2.31]. In addition, the A allele was also associated with azoospermia (P<0.001, OR (95% CI)=2.484), oligospermia (P=0.005, OR (95% CI)=2.51) and teratospemia (P<0.001, OR (95% CI)=3.385) but not with asthenoteratospermia (P=0.623). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) maybe associated with the risk of sperm abnormality in infertile men of Iranian origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khademi Bami
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Ashkezar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ashkezar, Yazd, Iran
| | - Masoud Dehghan Tezerjani
- Genetic Unit, Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fateme Montazeri
- Genetic Unit, Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Saeed Ghasemi-Esmailabad
- Genetic Unit, Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Sheikhha
- Genetic Unit, Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Kalantar
- Genetic Unit, Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Chin KY, Ima-Nirwana S. The Effects of Testosterone Deficiency and Its Replacement on Inflammatory Markers in Rats: A Pilot Study. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2017; 15:e43053. [PMID: 28835763 PMCID: PMC5554614 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.43053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testosterone deficiency is linked to low-grade inflammation in humans, but this condition is not replicated in an animal study. The current study aims at determining the effects of testosterone deficiency and its replacement on the circulating inflammatory cytokine level in orchidectomized male rats. METHODS Three-month-old Sprague-Dawley male rats (n = 18) were randomized equally into 3 groups. Bilateral orchidectomy was performed on 2 groups. The sham group was subjected to similar surgical stress, but their testes were retained. One of the orchidectomized groups received intramuscular injection of 7 mg/kg testosterone enanthate suspended in peanut oil weekly and the other 2 groups received equivolume of peanut oil injection. After 8 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and their blood was collected for the analysis of the levels of inflammatory cytokines and testosterone. RESULTS Testosterone level was significantly lower in the untreated orchidectomized group compared to the sham group. Testosterone replacement significantly increased the level of testosterone in the orchidectomized rats compared to the sham and untreated orchidectomized rats. Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) showed an increasing trend in orchidectomized rats, albeit not statistically significant. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) level increased significantly in the orchidectomized group compared to the sham group. Testosterone replacement at the supraphysiological dose did not alter the level of inflammatory cytokines significantly in orchidectomized rats. CONCLUSIONS Testosterone deficiency can elicit a state of low-grade inflammation, shown by an increase in interleukin-6 level, but exogenous supraphysiological testosterone replacement does not suppress the inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Corresponding author: Kok-Yong Chin, Department of Pharmacology, Level 17, Preclinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Tel: +603-91459573, Fax: +603-91459547, E-mail:
| | - Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Hernández Garfella ML, Palomares Fort P, Román Ivorra JA, Cervera Taulet E. Aqueous Humor Levels of Different Interleukins 1-β, 2, 6 and 10, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Uveitis Treated with Adalimumab. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2015; 10:49-54. [PMID: 26005553 PMCID: PMC4424719 DOI: 10.4103/2008-322x.156110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess changes in aqueous humor levels of different interleukins (IL), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with uveitis treated with adalimumab. METHODS In this study, 24 aqueous humor samples including 12 pre- and post-treatment samples from 6 patients with uveitis treated with subcutaneous adalimumab and 12 samples from patients with cataracts (serving as controls) were evaluated. The levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and VEGF were measured using a Luminex(®) 200™ flow cytometer (Merckmillipore, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Alemania) and a highly sensitive ELISA system. RESULTS The levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10 in the aqueous humor before and after treatment with adalimumab did not show significant differences. Aqueous VEGF levels significantly reduced after treatment with adalimumab (P = 0.028). Aqueous TNF-α levels did not significantly change after treatment with adalimumab, however the post-treatment level was significantly higher in patients as compared to control subjects (P = 0.032). IL-2 showed significantly higher levels in uveitis patients before treatment as compared to controls (P = 0.024), while its post-treatment levels were almost normalized. CONCLUSION Decrease in the aqueous humor levels of VEGF and IL-2 after treatment with systemic adalimumab indicates that anti-TNF-α therapy induces modifications of some inflammatory mediators involved in the pathogenesis of uveitis. Aqueous humor samples may be useful to assess the effect of adalimumab on intraocular inflammation through measurement of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Palomares Fort
- Service of Ophthalmology, University General Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Pourmoghaddas A, Dormiani-Tabatabaei M, Sadeghi M, Kermani-Alghoraishi M, Golshahi J, Shokouh P. The effect of pioglitazone on circulating interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in a patient with metabolic syndrome: A randomized, double-blind controlled trial. ARYA Atheroscler 2015; 11:36-42. [PMID: 26089929 PMCID: PMC4460351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pioglitazone as an insulin sensitizer on circulating interleukin-10 (IL-10) as an anti-inflammatory factor and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) as main proinflammatory factor in non-diabetic metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients in Caucasians race of Middle East area in Iran. METHODS We conducted a randomized double-blind controlled study of 68 non-diabetic patients with MetS. Patients were randomly divided into two groups including intervention group received pioglitazone 30 mg daily for 24 weeks, and the control group received placebo pills for the same duration. Circulating levels of TNF-α and IL-10 were assessed as a primary goal. Lipid profile, liver enzymes, blood pressure (BP), waist circumference, and body mass index (BMI) also were measured. RESULTS Lipid profile and fasting blood sugar had non-significant changes after treatment by pioglitazone, but BMI was increased significantly (P = 0.002). BP and waist circumference had a significant decrease in both groups (P < 0.050). Aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were decreased significantly in the pioglitazone group (P = 0.002). TNF-α decreased non-significantly in both groups (P > 0.050). IL-10 increased in intervention group non-significantly (P = 0.971); whereas in placebo group decreased to a little extent (P = 0.401). C-reactive protein was also decreased insignificant after receive pioglitazone (P = 0.333). There was no significant difference in all variables between the two groups (P > 0.050) except liver enzymes (P < 0.050). CONCLUSION This study indicates that the pioglitazone has no positive effect on improving inflammatory status in the non-diabetes patients with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Pourmoghaddas
- Associate Professor, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Dormiani-Tabatabaei
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Sadeghi
- Associate Professor, Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Correspondence to: Masoumeh Sadeghi,
| | - Mohammad Kermani-Alghoraishi
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jafar Golshahi
- Associate Professor, Hypertension Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Pedram Shokouh
- Heart Failure Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Abstract
The inflammatory bowel diseases ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are associated with an increased risk for the development of colorectal cancer. During recent years, several immune signaling pathways have been linked to colitis-associated cancer (CAC), largely owing to the availability of suitable preclinical models. Among these, chronic intestinal inflammation has been shown to support tumor initiation through oxidative stress-induced mutations. A proinflammatory microenvironment that develops, possibly as a result of defective intestinal barrier function and host-microbial interactions, enables tumor promotion. Several molecular pathways such as tumor necrosis factor/nuclear factor-κB or interleukin 6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling have been identified as important contributors to CAC development and could be promising therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of CAC.
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Key Words
- AOM-DSS, azoxymethane–dextran sulfate sodium
- APC, adenomatous polyposis coli
- CAC, colitis-associated cancer
- CD, Crohn’s disease
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- Colorectal Cancer
- Crohn's Disease
- Cytokines
- DDR, DNA damage response
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IKK, IκB kinase
- IL, interleukin
- IL6R, interleukin 6 receptor
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Interleukin-6
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- Myd88, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- NLR, NOD- and leucine-rich repeat–containing protein
- NLRP, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain- and leucine-rich repeat–containing protein family, pyrin domain-containing
- NOD, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain
- RONS, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TNFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor
- Th17, T-helper 17
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- Ulcerative Colitis
- gp, glycoprotein
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Aryana P, Rajaei S, Bagheri A, Karimi F, Dabbagh A. Acute Effect of Intravenous Administration of Magnesium Sulfate on Serum Levels of Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Patients Undergoing Elective Coronary Bypass Graft With Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Anesth Pain Med 2014; 4:e16316. [PMID: 25237633 PMCID: PMC4165031 DOI: 10.5812/aapm.16316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular problems are among the most common health issues. A considerable number of cardiac patients undergo cardiac surgery, and coronary artery disease patients constitute about two-thirds of all these surgeries. The application of cardiopulmonary bypass (CBP) usually results in some untoward effects. Objectives: Studies have suggested magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) as an anti-inflammatory agent in a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). This study aimed to assess the effect of an IV MgSO4 infusion during elective CABG (with CBP) on the blood levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Materials and Methods: During a 12 month period, after review board approval and based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 90 patients were selected and entered randomly into one of the two study groups (MgSO4 or placebo). Anesthesia, surgery and CBP were performed in exactly the same way, except for the use of MgSO4 or a placebo. Both preoperative and postoperative plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were checked and compared between the two groups using an ELISA. Results: There was no difference found between the two groups with regard to; gender, basic variables, Ejection Fraction (EF), CBP time and aortic cross-clamp time. The preoperative levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were not different; however, their postoperative levels were significantly higher in the placebo group (P value = 0.01 for IL-6 and 0.005 for TNF-α). Conclusions: This study showed that MgSO4 infusion could suppress part of the inflammatory response after CABG with CBP. This was demonstrated by decreased levels of interleukin-6 and TNF-α in postoperative serum levels in elective CABG with CBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastou Aryana
- Anesthesiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Rajaei
- Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolhamid Bagheri
- Cardiology Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forouzan Karimi
- Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Dabbagh
- Anesthesiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding author: Ali Dabbagh, Anesthesiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-9121972368; Fax: +98-2122074101; , E-mail:
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Konturek PC, Brzozowski T, Kania J, Kukharsky V, Bazela K, Kwiecien S, Harsch I, Konturek SJ, Hahn EG. Pioglitazone, a Specific Ligand of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Reduces Gastric Mucosal Injury Induced by Ischaemia/Reperfusion in Rat. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003; 38:468-476. [PMID: 28443766 DOI: 10.1080/00365520310002904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand-dependent nuclear receptor that has been implicated in the control of metabolism and numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle control, carcinogenesis, and inflammation. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of the specific PPARγ ligand, pioglitazone, on the mucosal lesions induced by ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) in rats. METHODS I/R lesions were induced in Wistar rats by applying a small clamp to the coeliac artery for 30 min (ischaemic phase), followed by the removal of the clamp for 3 h (reperfusion phase). Vehicle (saline) or increasing doses of pioglitazone (2.5, 10, and 30 mg/kg i.g.) were given 30 min before exposure to I/R. The animals were killed immediately after the end of the reperfusion phase (time 0) and at 12 and 24 h after I/R. The area of gastric lesions was measured by planimetry, and the gastric blood flow was determined by the H[Formula: See Text] gas clearance method. The gastric mucosal gene expressions of PPARγ, interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), leptin, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were examined by RT-PCR. In addition, protein expression of COX-2 and leptin was assessed by Western blot. RESULTS The pretreatment with pioglitazone reduced in a dose-dependent manner the mean lesion area induced by I/R, and this effect was accompanied by a significant increase in the gastric blood flow. The decrease in gastric ulcerations by pioglitazone was also observed 12 and 24 h after the I/R. The PPARγ mRNA was weakly expressed in the intact gastric mucosa, but significantly up-regulated after exposure to I/R at each time interval studied. The expression of IL-1β was not changed significantly after pioglitazone applied i.g. at doses 2.5 and 10 mg/kg, but it was down-regulated at the dose 30 mg/kg. TNFα mRNA was strongly increased after the exposure to I/R, but it was down-regulated after pioglitazone pretreatment. In contrast, both leptin and COX-2 mRNA and protein expression were increased in the gastric mucosa after exposure to I/R. The pretreatment with pioglitazone caused a significant up-regulation of mRNA and protein expression of leptin, reaching its peak at the dose 30 mg/kg i.g. In contrast, COX-2 expression did not change significantly after the 2.5 and 10 mg/kg of pioglitazone, but it significantly decreased after pioglitazone at dose 30 mg/kg given to rats before exposure to I/R. CONCLUSIONS Pioglitazone reduces the acute erosions and deeper gastric lesions induced by I/R. The beneficial effect of this PPARγ ligand on I/R-induced gastric damage may be due to its anti-inflammatory properties, especially to the reduction in TNF-α expression and to up-regulation of leptin mRNA in the gastric mucosa. The inhibition of COX-2 expression by pioglitazone may reflect the anti-inflammatory properties of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Konturek
- a Dept. of Medicine I University Erlangen-Nuremberg Erlangen Germany
| | - T Brzozowski
- b Dept. of Physiology Jagiellonian University Medical College Cracow Poland
| | - J Kania
- a Dept. of Medicine I University Erlangen-Nuremberg Erlangen Germany
| | - V Kukharsky
- b Dept. of Physiology Jagiellonian University Medical College Cracow Poland
| | - K Bazela
- a Dept. of Medicine I University Erlangen-Nuremberg Erlangen Germany
| | - S Kwiecien
- b Dept. of Physiology Jagiellonian University Medical College Cracow Poland
| | - I Harsch
- a Dept. of Medicine I University Erlangen-Nuremberg Erlangen Germany
| | - S J Konturek
- b Dept. of Physiology Jagiellonian University Medical College Cracow Poland
| | - E G Hahn
- a Dept. of Medicine I University Erlangen-Nuremberg Erlangen Germany
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