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Abstract
A rapidly aging population in Korea has led to increased attention in the field of anti-aging medicine. The purpose of anti-aging medicine is to slow, stop, or reverse the aging process and its associated effects, such as disability and frailty. Anti-aging medicine is emerging as a growing industry, but many supplements or protocols are available that do not have scientific evidence to support their claims. In this review, the mechanisms of action and the clinical implications of anti-aging interventions were examined and explained. Calorie restriction mimetics define compounds that imitate the outcome of calorie restriction, including an activator of AMP protein kinase (metformin), inhibitor of growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis (pegvisomant), inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (rapamycin), and activator of the sirtuin pathway (resveratrol). Hormonal replacement has also been widely used in the elderly population to improve their quality of life. Manipulating healthy gut microbiota through prebiotic/probiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation has significant potential in anti-aging medicine. Vitamin D is expected to be a primary anti-aging medicine in the near future due to its numerous positive effects in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Son
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yong-Jae Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Wieck MM, Schlieve CR, Thornton ME, Fowler KL, Isani M, Grant CN, Hilton AE, Hou X, Grubbs BH, Frey MR, Grikscheit TC. Prolonged Absence of Mechanoluminal Stimulation in Human Intestine Alters the Transcriptome and Intestinal Stem Cell Niche. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 3:367-388.e1. [PMID: 28462379 PMCID: PMC5403975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS For patients with short-bowel syndrome, intestinal adaptation is required to achieve enteral independence. Although adaptation has been studied extensively in animal models, little is known about this process in human intestine. We hypothesized that analysis of matched specimens with and without luminal flow could identify new potential therapeutic pathways. METHODS Fifteen paired human ileum samples were collected from children aged 2-20 months during ileostomy-reversal surgery after short-segment intestinal resection and diversion. The segment exposed to enteral feeding was denoted as fed, and the diverted segment was labeled as unfed. Morphometrics and cell differentiation were compared histologically. RNA Sequencing and Gene Ontology Enrichment Analysis identified over-represented and under-represented pathways. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot evaluated proteins of interest. Paired data were compared with 1-tailed Wilcoxon rank-sum tests with a P value less than .05 considered significant. RESULTS Unfed ileum contained shorter villi, shallower crypts, and fewer Paneth cells. Genes up-regulated by the absence of mechanoluminal stimulation were involved in digestion, metabolism, and transport. Messenger RNA expression of LGR5 was significantly higher in unfed intestine, accompanied by increased levels of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 protein, and CCND1 and C-MYC messenger RNA. However, decreased proliferation and fewer LGR5+, OLFM4+, and SOX9+ intestinal stem cells (ISCs) were observed in unfed ileum. CONCLUSIONS Even with sufficient systemic caloric intake, human ileum responds to the chronic absence of mechanoluminal stimulation by up-regulating brush-border enzymes, transporters, structural genes, and ISC genes LGR5 and ASCL2. These data suggest that unfed intestine is primed to replenish the ISC population upon re-introduction of enteral feeding. Therefore, the elucidation of pathways involved in these processes may provide therapeutic targets for patients with intestinal failure. RNA sequencing data are available at Gene Expression Omnibus series GSE82147.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna M. Wieck
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christopher R. Schlieve
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Matthew E. Thornton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kathryn L. Fowler
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mubina Isani
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christa N. Grant
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ashley E. Hilton
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xiaogang Hou
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - Brendan H. Grubbs
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark R. Frey
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tracy C. Grikscheit
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Tracy C. Grikscheit, MD, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 W Sunset Boulevard, MS#100, Los Angeles, California 90027. fax: (323) 361-1546.The Saban Research InstituteChildren’s Hospital Los Angeles4650 W Sunset BoulevardMS#100Los AngelesCalifornia 90027
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Forrester SJ, Kawata K, Lee H, Kim JS, Sebzda K, Butler T, Yingling VR, Park JY. Bioinformatic identification of connective tissue growth factor as an osteogenic protein within skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/12/e12255. [PMID: 25539834 PMCID: PMC4332228 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with increasing incidence of osteoporosis; a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength that may predispose patients to an increased risk of fracture. It is imperative to identify novel ways in which to attenuate such declines in the functional properties of bone. The purpose of this study was to identify, through in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches, a protein secreted from skeletal muscle that is putatively involved in bone formation. We performed a functional annotation bioinformatic analysis of human skeletal muscle‐derived secretomes (n = 319) using DAVID software. Cross‐referencing was conducted using OMIM, Unigene, UniProt, GEO, and CGAP databases. Signal peptides and transmembrane residues were analyzed using SignalP and TMHMM software. To further investigate functionality of the identified protein, L6 and C2C12 myotubes were grown for in vitro analysis. C2C12 myotubes were subjected to 16 h of glucose deprivation (GD) prior to analysis. In vivo experiments included analysis of 6‐week calorie restricted (CR) rat muscle samples. Bioinformatic analysis yielded 15 genes of interest. GEO dataset analysis identified BMP5, COL1A2, CTGF, MGP, MMP2, and SPARC as potential targets for further processing. Following TMHMM and SignalP processing, CTGF was chosen as a candidate gene. CTGF expression level was increased during L6 myoblast differentiation (P <0.01). C2C12 myotubes showed no change in response to GD. Rat soleus muscle samples exhibited an increase in CTGF expression (n = 16) in response to CR (35%) (P <0.05). CTGF was identified as a skeletal muscle expressed protein through bioinformatic analysis of skeletal muscle‐derived secretomes and in vitro/in vivo analysis. Future study is needed to determine the role of muscle‐derived CTGF in bone formation and remodeling processes. In this study, we explore the method of bioinformatic analysis, coupled with in vitro and in vivo investigation, to identify a new skeletal muscle‐derived protein with osteogenic properties. CTGF is expressed in young, healthy skeletal muscle, and this expression is increased with calorie restriction. Muscular secretion of CTGF might play an osteogenic role in maintaining bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Forrester
- Cardiovascular Genomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Keisuke Kawata
- Cardiovascular Genomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hojun Lee
- Cardiovascular Genomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ji-Seok Kim
- Cardiovascular Genomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly Sebzda
- Cardiovascular Genomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tiffiny Butler
- Cardiovascular Genomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vanessa R Yingling
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, East BayHayward, California
| | - Joon-Young Park
- Cardiovascular Genomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Temple UniversityPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania
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