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Fan Z, Wu C, Chen M, Jiang Y, Wu Y, Mao R, Fan Y. The generation of PD-L1 and PD-L2 in cancer cells: From nuclear chromatin reorganization to extracellular presentation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1041-1053. [PMID: 35530130 PMCID: PMC9069407 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) targeting on PD-1/PD-L1 has shown remarkable promise in treating cancers. However, the low response rate and frequently observed severe side effects limit its broad benefits. It is partially due to less understanding of the biological regulation of PD-L1. Here, we systematically and comprehensively summarized the regulation of PD-L1 from nuclear chromatin reorganization to extracellular presentation. In PD-L1 and PD-L2 highly expressed cancer cells, a new TAD (topologically associating domain) (chr9: 5,400,000-5,600,000) around CD274 and CD273 was discovered, which includes a reported super-enhancer to drive synchronous transcription of PD-L1 and PD-L2. The re-shaped TAD allows transcription factors such as STAT3 and IRF1 recruit to PD-L1 locus in order to guide the expression of PD-L1. After transcription, the PD-L1 is tightly regulated by miRNAs and RNA-binding proteins via the long 3'UTR. At translational level, PD-L1 protein and its membrane presentation are tightly regulated by post-translational modification such as glycosylation and ubiquitination. In addition, PD-L1 can be secreted via exosome to systematically inhibit immune response. Therefore, fully dissecting the regulation of PD-L1/PD-L2 and thoroughly detecting PD-L1/PD-L2 as well as their regulatory networks will bring more insights in ICB and ICB-based combinational therapy.
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Key Words
- 3′-UTR, 3′-untranslated region
- ADAM17, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17
- APCs, antigen-presenting cells
- AREs, adenylate and uridylate (AU)-rich elements
- ATF3, activating transcription factor 3
- CD273/274, cluster of differentiation 273/274
- CDK4, cyclin-dependent kinase 4
- CMTM6, CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 6
- CSN5, COP9 signalosome subunit 5
- CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- EpCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule
- Exosome
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- GSDMC, Gasdermin C
- GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
- HSF1, heat shock transcription factor 1
- Hi-C, high throughput chromosome conformation capture
- ICB, immune checkpoint blockade
- IFN, interferon
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IRF1, interferon regulatory factor 1
- Immune checkpoint blockade
- JAK, Janus kinase 1
- NFκB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- OTUB1, OTU deubiquitinase, ubiquitin aldehyde binding 1
- PARP1, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1
- PD-1, programmed cell death-1
- PD-L1
- PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1
- PD-L2
- PD-L2, programmed death ligand 2
- Post-transcriptional regulation
- Post-translational regulation
- SP1, specificity protein 1
- SPOP, speckle-type POZ protein
- STAG2, stromal antigen 2
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- TADs, topologically associating domains
- TFEB, transcription factor EB
- TFs, transcription factors
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- TTP, tristetraprolin
- Topologically associating domain
- Transcription
- UCHL1, ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1
- USP22, ubiquitin specific peptidase 22
- dMMR, deficient DNA mismatch repair
- irAEs, immune related adverse events
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Fan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Changyue Wu
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Miaomiao Chen
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yongying Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Renfang Mao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Yihui Fan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Corresponding authors.
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Wu X, Yin C, Ma J, Chai S, Zhang C, Yao S, Kadioglu O, Efferth T, Ye Y, To KKW, Lin G. Polyoxypregnanes as safe, potent, and specific ABCB1-inhibitory pro-drugs to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1885-1902. [PMID: 34386326 PMCID: PMC8343194 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) mediated by ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1) is significantly hindering effective cancer chemotherapy. However, currently, no ABCB1-inhibitory drugs have been approved to treat MDR cancer clinically, mainly due to the inhibitor specificity, toxicity, and drug interactions. Here, we reported that three polyoxypregnanes (POPs) as the most abundant constituents of Marsdenia tenacissima (M. tenacissima) were novel ABCB1-modulatory pro-drugs, which underwent intestinal microbiota-mediated biotransformation in vivo to generate active metabolites. The metabolites at non-toxic concentrations restored chemosensitivity in ABCB1-overexpressing cancer cells via inhibiting ABCB1 efflux activity without changing ABCB1 protein expression, which were further identified as specific non-competitive inhibitors of ABCB1 showing multiple binding sites within ABCB1 drug cavity. These POPs did not exhibit ABCB1/drug metabolizing enzymes interplay, and their repeated administration generated predictable pharmacokinetic interaction with paclitaxel without obvious toxicity in vivo. We further showed that these POPs enhanced the accumulation of paclitaxel in tumors and overcame ABCB1-mediated chemoresistance. The results suggested that these POPs had the potential to be developed as safe, potent, and specific pro-drugs to reverse ABCB1-mediated MDR. Our work also provided scientific evidence for the use of M. tenacissima in combinational chemotherapy.
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Key Words
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- ABCB1
- ABCB1, ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1
- ABCC1, ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 1
- ABCG2, ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2
- ATF3, activating transcription factor 3
- AUC0–∞, area under plasma concentration vs. time curve
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- BHI, brain heart infusion
- CL, clearance
- CYP, cytochrome P450 isozyme
- Cmax, peak concentration
- Combination chemotherapy
- Dox, doxorubicin
- ECL, electrochemiluminescence
- EVOM, epithelial tissue voltohmmeter
- F, bioavailability
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HBSS, Hankʹs balanced salt solution
- IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration
- LBE, lowest binding energy
- LC–MS, liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry
- M. tenacissima, Marsdenia tenacissima
- MDR, multidrug resistance
- MDR1a, multidrug resistance protein 1a
- MRT, mean residence time
- Marsdenia tenacissima
- Multidrug resistance
- N.A., not applicable
- N.D., not detected
- NADPH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NMPA, National Medical Products Administration
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PE, phycoerythrin
- PI, propidium iodide
- POP, polyoxypregnane
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- Papp, apparent permeability
- Polyoxypregnane
- SD, standard derivation
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- TEER, transepithelial electrical resistance
- Tmax, time for peak concentration
- UIC-2, mouse monoclonal ABCB1 antibody
- Vd, volume of distribution
- qPCR, quantitative PCR
- t1/2, elimination half-life
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Manners MT, Tian Y, Zhou Z, Ajit SK. MicroRNAs downregulated in neuropathic pain regulate MeCP2 and BDNF related to pain sensitivity. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:733-40. [PMID: 26448907 PMCID: PMC4571540 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve injury induces chronic pain and dysregulation of microRNAs in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Several downregulated microRNAs are predicted to target Mecp2. MECP2 mutations cause Rett syndrome and these patients report decreased pain perception. We confirmed MeCP2 upregulation in DRG following nerve injury and repression of MeCP2 by miRNAs in vitro. MeCP2 regulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and downregulation of MeCP2 by microRNAs decreased Bdnf in vitro. MeCP2 T158A mice exhibited reduced mechanical sensitivity and Mecp2-null and MeCP2 T158A mice have decreased Bdnf in DRG. MeCP2-mediated regulation of Bdnf in the DRG could contribute to altered pain sensitivity.
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Key Words
- +/Y, male wild-type littermate control for either MeCP2 T158A knock in mouse or Mecp2-null mouse
- 3′UTR, three prime untranslated region
- ATF3, activating transcription factor 3
- BDNF
- BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor
- CFA, complete Freund’s adjuvant
- DRG, dorsal root ganglia
- L4/L5, 4th or 5th lumbar vertebra
- MeCP2
- MeCP2 T158A/Y, male MeCP2 T158A knock in mouse
- MeCP2, methyl-CpG-binding protein 2
- Neuropathic pain
- RTT, Rett syndrome
- SNI, spared nerve injury
- T158A, threonine 158 conversion to alanine
- TrkB, tropomyosin receptor kinase B
- miRNA
- −/Y, male Mecp2-null mouse
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T Manners
- Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Yuzhen Tian
- Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Zhaolan Zhou
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Seena K Ajit
- Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
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