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Fan Z, Wu C, Chen M, Jiang Y, Wu Y, Mao R, Fan Y. The generation of PD-L1 and PD-L2 in cancer cells: From nuclear chromatin reorganization to extracellular presentation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1041-1053. [PMID: 35530130 PMCID: PMC9069407 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) targeting on PD-1/PD-L1 has shown remarkable promise in treating cancers. However, the low response rate and frequently observed severe side effects limit its broad benefits. It is partially due to less understanding of the biological regulation of PD-L1. Here, we systematically and comprehensively summarized the regulation of PD-L1 from nuclear chromatin reorganization to extracellular presentation. In PD-L1 and PD-L2 highly expressed cancer cells, a new TAD (topologically associating domain) (chr9: 5,400,000-5,600,000) around CD274 and CD273 was discovered, which includes a reported super-enhancer to drive synchronous transcription of PD-L1 and PD-L2. The re-shaped TAD allows transcription factors such as STAT3 and IRF1 recruit to PD-L1 locus in order to guide the expression of PD-L1. After transcription, the PD-L1 is tightly regulated by miRNAs and RNA-binding proteins via the long 3'UTR. At translational level, PD-L1 protein and its membrane presentation are tightly regulated by post-translational modification such as glycosylation and ubiquitination. In addition, PD-L1 can be secreted via exosome to systematically inhibit immune response. Therefore, fully dissecting the regulation of PD-L1/PD-L2 and thoroughly detecting PD-L1/PD-L2 as well as their regulatory networks will bring more insights in ICB and ICB-based combinational therapy.
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Key Words
- 3′-UTR, 3′-untranslated region
- ADAM17, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17
- APCs, antigen-presenting cells
- AREs, adenylate and uridylate (AU)-rich elements
- ATF3, activating transcription factor 3
- CD273/274, cluster of differentiation 273/274
- CDK4, cyclin-dependent kinase 4
- CMTM6, CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 6
- CSN5, COP9 signalosome subunit 5
- CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- EpCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule
- Exosome
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- GSDMC, Gasdermin C
- GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
- HSF1, heat shock transcription factor 1
- Hi-C, high throughput chromosome conformation capture
- ICB, immune checkpoint blockade
- IFN, interferon
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IRF1, interferon regulatory factor 1
- Immune checkpoint blockade
- JAK, Janus kinase 1
- NFκB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- OTUB1, OTU deubiquitinase, ubiquitin aldehyde binding 1
- PARP1, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1
- PD-1, programmed cell death-1
- PD-L1
- PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1
- PD-L2
- PD-L2, programmed death ligand 2
- Post-transcriptional regulation
- Post-translational regulation
- SP1, specificity protein 1
- SPOP, speckle-type POZ protein
- STAG2, stromal antigen 2
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- TADs, topologically associating domains
- TFEB, transcription factor EB
- TFs, transcription factors
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- TTP, tristetraprolin
- Topologically associating domain
- Transcription
- UCHL1, ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1
- USP22, ubiquitin specific peptidase 22
- dMMR, deficient DNA mismatch repair
- irAEs, immune related adverse events
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Fan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Changyue Wu
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Miaomiao Chen
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yongying Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Renfang Mao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Yihui Fan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Corresponding authors.
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Fu S, Li G, Zang W, Zhou X, Shi K, Zhai Y. Pure drug nano-assemblies: A facile carrier-free nanoplatform for efficient cancer therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:92-106. [PMID: 35127374 PMCID: PMC8799886 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems (Nano-DDSs) have emerged as possible solution to the obstacles of anticancer drug delivery. However, the clinical outcomes and translation are restricted by several drawbacks, such as low drug loading, premature drug leakage and carrier-related toxicity. Recently, pure drug nano-assemblies (PDNAs), fabricated by the self-assembly or co-assembly of pure drug molecules, have attracted considerable attention. Their facile and reproducible preparation technique helps to remove the bottleneck of nanomedicines including quality control, scale-up production and clinical translation. Acting as both carriers and cargos, the carrier-free PDNAs have an ultra-high or even 100% drug loading. In addition, combination therapies based on PDNAs could possibly address the most intractable problems in cancer treatment, such as tumor metastasis and drug resistance. In the present review, the latest development of PDNAs for cancer treatment is overviewed. First, PDNAs are classified according to the composition of drug molecules, and the assembly mechanisms are discussed. Furthermore, the co-delivery of PDNAs for combination therapies is summarized, with special focus on the improvement of therapeutic outcomes. Finally, future prospects and challenges of PDNAs for efficient cancer therapy are spotlighted.
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Key Words
- ABC, accelerated blood clearance
- ACT, adoptive cell transfer
- ATO, atovaquone
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- BV, Biliverdin
- Ber, berberine
- CI, combination index
- CPT, camptothecin
- CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- Cancer treatment
- Carrier-free
- Ce6, chlorine e6
- Combination therapy
- DBNP, DOX-Ber nano-assemblies
- DBNP@CM, DBNP were cloaked with 4T1 cell membranes
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DOX, doxorubicin
- DPDNAs, dual pure drug nano-assemblies
- EGFR, epithelial growth factor receptor
- EPI, epirubicin
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- FRET, Forster Resonance Energy Transfer
- GEF, gefitinib
- HCPT, hydroxycamptothecin
- HMGB1, high-mobility group box 1
- IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration
- ICB, immunologic checkpoint blockade
- ICD, immunogenic cell death
- ICG, indocyanine green
- ITM, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment
- MDS, molecular dynamics simulations
- MPDNAs, multiple pure drug nano-assemblies
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- MTX, methotrexate
- NIR, near-infrared
- NPs, nanoparticles
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- Nano-DDSs, nanoparticulate drug delivery systems
- Nanomedicine
- Nanotechnology
- PAI, photoacoustic imaging
- PD-1, PD receptor 1
- PD-L1, PD receptor 1 ligand
- PDNAs, pure drug nano-assemblies
- PDT, photodynamic therapy
- PPa, pheophorbide A
- PTT, photothermal therapy
- PTX, paclitaxel
- Poly I:C, polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid
- Pure drug
- QSNAP, quantitative structure-nanoparticle assembly prediction
- RBC, red blood cell
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SPDNAs, single pure drug nano-assemblies
- Self-assembly
- TA, tannic acid
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4
- TME, tumor microenvironment
- TNBC, triple negative breast
- TTZ, trastuzumab
- Top I & II, topoisomerase I & II
- UA, ursolic acid
- YSV, tripeptide tyroservatide
- ZHO, Z-Histidine-Obzl
- dsRNA, double-stranded RNA
- α-PD-L1, anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Guanting Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wenli Zang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kexin Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medical Device, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yinglei Zhai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medical Device, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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Ren H, Yong J, Yang Q, Yang Z, Liu Z, Xu Y, Wang H, Jiang X, Miao W, Li X. Self-assembled FeS-based cascade bioreactor with enhanced tumor penetration and synergistic treatments to trigger robust cancer immunotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3244-61. [PMID: 34729313 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Major challenges for cancer treatment are how to effectively eliminate primary tumor and sufficiently induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) to provoke a robust immune response for metastasis control. Here, a self-assembled cascade bioreactor was developed to improve cancer treatment with enhanced tumor penetration and synergistic therapy of starvation, chemodynamic (CDT) and photothermal therapy. Ultrasmall FeS-GOx nanodots were synthesized with glucose oxidase (GOx) as template and induced by paclitaxel (PTX) to form self-assembling FeS-GOx@PTX (FGP) via hydrophobic interaction. After accumulated at tumor sites, FGP disassembles to smaller FeS-GOx for enhanced deep tumor penetration. GOx maintains high enzymatic activity to catalyze glucose with assistant of oxygen to generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as starvation therapy. Fenton reaction involving the regenerated H2O2 in turn produced more hydroxyl radicals for enhanced CDT. Following near-infrared laser at 808 nm, FGPs displayed pronounced tumor inhibition in vitro and in vivo by the combination therapy. The consequent increased exposure to calreticulin amplified ICD and promoted dendritic cells maturation. In combination with anti-CTLA4 checkpoint blockade, FGP can absolutely eliminate primary tumor and avidly inhibit distant tumors due to the enhanced intratumoral infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Our work presents a promising strategy for primary tumor and metastasis inhibition.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatise
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CDT, chemodynamic therapy
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscope
- CREA, creatinine
- CRT, calreticulin
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
- CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- Cancer immunotherapy
- Ce6, Chlorin e6
- DAMPs, damage-related molecular patterns
- DAPI, 2-(4-amidinophenyl)-6-indolecarbamidine dihydrochloride
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- DMPO, dimethyl pyridine N-oxide
- EDC, 1-ethyl-3-(3ʹ-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide
- EDS, energy-dispersive spectrometry
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- ESR, electron spin resonance
- FG, FeS-GOx nanodots
- FGP, FeS-GOx@PTX nanoparticles
- FITC, fluorescein Isothiocyanate
- FeCl2·4H2O, iron dichloride tetrahydrate
- FeS-based cascade bioreactor
- GOx, glucose oxidase
- Glu, glucose
- Glucose oxidase
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- H2DCFDA, 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein acetoacetic acid
- HMGB-1, high mobility group box protein 1
- HPF, 2-[6-(4,-hydroxy) phenoxy-3H-xanthene-3-on-9-yl
- HSA, human serum albumin
- ICB, immune checkpoint blockade
- ICD amplifier
- ICD, immunogenic cell death
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- MB, methylene blue
- MCTS, multicellular tumor spheroids
- MFI, median fluorescence Intensity
- Metastasis inhibition
- NHS, N-hydroxy succinimide
- Na2S, sodium sulfide
- OH, hydroxyl
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- PTT, photothermal therapy
- PTX, paclitaxel
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SEM, scanning electron microscope
- Synergistic therapy
- TAA, tumor-associated antigens
- TDLN, tumor-draining lymph nodes
- TEM, transmission microscope
- TMB, 3,3ʹ,5,5ʹ-tetramathylbenzidine
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling
- Tumor penetration
- XPS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- XRD, X-ray diffraction patterns
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Chen X, Pan X, Zhang W, Guo H, Cheng S, He Q, Yang B, Ding L. Epigenetic strategies synergize with PD-L1/PD-1 targeted cancer immunotherapies to enhance antitumor responses. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:723-733. [PMID: 32528824 PMCID: PMC7276686 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy strategies targeting the programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1)/programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) pathway in clinical treatments have achieved remarkable success in treating multiple types of cancer. However, owing to the heterogeneity of tumors and individual immune systems, PD-L1/PD-1 blockade still shows slow response rates in controlling malignancies in many patients. Accumulating evidence has shown that an effective response to anti-PD-L1/anti-PD-1 therapy requires establishing an integrated immune cycle. Damage in any step of the immune cycle is one of the most important causes of immunotherapy failure. Impairments in the immune cycle can be restored by epigenetic modification, including reprogramming the environment of tumor-associated immunity, eliciting an immune response by increasing the presentation of tumor antigens, and by regulating T cell trafficking and reactivation. Thus, a rational combination of PD-L1/PD-1 blockade and epigenetic agents may offer great potential to retrain the immune system and to improve clinical outcomes of checkpoint blockade therapy.
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Key Words
- 5-AzaC, 5-azacitidine
- ACE1, angiotensin converting enzyme
- ACP1, human red cell acid phosphatase
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- BETi, bromodomain and extra-terminal motif inhibitors
- CCL22 (MDC), macrophage-derived chemokine
- CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- CTA, cancer testis antigen
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4
- CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- CX3CL1, C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1
- CXCL, CXC chemokine ligand
- Cancer
- DC, dendritic cell
- DNMT1, DNA methyltransferase 1
- DNMTi, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors
- EZH2, enhancer of zeste homolog 2
- Epigenetic regulation
- FDA, U. S. Food and Drug Administration
- FOXP3, forkhead box P3
- H3K27me3, tri-methylation of lysine 27 on histone H3
- HDACi, histone deacetylase inhibitor
- IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
- IFN-γ, interferon-gamma
- Immune cycle
- Immunotherapy
- LAG-3, lymphocyte activation gene-3
- MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- OS, overall survival
- PD-1, programmed cell death 1
- PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand 1
- PD-L1/PD-1 blockade
- PRC2, polycomb repressive complex 2
- TAA, tumor-associated antigen
- TET2, ten-eleven translocation 2
- TH-1, T helper type 1
- TIL, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes
- TIM-3, T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3
- Tregs, regulatory T cells
- UHRF1, ubiquitin-like PHD and RING finger domain-containing 1
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Abstract
Influenza virus (IFV) infection causes serious health problems and heavy financial burdens each year worldwide. The classical inactivated influenza virus vaccine (IIVV) and live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) must be updated regularly to match the new strains that evolve due to antigenic drift and antigenic shift. However, with the discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies that recognize conserved antigens, and the CD8(+) T cell responses targeting viral internal proteins nucleoprotein (NP), matrix protein 1 (M1) and polymerase basic 1 (PB1), it is possible to develop a universal influenza vaccine based on the conserved hemagglutinin (HA) stem, NP, and matrix proteins. Recombinant adenovirus (rAd) is an ideal influenza vaccine vector because it has an ideal stability and safety profile, induces balanced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses due to activation of innate immunity, provides 'self-adjuvanting' activity, can mimic natural IFV infection, and confers seamless protection against mucosal pathogens. Moreover, this vector can be developed as a low-cost, rapid-response vaccine that can be quickly manufactured. Therefore, an adenovirus vector encoding conserved influenza antigens holds promise in the development of a universal influenza vaccine. This review will summarize the progress in adenovirus-vectored universal flu vaccines and discuss future novel approaches.
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Key Words
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- Ad: adenovirus
- CAR, Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor
- CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- DC, lung dendritic cells
- DVD, drug–vaccine duo
- FcγRs, Fc receptors for IgG
- HA, hemagglutinin
- HDAd, helper-dependent adenoviral
- HEK293, human embryonic kidney 293 cell
- HI, hemagglutination inhibition
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- IF-γ, interferon-γ
- IFV, Influenza virus
- IIVV, inactivated influenza virus vaccine
- IL-2, interleukin-2
- ITRs, inverted terminal repeats
- LAIV, live attenuated influenza vaccine
- M1, matrix protein 1
- M2, matrix protein 2
- MHC-I, major histocompatibility complex class I
- NA, neuraminidase
- NP, nucleoprotein
- RCA, replication competent adenovirus
- VAERD, vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease
- adenovirus vector
- broadly neutralizing antibodies
- cellular immunity
- flu, influenza
- hemagglutinin
- humoral immunity
- influenza
- mAbs, monoclonal antibodies
- mucosal immunity
- rAd, recombinant adenovirus
- universal vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Xiang
- a Department of Molecular Biology; Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College ; Kunming , Yunnan , PR China
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Sumagin R, Parkos CA. Epithelial adhesion molecules and the regulation of intestinal homeostasis during neutrophil transepithelial migration. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e969100. [PMID: 25838976 DOI: 10.4161/21688362.2014.969100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial adhesion molecules play essential roles in regulating cellular function and maintaining mucosal tissue homeostasis. Some form epithelial junctional complexes to provide structural support for epithelial monolayers and act as a selectively permeable barrier separating luminal contents from the surrounding tissue. Others serve as docking structures for invading viruses and bacteria, while also regulating the immune response. They can either obstruct or serve as footholds for the immune cells recruited to mucosal surfaces. Currently, it is well appreciated that adhesion molecules collectively serve as environmental cue sensors and trigger signaling events to regulate epithelial function through their association with the cell cytoskeleton and various intracellular adapter proteins. Immune cells, particularly neutrophils (PMN) during transepithelial migration (TEM), can modulate adhesion molecule expression, conformation, and distribution, significantly impacting epithelial function and tissue homeostasis. This review discusses the roles of key intestinal epithelial adhesion molecules in regulating PMN trafficking and outlines the potential consequences on epithelial function.
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Key Words
- AJs, adherens junctions
- CAR, coxsackie and adenovirus receptor
- CLMP, CAR-like protein
- CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- CTX, thymocyte Xenopus
- DMs, Desmosomes
- Dsc-2, desmocollin-2
- Dsg-2, desmoglein-2
- E-cadherin, epithelial cadherin
- EGFR, Epithelial growth factor receptor
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- EpCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule
- IBD, inflammatory bowel diseases
- ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- IECs, intestinal epithelial cells
- JAM, junctional adhesion molecules
- LAD, leukocyte adhesion deficiency
- LTB-4, lipid leukotriene B4
- MIP1 α, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha
- MLCK, myosin light chain kinase
- MMPs, matrix metalloproteases
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NO, nitric oxide
- PARS, protease-activated receptors
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- PMN, polymorphonuclear cells
- SGD, specific granule deficiency
- SIRPa, signal regulatory protein alpha
- TEM, transepithelial migration
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta
- TIAM1, metastasis-inducing protein 1
- TJs, tight junctions
- TSP-1, thrombospondin-1
- adhesion molecules
- barrier
- cell migration
- epithelial cells
- neutrophils
- sLea, sialyl Lewis A
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Sumagin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Unit; Emory University ; Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Unit; Emory University ; Atlanta, GA USA
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Draghiciu O, Lubbers J, Nijman HW, Daemen T. Myeloid derived suppressor cells-An overview of combat strategies to increase immunotherapy efficacy. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e954829. [PMID: 25949858 PMCID: PMC4368153 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.954829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) contribute to tumor-mediated immune escape and negatively correlate with overall survival of cancer patients. Nowadays, a variety of methods to target MDSCs are being investigated. Based on the intervention stage of MDSCs, namely development, expansion and activation, function and turnover, these methods can be divided into: (I) prevention or differentiation to mature cells, (II) blockade of MDSC expansion and activation, (III) inhibition of MDSC suppressive activity or (IV) depletion of intratumoral MDSCs. This review describes effective mono- or multimodal-therapies that target MDSCs for the benefit of cancer treatment.
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Key Words
- 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil
- 5-Fluorouracil
- ADAM17, metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17
- APCs, antigen presenting cells
- ARG1, arginase-1
- ATRA, all-trans retinoic acid
- CCL2, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2
- CD62L, L-selectin
- CDDO-Me, bardoxolone methyl
- COX2, cyclooxygenase 2
- CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- CXCL12, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12
- CXCL15, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 15
- DCs, dendritic cells
- ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- Flt3, Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3
- FoxP3, forkhead box P3
- GITR, anti-glucocorticoid tumor necrosis factor receptor
- GM-CSF/CSF2, granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor
- GSH, glutathione
- HIF-1α, hypoxia inducible factor 1α
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
- HPV-16, human papillomavirus 16
- HSCs, hematopoietic stem cells
- ICT, 3, 5, 7-trihydroxy-4′-emthoxy-8-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-flavone
- IFNγ, interferon γ
- IL-10, interleukin 10
- IL-13, interleukin 13
- IL-1β, interleukin 1 β
- IL-4, interleukin 4
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IMCs, immature myeloid cells
- JAK2, Janus kinase 2
- MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- MMPs, metalloproteinases (e.g., MMP9)
- Myd88, myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88
- NAC, N-acetyl cysteine
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase NK cells, natural killer cells
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOHA, N-hydroxy-L-Arginine
- NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- ODN, oligodeoxynucleotides
- PDE-5, phosphodiesterase type 5
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SCF, stem cell factor
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- Tregs, regulatory T cells
- VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- WA, withaferin A
- WRE, Withaferin somnifera
- all-trans retinoic acid
- bisphosphonates
- c-kit, Mast/stem cell growth factor receptor
- gemcitabine
- iNOS2, inducible nitric oxid synthase 2
- immune suppressive mechanisms
- mRCC, metastatic renal cell carcinoma
- myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- sunitinib therapeutic vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Draghiciu
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen ; Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce Lubbers
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen ; Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W Nijman
- Department of Gynecology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen ; Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Toos Daemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen ; Groningen, The Netherlands
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Van der Jeught K, Van Lint S, Thielemans K, Breckpot K. Intratumoral delivery of mRNA: Overcoming obstacles for effective immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1005504. [PMID: 26155403 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1005504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) is a major obstacle in cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, it has gained attention as a target site. mRNA emerged as a versatile drug class for cancer therapy. We reported that intratumoral administration of mRNA encoding the fusokine Fβ2 supports tumor-specific T-cell immunity. This study provides proof of concept of the use of mRNA to modulate the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Van der Jeught
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Vrije Universiteit Brussel ; Jette, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Lint
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Vrije Universiteit Brussel ; Jette, Belgium
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Vrije Universiteit Brussel ; Jette, Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Vrije Universiteit Brussel ; Jette, Belgium
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Abstract
Presently-available antiviral drugs may not be a satisfactory option for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). In spite of presence of several antiviral drugs, sustained off-treatment clinical responses are not common in CHB patients treated with antiviral drugs. In addition, antiviral drug treatment may have limited effects on blocking the progression of HBV-related complications. However, substantial long-term risk of viral resistance and drug toxicity are related with maintenance antiviral therapy in CHB patients with presently-available antiviral agents. The infinite treatments with antiviral drugs for CHB patients are also costly and may be unbearable by most patients of developing and resource-constrained countries. In this situation, there is pressing need to develop new and innovative therapeutic approaches for patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Immune therapy has emerged as an alternate therapeutic approach for CHB patients because studies have shown that host immunity is either impaired or derailed or distorted or diminished in CHB patients compared to patients with acute resolved hepatitis B who contain the HBV replication and control liver damages. Both non antigen-specific immune modulators and HBV antigen-specific agents have been used in CHB patients during last three decades. However, similar to antiviral therapy, the ongoing regimens of immune therapeutic approaches have also been unable to show real promises for treating CHB patients. The concept of immune therapy for treating CHB patients seems to be rationale and scientific, however, concerns remain about suitable designs of immune therapy for CHB patients.
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