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Chen X, Pan X, Zhang W, Guo H, Cheng S, He Q, Yang B, Ding L. Epigenetic strategies synergize with PD-L1/PD-1 targeted cancer immunotherapies to enhance antitumor responses. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:723-733. [PMID: 32528824 PMCID: PMC7276686 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy strategies targeting the programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1)/programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) pathway in clinical treatments have achieved remarkable success in treating multiple types of cancer. However, owing to the heterogeneity of tumors and individual immune systems, PD-L1/PD-1 blockade still shows slow response rates in controlling malignancies in many patients. Accumulating evidence has shown that an effective response to anti-PD-L1/anti-PD-1 therapy requires establishing an integrated immune cycle. Damage in any step of the immune cycle is one of the most important causes of immunotherapy failure. Impairments in the immune cycle can be restored by epigenetic modification, including reprogramming the environment of tumor-associated immunity, eliciting an immune response by increasing the presentation of tumor antigens, and by regulating T cell trafficking and reactivation. Thus, a rational combination of PD-L1/PD-1 blockade and epigenetic agents may offer great potential to retrain the immune system and to improve clinical outcomes of checkpoint blockade therapy.
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Key Words
- 5-AzaC, 5-azacitidine
- ACE1, angiotensin converting enzyme
- ACP1, human red cell acid phosphatase
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- BETi, bromodomain and extra-terminal motif inhibitors
- CCL22 (MDC), macrophage-derived chemokine
- CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- CTA, cancer testis antigen
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4
- CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- CX3CL1, C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1
- CXCL, CXC chemokine ligand
- Cancer
- DC, dendritic cell
- DNMT1, DNA methyltransferase 1
- DNMTi, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors
- EZH2, enhancer of zeste homolog 2
- Epigenetic regulation
- FDA, U. S. Food and Drug Administration
- FOXP3, forkhead box P3
- H3K27me3, tri-methylation of lysine 27 on histone H3
- HDACi, histone deacetylase inhibitor
- IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
- IFN-γ, interferon-gamma
- Immune cycle
- Immunotherapy
- LAG-3, lymphocyte activation gene-3
- MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- OS, overall survival
- PD-1, programmed cell death 1
- PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand 1
- PD-L1/PD-1 blockade
- PRC2, polycomb repressive complex 2
- TAA, tumor-associated antigen
- TET2, ten-eleven translocation 2
- TH-1, T helper type 1
- TIL, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes
- TIM-3, T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3
- Tregs, regulatory T cells
- UHRF1, ubiquitin-like PHD and RING finger domain-containing 1
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Stamatopoulos A, Stamatopoulos T, Gamie Z, Kenanidis E, Ribeiro RDC, Rankin KS, Gerrand C, Dalgarno K, Tsiridis E. Mesenchymal stromal cells for bone sarcoma treatment: Roadmap to clinical practice. J Bone Oncol 2019; 16:100231. [PMID: 30956944 PMCID: PMC6434099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2019.100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, there has been growing interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms of cancer pathogenesis and progression, as it is still associated with high morbidity and mortality. Current management of large bone sarcomas typically includes the complex therapeutic approach of limb salvage or sacrifice combined with pre- and postoperative multidrug chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, and is still associated with high recurrence rates. The development of cellular strategies against specific characteristics of tumour cells appears to be promising, as they can target cancer cells selectively. Recently, Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) have been the subject of significant research in orthopaedic clinical practice through their use in regenerative medicine. Further research has been directed at the use of MSCs for more personalized bone sarcoma treatments, taking advantage of their wide range of potential biological functions, which can be augmented by using tissue engineering approaches to promote healing of large defects. In this review, we explore the use of MSCs in bone sarcoma treatment, by analyzing MSCs and tumour cell interactions, transduction of MSCs to target sarcoma, and their clinical applications on humans concerning bone regeneration after bone sarcoma extraction.
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Key Words
- 5-FC, 5-fluorocytosine
- AAT, a1-antitrypsin
- APCs, antigen presenting cells
- ASC, adipose-derived stromal/stem cells
- Abs, antibodies
- Ang1, angiopoietin-1
- BD, bone defect
- BMMSCs, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells
- Biology
- Bone
- CAM, cell adhesion molecules
- CCL5, chemokine ligand 5
- CCR2, chemokine receptor 2
- CD, classification determinants
- CD, cytosine deaminase
- CLUAP1, clusterin associated protein 1
- CSPG4, Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4
- CX3CL1, chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1
- CXCL12/CXCR4, C-X-C chemokine ligand 12/ C-X-C chemokine receptor 4
- CXCL12/CXCR7, C-X-C chemokine ligand 12/ C-X-C chemokine receptor 7
- CXCR4, chemokine receptor type 4
- Cell
- DBM, Demineralized Bone Marrow
- DKK1, dickkopf-related protein 1
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- FGF-2, fibroblast growth factors-2
- FGF-7, fibroblast growth factors-7
- GD2, disialoganglioside 2
- HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HMGB1/RACE, high mobility group box-1 protein/ receptor for advanced glycation end-products
- IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
- IFN-α, interferon alpha
- IFN-β, interferon beta
- IFN-γ, interferon gamma
- IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor
- IL-10, interleukin-10
- IL-12, interleukin-12
- IL-18, interleukin-18
- IL-1b, interleukin-1b
- IL-21, interleukin-21
- IL-2a, interleukin-2a
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- IL-8, interleukin-8
- IL11RA, Interleukin 11 Receptor Subunit Alpha
- MAGE, melanoma antigen gene
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MMP-2, matrix metalloproteinase-2
- MMP2/9, matrix metalloproteinase-2/9
- MRP, multidrug resistance protein
- MSCs, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells
- Mesenchymal
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- OPG, osteoprotegerin
- Orthopaedic
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDX, patient derived xenograft
- PEDF, pigment epithelium-derived factor
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- PI3K/Akt, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B
- PTX, paclitaxel
- RANK, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B
- RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand
- RBCs, red blood cells
- RES, reticuloendothelial system
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- Regeneration
- SC, stem cells
- SCF, stem cells factor
- SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor 1
- STAT-3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- Sarcoma
- Stromal
- TAAs, tumour-associated antigens
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TGF-b, transforming growth factor beta
- TGF-b1, transforming growth factor beta 1
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- TNF-a, tumour necrosis factor alpha
- TRAIL, tumour necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- Tissue
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- WBCs, white blood cell
- hMSCs, human mesenchymal stromal cells
- rh-TRAIL, recombinant human tumour necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Stamatopoulos
- Academic Orthopaedic Unit, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Aristotle University Medical School, West Ring Road of Thessaloniki, Pavlos Melas Area, N. Efkarpia, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Center of Orthopaedics and Regenerative Medicine (C.O.RE.), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (C.I.R.I.), Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodosios Stamatopoulos
- Academic Orthopaedic Unit, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Aristotle University Medical School, West Ring Road of Thessaloniki, Pavlos Melas Area, N. Efkarpia, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Center of Orthopaedics and Regenerative Medicine (C.O.RE.), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (C.I.R.I.), Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zakareya Gamie
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Eustathios Kenanidis
- Academic Orthopaedic Unit, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Aristotle University Medical School, West Ring Road of Thessaloniki, Pavlos Melas Area, N. Efkarpia, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Center of Orthopaedics and Regenerative Medicine (C.O.RE.), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (C.I.R.I.), Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ricardo Da Conceicao Ribeiro
- School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Stephenson Building, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Kenneth Samora Rankin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Craig Gerrand
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Kenneth Dalgarno
- School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Stephenson Building, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Eleftherios Tsiridis
- Academic Orthopaedic Unit, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Aristotle University Medical School, West Ring Road of Thessaloniki, Pavlos Melas Area, N. Efkarpia, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Center of Orthopaedics and Regenerative Medicine (C.O.RE.), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (C.I.R.I.), Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
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O'Rourke L, Clarke G, Nolan A, Watkins C, Dinan TG, Stanton C, Ross RP, Ryan CA. Tryptophan metabolic profile in term and preterm breast milk: implications for health. J Nutr Sci 2018; 7:e13. [PMID: 29686862 PMCID: PMC5906556 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2017.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is the only source of the essential amino acid tryptophan (TRP) in breast-fed infants. Low levels of TRP could have implications for infant neurodevelopment. The objectives of the present study were to compare the relationship of TRP and its neuroactive pathway metabolites kynurenine (Kyn) and kynurenic acid (KynA) in preterm and term expressed breast milk (EBM) in the first 14 d following birth, and the relationship of TRP metabolism to maternal stress and immune status. A total of twenty-four mothers were recruited from Cork University Maternity Hospital: twelve term (>38 weeks) and twelve preterm (<35 weeks). EBM samples were collected on days 7 and 14. Free TRP, Kyn and KynA were measured using HPLC, total TRP using MS, cytokines using the Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) assay system, and cortisol using a cortisol ELISA kit. Although total TRP was higher in preterm EBM in comparison with term EBM (P < 0·05), free TRP levels were lower (P < 0·05). Kyn, KynA and the Kyn:TRP ratio increased significantly in term EBM from day 7 to day 14 (P < 0·05), but not in preterm EBM. TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 were higher in day 7 preterm and term EBM in comparison with day 14. There were no significant differences between term and preterm EBM cortisol levels. Increased availability of total TRP, lower levels of free TRP and alterations in the temporal dynamics of TRP metabolism in preterm compared with term EBM, coupled with higher EBM inflammatory markers on day 7, may have implications for the neurological development of exclusively breast-fed preterm infants.
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Key Words
- Cortisol
- Cytokines
- EBM, expressed breast milk
- Human milk
- IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- Kyn, kynurenine
- KynA, kynurenic acid
- Kynurenic acid
- Kynurenine
- MSD, Meso Scale Discovery
- QC, quality control
- TDO, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
- TRP, tryptophan
- Tryptophan
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise O'Rourke
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Aoife Nolan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Claire Watkins
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- College of Science, Engineering and Food Science, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Cornelius Anthony Ryan
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
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Lee YS, Sah SK, Lee JH, Seo KW, Kang KS, Kim TY. Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 9:281-288. [PMID: 28956015 PMCID: PMC5614481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) inhibit the proliferation or activation of lymphocytes, and their inhibitory effects do not require human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matching because MSCs express low levels of HLA molecules. Therefore, MSCs may be able to regulate immune responses. In this study, we determined whether MSCs could inhibit psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice. After induction of psoriasis-like skin inflammation using intradermal injection of IL-23 or topical application of imiquimod with or without treatment with MSC, mouse skins were collected, and H&E staining and real-time PCR were performed. IL-23-induced skin inflammation was inhibited when MSCs were injected on day −1 and day 7. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α was inhibited by MSC injection, and the expression of chemokines such as CCL17, CCL20, and CCL27 was also decreased in mouse skin. We also determined whether MSCs could not only prevent but also treat psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice. Furthermore, in vitro experiments also showed anti-inflammatory effects of MSCs. Dendritic cells which are co-cultured with MSCs suppressed CD4+ T cell activation and differentiation, which are important for the pathogenesis of psoriasis. These results suggest that MSCs could be useful for treating psoriasis. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice. Mesenchymal stem cells modulate dendritic cell function. Dendritic cells that co-cultured with mesenchymal stem cells regulate CD4+ T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sang Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-040, South Korea
| | - Shyam Kishor Sah
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-040, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-040, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Seo
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine in Kangstem Biotech, Biotechnology Incubating center, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.,Researh Institute for Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Tae-Yoon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-040, South Korea
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Abstract
The therapeutic potential of dendritic cell (DC) cancer vaccines has gained momentum in recent years. However, clinical data indicate that antitumor immune responses generally fail to translate into measurable tumor regression. This has been ascribed to a variety of tolerance mechanisms, one of which is the expression of immunosuppressive factors by DCs and T cells. With respect to cancer immunotherapies, these factors antagonise the ability to induce robust and sustained immunity required for tumor cell eradication. Gene silencing of immunosuppressive factors in either DCs or adoptive transferred T cells enhanced anti-tumor immune responses and significantly inhibited tumor growth. Therefore, engineered next generation of DC vaccines or adoptive T-cell therapy should include immunomodulatory siRNAs to release the "brakes" imposed by the immune system. Moreover, the combination of gene silencing, antigen targeting to DCs and cytoplasmic cargo delivery will improve clinical benefits.
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Key Words
- AML, acute myeloid leukemia
- CMV, human cytomegalovirus
- CTLA4, T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4
- DC, Dendritic cells
- Gal, galectin hTERT, human telomerase reverse transcriptase
- IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
- IL, interleukin
- INF, interferon
- NK, natural killer
- PD1, programmed cell death
- RNA interference
- RNAi, RNA interference
- SOCS1, suppressor of cytokine signaling
- STAT, Signal transducer and activator of transcription
- T-cell therapy
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TLR, toll like receptor
- Treg, Regulatory T
- cancer vaccine
- gene silencing
- immunotherapy
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
- targeted therapies
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouldy Sioud
- a Department of Immunology; Institute for Cancer Research ; Oslo University Hospital ; Montebello , Norway
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Abstract
The accumulation of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in ovarian cancer is prognostic for increased survival while increases in immunosuppressive regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are associated with poor outcomes. Approaches that bolster tumor-reactive TILs may limit tumor progression. However, identifying tumor-reactive TILs in ovarian cancer has been challenging, though adoptive TIL therapy in patients has been encouraging. Other forms of TIL immunomodulation remain under investigation including Treg depletion, antibody-based checkpoint modification, activation and amplification using dendritic cells, antigen presenting cells or IL-2 cytokine culture, adjuvant cytokine injections, and gene-engineered T-cells. Many approaches to TIL manipulation inhibit ovarian cancer progression in preclinical or clinical studies as monotherapy. Here, we review the impact of TILs in ovarian cancer and attempts to mobilize TILs to halt tumor progression. We conclude that effective TIL therapy for ovarian cancer is at the brink of translation and optimal TIL activity may require combined methodologies to deliver clinically-relevant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip P Santoiemma
- a Ovarian Cancer Research Center ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology ; Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania ; Philadelphia , PA USA
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Santoiemma PP, Powell DJ. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in ovarian cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2015. [PMID: 25894333 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1040960]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in ovarian cancer is prognostic for increased survival while increases in immunosuppressive regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are associated with poor outcomes. Approaches that bolster tumor-reactive TILs may limit tumor progression. However, identifying tumor-reactive TILs in ovarian cancer has been challenging, though adoptive TIL therapy in patients has been encouraging. Other forms of TIL immunomodulation remain under investigation including Treg depletion, antibody-based checkpoint modification, activation and amplification using dendritic cells, antigen presenting cells or IL-2 cytokine culture, adjuvant cytokine injections, and gene-engineered T-cells. Many approaches to TIL manipulation inhibit ovarian cancer progression in preclinical or clinical studies as monotherapy. Here, we review the impact of TILs in ovarian cancer and attempts to mobilize TILs to halt tumor progression. We conclude that effective TIL therapy for ovarian cancer is at the brink of translation and optimal TIL activity may require combined methodologies to deliver clinically-relevant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip P Santoiemma
- a Ovarian Cancer Research Center ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology ; Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania ; Philadelphia , PA USA
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Abstract
The accumulation of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in ovarian cancer is prognostic for increased survival while increases in immunosuppressive regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are associated with poor outcomes. Approaches that bolster tumor-reactive TILs may limit tumor progression. However, identifying tumor-reactive TILs in ovarian cancer has been challenging, though adoptive TIL therapy in patients has been encouraging. Other forms of TIL immunomodulation remain under investigation including Treg depletion, antibody-based checkpoint modification, activation and amplification using dendritic cells, antigen presenting cells or IL-2 cytokine culture, adjuvant cytokine injections, and gene-engineered T-cells. Many approaches to TIL manipulation inhibit ovarian cancer progression in preclinical or clinical studies as monotherapy. Here, we review the impact of TILs in ovarian cancer and attempts to mobilize TILs to halt tumor progression. We conclude that effective TIL therapy for ovarian cancer is at the brink of translation and optimal TIL activity may require combined methodologies to deliver clinically-relevant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip P Santoiemma
- a Ovarian Cancer Research Center ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology ; Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania ; Philadelphia , PA USA
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Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an immunoregulatory enzyme. Remarkably, we discovered IDO-specific T cells that can influence adaptive immune reactions in patients with cancer. Further, a recent phase I clinical trial demonstrated long-lasting disease stabilization without toxicity in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who were vaccinated with an IDO-derived HLA-A2-restricted epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Hald Andersen
- Department of Hematology; Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT); Copenhagen University Hospital ; Herlev, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- Department of Hematology; Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT); Copenhagen University Hospital ; Herlev, Denmark ; Department of Oncology; Copenhagen University Hospital ; Herlev, Denmark
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Temml V, Kuehnl S, Schuster D, Schwaiger S, Stuppner H, Fuchs D. Interaction of Carthamus tinctorius lignan arctigenin with the binding site of tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:450-2. [PMID: 24251110 PMCID: PMC3829989 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediterranean Carthamus tinctorius (Safflower) is used for treatment of inflammatory conditions and neuropsychiatric disorders. Recently C. tinctorius lignans arctigenin and trachelogenin but not matairesinol were described to interfere with the activity of tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. We examined a potential direct influence of compounds on IDO enzyme activity applying computational calculations based on 3D geometry of the compounds. The interaction pattern analysis and force field-based minimization was performed within LigandScout 3.03, the docking simulation with MOE 2011.10 using the X-ray crystal structure of IDO. Results confirm the possibility of an intense interaction of arctigenin and trachelogenin with the binding site of the enzyme, while matairesinol had no such effect.
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Key Words
- 1-MT, d-1-methyl tryptophan
- 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin
- Carthamus tinctorius
- GBVI/WSA, generalized-born volume integral/weighted surface area
- IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase
- Kyn/Trp, kynurenine to tryptophan ratio
- Lignan
- MMFF94, Merck Molecular Force Field 94
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- TDO, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
- Treg, regulatory T-cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Temml
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, CCB Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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