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Fang X, Cao J, Tao Z, Yang Z, Dai Y, Zhao L. Hydroxytyrosol attenuates ethanol-induced liver injury by ameliorating steatosis, oxidative stress and hepatic inflammation by interfering STAT3/iNOS pathway. Redox Rep 2023; 28:2187564. [PMID: 36932927 PMCID: PMC10026757 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2023.2187564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a polyphenol with a wide range of biological activities. Excessive drinking can lead to oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver, which usually develop into alcohol liver disease (ALD). At present, there is no specific drug to treat ALD. In this paper, the protection effect of HT on ALD and the underline mechanism were studied.Methods: HepG2 cells were exposed to ethanol in vitro and C57BL/6J mice were fed with a Lieber-DeCarli ethanol liquid diet in vivo.Results: triglyceride (TG) level in serum and the expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) were reduced significantly by the treatment with HT The acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity was increased, the serum level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was decreased, catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) were increased, suggesting that HT may reduce its oxidative damage to the body by promoting alcohol metabolism. Furthermore, according to the mRNA levels of tnf-α, il-6 and il-1β, HT inhibited ethanol-induced inflammation significantly. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of HT may be related to suppress the STAT3/iNOS pathway.Dissussion: Our study showed that HT could ameliorate ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress and inflammation and provide a new candidate for the prevention and treatment of ALD.
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Key Words
- ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase
- ALD, alcohol liver disease
- ALDH, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- CAT, catalase
- COX2, cyclo-oxygen-ase2
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 2E1
- DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
- DPPH, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- FASN, fatty acid synthase
- GSH, glutathione
- HT, hydroxytyrosol
- HepG2
- Hepatic steatosis
- Hydroxytyrosol
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- Liver injury
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NO, nitric oxide
- PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- STAT3/iNOS pathway
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- alcoholic liver disease
- anti-inflammation
- anti-oxidation
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide Synthas
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianying Fang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamin Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Tao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Yang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Dai
- Yanghe Distillery Co. Ltd, Suqian, People's Republic of China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Zhai T, Zhang J, Zhang J, Liu B, Zhou Z, Liu F, Wu Y. Cathelicidin promotes liver repair after acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100687. [PMID: 36923240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute liver injury (AILI) is a leading cause of acute liver failure (ALF). N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is only effective within 24 h after APAP intoxication, raising an urgent need for alternative approaches to treat this disease. This study aimed to test whether cathelicidin (Camp), which is a protective factor in chronic liver diseases, protects mice against APAP-induced liver injury and ALF. Methods A clinically relevant AILI model and an APAP-induced ALF model were generated in mice. Genetic and pharmacological approaches were used to interfere with the levels of cathelicidin in vivo. Results An increase in hepatic pro-CRAMP/CRAMP (the precursor and mature forms of mouse cathelicidin) was observed in APAP-intoxicated mice. Upregulated cathelicidin was derived from liver-infiltrating neutrophils. Compared with wild-type littermates, Camp knockout had no effect on hepatic injury but dampened hepatic repair in AILI and reduced survival in APAP-induced ALF. CRAMP administration reversed impaired liver recovery observed in APAP-challenged Camp knockout mice. Delayed CRAMP, CRAMP(1-39) (the extended form of CRAMP), or LL-37 (the mature form of human cathelicidin) treatment exhibited a therapeutic benefit for AILI. Co-treatment of cathelicidin and NAC in AILI displayed a stronger hepatoprotective effect than NAC alone. A similar additive effect of CRAMP(1-39)/LL-37 and NAC was observed in APAP-induced ALF. The pro-reparative role of cathelicidin in the APAP-damaged liver was attributed to an accelerated resolution of inflammation at the onset of liver repair, possibly through enhanced neutrophil phagocytosis of necrotic cell debris in an autocrine manner. Conclusions Cathelicidin reduces APAP-induced liver injury and ALF in mice by promoting liver recovery via facilitating inflammation resolution, suggesting a therapeutic potential for late-presenting patients with AILI with or without ALF. Impact and implications Acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury is a leading cause of acute liver failure. The efficacy of N-acetylcysteine, the only clinically approved drug against acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury, is significantly reduced for late-presenting patients. We found that cathelicidin exhibits a great therapeutic potential in mice with acetaminophen-induced liver injury or acute liver failure, which makes up for the limitation of N-acetylcysteine therapy by specifically promoting liver repair after acetaminophen intoxication. The pro-reparative role of cathelicidin, as a key effector molecule of neutrophils, in the APAP-injured liver is attributed to an accelerated resolution of inflammation at the onset of liver repair, possibly through enhanced phagocytic function of neutrophils in an autocrine manner.
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Key Words
- AILI, acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury
- ALF, acute liver failure
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- APAP, acetaminophen
- Acetaminophen
- CRAMP, cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 2E1
- Cathelicidin
- EGF, endothelial growth factor
- FPR2/ALX, formyl peptide receptor type 2/lipoxin A4 receptor
- GSH, glutathione
- Inflammation resolution
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- KO, knockout
- Liver repair
- Mac-1, macrophage-1 antigen
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- NAPQI, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine
- NPC, non-parenchymal cell
- Neutrophils
- Phagocytosis
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4
- WT, wild-type
- hCAP18, human cationic antimicrobial protein
- α-SMA, alpha-smooth muscle actin
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Hadjihambi A, Cudalbu C, Pierzchala K, Simicic D, Donnelly C, Konstantinou C, Davies N, Habtesion A, Gourine AV, Jalan R, Hosford PS. Abnormal brain oxygen homeostasis in an animal model of liver disease. JHEP Rep 2022; 4:100509. [PMID: 35865351 PMCID: PMC9293761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Increased plasma ammonia concentration and consequent disruption of brain energy metabolism could underpin the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Brain energy homeostasis relies on effective maintenance of brain oxygenation, and dysregulation impairs neuronal function leading to cognitive impairment. We hypothesised that HE is associated with reduced brain oxygenation and we explored the potential role of ammonia as an underlying pathophysiological factor. Methods In a rat model of chronic liver disease with minimal HE (mHE; bile duct ligation [BDL]), brain tissue oxygen measurement, and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to investigate how hyperammonaemia impacts oxygenation and metabolic substrate availability in the central nervous system. Ornithine phenylacetate (OP, OCR-002; Ocera Therapeutics, CA, USA) was used as an experimental treatment to reduce plasma ammonia concentration. Results In BDL animals, glucose, lactate, and tissue oxygen concentration in the cerebral cortex were significantly lower than those in sham-operated controls. OP treatment corrected the hyperammonaemia and restored brain tissue oxygen. Although BDL animals were hypotensive, cortical tissue oxygen concentration was significantly improved by treatments that increased arterial blood pressure. Cerebrovascular reactivity to exogenously applied CO2 was found to be normal in BDL animals. Conclusions These data suggest that hyperammonaemia significantly decreases cortical oxygenation, potentially compromising brain energy metabolism. These findings have potential clinical implications for the treatment of patients with mHE. Lay summary Brain dysfunction is a serious complication of cirrhosis and affects approximately 30% of these patients; however, its treatment continues to be an unmet clinical need. This study shows that oxygen concentration in the brain of an animal model of cirrhosis is markedly reduced. Low arterial blood pressure and increased ammonia (a neurotoxin that accumulates in patients with liver failure) are shown to be the main underlying causes. Experimental correction of these abnormalities restored oxygen concentration in the brain, suggesting potential therapeutic avenues to explore.
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Key Words
- 1H-MRS, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- AIT, Animal Imaging and Technology
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- ATZ, acetazolamide
- Ala, alanine
- Asc, ascorbate
- Asp, aspartate
- BDL, bile duct ligation
- BOLD, blood oxygen level dependent
- BP, blood pressure
- CBF, cerebral blood flow
- CIBM, Center for Biomedical Imaging
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- CMRO2, cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen
- CNS, central nervous system
- Chronic liver disease
- Cr, creatine
- EPFL, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid
- GPC, glycerophosphocholine
- GSH, glutathione
- Glc, glucose
- Gln, glutamine
- Glu, glutamate
- HE, hepatic encephalopathy
- Hyperammonaemia
- Ins, myo-inositol
- Lac, lactate
- MAP, mean arterial pressure
- NAA, N acetylaspartate
- NO, nitric oxide
- OP, ornithine phenylacetate
- Ornithine phenylacetate
- Oxygen
- PCho, phosphocholine
- PCr, phosphocreatine
- PE, phenylephrine
- Phenylephrine
- SPECIAL, spin echo full intensity acquired localised
- TE, echo time
- Tau, taurine
- VOI, volume of interest
- [18F]-FDG PET, [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography
- eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging
- hepatic encephalopathy
- mHE, minimal HE
- pCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide
- pO2, partial pressure of oxygen
- tCho, total choline
- tCr, total creatine
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hadjihambi
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Cristina Cudalbu
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Pierzchala
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dunja Simicic
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chris Donnelly
- Institute of Sports Science and Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christos Konstantinou
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Nathan Davies
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
| | - Abeba Habtesion
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
| | - Alexander V. Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure
| | - Patrick S. Hosford
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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Pfaff A, Chernatynskaya A, Vineyard H, Ercal N. Thiol antioxidants protect human lens epithelial (HLE B-3) cells against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative damage and cytotoxicity. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 29:101213. [PMID: 35128081 PMCID: PMC8808075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative damage to lens epithelial cells plays an important role in the development of age-related cataract, and the health of the lens has important implications for overall ocular health. As a result, there is a need for effective therapeutic agents that prevent oxidative damage to the lens. Thiol antioxidants such as tiopronin or N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)glycine (MPG), N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and exogenous glutathione (GSH) may be promising candidates for this purpose, but their ability to protect lens epithelial cells is not well understood. The effectiveness of these compounds was compared by exposing human lens epithelial cells (HLE B-3) to the chemical oxidant tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) and treating the cells with each of the antioxidant compounds. MTT cell viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and levels of intracellular GSH, the most important antioxidant in the lens, were measured after treatment. All four compounds provided some degree of protection against tBHP-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. Cells treated with NACA exhibited the highest viability after exposure to tBHP, as well as decreased ROS and increased intracellular GSH. Exogenous GSH also preserved viability and increased intracellular GSH levels. MPG scavenged significant amounts of ROS, and NAC increased intracellular GSH levels. Our results suggest that both scavenging ROS and increasing GSH may be necessary for effective protection of lens epithelial cells. Further, the compounds tested may be useful for the development of therapeutic strategies that aim to prevent oxidative damage to the lens.
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Key Words
- 7-AAD, 7-aminoactinomycin D
- ATCC, American Type Culture Collection
- Antioxidant
- Carboxy-H2DCFDA, 6-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
- Cataract
- EMEM, Eagle's minimum essential medium
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FDA, United States Food and Drug Administration
- GSH, glutathione
- GSSG, glutathione disulfide
- Glutathione
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- HLE B-3, human (eye) lens epithelial cell line B-3
- Lens
- MPG, N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)glycine
- MTT, (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- NACA, N-acetylcysteine amide
- OH•, hydroxyl radical
- Oxidative stress
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Thiol
- tBHP, tert-butyl hydroperoxide
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hannah Vineyard
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science & Technology, 104 Schrenk Hall, 400 W. 11th Street, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA
| | - Nuran Ercal
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science & Technology, 104 Schrenk Hall, 400 W. 11th Street, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA
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Shi J, Ju R, Gao H, Huang Y, Guo L, Zhang D. Targeting glutamine utilization to block metabolic adaptation of tumor cells under the stress of carboxyamidotriazole-induced nutrients unavailability. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:759-73. [PMID: 35256945 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells have unique metabolic programming that is biologically distinct from that of corresponding normal cells. Resetting tumor metabolic programming is a promising strategy to ameliorate drug resistance and improve the tumor microenvironment. Here, we show that carboxyamidotriazole (CAI), an anticancer drug, can function as a metabolic modulator that decreases glucose and lipid metabolism and increases the dependency of colon cancer cells on glutamine metabolism. CAI suppressed glucose and lipid metabolism utilization, causing inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, thus producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). In parallel, activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) increased glutamine uptake via the transporter SLC1A5, which could activate the ROS-scavenging enzyme glutathione peroxidase. As a result, combined use of inhibitors of GLS/GDH1, CAI could effectively restrict colorectal cancer (CRC) energy metabolism. These data illuminate a new antitumor mechanism of CAI, suggesting a new strategy for CRC metabolic reprogramming treatment.
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Key Words
- 2-NBDG, glucalogue 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- AhR
- AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- CAI
- CAI, carboxyamidotriazole
- CHIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- Colorectal cancer metabolism
- DMF, 3′,4′-dimethoxyflavone
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- ECAR, extracellular acidification rate
- FACS, flow cytometry
- GDH1, glutamate dehydrogenase 1
- GLS, glutaminase
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, glutathione
- GSSG, oxidized glutathione
- Glutamine metabolism
- Glutaminolysis
- Kyn, kynurenine
- MT, mito-TEMPO
- Metabolic reprogramming
- Mito-Q, mitoquinone mesylate
- Mitochondrial oxidative stress
- OCR, oxygen consumption rate
- Redox homeostasis
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- α-KG, α-ketoglutarate
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Zhou X, Zou L, Liao H, Luo J, Yang T, Wu J, Chen W, Wu K, Cen S, Lv D, Shu F, Yang Y, Li C, Li B, Mao X. Abrogation of HnRNP L enhances anti-PD-1 therapy efficacy via diminishing PD-L1 and promoting CD8 + T cell-mediated ferroptosis in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:692-707. [PMID: 35256940 PMCID: PMC8897216 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to incurable castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) ultimately developing after treating with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), it is vital to devise new therapeutic strategies to treat CRPC. Treatments that target programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) have been approved for human cancers with clinical benefit. However, many patients, especially prostate cancer, fail to respond to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment, so it is an urgent need to seek a support strategy for improving the traditional PD-1/PD-L1 targeting immunotherapy. In the present study, analyzing the data from our prostate cancer tissue microarray, we found that PD-L1 expression was positively correlated with the expression of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (HnRNP L). Hence, we further investigated the potential role of HnRNP L on the PD-L1 expression, the sensitivity of cancer cells to T-cell killing and the synergistic effect with anti-PD-1 therapy in CRPC. Indeed, HnRNP L knockdown effectively decreased PD-L1 expression and recovered the sensitivity of cancer cells to T-cell killing in vitro and in vivo, on the contrary, HnRNP L overexpression led to the opposite effect in CRPC cells. In addition, consistent with the previous study, we revealed that ferroptosis played a critical role in T-cell-induced cancer cell death, and HnRNP L promoted the cancer immune escape partly through targeting YY1/PD-L1 axis and inhibiting ferroptosis in CRPC cells. Furthermore, HnRNP L knockdown enhanced antitumor immunity by recruiting infiltrating CD8+ T cells and synergized with anti-PD-1 therapy in CRPC tumors. This study provided biological evidence that HnRNP L knockdown might be a novel therapeutic agent in PD-L1/PD-1 blockade strategy that enhanced anti-tumor immune response in CRPC.
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Key Words
- ADT, androgen deprivation therapy
- Anti-PD-1 therapy
- CRPC, castration-resistant prostate cancer
- Castration-resistant prostate cancer
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Fer-1, ferrostatin-1
- Ferroptosis
- GSH, glutathione
- HnRNP L
- HnRNP L, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L
- IL, interleukin
- INF-γ, interferon gamma
- Immune checkpoint blockade
- Immune escape
- PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PD-L1
- PD-L1, programmed death ligand1
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- YY1
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumin Zhou
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Libin Zou
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Hangyu Liao
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Junqi Luo
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Taowei Yang
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Wenbin Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Kaihui Wu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Shengren Cen
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Daojun Lv
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Fangpeng Shu
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Chun Li
- Nursing Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 20 62782725; fax: +86 20 62782725.
| | - Bingkun Li
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 20 62782725; fax: +86 20 62782725.
| | - Xiangming Mao
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 20 62782725; fax: +86 20 62782725.
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Chen C, Zhu T, Liu X, Zhu D, Zhang Y, Wu S, Han C, Zhang H, Luo J, Kong L. Identification of a novel PHGDH covalent inhibitor by chemical proteomics and phenotypic profiling. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:246-261. [PMID: 35127383 PMCID: PMC8799887 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The first rate-limiting enzyme of the serine synthesis pathway (SSP), phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), is hyperactive in multiple tumors, which leads to the activation of SSP and promotes tumorigenesis. However, only a few inhibitors of PHGDH have been discovered to date, especially the covalent inhibitors of PHGDH. Here, we identified withangulatin A (WA), a natural small molecule, as a novel covalent inhibitor of PHGDH. Affinity-based protein profiling identified that WA could directly bind to PHGDH and inactivate the enzyme activity of PHGDH. Biolayer interferometry and LC-MS/MS analysis further demonstrated the selective covalent binding of WA to the cysteine 295 residue (Cys295) of PHGDH. With the covalent modification of Cys295, WA blocked the substrate-binding domain (SBD) of PHGDH and exerted an allosteric effect to induce PHGDH inactivation. Further studies revealed that with the inhibition of PHGDH mediated by WA, the glutathione synthesis was decreased and intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were elevated, leading to the inhibition of tumor proliferation. This study indicates WA as a novel PHGDH covalent inhibitor, which identifies Cys295 as a novel allosteric regulatory site of PHGDH and holds great potential in developing anti-tumor agents for targeting PHGDH.
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Key Words
- 3-PG, 3-phosphoglycerate
- 3-PHP, 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate
- ABPP, affinity-based protein profiling
- BLI, biolayer interferometry assay
- CETSA, cellular thermal shift assay
- Chemical proteomics
- Colon cancer
- Covalent inhibitor
- CuAAC, copper-catalyzed alkyne–azide cycloaddition
- DARTS, drug affinity responsive target stability
- GSH, glutathione
- MD, molecular dynamics
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- Oxidative stress
- PHGDH, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase
- PSAT, phosphoserine aminotransferase
- Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase
- RMSD, root mean square deviation
- RMSF, root mean square fluctuations
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SBD, substrate-binding domain
- SSP, serine synthesis pathway
- Serine synthesis pathway
- TBTA, tris[(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]amine
- TCEP, tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine
- Withangulatin A
- Withanolides
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianguang Luo
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 25 83271405, +86 25 83271402.
| | - Lingyi Kong
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 25 83271405, +86 25 83271402.
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Ma X, Yang S, Zhang T, Wang S, Yang Q, Xiao Y, Shi X, Xue P, Kang Y, Liu G, Sun ZJ, Xu Z. Bioresponsive immune-booster-based prodrug nanogel for cancer immunotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:451-466. [PMID: 35127398 PMCID: PMC8800001 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy motivates a potent immune system by triggering immunogenic cell death (ICD), showing great potential in inhibiting tumor growth and improving the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM). However, the therapeutic effectiveness has been restricted by inferior drug bioavailability. Herein, we reported a universal bioresponsive doxorubicin (DOX)-based nanogel to achieve tumor-specific co-delivery of drugs. DOX-based mannose nanogels (DM NGs) was designed and choosed as an example to elucidate the mechanism of combined chemo-immunotherapy. As expected, the DM NGs exhibited prominent micellar stability, selective drug release and prolonged survival time, benefited from the enhanced tumor permeability and prolonged blood circulation. We discovered that the DOX delivered by DM NGs could induce powerful anti-tumor immune response facilitated by promoting ICD. Meanwhile, the released mannose from DM NGs was proved as a powerful and synergetic treatment for breast cancer in vitro and in vivo, via damaging the glucose metabolism in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Overall, the regulation of tumor microenvironment with DOX-based nanogel is expected to be an effectual candidate strategy to overcome the current limitations of ICD-based immunotherapy, offering a paradigm for the exploitation of immunomodulatory nanomedicines.
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Key Words
- 5-ALA, 5-aminolevulinic acid
- 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil
- ALKP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- APCs, antigen-presenting cells
- AST, aminotransferase
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- AUC, area under curves
- Bioresponsive
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscope
- CPT-11, irinotecan
- CRE, creatinine
- CRT, calreticulin
- Ce6, chlorin e6
- Chemotherapy
- DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DDSs, drug delivery systems
- DLN, draining lymph nodes
- DM NGs, doxorubicin-based mannose nanogel
- DOC, docetaxel
- DOX, doxorubicin
- DTT, d,l-dithiothreitol
- Doxorubicin
- FCM, flow cytometry
- FDA, Fluorescein diacetate
- GEM, gemcitabine
- GSH, glutathione
- H&E, hematoxylin-eosin
- HCPT, 10-hydroxy camptothecin
- HCT, hematocrit
- HGB, hemoglobin concentration
- HMGB1, high migrating group box 1
- ICB, immune checkpoint blockade
- ICD, immunogenic cell death
- ICG, indocyanine Green
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- ITM, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment
- Immunogenic cell death
- Immunotherapy
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- LYM, lymphocyte ratio
- MAN, mannose
- MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
- MCSs, multicellular spheroids
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- MPV, mean platelet volume
- Mannose
- NGs, nanogels
- Nanogel
- OXA, oxaliplatin
- P18, purpurin 18
- PDI, polydispersity index
- PLT, platelets
- PTX, paclitaxel
- Prodrug
- RBC, red blood cell count
- RDW, variation coefficient of red blood cell distribution width
- TAAs, tumor-associated antigens
- TAM, tumor-associated macrophages
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TMA, tissue microarrays
- TME, tumor microenvironment
- Urea, urea nitrogen
- WBC, white blood cell count
- irAEs, immune-related adverse events
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy & Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Micro-Nano Biomedical Materials and Devices, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shaochen Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy & Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Micro-Nano Biomedical Materials and Devices, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Qichao Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Peng Xue
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy & Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Micro-Nano Biomedical Materials and Devices, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuejun Kang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy & Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Micro-Nano Biomedical Materials and Devices, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 23 68253792 (Zhigang Xu); +86 27 87686108 (Zhijun Sun); +86 592 2880648 (Gang Liu).
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 23 68253792 (Zhigang Xu); +86 27 87686108 (Zhijun Sun); +86 592 2880648 (Gang Liu).
| | - Zhigang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy & Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Micro-Nano Biomedical Materials and Devices, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 23 68253792 (Zhigang Xu); +86 27 87686108 (Zhijun Sun); +86 592 2880648 (Gang Liu).
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Bojanowski K, Ibeji CU, Singh P, Swindell WR, Chaudhuri RK. A Sensitization-Free Dimethyl Fumarate Prodrug, Isosorbide Di-(Methyl Fumarate), Provides a Topical Treatment Candidate for Psoriasis. JID Innov 2021; 1:100040. [PMID: 34909741 PMCID: PMC8659395 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an effective oral treatment for psoriasis administered in Europe for nearly 60 years. However, its potential has been limited by contact dermatitis that prohibits topical application. This paper characterizes a DMF derivative, isosorbide DMF (IDMF), which was designed to have antipsoriatic effects without skin-sensitizing properties. We show that IDMF exhibits neither genotoxicity nor radiation sensitivity in skin fibroblasts and is nonirritating and nonsensitizing in animal models (rat, rabbit, guinea pig). Microarray analysis of cytokine-stimulated keratinocytes showed that IDMF represses the expression of genes specifically upregulated in psoriatic skin lesions but not those of other skin diseases. IDMF also downregulated genes induced by IL-17A and TNF in keratinocytes as well as predicted targets of NF-κB and the antidifferentiation noncoding RNA (i.e., ANCR). IDMF further stimulated the transcription of oxidative stress response genes (NQO1, GPX2, GSR) with stronger NRF2/ARE activation compared to DMF. Finally, IDMF reduced erythema and scaling while repressing the expression of immune response genes in psoriasiform lesions elicited by topical application of imiquimod in mice. These data show that IDMF exhibits antipsoriatic activity that is similar or improved compared with that exhibited by DMF, without the harsh skin-sensitizing effects that have prevented topical delivery of the parent molecule.
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Key Words
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- CES2, carboxylesterase 2
- CPD, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer
- CTRL, control
- DEG, differentially expressed gene
- DMF, dimethyl fumarate
- FC, fold change
- FDR, false discovery rate
- GSH, glutathione
- IDMF, isosorbide di-(methyl fumarate)
- IMQ, imiquimod
- KC, keratinocyte
- MMF, monomethyl fumarate
- PN, uninvolved skin from psoriasis patient
- PP, lesional skin from psoriasis patient
- RNA-seq, RNA sequencing
- VEH, vehicle
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Bojanowski
- Sunny BioDiscovery, Inc, Santa Paula, California, USA.,Symbionyx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Boonton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Collins U Ibeji
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Parvesh Singh
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - William R Swindell
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Jewish Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ratan K Chaudhuri
- Symbionyx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Boonton, New Jersey, USA.,Sytheon Ltd, Boonton, New Jersey, USA
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Jaeschke H, Adelusi OB, Akakpo JY, Nguyen NT, Sanchez-Guerrero G, Umbaugh DS, Ding WX, Ramachandran A. Recommendations for the use of the acetaminophen hepatotoxicity model for mechanistic studies and how to avoid common pitfalls. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3740-3755. [PMID: 35024303 PMCID: PMC8727921 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug, which is safe at therapeutic doses but can cause severe liver injury and even liver failure after overdoses. The mouse model of APAP hepatotoxicity recapitulates closely the human pathophysiology. As a result, this clinically relevant model is frequently used to study mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury and even more so to test potential therapeutic interventions. However, the complexity of the model requires a thorough understanding of the pathophysiology to obtain valid results and mechanistic information that is translatable to the clinic. However, many studies using this model are flawed, which jeopardizes the scientific and clinical relevance. The purpose of this review is to provide a framework of the model where mechanistically sound and clinically relevant data can be obtained. The discussion provides insight into the injury mechanisms and how to study it including the critical roles of drug metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, necrotic cell death, autophagy and the sterile inflammatory response. In addition, the most frequently made mistakes when using this model are discussed. Thus, considering these recommendations when studying APAP hepatotoxicity will facilitate the discovery of more clinically relevant interventions.
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Key Words
- AIF, apoptosis-inducing factor
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- APAP, acetaminophen
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- ATG, autophagy-related genes
- Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity
- Apoptosis
- Autophagy
- BSO, buthionine sulfoximine
- CAD, caspase-activated DNase
- CYP, cytochrome P450 enzymes
- DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns
- DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide
- Drug metabolism
- EndoG, endonuclease G
- FSP1, ferroptosis suppressing protein 1
- Ferroptosis
- GPX4, glutathione peroxidase 4
- GSH, glutathione
- GSSG, glutathione disulfide
- Gclc, glutamate–cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
- Gclm, glutamate–cysteine ligase modifier subunit
- HMGB1, high mobility group box protein 1
- HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal
- Innate immunity
- JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase
- KEAP1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- LAMP, lysosomal-associated membrane protein
- LC3, light chain 3
- LOOH, lipid hydroperoxides
- LPO, lipid peroxidation
- MAP kinase, mitogen activated protein kinase
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- Mitochondria
- MnSOD, manganese superoxide dismutase
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- NAPQI, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κB
- NQO1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1
- NRF2
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SMAC/DIABLO, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein with low pI
- TLR, toll like receptor
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
- UGT, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Olamide B Adelusi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jephte Y Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Nga T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Giselle Sanchez-Guerrero
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - David S Umbaugh
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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11
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Qian H, Bai Q, Yang X, Akakpo JY, Ji L, Yang L, Rülicke T, Zatloukal K, Jaeschke H, Ni HM, Ding WX. Dual roles of p62/SQSTM1 in the injury and recovery phases of acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3791-805. [PMID: 35024307 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose can induce liver injury and is the most frequent cause of acute liver failure in the United States. We investigated the role of p62/SQSTM1 (referred to as p62) in APAP-induced liver injury (AILI) in mice. We found that the hepatic protein levels of p62 dramatically increased at 24 h after APAP treatment, which was inversely correlated with the hepatic levels of APAP-adducts. APAP also activated mTOR at 24 h, which is associated with increased cell proliferation. In contrast, p62 knockout (KO) mice showed increased hepatic levels of APAP-adducts detected by a specific antibody using Western blot analysis but decreased mTOR activation and cell proliferation with aggravated liver injury at 24 h after APAP treatment. Surprisingly, p62 KO mice recovered from AILI whereas the wild-type mice still sustained liver injury at 48 h. We found increased number of infiltrated macrophages in p62 KO mice that were accompanied with decreased hepatic von Willebrand factor (VWF) and platelet aggregation, which are associated with increased cell proliferation and improved liver injury at 48 h after APAP treatment. Our data indicate that p62 inhibits the late injury phase of AILI by increasing autophagic selective removal of APAP-adducts and mitochondria but impairs the recovery phase of AILI likely by enhancing hepatic blood coagulation.
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Key Words
- 4EBP-1, translational initiation factor 4E binding protein-1
- AILI, APAP-induced liver injury
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- APAP, acetaminophen
- APAP-AD, APAP-adducts
- Autophagy
- CLEC-2, C-type lectin-like receptor
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 2E
- Coagulation
- DILI
- GCL, glutamate cysteine ligase
- GSH, glutathione
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- Hepatotoxicity
- KC, Kupffer cells
- KEAP1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1
- KIR, KEAP1-interacting region
- KO, knockout
- LC3, microtubule-associated light chain 3
- Liver regeneration
- Macrophage
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- NAPQI, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- NPCs, non-parenchymal cells
- NQO1, NADPH quinone dehydrogenase 1
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- Platelet
- S6, ribosomal protein S6 kinase
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
- VWF, von Willebrand factor
- WT, wild type
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Pandit P, Galande S, Iris F. Maternal malnutrition and anaemia in India: dysregulations leading to the 'thin-fat' phenotype in newborns. J Nutr Sci 2021; 10:e91. [PMID: 34733503 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal and child malnutrition and anaemia remain the leading factors for health loss in India. Low birth weight (LBW) offspring of women suffering from chronic malnutrition and anaemia often exhibit insulin resistance and infantile stunting and wasting, together with increased risk of developing cardiometabolic disorders in adulthood. The resulting self-perpetuating and highly multifactorial disease burden cannot be remedied through uniform dietary recommendations alone. To inform approaches likely to alleviate this disease burden, we implemented a systems-analytical approach that had already proven its efficacy in multiple published studies. We utilised previously published qualitative and quantitative analytical results of rural and urban field studies addressing maternal and infantile metabolic and nutritional parameters to precisely define the range of pathological phenotypes encountered and their individual biological characteristics. These characteristics were then integrated, via extensive literature searches, into metabolic and physiological mechanisms to identify the maternal and foetal metabolic dysregulations most likely to underpin the ‘thin-fat’ phenotype in LBW infants and its associated pathological consequences. Our analyses reveal hitherto poorly understood maternal nutrition-dependent mechanisms most likely to promote and sustain the self-perpetuating high disease burden, especially in the Indian population. This work suggests that it most probably is the metabolic consequence of ‘ill-nutrition’ – the recent and rapid dietary shifts to high salt, high saturated fats and high sugar but low micronutrient diets – over an adaptation to ‘thrifty metabolism’ which must be addressed in interventions aiming to significantly alleviate the leading risk factors for health deterioration in India.
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Key Words
- 5-mTHF, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate
- Anaemia
- BAT, brown adipocyte tissue
- EAA, essential amino acids
- FA, fatty acid
- GSH, glutathione
- Hcy, homocysteine
- LBW, low birth weight
- Low birth weight
- Malnutrition
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- Pathological mechanisms
- Physiological programming
- SAM, S-adenosyl methionine
- TG, triacylglycerol
- WAT, white adipocyte tissue
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Wang Z, Fu W, Huo M, He B, Liu Y, Tian L, Li W, Zhou Z, Wang B, Xia J, Chen Y, Wei J, Abliz Z. Spatial-resolved metabolomics reveals tissue-specific metabolic reprogramming in diabetic nephropathy by using mass spectrometry imaging. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3665-77. [PMID: 34900545 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed knowledge on tissue-specific metabolic reprogramming in diabetic nephropathy (DN) is vital for more accurate understanding the molecular pathological signature and developing novel therapeutic strategies. In the present study, a spatial-resolved metabolomics approach based on air flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization (AFADESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) integrated mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) was proposed to investigate tissue-specific metabolic alterations in the kidneys of high-fat diet-fed and streptozotocin (STZ)-treated DN rats and the therapeutic effect of astragaloside IV, a potential anti-diabetic drug, against DN. As a result, a wide range of functional metabolites including sugars, amino acids, nucleotides and their derivatives, fatty acids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycerides, carnitine and its derivatives, vitamins, peptides, and metal ions associated with DN were identified and their unique distribution patterns in the rat kidney were visualized with high chemical specificity and high spatial resolution. These region-specific metabolic disturbances were ameliorated by repeated oral administration of astragaloside IV (100 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. This study provided more comprehensive and detailed information about the tissue-specific metabolic reprogramming and molecular pathological signature in the kidney of diabetic rats. These findings highlighted the promising potential of AFADESI and MALDI integrated MSI based metabolomics approach for application in metabolic kidney diseases.
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Key Words
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- AFADESI, air flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization
- AGEs, advanced glycation end products
- AMP, adenosine monophosphate
- AMPK, adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase
- AST, astragaloside IV
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Astragaloside IV
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CL, cardiolipin
- Cre, creatinine
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DESI, desorption electrospray ionization
- DM, diabetes mellitus
- DN, diabetic nephropathy
- DPA, docosapentaenoic acid
- Diabetic nephropathy
- ESKD, end-stage kidney disease
- FBG, fasting blood glucose
- GLU, glucose
- GMP, guanosine monophosphate
- GSH, glutathione
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin
- LysoPC, lysophosphatidylcholine
- LysoPG, lysophosphatidylglycerol
- MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MSI, mass spectrometry imaging
- Mass spectrometry imaging
- Metabolic reprogramming
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- Na-CMC, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
- PA, phosphatidic acid
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- PG, phosphatidylglycerol
- PPP, pentose phosphate pathway
- PS, phosphatidylserine
- PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids
- ROI, regions of interest
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SDH, succinate dehydrogenase
- SGLTs, sodium-glucose cotransporters
- SM, sphingomyelin
- STZ, streptozotocin
- Spatial-resolved metabolomics
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- TCHO, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- UMP, uridine monophosphate
- VIP, variable importance in projection
- p-AMPK, phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase
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Sun J, Zhong H, Wang K, Li N, Chen L. Gains from no real PAINS: Where 'Fair Trial Strategy' stands in the development of multi-target ligands. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3417-3432. [PMID: 34900527 PMCID: PMC8642439 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Compounds that selectively modulate multiple targets can provide clinical benefits and are an alternative to traditional highly selective agents for unique targets. High-throughput screening (HTS) for multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) using approved drugs, and fragment-based drug design has become a regular strategy to achieve an ideal multitarget combination. However, the unexpected presence of pan-assay interference compounds (PAINS) suspects in the development of MTDLs frequently results in nonspecific interactions or other undesirable effects leading to artefacts or false-positive data of biological assays. Publicly available filters can help to identify PAINS suspects; however, these filters cannot comprehensively conclude whether these suspects are "bad" or innocent. Additionally, these in silico approaches may inappropriately label a ligand as PAINS. More than 80% of the initial hits can be identified as PAINS by the filters if appropriate biochemical tests are not used resulting in false positive data that are unacceptable for medicinal chemists in manuscript peer review and future studies. Therefore, extensive offline experiments should be used after online filtering to discriminate "bad" PAINS and avoid incorrect evaluation of good scaffolds. We suggest that the use of "Fair Trial Strategy" to identify interesting molecules in PAINS suspects to provide certain structure‒function insight in MTDL development.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer disease
- ALARM NMR, a La assay to detect reactive molecules by nuclear magnetic resonance
- Biochemical experiment
- CADD, computer-aided drug design technology
- CoA, coenzyme A
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- Fair trial strategy
- GSH, glutathione
- HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- HTS, high-throughput screening
- In silico filtering
- LC−MS, liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry
- MTDLs, multitarget-directed ligands
- Multitarget-directed ligands
- PAINS suspects
- PAINS, pan-assay interference compounds
- QSAR, quantitative structure–activity relationship
- ROS, radicals and oxygen reactive species
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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15
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Xu L, Yin L, Qi Y, Tan X, Gao M, Peng J. 3D disorganization and rearrangement of genome provide insights into pathogenesis of NAFLD by integrated Hi-C, Nanopore, and RNA sequencing. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3150-3164. [PMID: 34729306 PMCID: PMC8546856 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) conformation of chromatin is integral to the precise regulation of gene expression. The 3D genome and genomic variations in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are largely unknown, despite their key roles in cellular function and physiological processes. High-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C), Nanopore sequencing, and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) assays were performed on the liver of normal and NAFLD mice. A high-resolution 3D chromatin interaction map was generated to examine different 3D genome hierarchies including A/B compartments, topologically associated domains (TADs), and chromatin loops by Hi-C, and whole genome sequencing identifying structural variations (SVs) and copy number variations (CNVs) by Nanopore sequencing. We identified variations in thousands of regions across the genome with respect to 3D chromatin organization and genomic rearrangements, between normal and NAFLD mice, and revealed gene dysregulation frequently accompanied by these variations. Candidate target genes were identified in NAFLD, impacted by genetic rearrangements and spatial organization disruption. Our data provide a high-resolution 3D genome interaction resource for NAFLD investigations, revealed the relationship among genetic rearrangements, spatial organization disruption, and gene regulation, and identified candidate genes associated with these variations implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. The newly findings offer insights into novel mechanisms of NAFLD pathogenesis and can provide a new conceptual framework for NAFLD therapy.
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Key Words
- 3C, chromosome conformation capture
- 3D genome
- 3D, three-dimensional
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Abcg5, ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 5
- BWA, Burrows-Wheeler Aligner
- CNV, copy number variation
- Camk1d, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 1D
- Chr, chromosome
- Chromatin looping
- DEG, differentially expressed gene
- DEL, deletion
- DI, directionality index
- DUP, duplication
- Elovl6, elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 6
- FDR, false discovery rate
- FFA, free fatty acid
- Fgfr2, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2
- GCKR, glucokinase regulator
- GO, gene ontology
- GSH, glutathione
- Gadd45g, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma
- Grm8, metabotropic glutamate receptor 8
- Gsta1, glutathione S-transferase A1
- H&E, hematoxylin-eosin
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HSD17B13, hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 13
- Hi-C, high-throughput chromosome conformation capture
- IDE, interaction decay exponent
- INS, insertion
- INV, inversion
- IR, inclusion ratio
- IRGM, immunity related GTPase M
- IRS4, insulin receptor substrate 4
- KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- Kcnma1, calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1
- LPIN1, lipin 1
- MBOAT7, membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 7
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NF1, neurofibromin 1
- NGS, next-generation sequencing
- NOTCH1, notch receptor 1
- ONT, Oxford Nanopore Technologies
- PCA, principal component analysis
- PNPLA3, patatin like phospholipase domain containing 3
- PPP1R3B, protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3B
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- Pde4b, phosphodiesterase 4B
- Plce1, 1-phosphat-idylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase epsilon-1
- Plxnb1, Plexin-B1
- RB1, RB transcriptional corepressor 1
- RNA-seq, RNA-sequencing
- SD, standard deviation
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SV, structural variation
- Scd1, acyl-CoA desaturase 1
- Sugct, succinate-hydroxymethylglutarate CoA-transferase
- TAD, topologically associated domain
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- TM6SF2, transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2
- TP53, tumor protein p53
- TRA, translocation
- Topologically associated domain
- Transcriptome
- WGS, whole-genome sequencing
- Whole-genome sequencing
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Song S, Gao P, Sun L, Kang D, Kongsted J, Poongavanam V, Zhan P, Liu X. Recent developments in the medicinal chemistry of single boron atom-containing compounds. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3035-3059. [PMID: 34729302 PMCID: PMC8546671 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Various boron-containing drugs have been approved for clinical use over the past two decades, and more are currently in clinical trials. The increasing interest in boron-containing compounds is due to their unique binding properties to biological targets; for example, boron substitution can be used to modulate biological activity, pharmacokinetic properties, and drug resistance. In this perspective, we aim to comprehensively review the current status of boron compounds in drug discovery, focusing especially on progress from 2015 to December 2020. We classify these compounds into groups showing anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic and other activities, and discuss the biological targets associated with each activity, as well as potential future developments.
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Key Words
- ACTs, artemisinin combination therapies
- ADCs, Acinetobacter-derived cephalosporinases
- AML, acute myeloid leukemia
- AMT, aminopterin
- BLs, β-lactamases
- BNCT, boron neutron capture therapy
- BNNPs, boron nitride nanoparticles
- BNNTs, boron nitride nanotubes
- Boron-containing compounds
- CEs, carboxylesterases
- CIA, collagen-induced arthritis
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- ClpP, casein protease P
- Covalent inhibitors
- GSH, glutathione
- HADC1, class I histone deacetylase
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- LeuRS, leucyl-tRNA synthetase
- Linker components
- MBLs, metal β-lactamases
- MDR-TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
- MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome
- MIDA, N-methyliminodiacetic acid
- MM, multiple myeloma
- MTX, methotrexate
- Mcl-1, myeloid cell leukemia 1
- Mtb, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- NA, neuraminidase
- NS5B, non-nucleoside polymerase
- OBORT, oxaborole tRNA capture
- OPs, organophosphate
- PBA, phenylboronic acid
- PDB, Protein Data Bank
- PPI, protein–protein interaction
- Prodrug
- QM, quinone methide
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SARS-CoV-2, syndrome coronavirus 2
- SBLs, serine β-lactamases
- SERD, selective estrogen receptor downregulator
- SHA, salicyl hydroxamic acid
- SaClpP, Staphylococcus aureus caseinolytic protease P
- TB, tuberculosis
- TTR, transthyretin
- U4CR, Ugi 4-component reaction
- cUTI, complex urinary tract infection
- dCTPase, dCTPase pyrophosphatase
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Song
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M. DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Vasanthanathan Poongavanam
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M. DK-5230, Denmark
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 531 88380270.
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 531 88380270.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 531 88380270.
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Su X, Cao Y, Liu Y, Ouyang B, Ning B, Wang Y, Guo H, Pang Z, Shen S. Localized disruption of redox homeostasis boosting ferroptosis of tumor by hydrogel delivery system. Mater Today Bio 2021; 12:100154. [PMID: 34778741 PMCID: PMC8577093 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis has received ever-increasing attention due to its unparalleled mechanism in eliminating resistant tumor cells. Nevertheless, the accumulation of toxic lipid peroxides (LPOs) at the tumor site is limited by the level of lipid oxidation. Herein, by leveraging versatile sodium alginate (ALG) hydrogel, a localized ferroptosis trigger consisting of gambogic acid (GA), 2,2'-azobis [2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl) propane] dihydrochloride (AIPH), and Ink (a photothermal agent), was constructed via simple intratumor injection. Upon 1064 nm laser irradiation, the stored AIPH rapidly decomposed into alkyl radicals (R•), which aggravated LPOs in tumor cells. Meanwhile, GA could inhibit heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) to reduce the heat resistance of tumor cells, and forcefully consume glutathione (GSH) to weaken the antioxidant capacity of cells. Systematic in vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated that synchronous consumption of GSH and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) facilitated reduced expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), which further contributed to disruption of intracellular redox homeostasis and ultimately boosted ferroptosis. This all-in-one strategy has a highly effective tumor suppression effect by depleting and generating fatal active compounds at tumor sites, which would pave a new route for the controllable, accurate, and coordinated tumor treatments.
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Key Words
- ABTS, 2,2-Azobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)
- AIPH, 2,2′-azobis [2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl) propane] dihydrochloride
- ALG, sodium alginate
- Alkyl radicals
- CCK–8, Cell counting kit-8
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscope
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DCFH-DA, 2,7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate
- DFO, deferoxamine mesylate
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium
- DTNB, 5,5′-Dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Fer-1, Ferrostatin -1
- Ferroptosis
- GA, gambogic acid
- GPX4, glutathione peroxidase 4
- GSH, glutathione
- Glutathione peroxidase
- HE, hematoxylin eosin
- HSP90, heat shock protein 90
- Hydrogel
- IR, inhibitory rate
- LPO, lipid peroxides
- NPs, nanodrugs
- PTT, photothermal therapy
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Redox homeostasis
- R•, alkyl radicals
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Su
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Yongbin Cao
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yao Liu
- The Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Boshu Ouyang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Ning
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Huishu Guo
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Zhiqing Pang
- School of Pharmacy & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shun Shen
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus, the main culprit for COVID-19 disaster, has triggered a gust of curiosity both in the mechanism of action of this infection as well as potential risk factors for disease generation and regimentation. The prime focus of the present review, which is basically a narrative one, is in utilizing the current concepts of vitamin D3 as an agent with myriad functions, one of them being immunocompetence and a promising weapon for both innate and adaptive immunity against COVID-19 infection. Some of the manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 virus such as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) overlap with the pathophysiological effects that are overcome due to already established role of vitamin D3 e.g., amelioration of cytokine outburst. Additionally, the cardiovascular complications due to COVID-19 infection may also be connected to vitamin D3 levels and the activity of its active forms. Eventually, we summarise the clinical, observational and epidemiological data of the respiratory diseases including COVID-19 disease and try to bring its association with the potential role of vitamin D3, in particular, the activity of its active forms, circulating levels and its supplementation, against dissemination of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falaque Ul Afshan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, J&K 190006, India
| | - Bushra Nissar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, J&K 190006, India
| | | | - Bashir Ahmad Ganai
- Centre For Research and Development, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, J&K 190006, India
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Zhang Y, Wang T, Tian Y, Zhang C, Ge K, Zhang J, Chang J, Wang H. Gold nanorods-mediated efficient synergistic immunotherapy for detection and inhibition of postoperative tumor recurrence. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1978-1992. [PMID: 34386332 PMCID: PMC8343192 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor recurrence after surgery is the main cause of treatment failure. However, the initial stage of recurrence is not easy to detect, and it is difficult to cure in the late stage. In order to improve the life quality of postoperative patients, an efficient synergistic immunotherapy was developed to achieve early diagnosis and treatment of post-surgical tumor recurrence, simultaneously. In this paper, two kinds of theranostic agents based on gold nanorods (AuNRs) platform were prepared. AuNRs and quantum dots (QDs) in one agent was used for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology to indicate the occurrence of in situ recurrence, while AuNRs in the other agent was used for photothermal therapy (PTT), together with anti-PDL1 mediated immunotherapy to alleviate the process of tumor metastasis. A series of assays indicated that this synergistic immunotherapy could induce tumor cell death and the increased generation of CD3+/CD4+ T-lymphocytes and CD3+/CD8+ T-lymphocytes. Besides, more immune factors (IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ) produced by synergistic immunotherapy were secreted than mono-immunotherapy. This cooperative immunotherapy strategy could be utilized for diagnosis and treatment of postoperative tumor recurrence at the same time, providing a new perspective for basic and clinical research.
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Key Words
- AFP, alpha fetoprotein
- AP1-QDs, CEA aptamer-modified CdTe QDs
- AP2-AuNRs, CEA aptamer-modified AuNRs
- AP2-AuNRs, and interferon-γ
- AgNO3, silver nitrate
- AuNRs, gold nanorods
- CA, cancer antigen
- CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen
- CTAB, cetrimonium bromide
- CTCs, circulating tumor cells
- Carcinoembryonic antigen
- CdCl2, cadmium chloride
- CdTe QDs, CdTe quantum dots
- DC, dendritic cells
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- EDC, 1-ethyl-3-(3′-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- GSH, glutathione
- Gold nanorods
- HAuCl4, gold chloride
- Helf, human embryonic lung fibroblasts lines
- Hydrogel+IFN-γ+QA, thermal responsive hydrogels co-loaded with AP1-QDs
- Hydrogel+IFN-γ, thermal responsive hydrogels loaded with interferon-γ
- ICG, indocyanine green
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- IR, infrared
- LA+NIR, liposomes encapsulated AuNRs with near-infrared irradiation
- LA, liposomes encapsulated AuNRs
- LAI, liposomes loaded with ICG and encapsulated AuNRs
- LLC, murine lung cancer cells
- Lung metastasis
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- NHS, N-hydroxysuccinimide
- NIR, near-infrared irradiation
- NaBH4, sodium borohydride
- NaHTe, sodium hydrogen telluride
- PD1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PDL1, programmed cell death-ligand 1
- PI, propidium iodide
- PLGA-PEG-PLGA, thermal responsive hydrogel
- PTT, photothermal therapy
- Phototherapy
- Post-surgical tumor recurrence
- QDs, quantum dots
- Synergistic immunotherapy
- TEM, transmission electron microscope
- Theranostics
- aPDL1-LA+NIR, anti-PDL1-modified liposomes encapsulated AuNRs with near-infrared irradiation
- aPDL1-LA, anti-PDL1-modified liposomes encapsulated AuNRs
- aPDL1-LAI, anti-PDL1-modified liposomes loaded with ICG and encapsulated AuNRs
- anti-PDL1, anti-programmed cell death-ligand 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tiange Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yu Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chaonan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kun Ge
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jin Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Hanjie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
- Corresponding authors.
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Singh D, Chaudhary D, Kumar V, Verma A. Amelioration of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced renal oxidative stress and inflammation by Carissa carandas embedded silver nanoparticles in rodents. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:636-645. [PMID: 33850732 PMCID: PMC8039534 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytofabricated silver nanoparticles (CCAgNPs) were biosynthesized and characterized. CCAgNPs were evaluated against diethylnitrosamine induced renal cancer. Silver nanoparticles have an antioxidant property. Silver nanoparticles unveiled a therapeutic effect against renal cancer in vivo.
Introduction Inflammation and oxidative stress are the main factors ascribed with interruption in the process of renal tissue impairment. The toxicity of different types of nitrosamine is well recognized in animals and humans. Administration of the smallest quantities of diethylnitrosamine or dimethylnitrosamine either orally or parenterally results into renal damage. Therapeutic effects of phytofabricated silver nanoparticles of Carissa carandas aqueous extract has been scrutinised in current study for the assessment of renal cancer activity in animal model. Methodology Phytofabricated silver nanoparticles were characterized by using different instrumentation. Nephroprotective activity of silver nanoparticles at different doses was evaluated against N-diethylnitrosamine (200 mg/kg b.w., intraperitoneal) in animal model. Serum and renal homogenate were taken to evaluate the renal toxicity markers, oxidative stress, and antioxidant parameter, proinflammatory cytokines and histopathological study. Result Significant outcomes of silver nanoparticles in dose dependent manner down regulated the elevated serum marker, tumour marker enzymes and histopathology observation of repaired tissue assured the renal cancer activity in animals. In addition, profile of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant, proinflammatory cytokines and tumour promotion marker also favours the anticancer property of silver nanoparticles. Conclusion The data of current study reveals silver nanoparticles ameliorates renal oxidative stress and carcinogenesis which was induced by N-diethylnitrosamine and accredited to antioxidant and anticancer activities of phytofabricated nanoparticles by biological approach.
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Key Words
- ABTS, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid
- AgNO3, silver nitrate
- AgNPs, silver nanoparticles
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CC, carissa carandas
- CCAgNPs, silver nanoparticles of carissa carandas aqueous extract
- CDNB, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
- Carissa carandas embedded silver nanoparticles
- DEN, diethylnitrosamine
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- DMN, dimethylnitrosamine
- DMSO, dimethyl sulphoxide
- FE-SEM, field emission scanning electron microscopy
- GGT, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase
- GGT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GR, glutathione reductase activity
- GSH, glutathione
- GST, glutathione –S- Transferase
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- IAEC, institutional animal ethical committee
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NF-κB pathway
- NPs, nanoparticles
- ODC, ornithine decarboxylase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Renal carcinoma
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- XO, xanthine oxidase
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211007, India
| | - Deepak Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211007, India
| | - Amita Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211007, India
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Wu X, Dai M, Cui R, Wang Y, Li C, Peng X, Zhao J, Wang B, Dai Y, Feng D, Yang T, Jiang H, Geng M, Ai J, Zheng M, Liu H. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyridazinone derivatives as covalent FGFR inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:781-794. [PMID: 33777682 PMCID: PMC7982429 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) have emerged as promising targets for anticancer therapy. In this study, we synthesized and evaluated the biological activity of 66 pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone derivatives. Kinase inhibition, cell proliferation, and whole blood stability assays were used to evaluate their activity on FGFR, allowing us to explore structure−activity relationships and thus to gain understanding of the structural requirements to modulate covalent inhibitors’ selectivity and reactivity. Among them, compound 10h exhibited potent enzymatic activity against FGFR and remarkably inhibited proliferation of various cancer cells associated with FGFR dysregulation, and suppressed FGFR signaling pathway in cancer cells by the immunoblot analysis. Moreover, 10h displayed highly potent antitumor efficacy (TGI = 91.6%, at a dose of 50 mg/kg) in the FGFR1-amplified NCI-H1581 xenograft model.
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Key Words
- Antitumor efficacy
- BTK, brutons tyrosine kinase
- CADD, computer-aided drug design
- Covalent FGFR inhibitors
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- FGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptor
- GSH, glutathione
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PK, pharmacokinetics
- PLCγ, phospholipase Cγ
- Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone
- RTKs, receptor tyrosine kinases
- SAR, structure−activity relationship
- Structure−activity relationships
- Tyrosine kinase
- Virtual screening
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Siddiqui S, Ahmed N, Goswami M, Chakrabarty A, Chowdhury G. DNA damage by Withanone as a potential cause of liver toxicity observed for herbal products of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha). Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:72-81. [PMID: 34345852 PMCID: PMC8320610 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely used medicinal herb Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) has been recently reported to cause liver damage. Withanone is a major metabolite of Ashwagandha. Withanone was found to cause DNA damage. Withanone forms adducts with amines and thiols. Withanone-mediated DNA damage has serious biological consequences.
Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha, is a medicinal plant used for thousands of years for various remedies. Extracts of Ashwagandha contain more than 200 metabolites, with withanone (win) being one of the major ones responsible for many of its medicinal properties. Recently, several cases of liver toxicity resulting from commercially available Ashwagandha products have been reported. The first report of Ashwagandha-related liver damage was from Japan, which was quickly resolved after drug-withdrawal. Later, similar cases of liver toxicity due to Ashwagandha consumption were reported from the USA and Iceland. Towards understanding the liver toxicity of Ashwagandha extracts, we studied win, a representative withanolide having toxicophores or structural alerts that are commonly associated with adverse drug reactions. We found that win can form non-labile adducts with the nucleosides dG, dA, and dC. Using various biochemical assays, we showed that win forms adducts in DNA and interfere with its biological property. Win also forms adducts with amines and this process is reversible. Based on the data presented here we concluded that win is detoxified by GSH but under limiting GSH levels it can cause DNA damage. The work presented here provides a potential mechanism for the reported Ashwagandha-mediated liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Siddiqui
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, UP 201314, India
| | - Nabeel Ahmed
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, UP 201314, India
| | - Mausumi Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN 632014, India
| | - Anindita Chakrabarty
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, UP 201314, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, UP 201314, India
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Bhattacharya D, Basta B, Mato JM, Craig A, Fernández-Ramos D, Lopitz-Otsoa F, Tsvirkun D, Hayardeny L, Chandar V, Schwartz RE, Villanueva A, Friedman SL. Aramchol downregulates stearoyl CoA-desaturase 1 in hepatic stellate cells to attenuate cellular fibrogenesis. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100237. [PMID: 34151243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Aramchol is a fatty acid-bile acid conjugate that reduces liver fat content and is being evaluated in a phase III clinical trial for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Aramchol attenuates NASH in mouse models and decreases steatosis by downregulating the fatty acid synthetic enzyme stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) in hepatocytes. Although hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) also store lipids as retinyl esters, the impact of Aramchol in this cell type is unknown. Methods We investigated the effects of Aramchol on a human HSC line (LX-2), primary human HSCs (phHSCs), and primary human hepatocytes (phHeps). Results In LX-2 and phHSCs, 10 μM Aramchol significantly reduced SCD1 mRNA while inducing PPARG (PPARγ) mRNA, with parallel changes in the 2 proteins; ACTA2, COL1A1, β-PDGFR (bPDGFR) mRNAs were also significantly reduced in LX-2. Secretion of collagen 1 (Col1α1) was inhibited by 10 μM Aramchol. SCD1 knockdown in LX-2 cells phenocopied the effect of Aramchol by reducing fibrogenesis, and addition of Aramchol to these cells did not rescue fibrogenic gene expression. Conversely, in LX-2 overexpressing SCD1, Aramchol no longer suppressed fibrogenic gene expression. The drug also induced genes in LX-2 that promote cholesterol efflux and inhibited ACAT2, which catalyses cholesterol synthesis. In phHeps, Aramchol also reduced SCD1 and increased PPARG mRNA expression. Conclusions Aramchol downregulates SCD1 and elevates PPARG in HSCs, reducing COL1A1 and ACTA2 mRNAs and COL1A1 secretion. These data suggest a direct inhibitory effect of Aramchol in HSCs through SCD1 inhibition, as part of a broader impact on both fibrogenic genes as well as mediators of cholesterol homeostasis. These findings illustrate novel mechanisms of Aramchol activity, including potential antifibrotic activity in patients with NASH and fibrosis. Lay summary In this study, we have explored the potential activity of Aramchol, a drug currently in clinical trials for fatty liver disease, in blocking fibrosis, or scarring, by hepatic stellate cells, the principal collagen-producing (i.e. fibrogenic) cell type in liver injury. In both isolated human hepatic stellate cells and in a human hepatic stellate cell line, the drug suppresses the key fat-producing enzyme, stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), which leads to reduced expression of genes and proteins associated with hepatic fibrosis, while inducing the protective gene, PPARγ. The drug loses activity when SCD1 is already reduced by gene knockdown, reinforcing the idea that inhibition of SCD1 is a main mode of activity for Aramchol. These findings strengthen the rationale for testing Aramchol in patients with NASH. The antifibrotic activity of Aramchol was assessed in human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Aramchol reduces fibrogenic gene expression by inhibiting SCD1 and inducing PPARγ. Aramchol inhibits pathways that increase HSC cholesterol content. The antifibrotic activity of Aramchol reinforces its potential efficacy in human NASH.
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Key Words
- ABCA1, ATP-binding cassette transporter 1
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal-transition
- Fatty liver disease
- Fibrosis
- GSEA, gene set enrichment analysis
- GSH, glutathione
- GSSG, glutathione disulfide
- HRP, horse radish peroxidase
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- Hepatic fibrosis
- Hh, Hedgehog
- MCD, methionine-choline depleted diet
- MMP-2, matrix metalloproteinase 2
- MUFAs, monounsaturated fatty acids
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- SCD1, stearoyl CoA-desaturase 1
- SMA, smooth muscle actin
- TAA, thioacetamide
- phHSCs, primary human hepatic stellate cells
- phHeps, primary human hepatocytes
- siRNA, small inhibitory RNA
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Ojeaburu S, Oriakhi K. Hepatoprotective, antioxidant and, anti-inflammatory potentials of gallic acid in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage in Wistar rats. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:177-185. [PMID: 33489777 PMCID: PMC7806503 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallic acid (GA) is a known phenolic compound with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer activities. The objective of this research is to evaluate the preventive role of GA against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver fibrosis. Thirty-five (35) male Wistar rats were used in this study and were equally distributed into five groups (7 rats each). All groups were acclimatized for a week, Group I (control) rats were administered distilled water only. Group II rats were induced with a single dose of CCl4 (1.25 mL/kg in olive oil (1:1); IP) to cause hepatic damage, while Groups III, IV, and V, rats were intoxicated with CCl4. After 24 h the rats in groups III, IV, and V were given 50 mg/kg of silymarin, 50 mg/kg of GA, and 100 mg/kg of GA daily for one week respectively. Rats were sacrificed and fasting blood was estimated for biochemical analysis while the liver was excised for molecular studies. Results from this study revealed that GA significantly decreases serum hepatic enzymes, down-regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1B), interleukin 6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF α), and up-regulate antioxidant gene expression (superoxide dismutase and catalase). The use of gallic acid as natural antioxidants can be promising in ameliorating liver diseases.
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Key Words
- ALB, albumin
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- Anti-inflammatory
- Antioxidant
- CAT, catalase
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- COX2, cyclooxygenase 2
- Cytokines
- DGA, dodecylgallate
- GA, gallic acid
- GAPDH, glyceraldehydes3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
- GSH, glutathione
- Gallic acid
- IL-1β, interleukin 1beta
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- Keap1, kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- Liver disease
- MDA, maloniadehyde
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells
- Nrf 2, nuclear factor erythroid- derived 2 like 2 genes
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SYBR, green fluorescent DNA Stain
- TB, total bilirubin
- TNF α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- TP, total protein
- cDNA, complementary deoxyribonucleic acid
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- S.I Ojeaburu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - K Oriakhi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
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Zhou Y, Fan X, Jiao T, Li W, Chen P, Jiang Y, Sun J, Chen Y, Chen P, Guan L, Wen Y, Huang M, Bi H. SIRT6 as a key event linking P53 and NRF2 counteracts APAP-induced hepatotoxicity through inhibiting oxidative stress and promoting hepatocyte proliferation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:89-99. [PMID: 33532182 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of drug-induced liver injury, and its prognosis depends on the balance between hepatocyte death and regeneration. Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) has been reported to protect against oxidative stress-associated DNA damage. But whether SIRT6 regulates APAP-induced hepatotoxicity remains unclear. In this study, the protein expression of nuclear and total SIRT6 was up-regulated in mice liver at 6 and 48 h following APAP treatment, respectively. Sirt6 knockdown in AML12 cells aggravated APAP-induced hepatocyte death and oxidative stress, inhibited cell viability and proliferation, and downregulated CCNA1, CCND1 and CKD4 protein levels. Sirt6 knockdown significantly prevented APAP-induced NRF2 activation, reduced the transcriptional activities of GSTμ and NQO1 and the mRNA levels of Nrf2, Ho-1, Gstα and Gstμ. Furthermore, SIRT6 showed potential protein interaction with NRF2 as evidenced by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay. Additionally, the protective effect of P53 against APAP-induced hepatocytes injury was Sirt6-dependent. The Sirt6 mRNA was significantly down-regulated in P53 -/- mice. P53 activated the transcriptional activity of SIRT6 and exerted interaction with SIRT6. Our results demonstrate that SIRT6 protects against APAP hepatotoxicity through alleviating oxidative stress and promoting hepatocyte proliferation, and provide new insights in the function of SIRT6 as a crucial docking molecule linking P53 and NRF2.
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Key Words
- AAV, adeno-associated virus
- ALF, acute liver failure
- ALT, serum alanine aminotransferase
- APAP, acetaminophen
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Acetaminophen
- BCA, bicinchoninic acid
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CCK-8, cell counting kit-8
- CCNA1, cyclin A1
- CCND1, cyclin D1
- CDK4, cyclin-dependent kinase 4
- CYP450, cytochromes P450
- Co-IP, co-immunoprecipitation
- DCF, dichlorofluorescein
- Dox, doxorubicin
- ECL, electrochemiluminescence
- GSH, glutathione
- GSTα, glutathianone S-transferase α
- GSTμ, glutathione S-transferase μ
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- H3K56ac, histone H3 Nε-acetyl-lysines 56
- H3K9ac, histone H3 Nε-acetyl-lysines 9
- HO-1, heme oxygenase-1
- Hepatotoxicity
- KEAP1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- NAPQI, N-acetyl p-benzoquinone imine
- NQO1, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1
- NRF2
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- P53
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SIRT6
- SIRT6, sirtuin 6
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Abstract
Table olives, a product of olive tree (Olea europaea L.), is an important fermented product of the Mediterranean Diet. Agronomical factors, particularly the cultivar, the ripening stage and the processing method employed are the main factors influencing the nutritional and non-nutritional composition of table olives and their organoleptic properties. The important nutritional value of this product is due to its richness in monounsaturated fat (MUFA), mainly oleic acid, fibre and vitamin E together with the presence of several phytochemicals. Among these, hydroxytyrosol (HT) is the major phenolic compound present in all types of table olives. There is a scarcity of in vitro, in vivo and human studies of table olives. This review focused comprehensively on the nutrients and bioactive compound content as well as the health benefits assigned to table olives. The possible health benefits associated with their consumption are thought to be primarily related to effects of MUFA on cardiovascular health, the antioxidant (AO) capacity of vitamin E and its role in protecting the body from oxidative damage and the anti-inflammatory and AO activities of HT. The influence of multiple factors on composition of the end product and the potential innovation in the production of table olives through the reduction of its final salt content was also discussed.
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Key Words
- ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- AO, antioxidant
- Alpha-tocopherol
- BP, blood pressure
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- DM-II, Diabetes Mellitus 2
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- FM, fat mass
- GSH, glutathione
- HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- HT, hydroxytyrosol
- LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- MD, Mediterranean Diet
- MUFA, monounsaturated fat
- Mediterranean Diet
- Monounsaturated fat
- NO, nitric oxide
- NaCl, sodium chloride
- NaOH, sodium hydroxide
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- OL, oleuropein
- OO, olive oil
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PUFA, polyunsaturated fat
- Phenolic compounds
- RDA, Recommended Dietary Allowance
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triacylglycerol
- TG, triglyceride
- Table olives
- Ty, tyrosol
- WHO, World Health Organization
- cv, cultivar
- e.p, edible portion
- α-TOH, alpha-tocopherol
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Kartha RV, Terluk MR, Brown R, Travis A, Mishra UR, Rudser K, Lau H, Jarnes JR, Cloyd JC, Weinreb NJ. Patients with Gaucher disease display systemic oxidative stress dependent on therapy status. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020; 25:100667. [PMID: 33335836 PMCID: PMC7733024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by mutations in GBA1, which encodes for the lysosomal hydrolase enzyme, β-glucocerebrosidase. The resulting misfolded protein can trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress and an unfolded protein response within the affected cells. The enzyme deficiency leads to accumulation of its substrates, glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine, within macrophage lysosomes and with prominent disease manifestations in macrophage rich tissues. Resultant lysosomal pathology and impaired autophagy leads to redox imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction and intracellular oxidative stress. Here we have systematically examined a role for oxidative stress in individuals affected by Gaucher disease. We compared multiple oxidative stress biomarkers in plasma and red blood cell samples from patients who are currently untreated, with those who are stable on standard-of-care therapy, and with healthy controls. We found significant differences in key oxidative stress biomarkers in untreated patients compared to healthy control. In treated patients, results generally fell between the controls and the untreated patients. Interestingly, even asymptomatic and minimally symptomatic untreated patients had evidence of significant systemic oxidative stress. We conclude that underlying oxidative stress may contribute to Gaucher disease pathophysiology including long-term adverse outcomes such as Parkinsonism and malignancies. Therapies targeting oxidative stress may prove useful as adjuvant treatments for Gaucher disease and other lysosomal storage disorders.
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Key Words
- ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme
- Antioxidants
- CHITO, chitotriosidase
- CNS, central nervous system
- ERT, enzyme replacement therapy
- GCase, glucocerebrosidase
- GD, Gaucher disease
- GD1, Type 1 Gaucher disease
- GD2, Type 2 Gaucher disease
- GD3, Type 3 Gaucher disease
- GPG, Glycine-Proline-Glutamate
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, glutathione
- GSSG, inactive, oxidized form of glutathione
- Gaucher disease
- Glutathione
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- Lipid peroxidation
- Lyso-GL1, glucosylsphingosine
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NYU, New York University
- Oxidative stress
- RBC, red blood cell
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SRT, substrate reduction therapy
- TAC, total antioxidant capacity
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TRAP, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase
- UMN, University of Minnesota
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena V Kartha
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Marcia R Terluk
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Roland Brown
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Abigail Travis
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Usha R Mishra
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Kyle Rudser
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Heather Lau
- Division of Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jeanine R Jarnes
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.,University of Minnesota Medical Center/Fairview Health Systems, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - James C Cloyd
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Neal J Weinreb
- Department of Human Genetics and Medicine (Hematology), Leonard Miller School of Medicine of University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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Abdel-Megeed RM, Abd El-Alim SH, Arafa AF, Matloub AA, Farrag AERH, Darwish AB, Abdel- Hamid AHZ, Kadry MO. Crosslink among phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt, PTEN and STAT-5A signaling pathways post liposomal galactomannan hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1531-1541. [PMID: 33251120 PMCID: PMC7683274 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomal drug-delivery systems (LDDs) provide a promising opportunity to precisely target organs, improve drug bioavailability and reduce systemic toxicity. On the other hand, PI3K/Akt signaling pathways control various intracellular functions including apoptosis, invasion and cell growth. Hyper activation of PI3K and Akt is detected in some types of cancer that posses defect in PTEN. Tracking the crosstalk between PI3K/Akt, PTEN and STAT 5A signaling pathways, in cancer could result in identifying new therapeutic agents. The current study, identified an over view on PI3K/Akt, PTEN and STAT-5A networks, in addition to their biological roles in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the current study galactomannan was extracted from Caesalpinia gilliesii seeds then loaded in liposomes. Liposomes were prepared employing phosphatidyl choline and different concentrations of cholesterol. HCC was then induced in Wistar albino rats followed by liposomal galactomannan (700 ± 100 nm) treatment. Liver enzymes as well as antioxidants were assessed and PI3K/Akt, PTEN and STAT-5A gene expression were investigated. The prepared vesicles revealed entrapment efficiencies ranging from 23.55 to 69.17%, and negative zeta potential values. The optimum formulation revealed spherical morphology as well as diffusion controlled in vitro release pattern. Liposomal galactomannan elucidated a significant reduction in liver enzymes and MDA as well as PI3K/Akt, PTEN and STAT 5A gene expression. A significant elevation in GST and GSH were deduced. In conclusion, Liposomal galactomannan revealed a promising candidate for HCC therapy.
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Key Words
- AFP, α-fetoprotein
- ALP, alkaline phasphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Akt, serine/threonine kinase
- Bad, Bcl-2-associated death promoter
- C. gilliesii, Caesalpinia gilliesii
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- DDs, drug-delivery systems
- DEN, diethylnitrosamine
- FOXO1, fork-head box protein O1
- GM, galactomannan
- GSH, glutathione
- GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
- LDDs, liposomal drug-delivery systems
- LPs, liposomes
- Liposomal galactomannan
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PI3K/Akt
- PIP2, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate
- PIP3, phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate
- PTEN
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- STAT 5A
- STAT-5A, signal transducer and activator of transcription-5A
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- VS, vesicle size
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab M. Abdel-Megeed
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Cairo, 12622, Egypt
- Corresponding author at: Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Sameh H. Abd El-Alim
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Azza F. Arafa
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Azza A. Matloub
- Pharmacognosy D Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | | | - Asmaa B. Darwish
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | | | - Mai O. Kadry
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Cairo, 12622, Egypt
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Hussain S, Ashafaq M, Alshahrani S, Siddiqui R, Ahmed RA, Khuwaja G, Islam F. Cinnamon oil against acetaminophen-induced acute liver toxicity by attenuating inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1296-1304. [PMID: 33024703 PMCID: PMC7528057 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is used as a primary drug due to its antipyretic and analgesic activity. The mechanism of action of APAP toxicity in the liver is due to the depletion of glutathione which elicited free radicals generation. Therefore, the objective of our work is to investigate the APAP induced liver damage and its repair by free radical scavenging activity of cinnamon oil (CO) in male Wistar rats. To investigate the effects of CO at different doses (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w.), animals were given a single oral dose of CO per day for 14 days between 12:00−1:00 PM. The biochemical changes, imbalance in oxidative markers, interleukins, caspases and histopathological studies were determined for quantifying the hepatoprotective effect of CO. One dose of APAP (2 g/kg b.w.) results in significant hepatotoxicity and marked increase the serum markers alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, albumin, total protein, content of lipid peroxidation (LPO), interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6), caspase-3, -9 expression, DNA fragmentation and histopathological changes were observed. Significant decrease in the levels of LPO, interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, caspase-3, -9 expressions, qualitative as well as quantitative determination of DNA fragments and histopathological changes were reversed by the administration of CO dose dependently. Furthermore, it also restores the depleted activity of antioxidative enzymes. Our study shows that an imbalance in the oxidative parameter in the liver by APAP is restored by treating the animals with CO.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- APAP, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Acetaminophen
- BHA, butylated hydroxyanisole
- CO, cinnamon oil
- Cinnamon oil
- DNA fragmentation
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GR, glutathione reductase
- GSH, glutathione
- Hepatotoxicity
- LPO, lipid peroxidation
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MEC, molar extinction coefficient
- NAPQI, N-acetyl parabenzoquinoneimine
- Oxidative stress
- PMS, post mitochondrial supernatants
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ashafaq
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahimullah Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rayan A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gulrana Khuwaja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fakhrul Islam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
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30
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Yu J, Wang Y, Zhou S, Li J, Wang J, Chi D, Wang X, Lin G, He Z, Wang Y. Remote loading paclitaxel-doxorubicin prodrug into liposomes for cancer combination therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1730-40. [PMID: 33088692 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of paclitaxel (PTX) and doxorubicin (DOX) has been widely used in the clinic. However, it remains unsatisfied due to the generation of severe toxicity. Previously, we have successfully synthesized a prodrug PTX-S-DOX (PSD). The prodrug displayed comparable in vitro cytotoxicity compared with the mixture of free PTX and DOX. Thus, we speculated that it could be promising to improve the anti-cancer effect and reduce adverse effects by improving the pharmacokinetics behavior of PSD and enhancing tumor accumulation. Due to the fact that copper ions (Cu2+) could coordinate with the anthracene nucleus of DOX, we speculate that the prodrug PSD could be actively loaded into liposomes by Cu2+ gradient. Hence, we designed a remote loading liposomal formulation of PSD (PSD LPs) for combination chemotherapy. The prepared PSD LPs displayed extended blood circulation, improved tumor accumulation, and more significant anti-tumor efficacy compared with PSD NPs. Furthermore, PSD LPs exhibited reduced cardiotoxicity and kidney damage compared with the physical mixture of Taxol and Doxil, indicating better safety. Therefore, this novel nano-platform provides a strategy to deliver doxorubicin with other poorly soluble antineoplastic drugs for combination therapy with high efficacy and low toxicity.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- AUC, area under the curve
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CHO, cholesterol
- CO2, carbon dioxide
- CR, creatinine
- Combination therapy
- Cu2+, copper ions
- DL, drug loading
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- DOX, doxorubicin
- DSPE-PEG2000, 2-distearoyl-snglycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methyl(polyethylene glycol)-2000
- DTT, d,l-dithiothreitol
- EDTA, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
- EE, encapsulation efficacy
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GSH, glutathione
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- HSPC, hydrogenated soybean phospholipids
- IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration
- IVIS, in vivo imaging system
- MLVs, multilamellar vesicles
- MRT, mean residence time
- MTD, maximum tolerated dose
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- Nanoparticles
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- PDI, polydispersity index
- PSD LPs, PTX-S-DOX liposomes
- PSD NPs, PTX-S-DOX self-assembled nanoparticles
- PSD, PTX-S-DOX
- PTX, paclitaxel
- Paclitaxel–doxorubicin prodrug
- Prodrug
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Remote loading liposomes
- SD, standard deviation
- Safety
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- UV, ultraviolet
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Ersoy M, Tiranti V, Zeviani M. Ethylmalonic encephalopathy: Clinical course and therapy response in an uncommon mild case with a severe ETHE1 mutation. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020; 25:100641. [PMID: 32923369 PMCID: PMC7476058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE) is a rare metabolic disorder caused by dysfunction of ETHE1 protein, a mitochondrial dioxygenase involved in hydrogen sulfide (H2S) detoxification. EE is usually a fatal disease with a severe clinical course mainly associated with developmental delay and regression, recurrent petechiae, orthostatic acrocyanosis, and chronic diarrhoea. Treatment includes antioxidants, antibiotics that lower H2S levels and antispastic medications, which are not curative. The mutations causing absence of the ETHE1 protein, as is the case for the described patient, usually entail a severe fatal phenotype. Although there are rare reported cases with mild clinical findings, the mechanism leading to these milder cases is also unclear. Here, we describe an 11-year-old boy with an ETHE1 gene mutation who has no neurocognitive impairment but chronic diarrhoea, which is controlled by oral medical treatment, and progressive spastic paraparesis that responded to Achilles tendon lengthening.
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Key Words
- 3-MST, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase
- CAT, cysteine aminotransferase
- CBS, cystathionine β-synthase
- CSE, cystathionine γ-lyase
- EE, ethylmalonic encephalopathy
- EMA, ethylmalonic acid
- ETHE1 gene
- GSH, glutathione
- H2S
- H2S, hydrogen sulfide
- H2SO3, persulfide
- MTZ, metronidazole
- Mild course
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- SCAD, short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
- SDO, sulfur dioxygenase
- SQR, sulfide quinone oxidoreductase
- SUOX, sulfite oxidase
- TST, thiosulfate sulfur transferase
- Therapy response
- UQ, quinone
- cIII, complex III
- cIV, complex IV
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Ersoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Metabolism, Health Sciences University, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Research and Education Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Valeria Tiranti
- Molecular Pathogenesis of Mitochondrial Disorders Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- The Clinical School, University of Padova Department of Neurosciences Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine Via Orus 2, Padova, Italy
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Zhang D, Lv A, Yang T, Cheng X, Zhao E, Zhou P. Protective functions of alternative splicing transcripts ( CdDHN4- L and CdDHN4- S) of CdDHN4 from bermudagrass under multiple abiotic stresses. Gene 2020; 763S:100033. [PMID: 32550559 PMCID: PMC7285969 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dehydrins (DHNs) play critical roles in plant adaptation to abiotic stresses. The objective of this study was to characterize DHNs in bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.). CdDHN4 gene was cloned from bermudagrass ‘Tifway’. Two CdDHN4 transcripts were detected due to alternative splicing (the nonspliced CdDHN4-L and the spliced CdDHN4-S) and both the CdDHN4-S and CdDHN4-L proteins are YSK2-type DHNs, the Φ-segment is present in CdDHN4-L and absent in CdDHN4-S. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana expressing CdDHN4-L or CdDHN4-S exhibited improved tolerance to salt, osmotic, low temperature and drought stress compared to the wild type (WT). The two transgenic lines did not differ in salt or drought tolerance, while plants expressing CdDHN4-S grew better under osmotic stress than those expressing CdDHN4-L. Both transgenic lines exhibited reduced content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS); and higher antioxidant enzymatic activities than the wild type plants under salt or drought stress. CdDHN4-S exhibited a higher ROS-scavenging capacity than CdDHN4-L. Two CdDHN4 transcripts (CdDHN4-L and CdDHN4-S) were detected due to alternative splicing in bermudagrass ‘Tifway’. CdDHN4s transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana exhibited higher tolerance to multiple abiotic stress compared to the wild type. CdDHN4s transgenic lines has lower content of ROS than the wild type under salt or drought stress. CdDHN4-S had a higher ROS-scavenging capacity than CdDHN4-L.
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Key Words
- Abiotic stress
- Alternative splicing
- AsA, ascorbic acid
- Bermudagrass
- CAT, catalase
- DEGs, differentially expressed genes
- DHN, Dehydrin
- DR, disordered region
- Dehydrin
- ETR, electron transport rate
- GSH, glutathione
- IDP, intrinsically disordered protein
- LEA proteins, late-embryogenesis abundant proteins
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- ORF, open reading frame
- PAM, pulse-amplitude modulation
- POD, peroxidase
- ROS
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Aimin Lv
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tianchen Yang
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cheng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Enhua Zhao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Tan T, Wang Y, Wang J, Wang Z, Wang H, Cao H, Li J, Li Y, Zhang Z, Wang S. Targeting peptide-decorated biomimetic lipoproteins improve deep penetration and cancer cells accessibility in solid tumor. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:529-545. [PMID: 32140397 PMCID: PMC7049576 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited penetration of nanoparticles and their poor accessibility to cancer cell fractions in tumor remain essential challenges for effective anticancer therapy. Herein, we designed a targeting peptide-decorated biomimetic lipoprotein (termed as BL-RD) to enable their deep penetration and efficient accessibility to cancer cell fractions in a tumor, thereby improving the combinational chemo-photodynamic therapy of triple negative breast cancer. BL-RD was composed of phospholipids, apolipoprotein A1 mimetic peptide (PK22), targeting peptide-conjugated cytotoxic mertansine (RM) and photodynamic agents of DiIC18(5) (DiD). The counterpart biomimetic lipoprotein system without RM (termed as BL-D) was fabricated as control. Both BL-D and BL-RD were nanometer-sized particles with a mean diameter of less than 30 nm and could be efficiently internalized by cancer cells. After intravenous injection, they can be specifically accumulated at tumor sites. When comparing to the counterpart BL-D, BL-RD displayed superior capability to permeate across the tumor mass, extravasate from tumor vasculature to distant regions and efficiently access the cancer cell fractions in a solid tumor, thus producing noticeable depression of the tumor growth. Taken together, BL-RD can be a promising delivery nanoplatform with prominent tumor-penetrating and cancer cells-accessing capability for effective tumor therapy.
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Key Words
- 4T1-GFP, 4T1 cancer cells with stable expression of green fluorescence protein
- ApoA1, apolipoprotein A1
- BL-D, biomimetic lipoprotein system without targeting peptide
- BL-RD, targeting peptide decorated biomimetic lipoprotein system
- CAF, cancer-associated fibroblasts
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy
- Cancer therapy
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DCFH-DA, 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
- DOPC, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- DiD, DiIC18(5)
- Drug delivery
- EC, endothelial cells
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EE, encapsulation efficiency
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GSH, glutathione
- H&E staining, hematoxylin-eosin staining
- HDL, high density lipoprotein
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- IC50, half-inhibitory concentration
- Lipo-D, liposome system without targeting peptide
- Lipo-RD, targeting peptide decorated biomimetic lipoprotein system
- Lipoprotein
- MCS, multicellular spheroids
- MTT, thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide
- Nanoparticles
- PBS, phosphate buffered solution
- PDT, photodynamic therapy
- RM, targeting peptide-conjugated cytotoxic mertansine
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOSG, singlet oxygen sensor green
- TAM, tumor-associated macrophage
- TEM, transmission electronic microscope
- TGI, tumor growth index
- Tumor penetration
- α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhiwan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haiqiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai 264000, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 20231979.
| | - Zhiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai 264000, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 20231979.
| | - Siling Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 20231979.
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Kouka P, Tekos F, Papoutsaki Z, Stathopoulos P, Halabalaki M, Tsantarliotou M, Zervos I, Nepka C, Liesivuori J, Rakitskii VN, Tsatsakis A, Veskoukis AS, Kouretas D. Olive oil with high polyphenolic content induces both beneficial and harmful alterations on rat redox status depending on the tissue. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:421-432. [PMID: 32140426 PMCID: PMC7052070 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Olive oil (OO) possesses a predominant role in the diet of Mediterranean countries. According to a health claim approved by the European Food Safety Authority, OO protects against oxidative stress‑induced lipid peroxidation in human blood, when it contains at least 5 mg of hydroxytyrosol and its derivatives per 20 g. However, studies regarding the effects of a total OO biophenols on redox status in vivo are scarce and either observational and do not provide a holistic picture of their action in tissues. Following a series of in vitro screening tests an OO containing biophenols at 800 mg/kg of OO was administered for 14 days to male Wistar rats at a dose corresponding to 20 g OO/per day to humans. Our results showed that OO reinforced the antioxidant profile of blood, brain, muscle and small intestine, it induced oxidative stress in spleen, pancreas, liver and heart, whereas no distinct effects were observed in lung, colon and kidney. The seemingly negative effects of OO follow the recently formulated idea in toxicology, namely the real life exposure scenario. This study reports that OO, although considered a nutritional source rich in antioxidants, it exerts a tissues specific action when administered in vivo.
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Key Words
- Biophenols
- Blood
- CARB, protein carbonyls
- CAT, catalase
- GSH, glutathione
- HT, hydroxytyrosol
- OLEA, oleacein
- OLEO, oleocanthal
- OO, olive oil
- Olive oil
- Real life exposure scenario
- Redox status
- T, tyrosol
- TAC, total antioxidant capacity
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- Tissues
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Kouka
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Fotios Tekos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Zoi Papoutsaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Stathopoulos
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Tsantarliotou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Zervos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Charitini Nepka
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Larissa, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | | | - Valerii N. Rakitskii
- Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene, F.F. Erisman, 2, Semashko Street, Mytishchi, Moscow Region 141014, Russia
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Aristidis S. Veskoukis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500 Larissa, Greece
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Ferrucci-Da Silva C, Zhan L, Shen J, Kong B, Campbell MJ, Memon N, Hegyi T, Lu L, Guo GL. Effects of total parenteral nutrition on drug metabolism gene expression in mice. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:153-8. [PMID: 31993312 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) is a liver dysfunction caused by various risk factors presented in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Omega-6 rich Intralipid® and omega-3 rich Omegaven® are two intravenous lipid emulsions used in TPN. TPN could affect the hepatic expression of genes in anti-oxidative stress, but it's unknown whether TPN affects genes in drug metabolism. In this study, either Intralipid®- or Omegaven®-based TPN was administered to mice and the expression of a cohort of genes involved in anti-oxidative stress or drug metabolism was analyzed, glutathione (GSH) levels were measured, and protein levels for two key drug metabolism genes were determined. Overall, the expression of most genes was downregulated by Intralipid®-based TPN (Gstp1, Gstm1, 3, 6, Nqo1, Ho-1, Mt-1, Gclc, Gclm, Cyp2d9, 2f2, 2b10, and 3a11). Omegaven® showed similar results as Intralipid® except for preserving the expression of Gstm1 and Cyp3a11, and increasing Ho-1. Total GSH levels were decreased by Intralipid®, but increased by Omegaven®. CYP3A11 protein levels were increased by Omegaven®. In conclusion, TPN reduced the expression of many genes involved in anti-oxidative stress and drug metabolism in mice. However, Omegaven® preserved expression of Cyp3a11, suggesting another beneficial effect of Omegaven® in protecting liver functions.
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Key Words
- CYP450, cytochrome p450
- Drug metabolism
- FAs, fatty acids
- GADPH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GSH, glutathione
- GSSG, GSH/glutathione disulfide
- Gclc: glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, Gclm: glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit
- Glutathione
- Gpx3, glutathione peroxidase 3
- Gstm1, glutathione S-transferase, mu 1
- Gstm3, glutathione S-transferase, mu 3
- Gstm6, glutathione S-transferase, mu 6
- Gstp1, glutathione S-transferase, pi 1
- Ho-1, heme oxygenase 1
- Liver
- Mt-1, metallothionein 1
- NQO1, NAD(P)H:quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1
- PNALD, parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease
- Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TPN, total parenteral nutrition
- Total parenteral nutrition
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Song W, Li D, Tao L, Luo Q, Chen L. Solute carrier transporters: the metabolic gatekeepers of immune cells. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:61-78. [PMID: 31993307 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Solute carrier (SLC) transporters meditate many essential physiological functions, including nutrient uptake, ion influx/efflux, and waste disposal. In its protective role against tumors and infections, the mammalian immune system coordinates complex signals to support the proliferation, differentiation, and effector function of individual cell subsets. Recent research in this area has yielded surprising findings on the roles of solute carrier transporters, which were discovered to regulate lymphocyte signaling and control their differentiation, function, and fate by modulating diverse metabolic pathways and balanced levels of different metabolites. In this review, we present current information mainly on glucose transporters, amino-acid transporters, and metal ion transporters, which are critically important for mediating immune cell homeostasis in many different pathological conditions.
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Key Words
- 3-PG, 3-phosphoglyceric acid
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- AIF, apoptosis-inducing factor
- AP-1, activator protein 1
- ASCT2, alanine serine and cysteine transporter system 2
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- BCR, B cell receptor
- BMDMs, bone marrow-derived macrophages
- CD45R, a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- DC, dendritic cells
- EAATs, excitatory amino acid transporters
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERRα, estrogen related receptor alpha
- FFA, free fatty acids
- G-6-P, glucose 6-phosphate
- GLUT, glucose transporters
- GSH, glutathione
- Glucose
- Glutamine
- HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha
- HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1
- Hk1, hexokinase-1
- IFNβ, interferon beta
- IFNγ, interferon gamma
- IKK, IκB kinase
- IKKβ, IκB kinase beta subunit
- IL, interleukin
- LDHA, lactate dehydrogenase A
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- Lymphocytes
- Lyn, tyrosine-protein kinase
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCT, monocarboxylate transporters
- MS, multiple sclerosis
- Metal ion
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOD2, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2
- PEG2, prostaglandin E2
- PI-3K/AKT, phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase/serine–threonine kinase
- PPP, pentose phosphate pathway
- Pfk, phosphofructokinase
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- RLR, RIG-I-like receptor
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SLC, solute carrier
- SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus
- SNAT, sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporters
- STAT, signal transducers and activators of transcription
- Solute carrier
- TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TRPM7, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 7
- Teffs, effector T cells
- Th1/2/17, type 1/2/17 helper T cells
- Tregs, regulatory T cells
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- ZIP, zrt/irt-like proteins
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- iTregs, induced regulatory T cells
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
- α-KG, α-ketoglutaric acid
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Fernández-Rojas B, Vázquez-Cervantes GI, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Gutiérrez-Venegas G. Lipoteichoic acid reduces antioxidant enzymes in H9c2 cells. Toxicol Rep 2019; 7:101-108. [PMID: 31921600 PMCID: PMC6948251 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) reduced the levels of the antioxidant enzymes in H9c2 cells. LTA from Streptococcus sanguinis induced ROS production in H9c2 cells. Low antioxidant enzymes levels and ROS production could be related to infective endocarditis (IE). Antioxidants could protect against oxidative stress induced by LTA in IE.
Infective endocarditis (IE) is an illness where the heart is invaded by bacteria, like Streptococcal and Staphylococcal species that contain lipoteichoic acid (LTA) related to an essential role in this disease. This study is the first in evaluating antioxidant enzyme levels in embryonic cardiomyocyte cell line (H9c2) induced by LTA from Streptococcus sanguinis. LTA increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced the levels of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1 and catalase (CAT) but did not affect glutathione content. At the highest LTA concentration (15 μg/ml), SOD-1 and CAT levels did not change, and this effect was related to the induction of mRNA levels of Nrf2 induced by LTA. These results suggest that low antioxidant enzyme levels and ROS production could be related to IE.
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Key Words
- AKT, protein kinase B
- Antioxidant enzymes
- CAT, catalase
- Carboxy-H2DCFDA, 6-carboxy-2´,7´ dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
- DHE, dihydroethidium
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- FDA, fluorescein diacetate
- GPx-1, glutathione peroxidase-1
- GSH, glutathione
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- IE, infective endocarditis
- Infective endocarditis
- JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinases
- LTA, lipoteichoic acid
- Lipoteichoic acid
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOS, nitric oxide synthase
- Nrf2, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2
- O2•¯, superoxide radical
- OH•, hydroxyl radical
- ONOO¯, peroxynitrite anion
- Oxidative stress
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS production
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD-1, superoxide dismutase-1
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Fernández-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de la División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gustavo I. Vázquez-Cervantes
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito interior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito interior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gloria Gutiérrez-Venegas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de la División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
- Corresponding author.
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Ibrahim AB, Zaki HF, Ibrahim WW, Omran MM, Shouman SA. Evaluation of tamoxifen and simvastatin as the combination therapy for the treatment of hormonal dependent breast cancer cells. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1114-1126. [PMID: 31788433 PMCID: PMC6880098 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) is a nonsteroidal antiestrogen drug, used in the prevention and treatment of all stages of hormone-responsive breast cancer. Simvastatin (SIM), a lipid-lowering agent, has been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth. The study aimed at investigating the impact of using SIM with TAM in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer cell line, T47D, as well as in mice-bearing Ehrlich solid tumor. The cell line was treated with different concentrations of TAM or/and SIM for 72 h. The effects of treatment on cytotoxicity, oxidative stress markers, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis were investigated. Our results showed that the combination treatment decreased the oxidative stress markers, glucose uptake, VEGF, and MMP 2 &9 in the cell line compared to TAM- treated cells. Drug interaction of TAM and SIM was synergistic in T47D by increasing the apoptotic makers Bax/BCL-2 ratio and caspase 3 activity. Additionally, in vivo, the combination regimen resulted in a non-significant decrease in the tumor volume compared to TAM treated group. Moreover, the combined treatment decreased the protein expression of TNF-α, NF-kB compared to control. In conclusion, our results suggest that SIM may serve as a promising treatment with TAM for improving the efficacy against estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer.
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Key Words
- Apoptosis
- Bax/Bcl-2, ratio Bcl-2-AssociatedXprotein/B-cell lymphoma 2 ratio
- Cytotoxicity
- EAC, ehrlich ascites carcinoma
- ER+, estrogen receptor-positive
- GSH, glutathione
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MMP, 2&9 metalloproteinases-2and9
- NF-KB, nuclear factor kappa-B
- NOx, nitric oxide
- Oxidative stress
- SIM, simvastatin
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Simvastatin
- TAM, tamoxifen
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α
- Tamoxifen
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- Vascular endothelial growth factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel B. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zawia University, Libya
| | - Hala F. Zaki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Walaa W. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mervat M. Omran
- Department of Cancer Biology Department, Pharmacology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
- Corresponding author.
| | - Samia A. Shouman
- Department of Cancer Biology Department, Pharmacology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
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Huo X, Meng Q, Wang C, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Ma X, Ma X, Peng J, Sun H, Liu K. Cilastatin protects against imipenem-induced nephrotoxicity via inhibition of renal organic anion transporters (OATs). Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:986-96. [PMID: 31649848 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Imipenem is a carbapenem antibiotic. However, Imipenem could not be marketed owing to its instability and nephrotoxicity until cilastatin, an inhibitor of renal dehydropeptidase-I (DHP-I), was developed. In present study, the potential roles of renal organic anion transporters (OATs) in alleviating the nephrotoxicity of imipenem by cilastatin were investigated in vitro and in rabbits. Our results indicated that imipenem and cilastatin were substrates of hOAT1 and hOAT3. Cilastatin inhibited hOAT1/3-mediated transport of imipenem with IC50 values comparable to the clinical concentration, suggesting the potential to cause a clinical drug–drug interaction (DDI). Moreover, imipenem exhibited hOAT1/3-dependent cytotoxicity, which was alleviated by cilastatin and probenecid. Furthermore, cilastatin and probenecid ameliorated imipenem-induced rabbit acute kidney injury, and reduced the renal secretion of imipenem. Cilastatin and probenecid inhibited intracellular accumulation of imipenem and sequentially decreased the nephrocyte toxicity in rabbit primary proximal tubule cells. Renal OATs, besides DHP-I, was also the target of interaction between imipenem and cilastatin, and contributed to the nephrotoxicity of imipenem. This therefore gives in part the explanation about the mechanism by which cilastatin protected against imipenem-induced nephrotoxicity. Thus, OATs can potentially be used as a therapeutic target to avoid the renal adverse reaction of imipenem in clinic.
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Key Words
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CKD, chronic kidney disease
- CLp, plasma clearance
- CLr, renal clearance
- CRE, creatinine
- Cil, cilastatin
- Cilastatin
- DDIs, drug-drug interactions
- DHP-I, renal dehydropeptidase-I
- ES, estrone-3-sulfate
- GSH, glutathione
- Imipenem
- Imp, imipenem
- MDA, malonaldehyde
- Nephrotoxicity
- OATs
- OATs, renal organic anion transporters
- PAH, p-aminophenol acid
- Prb, probenecid
- Probenecid
- SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism
- hOAT, human OAT
- hOAT1
- hOAT3
- rOAT, rat OAT
- rPTCs, rabbit primary proximal tubule cells
- raOAT, rabbit OAT
- t1/2, half life
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Meena M, Samal S. Alternaria host-specific (HSTs) toxins: An overview of chemical characterization, target sites, regulation and their toxic effects. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:745-758. [PMID: 31406682 PMCID: PMC6684332 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria causes pathogenic disease on various economically important crops having saprophytic to endophytic lifecycle. Pathogenic fungi of Alternaria species produce many primary and secondary metabolites (SMs). Alternaria species produce more than 70 mycotoxins. Several species of Alternaria produce various phytotoxins that are host-specific (HSTs) and non-host-specific (nHSTs). These toxins have various negative impacts on cell organelles including chloroplast, mitochondria, plasma membrane, nucleus, Golgi bodies, etc. Non-host-specific toxins such as tentoxin (TEN), Alternaric acid, alternariol (AOH), alternariol 9-monomethyl ether (AME), brefeldin A (dehydro-), Alternuene (ALT), Altertoxin-I, Altertoxin-II, Altertoxin-III, zinniol, tenuazonic acid (TeA), curvularin and alterotoxin (ATX) I, II, III are known toxins produced by Alternaria species. In other hand, Alternaria species produce numerous HSTs such as AK-, AF-, ACT-, AM-, AAL- and ACR-toxin, maculosin, destruxin A, B, etc. are host-specific and classified into different family groups. These mycotoxins are low molecular weight secondary metabolites with various chemical structures. All the HSTs have different mode of actions, biochemical reactions, and signaling mechanisms to causes diseases in the host plants. These HSTs have devastating effects on host plant tissues by affecting biochemical and genetic modifications. Host-specific mycotoxins such as AK-toxin, AF-toxin, and AC-toxin have the devastating effect on plants which causes DNA breakage, cytotoxic, apoptotic cell death, interrupting plant physiology by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and affect membrane permeability. This article will elucidate an understanding of the disease mechanism caused by several Alternaria HSTs on host plants and also the pathways of the toxins and how they caused disease in plants.
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Key Words
- 1O2, singlet oxygen
- AA, ascorbic acid
- ALT, alternuene
- AME, alternariol 9-monomethyl ether
- AOH, alternariol
- APX, ascorbate peroxidase
- ATX, alterotoxin
- Alternaria species
- CAT, catalase
- CDCs, conditionally dispensable chromosomes
- DHAR, dehydroascorbate reductase
- DHT, dihydrotentoxin
- GPX, guaiacol peroxidase
- GR, glutathione reductase
- GSH, glutathione
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- HR, hypersensitive response
- HSTs, host specific toxins
- Host-specific toxins
- MDHAR, monodehydroascorbate reductase
- NO, nitric oxide
- NRPS, nonribosomal peptide synthetase
- Non-host-specific toxins
- O2˙ˉ, superoxide anion
- PCD, programmed cell death
- PKS, polyketide synthase gene
- Pathogenicity
- REMI, restriction enzyme-mediated integration
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SMs, secondary metabolites
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Secondary metabolites
- TEN, tentoxin
- TeA, tenuazonic acid
- UGT, UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases
- nHSTs, non-host specific toxins
- ˙OH, hydroxyl radical
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Meena
- Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Swarnmala Samal
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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Jiao X, Yu Y, Meng J, He M, Zhang CJ, Geng W, Ding B, Wang Z, Ding X. Dual-targeting and microenvironment-responsive micelles as a gene delivery system to improve the sensitivity of glioma to radiotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:381-396. [PMID: 30972284 PMCID: PMC6437633 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dbait is a small double-stranded DNA molecule that has been utilized as a radiosensitizer to enhance the sensitivity of glioma to radiotherapy (RT). However, there is no effective drug delivery system to effectively overcome the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The aim of this study was to develop a gene delivery system by using the BBB and glioma dual-targeting and microenvironment-responsive micelles (ch-Kn(s-s)R8-An) to deliver Dbait into glioma for RT. Angiopep-2 can target the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) that is overexpressed on brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) and glioma cells. In particular, due to upregulated matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) in the tumor microenvironment, we utilized MMP-2-responsive peptides as the enzymatically degradable linkers to conjugate angiopep-2. The results showed that ch-Kn(s-s)R8-An micelles maintained a reasonable size (80-160 nm) with a moderate distribution and a decreased mean diameter from the cross-linking as well as exhibited low critical micelle concentration (CMC) with positive surface charge, ranging from 15 to 40 mV. The ch-K5(s-s)R8-An/pEGFP showed high gene transfection efficiency in vitro, improved uptake in glioma cells and good biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the combination of ch-K5(s-s)R8-An/Dbait with RT significantly inhibited the growth of U251 cells in vitro. Thus, ch-K5(s-s)R8-An/Dbait may prove to be a promising gene delivery system to target glioma and enhance the efficacy of RT on U251 cells.
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Key Words
- ATCC, American Type Culture Collection
- Arg, arginine
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- BBTB, blood—brain tumor barriers
- CMC, critical micelle concentration
- Cell-penetrating peptides
- DTSSP, 3,3′-dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidylpropionate)
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GBM, glioblastoma multiforme
- GSH, glutathione
- Gene delivery
- Glioma-targeting
- KnR8, cholesterol-polylysine-polyarginine peptide, n = 3, 5, 7
- Lys, lysine
- MMP-2, matrix metalloproteinase 2
- MWCO, molecular weight cutoff
- Microenvironment-responsive micelles
- PDI, polydispersity index
- PE, plating efficiency
- PEI, polyethylenimine
- RT, radiotherapy
- Radiosensitizer
- ch-Kn(s-s)R8-An, the disulfide cross-linked cholesterol-polylysine-polyarginine peptide core-shell polymer micelles modified with angiopep-2, n = 3, 5, 7
- ch-KnR8-An, the non-cross-linked cholesterol-polylysine-polyarginine peptide core-shell polymer micelles modified with angiopep-2, n = 3, 5, 7
- pDNA, plasmid DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Jiao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Jianxia Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Mei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Charles Jian Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91768, USA
| | - Wenqian Geng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Baoyue Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Xueying Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
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Li M, Zhao L, Zhang T, Shu Y, He Z, Ma Y, Liu D, Wang Y. Redox-sensitive prodrug nanoassemblies based on linoleic acid-modified docetaxel to resist breast cancers. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:421-32. [PMID: 30972286 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prodrug nanoassemblies, which can refrain from large excipients, achieve higher drug loading and control drug release, have been placed as the priority in drug delivery system. Reasoning that glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly upgraded in tumor tissues which makes them attractive targets for drug delivery system, we designed and synthetized a novel prodrug which utilized mono thioether bond as a linker to bridge linoleic acid (LA) and docetaxel (DTX). This mono thioether-linked conjugates (DTX-S-LA) could self-assemble into nanoparticles without the aid of much excipients. The mono thioether endowed the nanoparticles redox sensitivity resulting in specific release at the tumor tissue. Our studies demonstrated that the nanoassemblies had uniform particle size, high stability and fast release behavior. DTX-S-LA nanoassemblies outperformed DTX solution in pharmacokinetic profiles for it had longer circulation time and higher area under curve (AUC). Compared with DTX solution, the redox dual-responsive nanoassemblies had comparable cytotoxic activity. Besides, the antitumor efficacy was evaluated in mice bearing 4T1 xenograft. It turned out this nanoassemblies could enhance anticancer efficacy by increasing the dose because of higher tolerance. Overall, these results indicated that the redox sensitivity nanoassemblies may have a great potential to cancer therapy.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- AUC, area under the curve
- Antitumor efficacy
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- C-6, coumarin-6
- CREA, creatinine
- DDS, drug delivery system
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DSPE-PEG2K, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethyleneglycol)-2000]
- DTT, d,l-dithiothreitol
- DTX, docetaxel
- Docetaxel
- EDCI, N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GSH, glutathione
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- HOBt, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole monohydrate
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration
- LA, linoleic acid
- Linoleic acid
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide
- Mono thioether bond
- Nanoassemblies
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- PDI, polydispersity index
- PTX, paclitaxel
- Pharmacokinetics
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SD, standard deviation
- TLC, thin layer chromatography
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Itaba N, Noda I, Oka H, Kono Y, Okinaka K, Yokobata T, Okazaki S, Morimoto M, Shiota G. Hepatic cell sheets engineered from human mesenchymal stem cells with a single small molecule compound IC-2 ameliorate acute liver injury in mice. Regen Ther 2018; 9:45-57. [PMID: 30525075 PMCID: PMC6222293 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We previously reported that transplantation of hepatic cell sheets from human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) with hexachlorophene, a Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibitor, ameliorated acute liver injury. In a further previous report, we identified IC-2, a newly synthesized derivative of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibitor ICG-001, as a potent inducer of hepatic differentiation of BM-MSCs. METHODS We manufactured hepatic cell sheets by engineering from human BM-MSCs using the single small molecule IC-2. The therapeutic potential of IC-2-induced hepatic cell sheets was assessed by transplantation of IC-2- and hexachlorophene-treated hepatic cell sheets using a mouse model of acute liver injury. RESULTS Significant improvement of liver injury was elicited by the IC-2-treated hepatic cell sheets. The expression of complement C3 was enhanced by IC-2, followed by prominent hepatocyte proliferation stimulated through the activation of NF-κB and its downstream molecule STAT-3. Indeed, IC-2 also enhanced the expression of amphiregulin, resulting in the activation of the EGFR pathway and further stimulation of hepatocyte proliferation. As another important therapeutic mechanism, we revealed prominent reduction of oxidative stress mediated through upregulation of the thioredoxin (TRX) system by IC-2-treated hepatic cell sheets. The effects mediated by IC-2-treated sheets were superior compared with those mediated by hexachlorophene-treated sheets. CONCLUSION The single compound IC-2 induced hepatic cell sheets that possess potent regeneration capacity and ameliorate acute liver injury.
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Key Words
- 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine
- A1AT, α1-antitrypsin
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- APOE, apolipoprotein E
- AREG, amphiregulin
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Acute liver failure
- BM-MSCs, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells
- C3, complement C3
- C4A, complement C4A
- C5aR, complement C5a receptor
- CBP, CREB-binding protein
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- CP, ceruloplasmin
- ChREBP, Carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein
- ChoREs, carbohydrate response elements
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- GPX, glutathione peroxidase
- GR, Glutathione reductase
- GRX, glutaredoxin
- GSH, glutathione
- HB-EGF, heparin binding-epidermal growth factor-like growth factor
- HGFR, hepatocyte growth factor receptor
- Hepatic cell sheets
- IL-1ra, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- LXR, liver X receptor
- Liver regeneration
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- Mesenchymal stem cells
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PRX, peroxiredoxin
- RBP4, retinol binding protein 4
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- STAT-3, Signal Tranducer and Activator of Transcription 3
- TF, transferrin
- TGFα, transforming growth factor alpha
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TRX, thioredoxin
- TRXR, thioredoxin reductase
- Wnt/β-catenin signal inhibitor
- hGAPDH, human glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- mActb, mouse actin, beta
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Itaba
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Ikuya Noda
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Oka
- Research Initiative Center, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Yohei Kono
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kaori Okinaka
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokobata
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Shizuma Okazaki
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Minoru Morimoto
- Research Initiative Center, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Goshi Shiota
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
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Ingle BL, Shrestha B, De Jesus MC, Conrad-Webb HM, Anderson ME, Cundari TR. Genetic Mutations in the S-loop of Human Glutathione Synthetase: Links Between Substrate Binding, Active Site Structure and Allostery. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:31-8. [PMID: 30581542 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The second step in the biosynthesis of the cellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH) is catalyzed by human glutathione synthetase (hGS), a negatively cooperative homodimer. Patients with mutations in hGS have been reported to exhibit a range of symptoms from hemolytic anemia and metabolic acidosis to neurological disorders and premature death. Several patient mutations occur in the S-loop of hGS, a series of residues near the negatively cooperative γ-GC substrate binding site. Experimental point mutations and molecular dynamic simulations show the S-loop not only binds γ-GC through a salt bridge and multiple hydrogen bonds, but the residues also modulate allosteric communication in hGS. By elucidating the role of S-loop residues in active site structure, substrate binding, and allostery, the atomic level sequence of events that leads to the detrimental effects of hGS mutations in patients are more fully understood.
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Key Words
- DSC, differential scanning calorimetry
- Eint, average energy of interaction.
- GSH, glutathione
- IPTG, isopropyl-1-thio-β-galactopyranoside
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- MD, molecular dynamics
- PEP, phosphoenolpyruvic acid
- PK, pyruvate kinase
- Td, denaturation temperature midpoint
- WT, wild-type
- hGS, human glutathione synthetase
- γ-GC, γ-glutamylcysteine
- γ-GluABA, L-γ-glutamyl-L-α-aminobutyrate
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Tank JG, Pandya RV, Thaker VS. Changes in radical scavenging activity of normal, endoreduplicated and depolyploid root tip cells of Allium cepa. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 24:1538-1546. [PMID: 30294223 PMCID: PMC6169515 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant cell responds to abiotic stress conditions by adjusting its cellular metabolism and various defensive mechanisms. Cellular metabolism involves changes in the cell cycle, in which the cell undergoes repeated rounds of endocycles leading to polyploidization. Defense mechanisms such as role of antioxidants are a key to understand plant adaptation. The present work describes endoreduplication and radical scavenging activity as two different defense mechanisms adapted by plants for their survival under stress condition. The work describes linkage of these two processes with each other under abiotic stress. Endoreduplicated root tip cells of Allium cepa were depolyploidized by exogenous phytohormones. Further, free radical scavenging activity from normal, endoreduplicated and depolyploidized root tips cells was observed to understand the role of phytohormones. Elevated free radical scavenging potential was observed in endoreduplicated cells compared to normal and depolyploidized cells. Based on these results, it was concluded that endoreduplication and antioxidant pathways are linked with each other through phytohormonal activities. The concentration of auxin and cytokinin regulates the activity of ascorbate oxidase enzyme, which in turn maintains the concentration of AsA within the cell. AsA level directs the prolyl-hydroxylation process of cell division proteins in quiescent center cells either toward endoreduplication process or cell division process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigna G. Tank
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India
- Corresponding author.
| | - Rohan V. Pandya
- Gujarat Biodiversity Gene Bank, Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Vrinda S. Thaker
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India
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Al-Amoudi WM. Toxic effects of Lambda-cyhalothrin, on the rat thyroid: Involvement of oxidative stress and ameliorative effect of ginger extract. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:728-736. [PMID: 29922588 PMCID: PMC6005809 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lambda-cyhalothrin leads to histpathological changes and DNA damage in thyroid gland. Lambda-cyhalothrin induces oxidative stress by decreasing the levels of thyroid hormones and antioxidant enzyme in erythrocytes. Ginger prevents the toxicity effect of Lambda-cyhalothrin and DNA damage in the thyroid gland. Ginger decreases the histopathological changes, abnormal level of thyroid hormones and antioxidant enzymes in the thyroid gland caused by LCT.
Lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) is a synthetic pyrethroid that is widely used to control insecticide. Ginger is a traditional plant that is widely used as a spice or folk medicine. This study evaluates the antioxidant effect of ginger extract on thyroid toxicity induced by LCT in albino rats. Adult Rats were divided into 4 experimental groups: Group 1: control, Group 2: oral ginger treatment (24 mg/ml, 3 days/week for 4 weeks), Group 3: oral LCT treatment (1/100 LD50, 3 days/week for 4 weeks), Group 4: oral LCT and ginger mixture treatment. The histological results of LCT group showed degenerated follicles with reduced colloids, congestion of blood vessels and hyperaemia between the follicles. Histochemically, depletion of glycogen and proteins was recorded in follicular cells and colloids. The biochemical results of LCT treated group revealed a decrease in T3, T4, SOD and CAT, while TSH and MDA were increased. The comet assay showed that LCT significantly induced DNA damage in the thyroid gland. However, treating rats with LCT plus ginger led to an improvement in the histological structure of the thyroid, with noticeable increases in glycogen and protein deposition. Also, LCT plus ginger increase in T3, T4 and the antioxidant enzymes SOD and COT were detected concomitantly with a decrease in TSH and MDA as well as a significant reduction in DNA damage. LCT affected the thyroid function and structure. On the other hand, ginger has a preventative effect against the histological damage and biochemical toxicity caused by the (LCT) insecticide.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ALK-P, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, plasma alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Antioxidant
- CAT, catalase
- CC14, carbon tetrachloride
- DMA, lipid peroxidan marker
- DMBA, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GR, glutathione reductase
- GSH, glutathione
- GST, glutathione-S-transferase
- Ginger
- Histochemistry
- LCT, Lambda-cyhalothrin
- Lambda-cyhalothrin
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- PAS, Periodic acid–Schiff
- PCO, protein carbonyl
- PD, Parkinson’s disease
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- T3, triiodothyronine, T4, thyroxine
- TI, percent of genomic DNA that migrated during electrophoresis from the nuclear core to the tail
- TL, distance of DNA migration from the center to the nuclear core
- TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone
- Thyroid
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Oyouni AAA, Saggu S, Tousson E, Rehman H. Immunosuppressant drug tacrolimus induced mitochondrial nephrotoxicity, modified PCNA and Bcl-2 expression attenuated by Ocimum basilicum L. in CD1 mice. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:687-694. [PMID: 30003047 PMCID: PMC6041355 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tacrolimus (TAC) is used sporadically as an immunosuppressive agent for organ transplantation, but its clinical used is limited due to its marked nephrotoxicity. Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) (OB) had been shown to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and nephroprotective activity, and effective at improving renal inflammation and glomerular. In our study, we aim to evaluate the efficacy of the OB against TAC-induced mitochondrial nephrotoxicity in CD1 mice. Mice were randomly divided into four groups. Group 1 (control group); administered orally with normal saline (1 mL/kg) for two weeks; Group 2 (OB extract treated-group) (500 mg/kg b.wt) gavaged once/day for two weeks; Group 3 (TAC-treated group) (3 mg/kg b.wt, administered ip once a day for two weeks); and Group 4; (TAC plus OB extract treated-group). Tacrolimus-induced nephrotoxicity was assessed biochemically and histopathologically. The OB extract was high in phenolic content (50.3 mg/g of gallic acid equivalent), total flavonoids (14.5 mg/g CE equivalent). The potential antioxidant efficacy of the extract (IC50) was 24.5 μg/mL. OB pretreatment significantly improved the TAC-induced changes in biochemical markers of nephrotoxicity for instance blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, total protein, and albumin (P < 0.01, when compared with TAC treated group). Also, it significantly restored the increase activities of TBARS, protein carbonyl (PC) (P < 0.001, when compared to healthy control group) and decreased activities of nonprotein thiol (NP-SH) levels, Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) antioxidants of mitochondria. The nephroprotective efficacy of the OB leaves extract was further evident by histopathological analysis together with the PCNA-ir and Bcl2. The upshot of the present study revealed that the OB possessed significant antioxidant and nephroprotective activity and had a preventive effect on the biochemical alterations and histological changes in TAC-treated mice.
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Key Words
- ABC, Avidin-Biotin- Peroxidase
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- Bcl-2
- DNPH, dinitrophenylhydrazine
- DPPH, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- EOBPV, Egyptian Organization for Biological Products and Vaccines
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, glutathione
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- H2O2, hydrogenperoxide
- IAEC, Institutional Animals Ethics Committee
- IC, inhibitory concentration
- Ip, intraperitoneal
- Mn-SOD, Mn-superoxide dismutase
- NP-SH, nonprotein thiol
- Nephrotoxicity
- OB, Ocimum basilicum
- OPA, orthophosphoric acid
- Ocimum basilicum
- PC, protein carbonyl
- PCNA
- PCNA-ir, proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunoreactivity
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TAC, tacroliums
- Tacrolimus
- mLPO, mitochondrial lipid peroxidation
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shalini Saggu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab Tousson
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Hasibur Rehman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
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Li H, Jiao X, Zhou W, Sun Y, Liu W, Lin W, Liu A, Song A, Zhu H. Enhanced production of total flavones from Inonotus baumii by multiple strategies. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 48:103-112. [PMID: 28857662 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2017.1365248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As one kind of important secondary metabolites produced by Inonotus baumii, flavones can be applied in food, medicine, and other industries due to their biological activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial activity. To enhance total flavone production in submerged fermentation of I. baumii, three different strategies, optimization of fermentation parameters by statistical designs including Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology, addition of precursors and elicitors, and two-phase culture, were used. The production of total flavones (PTF) reached 1532.83 mg/L when the optimized medium was used. All precursors and elicitors can increase the PTF. The maximum PTF (2184.06 mg/L, up to 1.57-fold) was obtained with the addition of both AgNO3 and glutathione in fermentation media. Interestingly, when 0.5% (w/v) DM130 macroporous resin as adsorbent was added to fermentation broth on day 4 of culture, the highest production reached 2407.79 mg/L with this two-phase culture strategy. These methods can be further applied to large-scale industrial production and broaden the application of flavones.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- CCD design, central composite design
- CSL, corn steep liquor
- DMW, dry mycelial weight
- GSH, glutathione
- Inonotus baumii
- PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase.
- PB design, Plackett–Burman design
- PTF, production of total flavones
- RSM, response surface methodology
- VB1, vitamin B1
- YE, yeast extract
- precursors and elicitors
- response surface methodology
- total flavone production
- two-phase culture
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- a Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology , China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Jiao
- a Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology , China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Wanlong Zhou
- a Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology , China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Yajie Sun
- a Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology , China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- a Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology , China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Lin
- a Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology , China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Ao Liu
- a Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology , China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Aihuan Song
- b Scientific Research Department, Marine Biology Institute of Shandong Province , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Zhu
- a Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology , China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao , People's Republic of China.,c College of Chemistry and Materials , Fujian Normal University , Fuzhou , People's Republic of China
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Skenderidis P, Kerasioti E, Karkanta E, Stagos D, Kouretas D, Petrotos K, Hadjichristodoulou C, Tsakalof A. Assessment of the antioxidant and antimutagenic activity of extracts from goji berry of Greek cultivation. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:251-257. [PMID: 29854596 PMCID: PMC5977381 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Goji bery extracts scavenged at low concentrations free radicals. Extracts protected at low concentrations peroxyl radical-induced DNA damage. Extracts increased GSH levels in C2C12 muscle cells. Extracts decreased lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in C2C12 muscle cells.
The aim of this study was to assess the antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of ultrasound assisted aqueous extracts from dry goji berry fruits cultivated in Greece. The extracts’ free radical scavenging activity was assessed by the DPPH• and ABTS•+ assays. The results from both assays demonstrated that the extracts exhibited strong radical scavenging activity with IC50 values ranging from 1.29 to 3.00 mg/ml for DPPH• and from 0.39 to 1.10 mg/mL for ABTS•+ assay. The investigated extracts also inhibited free radical-induced DNA damage induced by peroxyl (ROO•) radicals with IC50 ranging from 0.69 to 6.90 mg/mL. Τhe antioxidant activity of the goji berry extract exhibited the highest potency in the above assays was also examined in muscle cells. In particular, muscle C2C12 cells were treated with the selected extract at non cytotoxic concentrations for 24 h and four oxidative stress markers were measured: total reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl levels. The results showed that the extract at 25 and 100 μg/mL increased GSH levels up to 189.5% and decreased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls by 21.8 and 29.1% respectively. The present study was the first on the antioxidant effects of ultrasound assisted aqueous extracts from goji berry fruits in muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prodromos Skenderidis
- Department of Medicine, Lab of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Thessaly, Larisa, Viopolis, 41500, Greece.,Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Dept. of Biosystems Engineering, Larisa, Greece
| | - Efthalia Kerasioti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Viopolis, 41500, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Karkanta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Viopolis, 41500, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Stagos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Viopolis, 41500, Greece
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Viopolis, 41500, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Petrotos
- Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Dept. of Biosystems Engineering, Larisa, Greece
| | - Christos Hadjichristodoulou
- Department of Medicine, Lab of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Thessaly, Larisa, Viopolis, 41500, Greece
| | - Andreas Tsakalof
- Department of Medicine, Lab of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Thessaly, Larisa, Viopolis, 41500, Greece
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Li X, Zhang X, Wu Y, Li B, Yang Y. Physiological and biochemical analysis of mechanisms underlying cadmium tolerance and accumulation in turnip. Plant Divers 2018; 40:19-27. [PMID: 30159537 PMCID: PMC6091934 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of plants to accumulate cadmium (Cd) is significant for phytoremediation of Cd-polluted soils. Turnips cultivated in China include species featuring high Cd accumulation and some of these plants act as Cd hyperaccumulator landraces. These plants can accumulate over 100 mg Cd kg-1 dry weight in leaves without injury. Hence, studies that explore mechanisms underlying Cd detoxification and transport in turnip plants are essential. In the present study, we compared physiological and biochemical changes in turnip leaves treated with two Cd concentrations to controls. We discovered that Cd stress significantly increased the enzymatic activities or compound contents in the antioxidant system, including members of the glutathione-ascorbic acid cycle, whereas oxidation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) remained stable. Cd treatments also increased the contents of phytochelatins as well as a number of amino acids. Based on these results, we conclude that turnips initiate a series of response processes to manage Cd treatment. First, the antioxidant system maintaining ROS homeostasis and osmotic adjustment is excited to maintain stability of cell osmotic potential. Cd is chelated into its stable form to reduce its toxicity. Cd is possibly transported to vacuoles or non-protoplasts for isolation. Amino acid synthesis may directly and indirectly play an important role in these processes. This study partly revealed physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying turnip response to Cd stress and provides information on artificially increasing or decreasing Cd accumulation in turnips and other plants.
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Key Words
- APX, ascorbate peroxidase
- Antioxidant system
- AsA, ascorbic acid
- CAT, catalase
- Cadmium
- Cd, cadmium
- DHAR, dehydroascorbate reductase
- DW, dry weight
- Detoxification
- FW, fresh weight
- GR, glutathione reductase
- GSH, glutathione
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- HM, heavy metal
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- Ni, nickel
- O2-, superoxide anion
- PCs, phytochelatins
- POD, peroxidase
- Phytochelatin
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TCA, trichloroacetic acid
- Turnip
- Zn, zinc
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Li
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- China Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- China Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuansheng Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Boqun Li
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- China Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yongping Yang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- China Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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