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Miyamoto HD, Ikeda M, Ide T, Tadokoro T, Furusawa S, Abe K, Ishimaru K, Enzan N, Sada M, Yamamoto T, Matsushima S, Koumura T, Yamada KI, Imai H, Tsutsui H. Iron Overload via Heme Degradation in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Triggers Ferroptosis in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:800-819. [PMID: 36061338 PMCID: PMC9436815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a promising therapeutic target to improve clinical outcomes after acute myocardial infarction. Ferroptosis, triggered by iron overload and excessive lipid peroxides, is reportedly involved in I/R injury. However, its significance and mechanistic basis remain unclear. Here, we show that glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4), a key endogenous suppressor of ferroptosis, determines the susceptibility to myocardial I/R injury. Importantly, ferroptosis is a major mode of cell death in I/R injury, distinct from mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis. This suggests that the use of therapeutics targeting both modes is an effective strategy to further reduce the infarct size and thereby ameliorate cardiac remodeling after I/R injury. Furthermore, we demonstrate that heme oxygenase 1 up-regulation in response to hypoxia and hypoxia/reoxygenation degrades heme and thereby induces iron overload and ferroptosis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of cardiomyocytes. Collectively, ferroptosis triggered by GPx4 reduction and iron overload in the ER is distinct from MPT-driven necrosis in both in vivo phenotype and in vitro mechanism for I/R injury. The use of therapeutics targeting ferroptosis in conjunction with cyclosporine A can be a promising strategy for I/R injury.
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Key Words
- AMI, acute myocardial infarction
- CsA, cyclosporine A
- CypD, cyclophilin D
- DXZ, dexrazoxane
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- Fer-1, ferrostatin-1
- GPx4, glutathione peroxidase 4
- H/R, hypoxia-reoxygenation
- HF, heart failure
- HO-1, heme oxygenase 1
- I/R, ischemia-reperfusion
- LP, lipid peroxide
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- MPT-driven necrosis
- RCD, regulated cell death
- STEMI, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
- cyclosporine A
- ferroptosis
- glutathione peroxidase 4
- ischemia-reperfusion injury
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Deguchi Miyamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masataka Ikeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ide
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomonori Tadokoro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shun Furusawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ko Abe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kosei Ishimaru
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Enzan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masashi Sada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taishi Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shouji Matsushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Koumura
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry and Medical Research Laboratories, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Yamada
- Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Imai
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry and Medical Research Laboratories, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Jaeschke H, Adelusi OB, Akakpo JY, Nguyen NT, Sanchez-Guerrero G, Umbaugh DS, Ding WX, Ramachandran A. Recommendations for the use of the acetaminophen hepatotoxicity model for mechanistic studies and how to avoid common pitfalls. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3740-3755. [PMID: 35024303 PMCID: PMC8727921 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug, which is safe at therapeutic doses but can cause severe liver injury and even liver failure after overdoses. The mouse model of APAP hepatotoxicity recapitulates closely the human pathophysiology. As a result, this clinically relevant model is frequently used to study mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury and even more so to test potential therapeutic interventions. However, the complexity of the model requires a thorough understanding of the pathophysiology to obtain valid results and mechanistic information that is translatable to the clinic. However, many studies using this model are flawed, which jeopardizes the scientific and clinical relevance. The purpose of this review is to provide a framework of the model where mechanistically sound and clinically relevant data can be obtained. The discussion provides insight into the injury mechanisms and how to study it including the critical roles of drug metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, necrotic cell death, autophagy and the sterile inflammatory response. In addition, the most frequently made mistakes when using this model are discussed. Thus, considering these recommendations when studying APAP hepatotoxicity will facilitate the discovery of more clinically relevant interventions.
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Key Words
- AIF, apoptosis-inducing factor
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- APAP, acetaminophen
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- ATG, autophagy-related genes
- Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity
- Apoptosis
- Autophagy
- BSO, buthionine sulfoximine
- CAD, caspase-activated DNase
- CYP, cytochrome P450 enzymes
- DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns
- DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide
- Drug metabolism
- EndoG, endonuclease G
- FSP1, ferroptosis suppressing protein 1
- Ferroptosis
- GPX4, glutathione peroxidase 4
- GSH, glutathione
- GSSG, glutathione disulfide
- Gclc, glutamate–cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
- Gclm, glutamate–cysteine ligase modifier subunit
- HMGB1, high mobility group box protein 1
- HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal
- Innate immunity
- JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase
- KEAP1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- LAMP, lysosomal-associated membrane protein
- LC3, light chain 3
- LOOH, lipid hydroperoxides
- LPO, lipid peroxidation
- MAP kinase, mitogen activated protein kinase
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- Mitochondria
- MnSOD, manganese superoxide dismutase
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- NAPQI, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κB
- NQO1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1
- NRF2
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SMAC/DIABLO, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein with low pI
- TLR, toll like receptor
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
- UGT, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Olamide B Adelusi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jephte Y Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Nga T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Giselle Sanchez-Guerrero
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - David S Umbaugh
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Iruzubieta P, Goikoetxea-Usandizaga N, Barbier-Torres L, Serrano-Maciá M, Fernández-Ramos D, Fernández-Tussy P, Gutiérrez-de-Juan V, Lachiondo-Ortega S, Simon J, Bravo M, Lopitz-Otsoa F, Robles M, Ferre-Aracil C, Varela-Rey M, Elguezabal N, Calleja JL, Lu SC, Milkiewicz M, Milkiewicz P, Anguita J, Monte MJ, Marin JJ, López-Hoyos M, Delgado TC, Rincón M, Crespo J, Martínez-Chantar ML. Boosting mitochondria activity by silencing MCJ overcomes cholestasis-induced liver injury. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100276. [PMID: 33997750 PMCID: PMC8099785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mitochondria are the major organelles for the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell, and mitochondrial dysfunction has been described as a key factor in the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver disease. The methylation-controlled J-protein (MCJ) is a mitochondrial protein that interacts with and represses the function of complex I of the electron transport chain. The relevance of MCJ in the pathology of cholestasis has not yet been explored. METHODS We studied the relationship between MCJ and cholestasis-induced liver injury in liver biopsies from patients with chronic cholestatic liver diseases, and in livers and primary hepatocytes obtained from WT and MCJ-KO mice. Bile duct ligation (BDL) was used as an animal model of cholestasis, and primary hepatocytes were treated with toxic doses of bile acids. We evaluated the effect of MCJ silencing for the treatment of cholestasis-induced liver injury. RESULTS Elevated levels of MCJ were detected in the liver tissue of patients with chronic cholestatic liver disease when compared with normal liver tissue. Likewise, in mouse models, the hepatic levels of MCJ were increased. After BDL, MCJ-KO animals showed significantly decreased inflammation and apoptosis. In an in vitro model of bile-acid induced toxicity, we observed that the loss of MCJ protected mouse primary hepatocytes from bile acid-induced mitochondrial ROS overproduction and ATP depletion, enabling higher cell viability. Finally, the in vivo inhibition of the MCJ expression, following BDL, showed reduced liver injury and a mitigation of the main cholestatic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that MCJ is involved in the progression of cholestatic liver injury, and our results identified MCJ as a potential therapeutic target to mitigate the liver injury caused by cholestasis. LAY SUMMARY In this study, we examine the effect of mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibition by MCJ on bile acid-induced liver toxicity. The loss of MCJ protects hepatocytes against apoptosis, mitochondrial ROS overproduction, and ATP depletion as a result of bile acid toxicity. Our results identify MCJ as a potential therapeutic target to mitigate liver injury in cholestatic liver diseases.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AMA-M2, antimitochondrial M2 antibody
- ANA, antinuclear antibodies
- APRI, AST to platelet ratio index
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Abs, antibodies
- BA, bile acid
- BAX, BCL2 associated X
- BCL-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- BCL-Xl, B-cell lymphoma-extra large
- BDL, bile duct ligation
- Bile duct ligation
- CLD, cholestatic liver disease
- Ccl2, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2
- Ccr2, C-C motif chemokine receptor 2
- Ccr5, C-C motif chemokine receptor 5
- Cholestasis
- Cxcl1, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1
- Cyp7α1, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- ETC, electron transport chain
- Ezh2, enhancer of zeste homolog 2
- Fxr, farnesoid X receptor
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GCDCA, glycochenodeoxycholic acid
- HSC, hepatic stellate cells
- Hif-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- KO, knockout
- LSM, liver stiffness
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCJ
- MCJ, methylation-controlled J
- MLKL, mixed-lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase
- MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- Mitochondria
- Nrf1, nuclear respiratory factor 1
- PARP, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase
- PBC, primary biliary cholangitis
- PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis
- Pgc1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha
- Pgc1β, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-beta
- ROS
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RT, room temperature
- SDH2, succinate dehydrogenase
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- Tfam, transcription factor A mitochondrial
- Trail, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- Ucp2, uncoupling protein 2
- VCTE, vibration-controlled transient elastography
- WT, wild-type
- mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid
- p-JNK, phosphor-JNK
- p-MLKL, phosphor-MLKL
- shRNA, small hairpin RNA
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
- tBIL, total bilirubin
- α-SMA, alpha-smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Iruzubieta
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Clinical and Translational Digestive Research Group, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Naroa Goikoetxea-Usandizaga
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Lucía Barbier-Torres
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marina Serrano-Maciá
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - David Fernández-Ramos
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Pablo Fernández-Tussy
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Virginia Gutiérrez-de-Juan
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Sofia Lachiondo-Ortega
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jorge Simon
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Miren Bravo
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Fernando Lopitz-Otsoa
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Robles
- Liver Unit, Vírgen de Victoria University Hospital, Gastroenterology Service and Department of Medicine, University of Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Carlos Ferre-Aracil
- Liver Unit, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, IDIPHISA, CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Varela-Rey
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Natalia Elguezabal
- Departmento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Spain
| | - José Luis Calleja
- Liver Unit, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, IDIPHISA, CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
| | - Shelly C. Lu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Piotr Milkiewicz
- Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Juan Anguita
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Derio, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - María J. Monte
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José J.G. Marin
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marcos López-Hoyos
- Immunology Department, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Teresa C. Delgado
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Rincón
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Javier Crespo
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Clinical and Translational Digestive Research Group, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - María Luz Martínez-Chantar
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
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Anand AC, Nandi B, Acharya SK, Arora A, Babu S, Batra Y, Chawla YK, Chowdhury A, Chaoudhuri A, Eapen EC, Devarbhavi H, Dhiman R, Datta Gupta S, Duseja A, Jothimani D, Kapoor D, Kar P, Khuroo MS, Kumar A, Madan K, Mallick B, Maiwall R, Mohan N, Nagral A, Nath P, Panigrahi SC, Pawar A, Philips CA, Prahraj D, Puri P, Rastogi A, Saraswat VA, Saigal S, Shalimar, Shukla A, Singh SP, Verghese T, Wadhawan M. Indian National Association for the Study of the Liver Consensus Statement on Acute Liver Failure (Part 1): Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Presentation and Prognosis. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2020; 10:339-376. [PMID: 32655238 PMCID: PMC7335721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is an infrequent, unpredictable, potentially fatal complication of acute liver injury (ALI) consequent to varied etiologies. Etiologies of ALF as reported in the literature have regional differences, which affects the clinical presentation and natural course. In this part of the consensus article designed to reflect the clinical practices in India, disease burden, epidemiology, clinical presentation, monitoring, and prognostication have been discussed. In India, viral hepatitis is the most frequent cause of ALF, with drug-induced hepatitis due to antituberculosis drugs being the second most frequent cause. The clinical presentation of ALF is characterized by jaundice, coagulopathy, and encephalopathy. It is important to differentiate ALF from other causes of liver failure, including acute on chronic liver failure, subacute liver failure, as well as certain tropical infections which can mimic this presentation. The disease often has a fulminant clinical course with high short-term mortality. Death is usually attributable to cerebral complications, infections, and resultant multiorgan failure. Timely liver transplantation (LT) can change the outcome, and hence, it is vital to provide intensive care to patients until LT can be arranged. It is equally important to assess prognosis to select patients who are suitable for LT. Several prognostic scores have been proposed, and their comparisons show that indigenously developed dynamic scores have an edge over scores described from the Western world. Management of ALF will be described in part 2 of this document.
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Key Words
- ACLF, acute on chronic liver failure
- AFLP, acute fatty liver of pregnancy
- AKI, Acute kidney injury
- ALF, Acute liver failure
- ALFED, Acute Liver Failure Early Dynamic
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- ANA, antinuclear antibody
- AP, Alkaline phosphatase
- APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time
- ASM, alternative system of medicine
- ASMA, antismooth muscle antibody
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- ATN, Acute tubular necrosis
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- ATT, anti-TB therapy
- AUROC, Area under the receiver operating characteristics curve
- BCS, Budd-Chiari syndrome
- BMI, body mass index
- CBF, cerebral blood flow
- CBFV, cerebral blood flow volume
- CE, cerebral edema
- CHBV, chronic HBV
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- CNS, central nervous system
- CPI, clinical prognostic indicator
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- DAMPs, Damage-associated molecular patterns
- DILI, drug-induced liver injury
- EBV, Epstein-Barr virus
- ETCO2, End tidal CO2
- GRADE, Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation
- HAV, hepatitis A virus
- HBV, Hepatitis B virus
- HELLP, hemolysis
- HEV, hepatitis E virus
- HLH, Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
- HSV, herpes simplex virus
- HV, hepatic vein
- HVOTO, hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction
- IAHG, International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group
- ICH, intracerebral hypertension
- ICP, intracerebral pressure
- ICU, intensive care unit
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IND-ALF, ALF of indeterminate etiology
- INDILI, Indian Network for DILI
- KCC, King's College Criteria
- LC, liver cirrhosis
- LDLT, living donor liver transplantation
- LT, liver transplantation
- MAP, mean arterial pressure
- MHN, massive hepatic necrosis
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference
- NAPQI, n-acetyl-p-benzo-quinone-imine
- NPV, negative predictive value
- NWI, New Wilson's Index
- ONSD, optic nerve sheath diameter
- PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PELD, Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease
- PPV, positive predictive value
- PT, prothrombin time
- RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
- SHF, subacute hepatic failure
- SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome
- SNS, sympathetic nervous system
- TB, tuberculosis
- TCD, transcranial Doppler
- TGF, tumor growth factor
- TJLB, transjugular liver biopsy
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TSFT, triceps skin fold thickness
- US, ultrasound
- USALF, US Acute Liver Failure
- VZV, varicella-zoster virus
- WD, Wilson disease
- Wilson disease (WD)
- YP, yellow phosphorus
- acute liver failure
- autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)
- drug-induced liver injury
- elevated liver enzymes, low platelets
- sALI, severe acute liver injury
- viral hepatitis
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil C. Anand
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kaliga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Bhaskar Nandi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sarvodaya Hospital and Research Centre, Faridababd, Haryana, India
| | - Subrat K. Acharya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, KIIT University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751 024, India
| | - Anil Arora
- Institute of Liver Gastroenterology &Pancreatico Biliary Sciences, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110 060, India
| | - Sethu Babu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad 500003, India
| | - Yogesh Batra
- Department of Gastroenterology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, SaritaVihar, New Delhi, 110 076, India
| | - Yogesh K. Chawla
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Kushabhadra Campus (KIIT Campus-5), Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751 024, India
| | - Abhijit Chowdhury
- Department of Hepatology, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, 700020, India
| | - Ashok Chaoudhuri
- Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, D-1 Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
| | - Eapen C. Eapen
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Harshad Devarbhavi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - RadhaKrishan Dhiman
- Department of Hepatology, Post graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | - Siddhartha Datta Gupta
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Post graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | - Dinesh Jothimani
- Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Dr Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Chrompet, Chennai, 600044, India
| | | | - Premashish Kar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Vaishali, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 012, India
| | - Mohamad S. Khuroo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dr Khuroo’ S Medical Clinic, Srinagar, Kashmir, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Institute of Liver Gastroenterology &Pancreatico Biliary Sciences, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110 060, India
| | - Kaushal Madan
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Max Smart Super Specialty Hospital, Saket, New Delhi, India
| | - Bipadabhanjan Mallick
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Rakhi Maiwall
- Hepatology Incharge Liver Intensive Care, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, D-1 Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
| | - Neelam Mohan
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Liver Transplantation, Medanta – the Medicity Hospital, Sector – 38, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Aabha Nagral
- Department of Gastroenterology, Apollo and Jaslok Hospital & Research Centre, 15, Dr Deshmukh Marg, Pedder Road, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400 026, India
| | - Preetam Nath
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kaliga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Sarat C. Panigrahi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kaliga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Ankush Pawar
- Liver & Digestive Diseases Institute, Fortis Escorts Hospital, Okhla Road, New Delhi, 110 025, India
| | - Cyriac A. Philips
- The Liver Unit and Monarch Liver Lab, Cochin Gastroenterology Group, Ernakulam Medical Centre, Kochi, 682028, Kerala, India
| | - Dibyalochan Prahraj
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kaliga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Pankaj Puri
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Fortis Escorts Liver & Digestive Diseases Institute (FELDI), Fortis Escorts Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Amit Rastogi
- Department of Liver Transplantation, Medanta – the MedicityHospital, Sector – 38, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Vivek A. Saraswat
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raibareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 014, India
| | - Sanjiv Saigal
- Department of Hepatology, Department of Liver Transplantation, India
| | - Shalimar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 29, India
| | - Akash Shukla
- Department of Gastroenterology, LTM Medical College & Sion Hospital, India
| | - Shivaram P. Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Dock Road, Manglabag, Cuttack, Odisha, 753 007, India
| | - Thomas Verghese
- Department of Gastroenterology, Government Medical College, Kozikhode, India
| | - Manav Wadhawan
- Institute of Liver & Digestive Diseases and Head of Hepatology & Liver Transplant (Medicine), BLK Super Speciality Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - The INASL Task-Force on Acute Liver Failure
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kaliga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sarvodaya Hospital and Research Centre, Faridababd, Haryana, India
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, KIIT University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751 024, India
- Institute of Liver Gastroenterology &Pancreatico Biliary Sciences, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110 060, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad 500003, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, SaritaVihar, New Delhi, 110 076, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Kushabhadra Campus (KIIT Campus-5), Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751 024, India
- Department of Hepatology, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, 700020, India
- Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, D-1 Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, 560034, India
- Department of Hepatology, Post graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110 029, India
- Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Dr Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Chrompet, Chennai, 600044, India
- Gleneagles Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Vaishali, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 012, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dr Khuroo’ S Medical Clinic, Srinagar, Kashmir, India
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Max Smart Super Specialty Hospital, Saket, New Delhi, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
- Hepatology Incharge Liver Intensive Care, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, D-1 Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Liver Transplantation, Medanta – the Medicity Hospital, Sector – 38, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, Apollo and Jaslok Hospital & Research Centre, 15, Dr Deshmukh Marg, Pedder Road, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400 026, India
- Liver & Digestive Diseases Institute, Fortis Escorts Hospital, Okhla Road, New Delhi, 110 025, India
- The Liver Unit and Monarch Liver Lab, Cochin Gastroenterology Group, Ernakulam Medical Centre, Kochi, 682028, Kerala, India
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Fortis Escorts Liver & Digestive Diseases Institute (FELDI), Fortis Escorts Hospital, Delhi, India
- Department of Liver Transplantation, Medanta – the MedicityHospital, Sector – 38, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raibareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 014, India
- Department of Hepatology, Department of Liver Transplantation, India
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 29, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, LTM Medical College & Sion Hospital, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Dock Road, Manglabag, Cuttack, Odisha, 753 007, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, Government Medical College, Kozikhode, India
- Institute of Liver & Digestive Diseases and Head of Hepatology & Liver Transplant (Medicine), BLK Super Speciality Hospital, Delhi, India
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Qi S, Guo L, Yan S, Lee RJ, Yu S, Chen S. Hypocrellin A-based photodynamic action induces apoptosis in A549 cells through ROS-mediated mitochondrial signaling pathway. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:279-293. [PMID: 30972277 PMCID: PMC6437636 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent decades, many studies have reported that hypocrellin A (HA) can eliminate cancer cells with proper irradiation in several cancer cell lines. However, the precise molecular mechanism underlying its anticancer effect has not been fully defined. HA-mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells were evaluated after photodynamic therapy (PDT). A temporal quantitative proteomics approach by isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) 2D liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric (LC–MS/MS) was introduced to help clarify molecular cytotoxic mechanisms and identify candidate targets of HA-induced apoptotic cell death. Specific caspase inhibitors were used to further elucidate the molecular pathway underlying apoptosis in PDT-treated A549 cells. Finally, down-stream apoptosis-related protein was evaluated. Apoptosis induced by HA was associated with cell shrinkage, externalization of cell membrane phosphatidylserine, DNA fragmentation, and mitochondrial disruption, which were preceded by increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generations. Further studies showed that PDT treatment with 0.08 µmol/L HA resulted in mitochondrial disruption, pronounced release of cytochrome c, and activation of caspase-3, -9, and -7. Together, HA may be a possible therapeutic agent directed toward mitochondria and a promising photodynamic anticancer candidate for further evaluation.
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Key Words
- ACN, acetonitrile
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning confocal microscopy
- DCFH-DA, 2′,7′-dichlorofuorescin diacetate
- DMEM, Dulbecco׳s modified Eagle׳s medium
- Dox, doxorubicin
- ECL, enhanced chemiluminescence
- FCCP, carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone
- FDR, false discovery rate
- GO, gene ontology
- HA, hypocrellin A
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- Hypocrellin A
- IAA, iodoacetamide
- IKK, IκB kinase complex
- JC-1, 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethyl-benzimidazolcarbocyanine iodide
- LC–MS/MS
- MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- NAC, N-acetyl-l-cysteine
- OCR, oxygen consumption rate
- PDT, photodynamic therapy
- PI, propidium iodide
- PS, photosensitizer
- Photodynamic therapy
- Proteomic
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Reactive oxygen species
- SCX, strong cation exchange
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicinal
- TEM, transmission electron microscope
- TFA, trifluoroacetic acid
- UA, urea
- iTRAQ
- iTRAQ, isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation
- z-IETD-fmk, z-Ile-Glu-Asp-fluoromethylketone
- z-LEHD-fmk, z-Leu-Glu(OMe)-His-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone
- z-VAD-fmk, z-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Qi
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- College of Pharmacy, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lingyuan Guo
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuzhen Yan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Robert J. Lee
- College of Pharmacy, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shuqin Yu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 25 8559 1050.
| | - Shuanglin Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 25 8589 1265.
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6
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Abstract
Mitochondria are functionally versatile organelles. In addition to their conventional role of meeting the cell's energy requirements, mitochondria also actively regulate innate immune responses against infectious and sterile insults. Components of mitochondria, when released or exposed in response to dysfunction or damage, can be directly recognized by receptors of the innate immune system and trigger an immune response. In addition, despite initiation that may be independent from mitochondria, numerous innate immune responses are still subject to mitochondrial regulation as discrete steps of their signaling cascades occur on mitochondria or require mitochondrial components. Finally, mitochondrial metabolites and the metabolic state of the mitochondria within an innate immune cell modulate the precise immune response and shape the direction and character of that cell's response to stimuli. Together, these pathways result in a nuanced and very specific regulation of innate immune responses by mitochondria.
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Key Words
- ASC, Apoptosis Associated Speck like protein containing CARD
- ASK1, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1
- ATP, adenosine tri-phosphate
- CAPS, cryopyrin associated periodic syndromes
- CARD, caspase activation and recruitment domain
- CL, cardiolipin
- CLR, C-type lectin receptor
- CREB, cAMP response element binding protein
- Cgas, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase
- DAMP, damage associated molecular pattern
- ESCIT, evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in the toll pathway
- ETC, electron transport chain
- FPR, formyl peptide receptor
- HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor
- HMGB1, high mobility group box protein 1
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- JNK, cJUN NH2-terminal kinase
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LRR, leucine rich repeat
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MARCH5, membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 5
- MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral signaling
- MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein
- MFN1/2, mitofusin
- MOMP, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88
- NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NBD, nucleotide binding domain
- NFκB, Nuclear factor κ B
- NLR, NOD like receptor
- NOD, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- PAMP, pathogen associated molecular pattern
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-accelerated receptor
- PRRs, pathogen recognition receptors
- RIG-I, retinoic acid inducible gene I
- RLR, retinoic acid inducible gene like receptor
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- STING, stimulator of interferon gene
- TAK1, transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1
- TANK, TRAF family member-associated NFκB activator
- TBK1, TANK Binding Kinase 1
- TCA, Tri-carboxylic acid
- TFAM, mitochondrial transcription factor A
- TLR, Toll Like Receptor
- TRAF6, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6
- TRIF, TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon β
- TUFM, Tu translation elongation factor.
- fMet, N-formylated methionine
- mROS, mitochondrial ROS
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
- n-fp, n-formyl peptides
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Abstract
Mitochondria are functionally versatile organelles. In addition to their conventional role of meeting the cell's energy requirements, mitochondria also actively regulate innate immune responses against infectious and sterile insults. Components of mitochondria, when released or exposed in response to dysfunction or damage, can be directly recognized by receptors of the innate immune system and trigger an immune response. In addition, despite initiation that may be independent from mitochondria, numerous innate immune responses are still subject to mitochondrial regulation as discrete steps of their signaling cascades occur on mitochondria or require mitochondrial components. Finally, mitochondrial metabolites and the metabolic state of the mitochondria within an innate immune cell modulate the precise immune response and shape the direction and character of that cell's response to stimuli. Together, these pathways result in a nuanced and very specific regulation of innate immune responses by mitochondria.
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Key Words
- ASC, Apoptosis Associated Speck like protein containing CARD
- ASK1, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1
- ATP, adenosine tri-phosphate
- CAPS, cryopyrin associated periodic syndromes
- CARD, caspase activation and recruitment domain
- CL, cardiolipin
- CLR, C-type lectin receptor
- CREB, cAMP response element binding protein
- Cgas, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase
- DAMP, damage associated molecular pattern
- ESCIT, evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in the toll pathway
- ETC, electron transport chain
- FPR, formyl peptide receptor
- HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor
- HMGB1, high mobility group box protein 1
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- JNK, cJUN NH2-terminal kinase
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LRR, leucine rich repeat
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MARCH5, membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 5
- MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral signaling
- MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein
- MFN1/2, mitofusin
- MOMP, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88
- NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NBD, nucleotide binding domain
- NFκB, Nuclear factor κ B
- NLR, NOD like receptor
- NOD, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- PAMP, pathogen associated molecular pattern
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-accelerated receptor
- PRRs, pathogen recognition receptors
- RIG-I, retinoic acid inducible gene I
- RLR, retinoic acid inducible gene like receptor
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- STING, stimulator of interferon gene
- TAK1, transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1
- TANK, TRAF family member-associated NFκB activator
- TBK1, TANK Binding Kinase 1
- TCA, Tri-carboxylic acid
- TFAM, mitochondrial transcription factor A
- TLR, Toll Like Receptor
- TRAF6, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6
- TRIF, TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon β
- TUFM, Tu translation elongation factor.
- fMet, N-formylated methionine
- mROS, mitochondrial ROS
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
- n-fp, n-formyl peptides
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Banoth
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Suzanne L Cassel
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
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8
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Abstract
Reperfusion of ischemic myocardium is crucial for salvaging myocardial cells from ischemic cell death. However, reperfusion itself induces various deleterious effects on the ischemic myocardium. These effects, known collectively as reperfusion injury, comprise stunned myocardium, reperfusion-induced arrhythmia, microvascular reperfusion injury, and lethal reperfusion injury. No approach has proven successful in preventing any of these injuries in the clinical setting. My colleagues and I recently proposed a new postconditioning protocol, postconditioning with lactate-enriched blood (PCLeB), for the prevention of reperfusion injury. This new approach consists of intermittent reperfusion and timely coronary injections of lactated Ringer's solution, aiming to achieve controlled reperfusion with cellular oxygenation and minimal lactate washout from the cells. This approach appeared to be effective in preventing all types of reperfusion injury in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and we have already reported excellent in-hospital outcomes of patients with STEMI treated using PCLeB. In this review article, I discuss a possible mechanism of reperfusion injury, which we believe to be valid and which we targeted using this new approach, and I report how the approach worked in preventing each type of reperfusion injury.
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Key Words
- CAG, coronary angiography
- CK, creatine kinase
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- ECG, electrocardiography
- Lactate
- MI, myocardial infarction
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- No-reflow phenomenon
- PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention
- PCLeB, postconditioning with lactate-enriched blood
- PVC, premature ventricular contraction
- Postconditioning
- Reperfusion arrhythmia
- ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
- STEMI, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
- Stunning
- TIMI, thrombolysis in myocardial infarction
- VF, ventricular fibrillation
- VT, ventricular tachycardia
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Koyama
- Cardiology Department, Saitama Municipal Hospital, 2460 Mimuro, Midori-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 336-8522, Japan
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Shi X, Osaki H, Matsunomoto Y, Fujita C, Shinohe D, Ashida N, Choi H, Ohta Y. Partial contribution of mitochondrial permeability transition to t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced cell death. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:33-38. [PMID: 28955886 PMCID: PMC5613252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) is thought to determine cell death under oxidative stress. However, MPT inhibitors only partially suppress oxidative stress-induced cell death. Here, we demonstrate that cells in which MPT is inhibited undergo cell death under oxidative stress. When C6 cells were exposed to 250 μM t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH), the loss of a membrane potential-sensitive dye (tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester, TMRE) from mitochondria was observed, indicating mitochondrial depolarization leading to cell death. The fluorescence of calcein entrapped in mitochondria prior to addition of t-BuOOH was significantly decreased to 70% after mitochondrial depolarization. Cyclosporin A suppressed the decrease in mitochondrial calcein fluorescence, but not mitochondrial depolarization. These results show that t-BuOOH induced cell death even when it did not induce MPT. Prior to MPT, lactate production and respiration were hampered. Taken together, these data indicate that the decreased turnover rate of glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration may be as vital as MPT for cell death induced under moderate oxidative stress. Cell death was induced in C6 cells by 250 μM t-BuOOH. Mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) occurred before cell death. MPT was confirmed by observing calcein fluorescence in mitochondria. MPT inhibition did not prevent depolarization of mitochondria and cell death. Contribution of MPT to cell death is partial under moderate oxidative stress.
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Key Words
- AM, acetoxymethyl ester
- Cell death
- CsA, cyclosporin A
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- HBS, HEPES-buffered saline
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- Mitochondria
- Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
- Oxidative stress
- PPIase, peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TMRE, tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester
- t-BuOOH, t-butyl hydroperoxide
- t-butyl hydroperoxide
- ΔΨm, mitochondrial membrane potential
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Shi
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hikaru Osaki
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matsunomoto
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Chisako Fujita
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shinohe
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Naoko Ashida
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hyunjin Choi
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ohta
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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10
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Jiang LB, Cao L, Yin XF, Yasen M, Yishake M, Dong J, Li XL. Activation of autophagy via Ca(2+)-dependent AMPK/mTOR pathway in rat notochordal cells is a cellular adaptation under hyperosmotic stress. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:867-79. [PMID: 25590373 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1004946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleus pulposus (NP) cells experience hyperosmotic stress in spinal discs; however, how these cells can survive in the hostile microenvironment remains unclear. Autophagy has been suggested to maintain cellular homeostasis under different stresses by degrading the cytoplasmic proteins and organelles. Here, we explored whether autophagy is a cellular adaptation in rat notochordal cells under hyperosmotic stress. Hyperosmotic stress was found to activate autophagy in a dose- and time-dependent manner. SQSTM1/P62 expression was decreased as the autophagy level increased. Transient Ca(2+) influx from intracellular stores and extracellular space was stimulated by hyperosmotic stress. Activation of AMPK and inhibition of p70S6K were observed under hyperosmotic conditions. However, intercellular Ca(2+) chelation inhibited the increase of LC3-II and partly reversed the decrease of p70S6K. Hyperosmotic stress decreased cell viability and promoted apoptosis. Inhibition of autophagy led to SQSTM1/P62 accumulation, reduced cell viability, and accelerated apoptosis in notochordal cells under this condition. These evidences suggest that autophagy induction via the Ca(2+)-dependent AMPK/mTOR pathway might occur as an adaptation mechanism for notochordal cells under hyperosmotic stress. Thus, activating autophagy might be a promising approach to improve viability of notochordal cells in intervertebral discs.
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Key Words
- AMPK, AMP activated Protein Kinase
- Adaptation
- Apoptosis
- Autophagy
- BAPTA-AM, bis-(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid, tetra(acetoxymethyl) ester
- DAPI, 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGTA, ethyleneglycol-bis (2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′, N-tetraacetic acid
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- Hyperosmotic stress
- IDD, Intervertebral disc degeneration
- JC-1, 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolyl-carbocyanine iodide
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MDC, Monodansylcadaverine
- MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- NP, nucleus pulposus
- Notochordal cells
- OD, optical density
- PI, propidium iodide
- PLC, phospholipase C
- SQSTM1, Sequestosome-1
- TRPV4, Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4
- fluo3-AM, fluo3 acetoximethylester
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bo Jiang
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Zhongshan Hospital ; Fudan University ; Shanghai , China
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11
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Abstract
Alavian and colleagues recently provided further evidence in support of the notion that the c subunit of the mitochondrial F1FO ATP synthase constitutes the long-sought pore-forming unit of the supramolecular complex responsible for the so-called 'mitochondrial permeability transition' (MPT). Besides shedding new light on the molecular mechanisms that underlie the MPT, these findings corroborate the notion that several components of the cell death machinery, including cytochrome c and the F1FO ATP synthase, mediate critical metabolic activities.
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Key Words
- AIFM1, apoptosis-inducing factor mitochondrion-associated, 1
- ATP5G, ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial FO complex, subunit C
- BCL-XL
- CYPD cyclophilin D
- CYTC holocytochrome c
- CsA, cyclosporin A
- IMM, inner mitochondrial membrane
- MCU, mitochondrial calcium uniporter
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- PPIF, peptidylprolyl isomerase F
- PTPC, permeability transition pore complex
- RCD, regulated cell death
- SMV, submitochondrial vesicle.
- apoptosis
- cyclophilin D
- cyclosporin A
- necrosis
- permeability transition pore complex
- Δψm; mitochondrial transmembrane potential
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bonora
- a Section of Pathology , Oncology and Experimental Biology ; Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA); Department of Morphology , Surgery and Experimental Medicine ; University of Ferrara ; Ferrara , Italy
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Aldridge DR, Tranah EJ, Shawcross DL. Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy: role of ammonia and systemic inflammation. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2015; 5:S7-S20. [PMID: 26041962 PMCID: PMC4442852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The syndrome we refer to as Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE) was first characterized by a team of Nobel Prize winning physiologists led by Pavlov and Nencki at the Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine in Russia in the 1890's. This focused upon the key observation that performing a portocaval shunt, which bypassed nitrogen-rich blood away from the liver, induced elevated blood and brain ammonia concentrations in association with profound neurobehavioral changes. There exists however a spectrum of metabolic encephalopathies attributable to a variety (or even absence) of liver hepatocellular dysfunctions and it is this spectrum rather than a single disease entity that has come to be defined as HE. Differences in the underlying pathophysiology, treatment responses and outcomes can therefore be highly variable between acute and chronic HE. The term also fails to articulate quite how systemic the syndrome of HE can be and how it can be influenced by the gastrointestinal, renal, nervous, or immune systems without any change in background liver function. The pathogenesis of HE therefore encapsulates a complex network of interdependent organ systems which as yet remain poorly characterized. There is nonetheless a growing recognition that there is a complex but influential synergistic relationship between ammonia, inflammation (sterile and non-sterile) and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis HE which develops in an environment of functional immunoparesis in patients with liver dysfunction. Therapeutic strategies are thus moving further away from the traditional specialty of hepatology and more towards novel immune and inflammatory targets which will be discussed in this review.
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Key Words
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- AoCLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- CBF, cerebral blood flow
- CNS, central nervous system
- GS, glutamine synthetase
- HE, hepatic encephalopathy
- ICH, intracranial hypertension
- MHE, minimal hepatic encephalopathy
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- PAG, phosphate-activated glutaminase
- PTP, permeability transition pore
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- ammonia
- hepatic encephalopathy
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- infection
- inflammation
- systemic inflammatory response syndrome
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Debbie L. Shawcross
- Address for correspondence: Debbie L. Shawcross, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom. Tel.: +44 20 3299 3713; fax: +44 20 3299 3167.
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Kapoor R, Kakkar P. Naringenin accords hepatoprotection from streptozotocin induced diabetes in vivo by modulating mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptotic signaling cascade. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:569-581. [PMID: 28962270 PMCID: PMC5598533 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic complications cause noticeable liver damage, which finally progresses to diabetic hepatopathy. Nutritive antioxidants not only reduce the liver damage, but also prevent it by modulating the release of various proteins involved in apoptotic signaling cascades. This study explores the molecular mechanisms underlying diabetes-induced liver damage and its modulation by naringenin. Antioxidant status, liver & kidney biomarker enzymes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential, expression of apoptotic proteins like Bax (bcl-2 associated X), Bcl-2 (b-cell Lymhoma-2), Caspase-3, Caspase-9, AIF (Apoptosis inducing factor) and Endo-G (Endonuclease-G) were studied in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Significant hyperglycemia, disturbed antioxidant status, altered carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, increased ROS and lipid peroxidation; decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and enhanced release of AIF and Endo-G were observed. Hyperglycemia also affected apoptosis and its related genes at both transcriptional and translational level (Caspase-3 & 9, Bax and Bcl-2) in the liver of diabetic rats. Naringenin, a flavonone, exerted anti-hyperglycemic effect and was able to prevent oxidative stress and resultant apoptotic events caused due to diabetes-induced hepatotoxicity. Thus, our study shows, a protective effect of naringenin against diabetes induced liver damage and redox imbalance, which could further be exploited for the management of diabetic hepatopathy.
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Key Words
- AGE, advanced glycated end products
- AIF, apoptosis inducing factor
- Apoptosis
- Bax, bcl-2 associated X
- Bcl-2, b-cell Lymhoma-2
- CAT, catalase
- CoN, diabetic rats co-treated with naringenin during streptozotocin induction
- CtN, control rats treated with naringenin
- Ctrl, control rats
- DCF, dichlorofluorescein
- DCFH-DA, 2′7′dichlorofluorescein diacetate
- DNA,COX-II, cyclo-oxygenase-II
- Diab, diabetic rats
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- Endo-G, endonuclease-G
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- Glib, diabetic rats treated with standard drug glybenclamide
- Glibenclamide (PubChem CID: 3488)
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- JC-1, 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazol-carbocyanine iodide
- Liver damage
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- Mitochondrial dysfunction
- NADPH (PubChem CID: 12598259)
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced
- NBT, nitroblue tetrazolium
- Naringenin
- Naringenin (PubChem CID: 932)
- Nicotinamide (PubChem CID: 936)
- Oxidative stress
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PKC, protein kinase-C
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- PoN, diabetic rats treated with naringenin after diabetes induction
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RT-PCR, reverse transciptase polymerase chain reaction
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Sil, diabetic rats treated with silymarin
- Silymarin (PubChem CID: 1548894)
- Sodium dodecyl sulphate (PubChem CID: 3423265)
- Streptozotocin (PubChem CID: 29327)
- Streptozotocin induced diabetes
- Thiobarbituric acid (PubChem CID: 3081198)
- TriChloroacetic acid (PubChem CID: 6421)
- cDNA, complementary
- d-glucose (PubChem CID: 5793)
- p-NA, p-nitro aniline
- ΨΔm, mitochondrial membrane potential
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Poonam Kakkar
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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Ramappa V, Aithal GP. Hepatotoxicity Related to Anti-tuberculosis Drugs: Mechanisms and Management. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2013; 3:37-49. [PMID: 25755470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity is an intricate process involving both concurrent as well as sequential events determining the direction of the pathways, degree of liver injury and its outcome. Decades of clinical observation have identified a number of drug and host related factors that are associated with an increased risk of antituberculous drug-induced hepatotoxicity, although majority of the studies are retrospective with varied case definitions and sample sizes. Investigations on genetic susceptibility to hepatotoxicity have so far focused on formation and accumulation reactive metabolite as well as factors that contribute to cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms and the environment which can modulate the threshold for hepatocyte death secondary to oxidative stress. Recent advances in pharmacogenetics have promised the development of refined algorithms including drug, host and environmental risk factors that allow better tailoring of medications based on accurate estimates of risk-benefit ratio. Future investigations exploring the pathogenesis of hepatotoxicity should be performed using human tissue and samples whenever possible, so that the novel findings can be translated readily into clinical applications.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- ART, anti-retroviral therapy
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- ATS, American Thoracic Society
- BSEP, bile salt exporter pump
- BTB, broad complex, tramtrack, bric-a-brac domain
- BTS, British Thoracic Society
- CNC, cap‘n’collar type of basic region
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- DILI, drug-induced liver injury
- DOTS, directly observed short-course therapy
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- HAART, highly active anti-retroviral therapy
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- INH, isoniazid
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- MnSOD, manganese superoxide dismutase
- NAC, N-acetyl cysteine
- NAT2, N-acetyltransferase 2
- NICE, National Institute for Clinical Excellence
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2
- OR, odds ratio
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SH, sulfhydryl
- SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism
- TB, tuberculosis
- ULN, upper limit of normal range
- WHO, World Health Organization
- drug-induced liver injury
- genetic
- hepatotoxicity
- pathogenesis
- tuberculosis
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