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Velasque MJSG, Branchini G, Catarina AV, Bettoni L, Fernandes RS, Da Silva AF, Dorneles GP, da Silva IM, Santos MA, Sumienski J, Peres A, Roehe AV, Kohek MBDF, Porawski M, Nunes FB. Fish Oil - Omega-3 Exerts Protective Effect in Oxidative Stress and Liver Dysfunctions Resulting from Experimental Sepsis. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2023; 13:64-74. [PMID: 36647406 PMCID: PMC9840085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis is a severe global health problem, with high morbidity and mortality. In sepsis, one of the main affected organs is the liver. Hepatic alterations characterize a negative prognostic. Omega-3 fatty acids (ω3), eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid, are part of the main families of polyunsaturated fatty acids. ω3 has been used in studies as sepsis treatment and as a treatment for non-alcoholic liver disease. Aim We aimed to evaluate the effects of treatment with fish oil (FO) rich in ω3 on liver changes and damage resulting from experimental sepsis. Methodology A model of severe sepsis in Wistar rats was used. Oxidative stress in the liver tissue was evaluated by means of tests of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, 2,7-dihydrodichlorofluorescein diacetate , catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, in the serum TBARS, DCF, thiols and, to assess liver dysfunction, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Hepatic tissue damage was evaluated using H&E histology. Results In assessments of oxidative stress in liver tissue, a protective effect was observed in the tests of TBARS, DCF, CAT, and GPx, when compared the sepsis versus sepsis+ω3 groups. Regarding the oxidative stress in serum, a protective effect of treatment with ω3 was observed in the TBARS, DCF, and thiols assays, in the comparison between the sepsis and sepsis+ω3 groups. ω3 had also a beneficial effect on biochemical parameters in serum in the analysis of ALT, creatinine, urea, and lactate, observed in the comparison between the sepsis and sepsis+ω3 groups. Conclusion The results suggest ω3 as a liver protector during sepsis with an antioxidant effect, alleviating injuries and dysfunctions.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- CAT, catalase
- DCF, 2,7-dihydrodichlorofluorescein diacetate
- DHA, docosahexaenoic acid
- EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid
- FO, fish oil
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GTO, oxaloacetic transaminase
- GTP, pyruvic transaminase
- HE, Hematoxylin and Eosin
- ICON, Intensive Care Over Nations
- ICU, intensive care unit
- IFN- γ, interferon gamma
- Liver injury
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TBARS, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- antioxidant
- inflammation
- omega-3
- oxidative stress
- sepsis
- ω3, omega-3
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Soares Gonçalves Velasque
- Graduate Program in Pathology – Laboratory of Computational, Molecular, and Cellular Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil
| | - Gisele Branchini
- Graduate Program in Pathology – Laboratory of Computational, Molecular, and Cellular Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil
| | - Anderson V. Catarina
- Graduate Program in Pathology – Laboratory of Computational, Molecular, and Cellular Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil
| | - Lais Bettoni
- Graduate Program in Pathology – Laboratory of Computational, Molecular, and Cellular Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil
| | - Renata S. Fernandes
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences – Laboratory of Translational Physiology – Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil
| | | | - Gilson P. Dorneles
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology – Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil
| | - Igor Martins da Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology – Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil
| | - Maeli A. Santos
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology – Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil
| | - Juliana Sumienski
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil
| | - Alessandra Peres
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology – Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil
| | - Adriana V. Roehe
- Graduate Program in Pathology – Laboratory of Pathology – Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil
| | - Maria B. da Fonte Kohek
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology – Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil
| | - Marilene Porawski
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Metabolic Physiology – Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil
| | - Fernanda B. Nunes
- Graduate Program in Pathology – Laboratory of Computational, Molecular, and Cellular Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Cellular Biophysics - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil
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Shi J, Ju R, Gao H, Huang Y, Guo L, Zhang D. Targeting glutamine utilization to block metabolic adaptation of tumor cells under the stress of carboxyamidotriazole-induced nutrients unavailability. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:759-73. [PMID: 35256945 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells have unique metabolic programming that is biologically distinct from that of corresponding normal cells. Resetting tumor metabolic programming is a promising strategy to ameliorate drug resistance and improve the tumor microenvironment. Here, we show that carboxyamidotriazole (CAI), an anticancer drug, can function as a metabolic modulator that decreases glucose and lipid metabolism and increases the dependency of colon cancer cells on glutamine metabolism. CAI suppressed glucose and lipid metabolism utilization, causing inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, thus producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). In parallel, activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) increased glutamine uptake via the transporter SLC1A5, which could activate the ROS-scavenging enzyme glutathione peroxidase. As a result, combined use of inhibitors of GLS/GDH1, CAI could effectively restrict colorectal cancer (CRC) energy metabolism. These data illuminate a new antitumor mechanism of CAI, suggesting a new strategy for CRC metabolic reprogramming treatment.
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Key Words
- 2-NBDG, glucalogue 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- AhR
- AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- CAI
- CAI, carboxyamidotriazole
- CHIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- Colorectal cancer metabolism
- DMF, 3′,4′-dimethoxyflavone
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- ECAR, extracellular acidification rate
- FACS, flow cytometry
- GDH1, glutamate dehydrogenase 1
- GLS, glutaminase
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, glutathione
- GSSG, oxidized glutathione
- Glutamine metabolism
- Glutaminolysis
- Kyn, kynurenine
- MT, mito-TEMPO
- Metabolic reprogramming
- Mito-Q, mitoquinone mesylate
- Mitochondrial oxidative stress
- OCR, oxygen consumption rate
- Redox homeostasis
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- α-KG, α-ketoglutarate
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Nascimento RPD, Machado APDF, Lima VS, Moya AMTM, Reguengo LM, Bogusz Junior S, Leal RF, Cao-Ngoc P, Rossi JC, Leclercq L, Cottet H, Cazarin CBB, Marostica Junior MR. Chemoprevention with a tea from hawthorn ( Crataegus oxyacantha) leaves and flowers attenuates colitis in rats by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. Food Chem X 2021; 12:100139. [PMID: 34712949 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A tea from the leaves and flowers of hawthorn is rich in flavonoids, especially vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside. Mesalamine and hawthorn tea have positive healing effects in rats with colitis. Hawthorn tea reduces the length and area of the brownish necrotic lesions. Hawthorn tea diminishes the levels of the inflammatory markers MPO and IL-1β. Hawthorn tea regulates the activity of the oxidative stress enzymes CAT and GR.
The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of a tea from the leaves and flowers of Crataegus oxyacantha in rats with colitis. Colitis was induced by administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Hawthorn tea (HT) (100 mg/kg) was given via gavage for 21 days and the mesalamine drug (100 mg/kg) was administrated during the period of disease onset. HT was rich in total phenolic compounds (16.5%), flavonoids (1.8%), and proanthocyanidins (1.5%); vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside was the main compound detected. Mesalamine and the HT diminished the length of the lesions formed in the colon, in addition to reducing the levels of myeloperoxidase and interleukin-1β. Mesalamine was able to significantly reverse the body weight loss, while HT improved the activity of glutathione reductase and catalase. Histological scoring was not changed by the interventions, but it was highly correlated with the necrotic area. HT given at 100 mg/kg can be effective against colitis.
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Key Words
- CAT, Catalase
- CD, Crohn’s disease
- Colon
- Crataegus oxyacantha
- DAD, Diode array detection
- DAI, Disease Activity Index
- DSS, Dextran sodium sulfate
- ELISA, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ESI, Electrospray ionization
- FID, Flame ionization detector
- FRAP, Ferric reducing antioxidant power
- GC, Gas chromatograph
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GR, Glutathione reductase
- GSH, Glutathione
- HT, Hawthorn tea
- IBD, Inflammatory bowel disease
- IL-1β, Interleukin-1beta
- Inflammatory bowel diseases
- MDA, Malondialdehyde
- MPO, Myeloperoxidase
- MS, Mass spectrometry
- ORAC, Oxygen-radical absorbing capacity
- Polyphenol
- SCFA, Short-chain fatty acid
- SOD, Superoxide dismutase
- TFC, Total flavonoids content
- TNBS, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid
- TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- TPC, Total polyphenols content
- TPOC, Total proanthocyanidin oligomers content
- UC, Ulcerative colitis
- UHPLC, Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography
- Vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside
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Kuwano A, Tanaka M, Suzuki H, Kurokawa M, Imoto K, Tashiro S, Goya T, Kohjima M, Kato M, Ogawa Y. Upregulated expression of hypoxia reactive genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chronic liver disease patients. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 27:101068. [PMID: 34307908 PMCID: PMC8283323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis induces intrahepatic microcirculation disorder and hypoxic stress. Hypoxic stress has the potential for an increase in the possibility of more liver fibrosis and carcinogenesis. Liver biopsy is a standard method that evaluates of intrahepatic hypoxia, however, is invasive and has a risk of bleeding as a complication. Here, we investigated the hypoxia reactive gene expressions in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from chronic liver disease patients to evaluate intrahepatic hypoxia in a non-invasive manner. The subjects enrolled for this study were composed of 20 healthy volunteers (HV) and 48 patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). CLD patients contained 24 patients with chronic hepatitis(CH)and 24 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC). PBMC were isolated from heparinized peripheral blood samples. We measured the transcriptional expression of hypoxia reactive genes and inflammatory cytokines by quantitative RT-PCR. mRNA expression of adrenomedullin (AM), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (p < 0.05), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in CLD group were significantly higher than HV. AM mRNA expression is correlated with serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum albumin (Alb), IL6, and SOD mRNA expression. The hypoxia reactive gene expression in PBMCs from CLD patients was more upregulated than HV. Especially, angiogenic genes were notably upregulated and correlated with liver fibrosis. Here, we suggest that mRNA expression of AM in PBMCs could be the biomarker of intrahepatic hypoxia. The hypoxia reactive genes in PBMC were elevated in patients with chronic liver disease. •Angiogenic genes were upregulated and correlated with liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease. •Adrenomedullin mRNA expression in PBMC was correlated with liver function. •mRNA expression of adrenomedullin in PBMC could be the biomarker of intrahepatic hypoxia.
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Key Words
- AM, Adrenomedullin
- ANGPTL4, Angiopoietin-like 4
- Adrenomedullin
- CH, chronic hepatitis
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- Chronic liver disease
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- HIF, hypoxia inducible factor
- HO-1, heme oxygenase -1
- HV, healthy volunteers
- IL-6, Interleukin-6
- Intrahepatic hypoxia
- LC, liver cirrhosis
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- MCP-1, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- PBMC, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PT, prothrombin time
- Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, Superoxide dismutase
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta
- TNF-α, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFA, vascular endothelial growth factor A
- VEGFR2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Kuwano
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Hepatology, Iizuka Hospital, 3-83 Yoshio-machi, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-8505, Japan
| | - Masatake Tanaka
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hideo Suzuki
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Miho Kurokawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koji Imoto
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shigeki Tashiro
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Goya
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Kohjima
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masaki Kato
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
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Singh D, Chaudhary D, Kumar V, Verma A. Amelioration of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced renal oxidative stress and inflammation by Carissa carandas embedded silver nanoparticles in rodents. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:636-645. [PMID: 33850732 PMCID: PMC8039534 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytofabricated silver nanoparticles (CCAgNPs) were biosynthesized and characterized. CCAgNPs were evaluated against diethylnitrosamine induced renal cancer. Silver nanoparticles have an antioxidant property. Silver nanoparticles unveiled a therapeutic effect against renal cancer in vivo.
Introduction Inflammation and oxidative stress are the main factors ascribed with interruption in the process of renal tissue impairment. The toxicity of different types of nitrosamine is well recognized in animals and humans. Administration of the smallest quantities of diethylnitrosamine or dimethylnitrosamine either orally or parenterally results into renal damage. Therapeutic effects of phytofabricated silver nanoparticles of Carissa carandas aqueous extract has been scrutinised in current study for the assessment of renal cancer activity in animal model. Methodology Phytofabricated silver nanoparticles were characterized by using different instrumentation. Nephroprotective activity of silver nanoparticles at different doses was evaluated against N-diethylnitrosamine (200 mg/kg b.w., intraperitoneal) in animal model. Serum and renal homogenate were taken to evaluate the renal toxicity markers, oxidative stress, and antioxidant parameter, proinflammatory cytokines and histopathological study. Result Significant outcomes of silver nanoparticles in dose dependent manner down regulated the elevated serum marker, tumour marker enzymes and histopathology observation of repaired tissue assured the renal cancer activity in animals. In addition, profile of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant, proinflammatory cytokines and tumour promotion marker also favours the anticancer property of silver nanoparticles. Conclusion The data of current study reveals silver nanoparticles ameliorates renal oxidative stress and carcinogenesis which was induced by N-diethylnitrosamine and accredited to antioxidant and anticancer activities of phytofabricated nanoparticles by biological approach.
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Key Words
- ABTS, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid
- AgNO3, silver nitrate
- AgNPs, silver nanoparticles
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CC, carissa carandas
- CCAgNPs, silver nanoparticles of carissa carandas aqueous extract
- CDNB, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
- Carissa carandas embedded silver nanoparticles
- DEN, diethylnitrosamine
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- DMN, dimethylnitrosamine
- DMSO, dimethyl sulphoxide
- FE-SEM, field emission scanning electron microscopy
- GGT, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase
- GGT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GR, glutathione reductase activity
- GSH, glutathione
- GST, glutathione –S- Transferase
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- IAEC, institutional animal ethical committee
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NF-κB pathway
- NPs, nanoparticles
- ODC, ornithine decarboxylase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Renal carcinoma
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- XO, xanthine oxidase
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211007, India
| | - Deepak Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211007, India
| | - Amita Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211007, India
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Somade OT, Ajayi BO, Adeyi OE, Adeshina AA, Adekoya MO, Abdulhameed RO. Oxidative stress-mediated induction of pulmonary oncogenes, inflammatory, and apoptotic markers following time-course exposure to ethylene glycol monomethyl ether in rats. Metabol Open 2021; 9:100075. [PMID: 33409483 PMCID: PMC7773962 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2020.100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) has been used in many products usually handled by humans including inks, paints, polishes, brake fluids and so on. This present study therefore, investigated its effect on lung, in a time-course study in male Wistar rats. Animals were orally administered 50 mg/kg body weight of EGME for a period of 7, 14, and 21 days. Following 7 days of oral exposure to EGME, activities of GPx and SOD were significantly increased, as well as levels of K-Ras, c-Myc, p53, caspase-3, TNF-α and, IL-6, while NO level and GST activity were significantly reduced compared with control. At the end of 14 days exposure, GSH level was significantly decreased, while levels of K-Ras, c-Myc, p53, caspase-3, TNF-α, IL-6, NO and the activities of SOD and GPx were significantly elevated with respect to control. After 21 days of EGME administration, levels of Bcl-2, IL-10, GSH and NO as well as GST activity were significantly decreased, while levels of K-Ras, c-Myc, p53, Bax, caspase-3, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, as well as GPx, CAT, and SOD activities were significantly elevated compared with control. Lung histopathology revealed chronic disseminated alveolar inflammation, bronchiolitis, severe alveolar and bronchi hyperplasia, severe disseminated inflammation, thrombosis, and thickened vessels as a result of EGME exposures. Exposures to EGME could trigger lung damage via the disorganization of the antioxidant system, eliciting the up-regulation of inflammatory, apoptotic, and oncogenic markers in rats.
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Key Words
- Apoptosis
- Bax, Bcl-2 associated X
- Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- CAT, catalase
- Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- Histopathology
- IL-1β, interleukin-1 beta
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- Inflammation
- K-Ras, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene
- Lung
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NO, nitric oxide
- Oncogenes
- Oxidative stress
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- c-myc, myelocytomatosis
- p53, tumor suppressor protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatobi T. Somade
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Babajide O. Ajayi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Olubisi E. Adeyi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | | | - Mary O. Adekoya
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Ridwan O. Abdulhameed
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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Oh S, Tsujimoto T, Kim B, Uchida F, Suzuki H, Iizumi S, Isobe T, Sakae T, Tanaka K, Shoda J. Weight-loss-independent benefits of exercise on liver steatosis and stiffness in Japanese men with NAFLD. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100253. [PMID: 33898958 PMCID: PMC8059085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims A weight-loss-independent beneficial effect of exercise on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) management has been reported, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. To help determine this mechanism, the effects of exercise on individual tissues (liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle) were retrospectively studied. Methods Data from Japanese obese men with NAFLD in a 3-month exercise regimen were analysed and compared with those in a 3-month dietary restriction program designed to achieve weight loss. The underlying mechanism was studied in a smaller subcohort. Results Independent of the effect of weight loss, the exercise regimen reduced liver steatosis by 9.5% and liver stiffness by 6.8% per 1% weight loss, and resulted in a 16.4% reduction in FibroScan-AST score. Improvements in these hepatic parameters were closely associated with anthropometric changes (reduction in adipose tissue and preservation of muscle mass), increases in muscle strength (+11.6%), reductions in inflammation and oxidative stress (ferritin: -22.3% and thiobarbituric acid: -12.3%), and changes in organokine concentrations (selenoprotein-P: -11.2%, follistatin: +17.1%, adiponectin: +8.9%, and myostatin: -21.6%) during the exercise regimen. Moreover, the expression of target genes of the transcription factor Nrf2, an oxidative stress sensor, was higher in monocytes, suggesting that Nrf2 is activated. Large amounts of high-intensity exercise were effective at further reducing liver steatosis and potentiating improvements in pathophysiological parameters (liver enzyme activities and organokine profiles). Conclusions The weight-loss-independent benefits of exercise include anti-steatotic and anti-stiffness effects in the livers of patients with NAFLD. These benefits seem to be acquired through the modification of inter-organ crosstalk, which is characterised by improvements in organokine imbalance and reductions in inflammation and oxidative stress. Lay summary We investigated the effects of exercise on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that were not related to weight loss. We found that exercise had considerable weight-loss-independent benefits for the liver through a number of mechanisms. This suggests that exercise is important for NAFLD patients, regardless of whether they lose weight. Exercise has effects on liver steatosis and stiffness, independent of weight loss. Exercise maintains muscle mass and alters the secretion of organokines. Exercise increases the phagocytic capacity of Kupffer cells and activates Nrf2. Exercise, especially vigorous exercise, should be used aggressively to manage non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ANGPTL6, angiopoietin-like 6
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Aerobic exercise
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- CAP, controlled attenuation parameter
- Dietary restriction
- Elarge, large amount of exercise group
- Esmall, small amount of exercise group
- Esub, exercise (subset for which biological samples were available) group
- Etotal, exercise group
- FAST-Score, FibroScan-AST score
- FGF-21, fibroblast growth factor-21
- FPG, fasting plasma glucose
- GCLC, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
- GCLM, glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit
- GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- HO1, heme oxygenase 1
- HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance
- Hepatokine
- KC, Kupffer cells
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LSM, liver stiffness measured using transient elastography
- Liver fat
- Liver stiffness
- MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity
- Myokine
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- NEFAs, non-esterified fatty acids
- NF-Score, NAFLD fibrosis score
- NQO1, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase
- Nrf2, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2
- Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- SPARC, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine
- Se-P, selenoprotein-P
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances
- TEI, total energy intake
- TG, triglycerides
- TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor alpha
- VAT, visceral adipose tissue
- WC, waist circumference
- WFA+-M2BP, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive human Mac-2 binding protein
- Wsub, weight-loss (subset for which biological samples were available) group
- Wtotal, weight-loss group
- mnSOD, manganese superoxide dismutase
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Affiliation(s)
- Sechang Oh
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Bokun Kim
- Department of Sports Health Care, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea
| | - Fumihiko Uchida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideo Suzuki
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Iizumi
- Doctoral Program in Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomonori Isobe
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeji Sakae
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kiyoji Tanaka
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junichi Shoda
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Sekiou O, Boumendjel M, Taibi F, Tichati L, Boumendjel A, Messarah M. Nephroprotective effect of Artemisia herba alba aqueous extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 11:53-61. [PMID: 33511062 PMCID: PMC7817709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM In the present study, we investigate the phytochemical composition and the nephroprotective effects as well as the antioxidant properties of Artemisia herba alba aqueous extract in alloxan-induced experimental diabetes in rats. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Wistar rats were divided into four groups of seven rats each: Group I: Normal control (NC) received saline solution at 9‰ given by intraperitoneal way; Group II: Diabetic control (DC) received alloxan (150 mg/kg b.w) intraperitoneally; Group III: Normal control (NC + AHA) received saline solution at 9‰ and treated orally by AHA aqueous extract (400 mg/kg/b.w); Group IV: Diabetic control (DC + AHA) received alloxan solution (150 mg/kg b.w) intraperitoneally and treated by aqueous extract of AHA (400 mg/kg/b.w/day) orally after one week of alloxan administration. After 30 days, blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological analysis, respectively. Glomerular damage markers, including creatinine, serum urea, urine creatinine and urine urea levels were estimated. Creatinine clearance was also assessed. Oxidative stress parameters were assessed in the kidney homogenate. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Alloxan-exposure resulted in significant increase in blood glucose and serum level of glomerular damage markers. The antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly downregulated associated with an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level over the baseline values. Artemisia herba alba aqueous extract supplementation significantly improved the studied parameters. In concluding, the results obtained suggests that Artemisia herbs-alba aqueous extract supplementation reduces alloxan-induced free radical generation, potentiates the antioxidant defense system and alleviates renal sensitivity to oxidative stress.
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Key Words
- AHA, Artemisia herba-alba
- AlCl3, Aluminum trichloride
- Artemisia herba alba
- CAT, catalase
- DC, Diabetic control
- DPPH, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
- DTNB, 5,5-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid)
- Diabetes
- Free radicals
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- GST, glutathione-S-transferase
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NBT, Nitro-blue tetrazolium
- Nephroprotection
- Oxidative stress
- RFC, Folin-Ciocalteu
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- STZ, streptozotocin
- TBA, thiobarbituric acid
- TCA, trichloroacetic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Sekiou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Badji Mokhtar, BP 12 Sidi Amar, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Mahieddine Boumendjel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Badji Mokhtar, BP 12 Sidi Amar, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Faiza Taibi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Badji Mokhtar, BP 12 Sidi Amar, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Lazhari Tichati
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Badji Mokhtar, BP 12 Sidi Amar, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Amel Boumendjel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Badji Mokhtar, BP 12 Sidi Amar, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Mahfoud Messarah
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Badji Mokhtar, BP 12 Sidi Amar, Annaba, Algeria
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Kartha RV, Terluk MR, Brown R, Travis A, Mishra UR, Rudser K, Lau H, Jarnes JR, Cloyd JC, Weinreb NJ. Patients with Gaucher disease display systemic oxidative stress dependent on therapy status. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020; 25:100667. [PMID: 33335836 PMCID: PMC7733024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by mutations in GBA1, which encodes for the lysosomal hydrolase enzyme, β-glucocerebrosidase. The resulting misfolded protein can trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress and an unfolded protein response within the affected cells. The enzyme deficiency leads to accumulation of its substrates, glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine, within macrophage lysosomes and with prominent disease manifestations in macrophage rich tissues. Resultant lysosomal pathology and impaired autophagy leads to redox imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction and intracellular oxidative stress. Here we have systematically examined a role for oxidative stress in individuals affected by Gaucher disease. We compared multiple oxidative stress biomarkers in plasma and red blood cell samples from patients who are currently untreated, with those who are stable on standard-of-care therapy, and with healthy controls. We found significant differences in key oxidative stress biomarkers in untreated patients compared to healthy control. In treated patients, results generally fell between the controls and the untreated patients. Interestingly, even asymptomatic and minimally symptomatic untreated patients had evidence of significant systemic oxidative stress. We conclude that underlying oxidative stress may contribute to Gaucher disease pathophysiology including long-term adverse outcomes such as Parkinsonism and malignancies. Therapies targeting oxidative stress may prove useful as adjuvant treatments for Gaucher disease and other lysosomal storage disorders.
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Key Words
- ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme
- Antioxidants
- CHITO, chitotriosidase
- CNS, central nervous system
- ERT, enzyme replacement therapy
- GCase, glucocerebrosidase
- GD, Gaucher disease
- GD1, Type 1 Gaucher disease
- GD2, Type 2 Gaucher disease
- GD3, Type 3 Gaucher disease
- GPG, Glycine-Proline-Glutamate
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, glutathione
- GSSG, inactive, oxidized form of glutathione
- Gaucher disease
- Glutathione
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- Lipid peroxidation
- Lyso-GL1, glucosylsphingosine
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NYU, New York University
- Oxidative stress
- RBC, red blood cell
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SRT, substrate reduction therapy
- TAC, total antioxidant capacity
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TRAP, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase
- UMN, University of Minnesota
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena V Kartha
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Marcia R Terluk
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Roland Brown
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Abigail Travis
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Usha R Mishra
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Kyle Rudser
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Heather Lau
- Division of Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jeanine R Jarnes
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.,University of Minnesota Medical Center/Fairview Health Systems, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - James C Cloyd
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Neal J Weinreb
- Department of Human Genetics and Medicine (Hematology), Leonard Miller School of Medicine of University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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Salazar-Gómez A, Ontiveros-Rodríguez JC, Pablo-Pérez SS, Vargas-Díaz ME, Garduño-Siciliano L. The potential role of sesquiterpene lactones isolated from medicinal plants in the treatment of the metabolic syndrome - A review. S Afr J Bot 2020; 135:240-251. [PMID: 32963416 PMCID: PMC7493762 DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome comprises a cluster of metabolic disorders related to the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In latter years, plant secondary metabolites have become of special interest because of their potential role in preventing and managing metabolic syndrome. Sesquiterpene lactones constitute a large and diverse group of biologically active compounds widely distributed in several medicinal plants used for the treatment of metabolic disorders. The structural diversity and the broad spectrum of biological activities of these compounds drew significant interests in the pharmacological applications. This review describes selected sesquiterpene lactones that have been experimentally validated for their biological activities related to risk factors of metabolic syndrome, together with their mechanisms of action. The potential beneficial effects of sesquiterpene lactones discussed in this review demonstrate that these substances represent remarkable compounds with a diversity of molecular structure and high biological activity, providing new insights into the possible role in metabolic syndrome management.
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Key Words
- ACE, angiotensin I-converting enzyme
- AMPK, activated protein kinase
- APOC3, apolipoprotein C3
- AT, adipose tissue
- Antidiabetic
- CAT, catalase
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- FFA, free fatty acids
- FN, fibronectin
- G6Pase, glucose-6-phosphatase
- GK, glucokinase
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- HDL-C, high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol
- Hypoglycemic
- Hypolipidemic
- IFN-γ, interferon gamma
- IL-1β, interleukin 1 beta
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IR, insulin resistance
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinases
- LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinases
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1
- Medicinal plants
- MetS, metabolic syndrome
- Metabolic syndrome
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NO, nitric oxide
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SLns, sesquiterpene lactones
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- STAT1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1
- STZ, streptozotocin
- Sesquiterpene lactones
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglycerides
- TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta
- TLRs, Toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuar Salazar-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu y M. Stampa, Col. Planetario Lindavista, 77380 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Julio C Ontiveros-Rodríguez
- CONACYT - Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B-1, Ciudad Universitaria, 58030 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Saudy S Pablo-Pérez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu y M. Stampa, Col. Planetario Lindavista, 77380 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - M Elena Vargas-Díaz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, 11340 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Leticia Garduño-Siciliano
- Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu y M. Stampa, Col. Planetario Lindavista, 77380 Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Somade OT, Ajayi BO, Olunaike OE, Jimoh LA. Hepatic oxidative stress, up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic and oncogenic markers following 2-methoxyethanol administrations in rats. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 24:100806. [PMID: 32913901 PMCID: PMC7472863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
2-methoxyethanol (2-ME) is an organic solvent widely used in the manufacture of brake fluids, paints, resins, varnish, nail polish, acetate cellulose, wood coloring, and as a plasticizer in plastics manufacturing. We therefore, investigated its effect on the liver, in a time-course study in male Wistar rats. Animals were orally administered 50 mg/kg body weight of 2-ME for a period of 7, 14, and 21 days. Following 7 days of administration of 2-ME, there was a significant increase in the level of Bax, c-Myc, K-Ras, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MDA and GPx activity, while the levels of Bcl-2, NO and GSH were significantly reduced compared with control. At the end of 14 days exposure, Bcl-2, and GSH levels, as well as GST activity, were significantly decreased, while levels of Bax, c-Myc, K-Ras, caspase-3, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MDA and NO were significantly increased compared with control. After 21 days of 2-ME administration, Bcl-2, IL-10, and GSH levels, as well as SOD and GST activities, were significantly decreased, while levels of Bax, c-Myc, K-Ras, caspase-3, p53, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MDA and NO were significantly increased compared with control. Lastly, liver histopathology confirmed and corroborated the biochemical findings reported above. We therefore, advised that exposures to 2-ME should be strictly avoided as it could trigger hepatic damage through the disorganization of the antioxidant system, up-regulation of inflammatory, apoptotic, and oncogenic markers in rats.
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Key Words
- 2-methoxyethanol
- Apoptosis
- Bax, Bcl-2 associated X
- Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- CAT, catalase
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- IL-10, interleukin 10
- IL-1β, interleukin-1 beta
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- Inflammation
- K-Ras, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene
- Liver
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NO, nitric oxide
- Oncogenes
- Oxidative stress
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- c-Myc, myelocytomatosis
- p53, tumor suppressor protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatobi T. Somade
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Babajide O. Ajayi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Oyinkansola E. Olunaike
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Latifah A. Jimoh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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Yoon SJ, Kim SK, Lee NY, Choi YR, Kim HS, Gupta H, Youn GS, Sung H, Shin MJ, Suk KT. Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on metabolic syndrome. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:380-389. [PMID: 34025131 PMCID: PMC8134847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) refers to a clustering of at least three of the following medical conditions: high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, low high-density lipoprotein level, and high serum triglycerides. MS is related to a wide range of diseases which includes obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. There remains an ongoing need for improved treatment strategies for MS. The most important risk factors are dietary pattern, genetics, old age, lack of exercise, disrupted biology, medication usage, and excessive alcohol consumption, but pathophysiology of MS has not been completely identified. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) refers to steamed/dried ginseng, traditionally associated with beneficial effects such as anti-inflammation, anti-fatigue, anti-obesity, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer effects. KRG has been often used in traditional medicine to treat multiple metabolic conditions. This paper summarizes the effects of KRG in MS and related diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease based on experimental research and clinical studies.
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Key Words
- ACC, Acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- AG, American ginseng extract
- AGE, advanced glycation end product
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Akt, protein kinase B
- BMI, body mass index
- C/EBPα, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- CPT, current perception threshold
- CPT-1, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- CVD, Cardiovascular disease
- DBP, diastolic blood pressure
- DEN, diethyl nitrosamine
- EAT, epididymis adipose tissue
- EF, ejection fraction
- FABP4, fatty acid binding protein 4
- FAS, Fatty acid synthase
- FFA, free fatty acid
- FR, fine root concentration
- FS, fractional shortening
- GBHT, ginseng-plus-Bai-Hu-Tang
- GLUT, glucose transporter type
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GS, ginsenoside
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- GST-P, glutathione S-transferase placental form
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HCEF-RG, hypotensive components-enriched fraction of red ginseng
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HFD, High fat diet
- HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index
- HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin
- I.P., intraperitoneal injection
- IL, interleukin
- IR, insulin resistance
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Insulin resistance
- KRG, Korean Red Ginseng
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LPL, lipoprotein lipase
- Lex, lower extremities
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MMP, Matrix metallopeptidases
- MS, Metabolic syndrome
- Metabolic syndrome
- NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NF-кB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NK cell, Natural killer cell
- NMDA-NR1, N-methyl-D-aspartate NR1
- NO, nitric oxide
- NRF1, Nuclear respiratory factor 1
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- Nrf2, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- OLETF rat, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rat
- PCG-1α, PPAR-γ coactivator-1α
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
- PPD, protopanaxadiol
- PPT, protopanaxatriol
- Panax ginseng
- REKRG, Rg3-enriched KRG
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- Rg3-KGE, Rg3-enriched KRG extract
- SBP, systolic blood pressure
- SCD, Stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase
- SHR, spontaneously hypertensive rat
- SREBP-1C, Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1
- STAT5, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5
- STZ, streptozotocin
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- UCP, Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins
- VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- t-BHP, tert-butyl hyperoxide
- tGST, total glutathione
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Yoon
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Ki Kim
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Young Lee
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Rin Choi
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Seob Kim
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haripriya Gupta
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Soo Youn
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hotaik Sung
- School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jea Shin
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Tae Suk
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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Hussain S, Ashafaq M, Alshahrani S, Siddiqui R, Ahmed RA, Khuwaja G, Islam F. Cinnamon oil against acetaminophen-induced acute liver toxicity by attenuating inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1296-1304. [PMID: 33024703 PMCID: PMC7528057 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is used as a primary drug due to its antipyretic and analgesic activity. The mechanism of action of APAP toxicity in the liver is due to the depletion of glutathione which elicited free radicals generation. Therefore, the objective of our work is to investigate the APAP induced liver damage and its repair by free radical scavenging activity of cinnamon oil (CO) in male Wistar rats. To investigate the effects of CO at different doses (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w.), animals were given a single oral dose of CO per day for 14 days between 12:00−1:00 PM. The biochemical changes, imbalance in oxidative markers, interleukins, caspases and histopathological studies were determined for quantifying the hepatoprotective effect of CO. One dose of APAP (2 g/kg b.w.) results in significant hepatotoxicity and marked increase the serum markers alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, albumin, total protein, content of lipid peroxidation (LPO), interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6), caspase-3, -9 expression, DNA fragmentation and histopathological changes were observed. Significant decrease in the levels of LPO, interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, caspase-3, -9 expressions, qualitative as well as quantitative determination of DNA fragments and histopathological changes were reversed by the administration of CO dose dependently. Furthermore, it also restores the depleted activity of antioxidative enzymes. Our study shows that an imbalance in the oxidative parameter in the liver by APAP is restored by treating the animals with CO.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- APAP, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Acetaminophen
- BHA, butylated hydroxyanisole
- CO, cinnamon oil
- Cinnamon oil
- DNA fragmentation
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GR, glutathione reductase
- GSH, glutathione
- Hepatotoxicity
- LPO, lipid peroxidation
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MEC, molar extinction coefficient
- NAPQI, N-acetyl parabenzoquinoneimine
- Oxidative stress
- PMS, post mitochondrial supernatants
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ashafaq
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahimullah Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rayan A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gulrana Khuwaja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fakhrul Islam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
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Somade OT, Ajayi BO, Adeyi OE, Adeshina AA, James AS, Ayodele PF. Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether-induced testicular oxidative stress and time-dependent up-regulation of apoptotic, pro-inflammatory, and oncogenic markers in rats. Metabol Open 2020; 7:100051. [PMID: 32924002 PMCID: PMC7451700 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2020.100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) is a major component of paints, lacquers, inks, and automobile brake fluids. As a result, exposures to humans are inevitable. We therefore, investigated in this study, its effect on testicular cells in a time-course manner in male Wistar rats. Animals were orally administered 50 mg/kg body weight of EGME for duration of 7, 14, and 21 days. Following 7 days of the administration, levels of NO and GSH were significantly reduced, while levels of c-Myc, K-Ras, caspase-3, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β were significantly increased compared with control. At the end of 14 days exposure, GPx, and SOD activities, as well as IL-10 level were significantly decreased, while levels of c-Myc, K-Ras, p53, Bax, caspase-3, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and GST activity were significantly elevated compared with control. After 21 days of EGME administration, Bcl-2, IL-10, and NO levels were significantly decreased, while levels of c-Myc, K-Ras, p53, Bax, caspase-3, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, MDA and GST activity were significantly increased compared with control. After 7, 14, and 21 days of EGME administrations, testis histopathology showed severe loss of seminiferous tubules, the seminiferous epithelium revealed very few spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatogonia, spermatozoa, and Sertoli cells, while the interstitial tissue is eroded, with scanty abnormal Leydig cells, compared with the control that appeared normal. We therefore, concluded that EGME-induced testicular toxicity as a result of EGME administration could be via the disorganization of the endogenous antioxidant systems as well as up-regulation of pro-inflammatory, apoptotic and oncogenic mediators in rats.
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Key Words
- Apoptosis
- Bax, Bcl-2 associated X
- Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- CAT, catalase
- Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- Histopathology
- IL-1β, interleukin-1 beta
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- Inflammation
- K-Ras, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NO, nitric oxide
- Oncogenes
- Oxidative stress
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- Testis
- c-Myc, myelocytomatosis
- p53, tumor suppressor protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatobi T Somade
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Babajide O Ajayi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Olubisi E Adeyi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | | | - Adewale S James
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Peter F Ayodele
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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Afsar T, Razak S, Almajwal A, Al-Disi D. Doxorubicin-induced alterations in kidney functioning, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and renal tissue morphology; Improvement by Acacia hydaspica tannin-rich ethyl acetate fraction. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:2251-60. [PMID: 32884406 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline drug used for cancer treatment. However, its treatment is contiguous with toxic effects. We examined the nephroprotective potential of A. hydaspica polyphenol-rich ethyl acetate extract (AHE) against DOX persuaded nephrotoxicity. 36 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assorted into 6 groups. Control group received saline; DOX group: 3 mg/kg b.w. dosage of DOX intraperitoneally for 6 weeks (single dose/week). In co-treatment groups, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w AHE was given orally for 6 weeks in concomitant with DOX (3 mg/kg b.w, i.p. injection per week) respectively. Standard group received silymarin 400 mg/kg b.w daily + DOX (single dose/week). Biochemical kidney function tests, oxidative stress markers, genotoxicity, antioxidant enzyme status, and histopathological changes were examined. DOX caused significant body weight loss and decrease kidney weight. DOX-induced marked deterioration in renal function indicators in both urine and serum, i.e., PH, specific gravity, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, uric acid, globulin, blood urea nitrogen, etc. Also, DOX treatment increases renal tissue oxidative stress markers, while lower antioxidant enzymes in tissue along with degenerative alterations in the renal tissue compared to control rats. AHE co-treatment ameliorates DOX-prompted changes in serum and urine chemistry. Likewise, AHE treatment decreases sensitive markers of oxidative stress and prevented DNA damages by enhancing antioxidant enzyme levels. DOX induction in rats also caused DNA fragmentation which was restored by AHE co-treatment. Moreover, the histological observations evidenced that AHE effectively rescued the kidney tissue from DOX interceded oxidative damage. Our results suggest that co-treatment of AHE markedly improve DOX-induced deleterious effects in a dose-dependent manner. The potency of AHE co-treatment at 400 mg/kg dose is similar to silymarin. These outcomes revealed that A. hydaspica AHE extract might serve as a potential adjuvant that avoids DOX-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Key Words
- AHE, Acacia hydaspica ethyl acetate extract
- CAT, catalase
- DOX, doxorubicin
- Doxorubicin
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GR, glutathione reductase
- GST, glutathione S transferase
- Genotoxicity
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- Histopathology
- Kidney function
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NO, nitric oxide
- Nephrotoxicity
- Oxidative stress markers
- POD, peroxidase
- QR, quinone reductase
- RBCs, red blood cells
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- WBCs, white blood cells
- γ-GT, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase
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Somade OT, Ajayi BO, Olushola MO, Omoseebi EO. Methyl cellosolve-induced renal oxidative stress and time-dependent up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic, and oncogenic markers in rats. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:779-787. [PMID: 32642444 PMCID: PMC7332505 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
MC significantly increased and decrease the kidney levels of MDA and NO respectively after 14 and 21 days. MC administration resulted in the disorganization of the renal redox system. MC significantly increased the kidney levels of TNF-α and IL-6 after 7, 14 and 21 days, and IL-1β after 14 and 21 days. MC significantly increased kidney p53, Bax, and caspase-3 after 14 and 21 days, and decreased Bcl-2 after 14 and 21 days. MC significantly increased the kidney levels of c-Myc and K-Ras after 7, 14 and 21 days.
Methyl cellosolve (MC) is used in production of textile, paints, stains, inks, surface coatings, and anti-icing additive in hydraulic fluids and jet fuel. Consequently, the present study investigated its effect on renal cells, in a time-course study in male Wistar rats. Animals were orally administered 50 mg/kg body weight of MC for a period of 7, 14, and 21 days. Following 7 days of administration of MC, there was a significant increase in the levels of K-Ras, c-Myc, TNF-α, IL-6 and NO, while GSH level and SOD activity were significantly reduced compared with control. At the end of 14 days exposure, RKW, GSH, NO, and Bcl-2 levels were significantly decreased, while levels of K-Ras, c-Myc, p53, Bax, caspase-3, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MDA and GPx activity were significantly increased compared with control. After 21 days of MC administration, RKW, GSH, NO, IL-10 and Bcl-2 levels were significantly decreased, while levels of K-Ras, c-Myc, p53, Bax, caspase-3, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MDA and GST activity were significantly increased compared with control. Exposures to MC in any way should be strictly avoided as it could trigger renal damage through the disorganization of the antioxidant system, up-regulation of inflammatory, apoptotic, and oncogenic markers in rats.
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Key Words
- Apoptosis
- Bax, Bcl-2 associated X
- Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- CAT, catalase
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- Histopathology
- IL-1β, interleukin-1 beta
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- Inflammation
- K-Ras, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene
- Kidney
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- Methyl cellosolve
- NO, nitric oxide
- Oncogenes
- Oxidative stress
- RKW, relative kidney weight
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- c-Myc, myelocytomatosis
- p53, tumor suppressor protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatobi T Somade
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Babajide O Ajayi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Mariana O Olushola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Esther O Omoseebi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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Abdel-Rahman RF, Ezzat SM, Ogaly HA, Abd-Elsalam RM, Hessin AF, Fekry MI, Mansour DF, Mohamed SO. Ficus deltoidea extract down-regulates protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B expression in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a new insight into its antidiabetic mechanism. J Nutr Sci 2020; 9:e2. [PMID: 32042410 PMCID: PMC6984126 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2019.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ficus deltoidea var. deltoidea Jack (FD) is a well-known plant used in Malay folklore medicine to lower blood glucose in diabetic patients. For further research of the antihyperglycemic mechanisms, the protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B)-inhibitory effect of FD was analysed both in vitro and in vivo. To optimise a method for FD extraction, water, 50, 70, 80, 90 and 95 % ethanol extracts were prepared and determined for their total phenolic and triterpene contents, and PTP1B-inhibition capacity. Among the tested extracts, 70 % ethanol FD extract showed a significant PTP1B inhibition (92·0 % inhibition at 200 µg/ml) and high phenolic and triterpene contents. A bioassay-guided fractionation of the 70 % ethanol extract led to the isolation of a new triterpene (3β,11β-dihydroxyolean-12-en-23-oic acid; F3) along with six known compounds. In vivo, 4 weeks' administration of 70 % ethanol FD extract (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg/d) to streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic rats reversed the abnormal changes of blood glucose, insulin, total Hb, GLUT2, lipid profile, and oxidative stress in liver and pancreas. Moreover, FD reduced the mRNA expression of the key gluconeogenic enzymes (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose 6-phosphatase) and restored insulin receptor and GLUT2 encoding gene (Slc2a2) expression. In addition, FD significantly down-regulated the hepatic PTP1B gene expression. These results revealed that FD could potentially improve insulin sensitivity, suppress hepatic glucose output and enhance glucose uptake in type 2 diabetes mellitus through down-regulation of PTP1B. Together, our findings give scientific evidence for the traditional use of FD as an antidiabetic agent.
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Key Words
- CAT, catalase
- Dihydroxyolean-12-en-23-oic acid
- FBG, fasting blood glucose
- FD, Ficus deltoidea var. deltoidea Jack
- Ficus deltoidea
- G6Pase, glucose 6-phosphatase
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- Glucose 6-phosphatase
- Glucose transporter-2
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MET, metformin
- NA, nicotinamide
- PEPCK, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
- PTP, protein tyrosine phosphatase
- Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
- Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- STZ, streptozotocin
- Slc2a2, GLUT2 gene
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahira M. Ezzat
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Einy Street, Cairo11562, Egypt
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 6th October Campus, 12566, Egypt
| | - Hanan A. Ogaly
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Reham M. Abd-Elsalam
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alyaa F. Hessin
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mostafa I. Fekry
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Einy Street, Cairo11562, Egypt
| | - Dina F. Mansour
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shanaz O. Mohamed
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Al-Amoudi WM. Toxic effects of Lambda-cyhalothrin, on the rat thyroid: Involvement of oxidative stress and ameliorative effect of ginger extract. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:728-736. [PMID: 29922588 PMCID: PMC6005809 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lambda-cyhalothrin leads to histpathological changes and DNA damage in thyroid gland. Lambda-cyhalothrin induces oxidative stress by decreasing the levels of thyroid hormones and antioxidant enzyme in erythrocytes. Ginger prevents the toxicity effect of Lambda-cyhalothrin and DNA damage in the thyroid gland. Ginger decreases the histopathological changes, abnormal level of thyroid hormones and antioxidant enzymes in the thyroid gland caused by LCT.
Lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) is a synthetic pyrethroid that is widely used to control insecticide. Ginger is a traditional plant that is widely used as a spice or folk medicine. This study evaluates the antioxidant effect of ginger extract on thyroid toxicity induced by LCT in albino rats. Adult Rats were divided into 4 experimental groups: Group 1: control, Group 2: oral ginger treatment (24 mg/ml, 3 days/week for 4 weeks), Group 3: oral LCT treatment (1/100 LD50, 3 days/week for 4 weeks), Group 4: oral LCT and ginger mixture treatment. The histological results of LCT group showed degenerated follicles with reduced colloids, congestion of blood vessels and hyperaemia between the follicles. Histochemically, depletion of glycogen and proteins was recorded in follicular cells and colloids. The biochemical results of LCT treated group revealed a decrease in T3, T4, SOD and CAT, while TSH and MDA were increased. The comet assay showed that LCT significantly induced DNA damage in the thyroid gland. However, treating rats with LCT plus ginger led to an improvement in the histological structure of the thyroid, with noticeable increases in glycogen and protein deposition. Also, LCT plus ginger increase in T3, T4 and the antioxidant enzymes SOD and COT were detected concomitantly with a decrease in TSH and MDA as well as a significant reduction in DNA damage. LCT affected the thyroid function and structure. On the other hand, ginger has a preventative effect against the histological damage and biochemical toxicity caused by the (LCT) insecticide.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ALK-P, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, plasma alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Antioxidant
- CAT, catalase
- CC14, carbon tetrachloride
- DMA, lipid peroxidan marker
- DMBA, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GR, glutathione reductase
- GSH, glutathione
- GST, glutathione-S-transferase
- Ginger
- Histochemistry
- LCT, Lambda-cyhalothrin
- Lambda-cyhalothrin
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- PAS, Periodic acid–Schiff
- PCO, protein carbonyl
- PD, Parkinson’s disease
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- T3, triiodothyronine, T4, thyroxine
- TI, percent of genomic DNA that migrated during electrophoresis from the nuclear core to the tail
- TL, distance of DNA migration from the center to the nuclear core
- TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone
- Thyroid
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Oyouni AAA, Saggu S, Tousson E, Rehman H. Immunosuppressant drug tacrolimus induced mitochondrial nephrotoxicity, modified PCNA and Bcl-2 expression attenuated by Ocimum basilicum L. in CD1 mice. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:687-694. [PMID: 30003047 PMCID: PMC6041355 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tacrolimus (TAC) is used sporadically as an immunosuppressive agent for organ transplantation, but its clinical used is limited due to its marked nephrotoxicity. Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) (OB) had been shown to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and nephroprotective activity, and effective at improving renal inflammation and glomerular. In our study, we aim to evaluate the efficacy of the OB against TAC-induced mitochondrial nephrotoxicity in CD1 mice. Mice were randomly divided into four groups. Group 1 (control group); administered orally with normal saline (1 mL/kg) for two weeks; Group 2 (OB extract treated-group) (500 mg/kg b.wt) gavaged once/day for two weeks; Group 3 (TAC-treated group) (3 mg/kg b.wt, administered ip once a day for two weeks); and Group 4; (TAC plus OB extract treated-group). Tacrolimus-induced nephrotoxicity was assessed biochemically and histopathologically. The OB extract was high in phenolic content (50.3 mg/g of gallic acid equivalent), total flavonoids (14.5 mg/g CE equivalent). The potential antioxidant efficacy of the extract (IC50) was 24.5 μg/mL. OB pretreatment significantly improved the TAC-induced changes in biochemical markers of nephrotoxicity for instance blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, total protein, and albumin (P < 0.01, when compared with TAC treated group). Also, it significantly restored the increase activities of TBARS, protein carbonyl (PC) (P < 0.001, when compared to healthy control group) and decreased activities of nonprotein thiol (NP-SH) levels, Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) antioxidants of mitochondria. The nephroprotective efficacy of the OB leaves extract was further evident by histopathological analysis together with the PCNA-ir and Bcl2. The upshot of the present study revealed that the OB possessed significant antioxidant and nephroprotective activity and had a preventive effect on the biochemical alterations and histological changes in TAC-treated mice.
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Key Words
- ABC, Avidin-Biotin- Peroxidase
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- Bcl-2
- DNPH, dinitrophenylhydrazine
- DPPH, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- EOBPV, Egyptian Organization for Biological Products and Vaccines
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, glutathione
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- H2O2, hydrogenperoxide
- IAEC, Institutional Animals Ethics Committee
- IC, inhibitory concentration
- Ip, intraperitoneal
- Mn-SOD, Mn-superoxide dismutase
- NP-SH, nonprotein thiol
- Nephrotoxicity
- OB, Ocimum basilicum
- OPA, orthophosphoric acid
- Ocimum basilicum
- PC, protein carbonyl
- PCNA
- PCNA-ir, proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunoreactivity
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TAC, tacroliums
- Tacrolimus
- mLPO, mitochondrial lipid peroxidation
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shalini Saggu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab Tousson
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Hasibur Rehman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
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Purena R, Seth R, Bhatt R. Protective role of Emblica officinalis hydro-ethanolic leaf extract in cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in Rats. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:270-277. [PMID: 29487802 PMCID: PMC5814364 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is a major limiting factor in cisplatin treatment. In the present study hydro-ethanolic leaf extract of Emblica officinalis was investigated for its protective role in cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity. The experiment was designed for 14 days and male Wistar rats were divided into 9 groups (n = 5). Group 1 served as control (with no treatment), group 2 served as a vehicle control and received 0.9% NaCl intraperitoneally (i.p.) on 11th day of the treatment, group 3 received a single dose of cisplatin on 11th day (12 mg/kg body weight, i.p.), group 4-6 received leaf extract only (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively) throughout the treatment, group 7-9 received leaf extract (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively) throughout the treatment and single dose of cisplatin on the 11th day of the leaf extract treatment. At the end of the experiment (i.e. on 14th day) blood samples were collected from all the groups and were sacrificed to study renal functional parameters. Treatment with above doses of E. officinalis leaf extract significantly (p ≤ 0.05) attenuates renal damage by decreasing serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), enhanced the activities of Catalase, SOD, GPx, GR and decreased the renal MDA level compared with the cisplatin treatment group. Furthermore the oral administration of Amla leaf extract improves histological damage and morphological changes in RBCs. Our results suggest that, leaf extract of E. officinalis may ameliorate renal damage caused by cisplatin.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- BW, body weight
- CAT, catalase
- Cisplatin
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DNA, deoxy-ribonucleic acid
- DTNB, 5,5-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)
- Emblica officinalis
- FDA, food and drug administration
- GAMT, guanidinoacetate methyltransferase
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GR, glutathione reductase
- H&E, hematoxylene and eosin
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NaCl, sodium chloride
- Nephrotoxicity
- Oxidative stress
- RBCs, red blood cells
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Rats
- SEM, standard error mean
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TBA, 2-thiobarbituric acid
- TCA, trichloroacetic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupal Purena
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, 495009, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Rohit Seth
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, 495009, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Renu Bhatt
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, 495009, Chhattisgarh, India
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Selmi S, Rtibi K, Grami D, Sebai H, Marzouki L. Malathion, an organophosphate insecticide, provokes metabolic, histopathologic and molecular disorders in liver and kidney in prepubertal male mice. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:189-195. [PMID: 29854588 PMCID: PMC5977160 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of malathion exposure on oxidative stress, functional and metabolic parameters in kidney and liver of prepubertal male mice. For this reason, two separated groups of prepubertal male mice were used in this experiment. Animals were divided into two groups, group 1 served as a control and received the corn oil and group 2 was treated with 200 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) of malathion for 30 days. In result, we found that the malathion administration led to the perturbation of biochemical markers and histopathological as well as molecular damages. These changes were accompanied by an oxidative alternation which was evaluated by lipoperoxidation process and MDA production, a diminution of sulfhydril groups (-SH) content and an antioxidant enzyme activities depletion such as total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and its isoforms, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in both kidney and liver tissues. These changes were related with many histopathological lesions in the liver and kidney tissues. More importantly, this insecticide clearly caused a decline in the GPx-4 expression in liver as well as GPx-3 in kidney. These data suggest that prepubertal male mice exposure to malathion showed a marked deregulation of liver and kidney functions.
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Rtibi K, Grami D, Selmi S, Amri M, Sebai H, Marzouki L. Vinblastine, an anticancer drug, causes constipation and oxidative stress as well as others disruptions in intestinal tract in rat. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:221-225. [PMID: 28959642 PMCID: PMC5615122 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the gastrointestinal disorders after injection of vinblastine (2 mg kg-1 b.w. i.v.) in rats. Animals were divided into two equal groups: Group 1 was considered as a control group (NaCl, 0.9%). Group 2 was treated with intravenous injection of vinblastine for 7 days. Loperamide (2 mg kg-1) was injected in a saline solution subcutaneously to induce constipation in another group of rats during the same period. Fecal parameters of the different groups have been determined. At the end of the experiment, animals were anaesthetized and sacrificed by decapitation. The intestinal mucosa specimens were examined for lipid peroxidation, sulfhydryl groups (-SH) and protein carbonylation as well as antioxidant enzyme activities and intracellular mediators. Gastrointestinal motility was realized by the test meal (10% charcoal in 5% gum arabic). In result, statistically significant decreases in the fecal number and water content collected during 24 h were detected in the vinblastine group, but less important than loperamide control group. The animals treated with vinblastine, showed also a significant decrease (13%) of GIT, lower than that of loperamide (34%). The intestinal tissues from vinblastine-treated rats were showed a significant increase in lipoperoxydation and H2O2 production as well as a significant depletion of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Added to that, a disruption of intracellular iron and calcium levels was observed. Therefore, the present study provide the first strong evidence that vinblastine induced numerous disruptions in gastrointestinal which are related to oxidative stress and intracellular mediators disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaïs Rtibi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bioressources-Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, B.P. 382, 9000 Béja, Tunisia.,Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Fonctionnelle et Pathologies, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Dhekra Grami
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bioressources-Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, B.P. 382, 9000 Béja, Tunisia
| | - Slimen Selmi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bioressources-Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, B.P. 382, 9000 Béja, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Amri
- Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Fonctionnelle et Pathologies, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hichem Sebai
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bioressources-Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, B.P. 382, 9000 Béja, Tunisia
| | - Lamjed Marzouki
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bioressources-Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, B.P. 382, 9000 Béja, Tunisia.,Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Fonctionnelle et Pathologies, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
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Donida B, Marchetti DP, Jacques CED, Ribas G, Deon M, Manini P, da Rosa HT, Moura DJ, Saffi J, Giugliani R, Vargas CR. Oxidative profile exhibited by Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA patients at diagnosis: Increased keratan urinary levels. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2017; 11:46-53. [PMID: 28487826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Morquio A disease (Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA, MPS IVA) is one of the 11 mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs), a heterogeneous group of inherited lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) caused by deficiency in enzymes need to degrade glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Morquio A is characterized by a decrease in N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase activity and subsequent accumulation of keratan sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate in cells and body fluids. As the pathophysiology of this LSD is not completely understood and considering the previous results of our group concerning oxidative stress in Morquio A patients receiving enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), the aim of this study was to investigate oxidative stress parameters in Morquio A patients at diagnosis. It was studied 15 untreated Morquio A patients, compared with healthy individuals. The affected individuals presented higher lipid peroxidation, assessed by urinary 15-F2t-isoprostane levels and no protein damage, determined by sulfhydryl groups in plasma and di-tyrosine levels in urine. Furthermore, Morquio A patients showed DNA oxidative damage in both pyrimidines and purines bases, being the DNA damage positively correlated with lipid peroxidation. In relation to antioxidant defenses, affected patients presented higher levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and increased activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), while superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were similar to controls. Our findings indicate that Morquio A patients present at diagnosis redox imbalance and oxidative damage to lipids and DNA, reinforcing the idea about the importance of antioxidant therapy as adjuvant to ERT, in this disorder.
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Key Words
- 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine
- Cr, creatinine
- DI, damage index
- DTNB, 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunoassay
- ERT, enzyme replacement therapy
- Endo III, endonuclease III
- FU, fluorescence units
- GAGs, glycosaminoglycans
- GALNS, N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase
- GCL, glutamate cysteine ligase
- GCLC, catalytic subunit of GCL
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GR, glutathione reductase
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- GSSG, glutathione oxidized
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- IEM, inborn errors of metabolism
- Keratan sulfate
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LSDs, lysosomal storage disorders
- MPSs, mucopolysaccharidoses
- Morquio A syndrome
- Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA
- N-acetyl-galactosamine-6-sulfatase
- OH•, hydroxyl radical
- Oxidative stress
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TLR4, Toll Like Receptor 4
- TNB, tionitrobenzoic acid
- mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid
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Coballase-Urrutia E, Cárdenas-Rodríguez N, González-García MC, Núñez-Ramírez E, Floriano-Sánchez E, González-Trujano ME, Fernández-Rojas B, Pedraza-Chaverrí J, Montesinos-Correa H, Rivera-Espinosa L, Sampieri AIII, Carmona-Aparicio L. Biochemical and molecular modulation of CCl 4-induced peripheral and central damage by Tilia americana var. mexicanaextracts. Saudi Pharm J 2017; 25:319-331. [PMID: 28344485 PMCID: PMC5357111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Around the world, species from the genus Tilia are commonly used because of their peripheral and central medicinal effects; they are prepared as teas and used as tranquilizing, anticonvulsant, and analgesic agents. In this study, we provide evidence of the protective effects of organic and aqueous extracts (100 mg/kg, i.p.) obtained from the leaves of Tilia americana var. mexicana on CCl4-induced liver and brain damage in the rat. Protection was observed in the liver and brain (cerebellum, cortex and cerebral hemispheres) by measuring the activity of antioxidant enzymes and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) using spectrophotometric methods. Biochemical parameters were also assessed in serum samples from the CCl4-treated rats. The T. americana var. mexicana leaf extracts provided significant protection against CCl4-induced peripheral and central damage by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, diminishing lipid peroxidation, and preventing alterations in biochemical serum parameters, such as the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-globulin (γ-GLOB), serum albumin (ALB), total bilirubin (BB), creatinine (CREA) and creatine kinase (CK), relative to the control group. Additionally, we correlated gene expression with antioxidant activity in the experimental groups treated with the organic and aqueous Tilia extracts and observed a non-statistically significant positive correlation. Our results provide evidence of the underlying biomedical properties of T. americana var. mexicana that confer its neuro- and hepatoprotective effects.
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Key Words
- ALB, serum albumin
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Ac.E, ethyl acetate extract group
- Antioxidant
- Aq.E, aqueous extract group
- Aq.E + CCl4, aqueous extract-CCl4 group
- BACT, β-actin
- BB, total bilirubin
- CAT, catalase
- CCl3OO•, trichloromethylperoxy radical
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- CCl4-induced damage
- CDNB, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
- CK, creatine kinase
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase
- CREA, creatinine
- DMPO, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrrolin-N-oxide
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt
- G6PDH, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GR, glutathione reductase
- GSH, reduced form of glutathione
- GSSG, oxidized form of glutathione
- GST, glutathione-S-transferase
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- HO-1, heme oxygenase-1
- He.E, hexane extract group
- He.E + CCl4, hexane extract-CCl4 group
- Hepatoprotective effects
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- Me.E, methanol extract group
- Me.E + CCl4, methanol extract-CCl4 group
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NBT, nitro blue tetrazolium
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- Neuroprotective effects
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2
- O.O, olive oil group
- Oxidative stress
- PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SOD1, superoxide dismutase-1
- SOD2, superoxide dismutase-1
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor
- Tilia americana var. mexicana
- UK, United Kingdom
- USA, United States of America
- Var., variant
- [Formula: see text], trichloromethyl
- bp, base pair
- i.p., intraperitoneal administration
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- oxo8-dG, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine
- γ-GLOB, γ-globulin
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eithan Núñez-Ramírez
- Military School of Graduate of Health, Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, SEDENA, 11270 D.F. Mexico, Mexico
| | - Esaú Floriano-Sánchez
- Military School of Graduate of Health, Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, SEDENA, 11270 D.F. Mexico, Mexico
| | - María Eva González-Trujano
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology of Natural Products, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente Muñiz, 14370 D.F. Mexico, Mexico
| | - Berenice Fernández-Rojas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04150 D.F. Mexico, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverrí
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04150 D.F. Mexico, Mexico
| | | | | | - Aristides III Sampieri
- Department of Comparative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04150 D.F. Mexico, Mexico
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Franchi N, Ballin F, Ballarin L. Protection from Oxidative Stress in Immunocytes of the Colonial Ascidian Botryllus schlosseri: Transcript Characterization and Expression Studies. Biol Bull 2017; 232:45-57. [PMID: 28445096 DOI: 10.1086/691694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Botryllus schlosseri is a cosmopolitan colonial ascidian that undergoes cyclical generation changes, or take-overs, during which adult zooids are resorbed and replaced by their buds. At take-over, adult tissues undergo diffuse apoptosis and effete cells are massively ingested by circulating phagocytes, with a consequent increase in oxygen consumption and in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The latter are responsible for the death of phagocytes involved in the clearance of apoptotic cells and corpses by phagocytosis-induced apoptosis. However, the majority of phagocytes and hemocytes do not die, even if they experience oxidative stress. This fact suggests the presence of detoxification mechanisms assuring their protection. To test this assumption, we searched for transcripts of genes involved in detoxification in the transcriptome of B. schlosseri. We identified and characterized transcripts for Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase modulatory subunit (GCLM), glutathione synthase (GS), and two glutathione peroxidases (i.e., GPx3 and GPx5), all involved in protection from ROS. We also carried out a phylogenetic analysis of the putative amino acid sequences, confirming their similarity to their vertebrate counterparts, and studied the location of their mRNAs by in situ hybridization on hemocyte monolayers. We also analyzed gene transcription during the colonial blastogenetic cycle, which is the interval of time between one take-over and the next, by qRT-PCR. In addition, we investigated the effects of cadmium (Cd), an inducer of oxidative stress, on gene transcription. Our results indicated that i) antioxidant gene expression is modulated in the course of the blastogenetic cycle and upon exposure to Cd, and ii) hemocytes synthesize both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, in line with the idea that they represent a major detoxification system for ascidians.
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Key Words
- AG, adenine guanine (splicing consensus signal)
- ATG, start signal
- CDS, coding sequences
- Cd, cadmium
- Cu/Zn SOD, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase
- EST, expressed sequence tag
- FSW, filtered seawater
- GCL, γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase
- GCLC, catalytic subunit of γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase
- GCLM, modulatory subunit of γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GS, glutathione synthase
- GSH, glutathione
- GSSG, oxidized glutathione
- GT, guanine timine (splicing consensus signal)
- ISH, in situ hybridization
- MC, mid-cycle
- ME, minimum evolution
- ML, maximum likelihood
- MP, maximum parsimony
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NJ, neighbor-joining
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PO, phenoloxidase
- RACE, rapid amplification of the cDNA ends
- ROS: reactive oxygen species
- SEC, selenocysteine
- SECIS, selenocysteine insertion sequence
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SODb, type B SOD
- TAG, stop codon
- TGA, thymine, guanine, and adenine nucleotides (stop codon)
- TO, take-over
- UPGMA, unweighted pair group with arithmetic mean
- UTR, untranslated region
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Martinel Lamas DJ, Cortina JE, Ventura C, Sterle HA, Valli E, Balestrasse KB, Blanco H, Cremaschi GA, Rivera ES, Medina VA. Enhancement of ionizing radiation response by histamine in vitro and in vivo in human breast cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:137-48. [PMID: 25482934 DOI: 10.4161/15384047.2014.987091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The radioprotective potential of histamine on healthy tissue has been previously demonstrated. The aims of this work were to investigate the combinatorial effect of histamine or its receptor ligands and gamma radiation in vitro on the radiobiological response of 2 breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7), to explore the potential molecular mechanisms of the radiosensitizing action and to evaluate the histamine-induced radiosensitization in vivo in a triple negative breast cancer model. Results indicate that histamine significantly increased the radiosensitivity of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. This effect was mimicked by the H1R agonist 2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)histamine and the H4R agonists (Clobenpropit and VUF8430) in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells, respectively. Histamine and its agonists enhanced radiation-induced oxidative DNA damage, DNA double-strand breaks, apoptosis and senescence. These effects were associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species, which correlated with the inhibition of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in MDA-MB-231 cells. Histamine was able also to potentiate in vivo the anti-tumoral effect of radiation, increasing the exponential tumor doubling time. We conclude that histamine increased radiation response of breast cancer cells, suggesting that it could be used as a potential adjuvant to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy.
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Key Words
- 3F-MPHA, 2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)histamine
- 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine
- BSA, bovine seroalbumine
- BrdU, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine
- Clob, clobenpropit
- DCFH-DA, dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
- Dapi, 4′-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- ER, estrogen receptor
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- Gy, gray
- H1R, histamine receptor 1
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- H2R, histamine receptor 2
- H3R, histamine receptor 3
- H4R, histamine receptor 4
- HA, histamine
- IgG, immunoglobuline G
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SEM, standard error of mean
- SF, surviving fraction
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
- U, unit
- apoptosis
- breast cancer
- cell proliferation
- histamine
- ionizing radiation
- radio-potentiation
- reactive oxygen species
- sc, subcutaneous
- γH2AX, phosphorylated histone H2AX
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego J Martinel Lamas
- a Laboratory of Radioisotopes; School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Buenos Aires ; Buenos Aires , Argentina
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Pandey N, Bhatt R. Exiguobacterium mediated arsenic removal and its protective effect against arsenic induced toxicity and oxidative damage in freshwater fish, Channa striata. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:1367-1375. [PMID: 28962479 PMCID: PMC5598528 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a toxic metalloid existing widely in the environment, and its removal from contaminated water has become a global challenge. The use of bacteria in this regard finds a promising solution. In the present study, Exiguobacterium sp. As-9, which is an arsenic resistant bacterium, was selected with respect to its arsenic removal efficiency. Quantification of arsenic in the water treated with bacterium showed that Exiguobacterium efficiently removed up to 99% of arsenic in less than 20 h. In order to reveal the possible effect of this bacterium in removal of arsenic from water and protecting fishes from the detrimental effects of arsenic, we initiated a range of studies on fresh water fish, Channa striata. It was observed that the fishes introduced into bacteria treated water displayed no symptoms of arsenic toxicity which was marked by a decreased oxidative damage, whereas the fishes exposed to arsenic revealed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the oxidative stress together with the elevated levels of malondialdehyde. Determination of the bioaccumulation of arsenic in the liver tissues of C. striata using hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry (HG-AAS) revealed an increased As(III) accumulation in the fishes exposed to arsenic whereas the arsenic level in the control and bacteria treated fishes were found below the detectable limit. In conclusion, this study presents the strategies of bacterial arsenic removal with possible directions for future research.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Antioxidative enzymes
- Arsenic
- Arsenic removal
- BSM, basal salt medium
- CAT, catalase
- EDX, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- Exiguobacterium
- FTIR, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer
- GOT, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
- GPT, glutamic pyruvic transaminase
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- HG-AAS, hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometer
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- Oxidative damage
- SEM, scanning electron microscopy
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh 495009, India
| | - Renu Bhatt
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh 495009, India
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Abed DA, Goldstein M, Albanyan H, Jin H, Hu L. Discovery of direct inhibitors of Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction as potential therapeutic and preventive agents. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:285-99. [PMID: 26579458 PMCID: PMC4629420 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Keap1–Nrf2–ARE pathway is an important antioxidant defense mechanism that protects cells from oxidative stress and the Keap1–Nrf2 protein–protein interaction (PPI) has become an important drug target to upregulate the expression of ARE-controlled cytoprotective oxidative stress response enzymes in the development of therapeutic and preventive agents for a number of diseases and conditions. However, most known Nrf2 activators/ARE inducers are indirect inhibitors of Keap1–Nrf2 PPI and they are electrophilic species that act by modifying the sulfhydryl groups of Keap1׳s cysteine residues. The electrophilicity of these indirect inhibitors may cause "off-target" side effects by reacting with cysteine residues of other important cellular proteins. Efforts have recently been focused on the development of direct inhibitors of Keap1–Nrf2 PPI. This article reviews these recent research efforts including the development of high throughput screening assays, the discovery of peptide and small molecule direct inhibitors, and the biophysical characterization of the binding of these inhibitors to the target Keap1 Kelch domain protein. These non-covalent direct inhibitors of Keap1–Nrf2 PPI could potentially be developed into effective therapeutic or preventive agents for a variety of diseases and conditions.
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Key Words
- 1O2, singlet oxygen
- AD, Alzheimer׳s disease
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- BTB, broad complex, tramtrack and bric-a-brac
- Bach1, BTB and CNC homology 1
- CBP, cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein
- CDDO-Me, bardoxolone methyl
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CTR, C-terminal region
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- DGR, double glycine repeats
- Direct inhibitors of protein–protein interaction
- FITC, flurescein isothiocyanate
- FP, fluorescence polarization
- GCL, glutamate-cysteine ligase
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- HO-1, heme-oxygenase-1
- HTS, high-throughput screening
- High throughput screening assays
- IBS, inflammatory bowel disease
- IVR, intervening region
- Keap1
- Keap1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- MD, molecular dynamics
- NMR, .
- NO, nitric oxide
- NQO1, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase I
- NTR, N-terminal region
- Nrf2
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2
- Oxidative stress
- PD, Parkinson׳s disease
- PPI, protein–protein interaction
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- STZ, streptozotocin
- Structure–activity relationships
- THIQ, tetrahydroisoquinoline
- TRX, thioredoxin
- X-ray crystallography
- [Formula: see text], peroxynitrate
- [Formula: see text], superoxide, OH·, hydroxyl radical
- vitamin C, ascorbate
- vitamin E, tocopherols
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Sheweita S, Salama B, Hassan M. Erectile dysfunction drugs and oxidative stress in the liver of male rats. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:933-938. [PMID: 28962432 PMCID: PMC5598225 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) affected the lives of more than 300 million men worldwide. Erectile dysfunction drugs (EDD), known as phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDEIs), have been used for treatment of ED. It has been shown that oxidative stress plays an important role in the progression of erectile dysfunction. Oxidative stress can be alleviated or decreased by antioxidant enzymes. Therefore, the present study aims at investigating the changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase as well as protein expression of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase after treatment of male rats with a daily dose of sildenafil (1.48 mg/kg), tadalafil (0.285 mg/kg) and vardenafil (0.285 mg/kg) for three weeks. In addition, levels of reduced glutathione and malondialdyhyde (MDA) were assayed. The present study showed that sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil treatments significantly decreased the levels of glutathione, MDA and the activity of glutathione reductase. In addition, vardenafil and sildenafil increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Interestingly, western immunoblotting data showed that vardenafil induced the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and its protein expression, whereas tadalafil and sildenafil inhibited such enzyme activity and its protein expression. In addition, the protein expression of GST π isozyme was markedly reduced after treatment of rats with sildenafil. It is concluded that ED drugs induced the activities of both SOD and catalase which consequently decreased MDA level. Therefore, decrement in MDA levels could increase nitric oxide–cGMP level which in turn promotes the erection mechanism.
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Key Words
- CAT, catalase
- Catalase
- ED, erectile dysfunction
- EDD, erectile dysfunction drugs
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GR, glutathione reductase
- GSH, glutathione
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- Glutathione
- Glutathione peroxidase
- Glutathione reductase
- MDA, malondialdyhyde
- Oxidative stress
- PDE-5, phosphodiesterase type-5
- PDEIs, phosphodiesterase inhibitors
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Sheweita
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies & Research, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Basant Salama
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies & Research, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Hassan
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies & Research, Alexandria University, Egypt
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Elkhateeb A, El Khishin I, Megahed O, Mazen F. Effect of Nigella sativa Linn oil on tramadol-induced hepato- and nephrotoxicity in adult male albino rats. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:512-519. [PMID: 28962386 PMCID: PMC5598165 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out to evaluate the role of Nigella sativa Linn (NsL) oil against subacute tramadol-induced hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity as well as oxidative stress in adult male albino rats. Sixty adult male albino rats were divided into four groups. Group I: control group; 30 rats equally subdivided into: Ia; −ve control group, Ib; +ve control group received saline, Ic; +ve control group received corn oil. Group II: 10 rats received NsL oil; 1 mg/kg in 1 ml corn oil/day, group III: 10 rats received tramadol; 30 mg/kg/day, group IV: 10 rats received tramadol + NsL oil in the previous doses. Treatments were given by gavage for 30 days. Then rats were sacrificed and specimens from the livers and kidneys were taken for biochemical and histopathological study. Biochemical data showed elevated liver enzymes; alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), bilirubin as well as urea and creatinine in tramadol group. A significant increase in hepatic and renal malondialdehyde (MDA) and a decrease in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels were also noticed. Histological analysis of the liver showed vacuolated hepatocyte cytoplasm indicating hydropic degeneration with binucleated cells, apoptotic nuclei, congested central veins, cellular infiltration and hemorrhage. Kidney sections revealed atrophied glomeruli with collapsed tufts and wide Bowman's space, degenerated tubules, hemorrhage and mononuclear cellular infiltration. There was also an increase in area % of collagen fibers in both organs. Concomitant use of NsL oil with tramadol induced partial improvement in the hepato- and nephrotoxic effects. In conclusion, this study suggested that concomitant use of NsL oil with tramadol proved to be capable of ameliorating tramadol-induced hepato- and nephrotoxicity which might be due to its antioxidant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elkhateeb
- Department of Forensic Medicine and clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - I El Khishin
- Department of Forensic Medicine and clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - O Megahed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - F Mazen
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
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Ghosh S, Bhattacharyya S, Rashid K, Sil PC. Curcumin protects rat liver from streptozotocin-induced diabetic pathophysiology by counteracting reactive oxygen species and inhibiting the activation of p53 and MAPKs mediated stress response pathways. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:365-376. [PMID: 28962370 PMCID: PMC5598222 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (CUR) is a highly pleiotropic molecule and possesses anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antioxidative, wound-healing and antimicrobial activities. The present study was carried out to investigate whether CUR plays any beneficial role in streptozotocin (STZ) induced hepatic pathophysiology in diabetic rats. STZ exposure increased hepatic damage associated serum markers (ALT, ALP and LDH) as well as NO production in the liver tissue. Moreover, the same exposure enhanced ROS generation and lipid peroxidation; reduced GSH levels and antioxidant enzyme activities. Hyperglycemia induced hepatic pathophysiology also activated stress response pathways (involving phosphorylation of p38, ERK1/2 MAPKs and p53) and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential which in turn led to cellular apoptosis as evidenced from increased hepatic DNA fragmentation as well as FACS analysis. However, treatment with CUR effectively counteracts diabetes-induced, oxidative stress mediated hepatic damage and could act as a therapeutic in lessening liver dysfunction in diabetic subjects.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- Antioxidant
- Apoptosis
- CAT, catalase
- Curcumin
- Diabetes
- ERK1/2, extracellular signal regulated kinases 1/2
- FRAP, ferric reducing antioxidant power
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GR, glutathione reductase
- GSH, glutathione
- GSSG, glutathione disulphide
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- Liver
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinases
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NAPQI, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine
- PSA, prostate-specific antigen
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- STZ, streptozotocin
- Streptozotocin
- TPTZ, 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Parames C. Sil
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
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Hamza RZ, Al-Harbi MS. Monosodium glutamate induced testicular toxicity and the possible ameliorative role of vitamin E or selenium in male rats. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:1037-1045. [PMID: 28962317 PMCID: PMC5598534 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate induced testicular damage due to oxidative stress. Using of selenium and/or vitamin E to alleviate the toxicity of monosodium glutamate especially on testis. Increasing of MDA levels in MSG treated group while reduction in SOD, CAT and GPx activities.
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) has been recognized as flavor enhancer that adversely affects male reproductive systems. The present study was carried out to evaluate the potential protective role of vitamin E (vit E) or selenium against MSG induced oxidative stress and histopathological changes in testis tissues of rats. Mature male Wistar rats weighing 150–200 g BW were allocated to evenly twelve groups each group of ten animals, the first group was maintained as control group, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups were administered MSG in three different dose levels (low, medium and high) (6, 17.5 and 60 mg/kg BW), the 5th and 6th groups were given vit E in two doses (low and high) (150 and 200 mg/kg), the 7th and 8th groups were administered selenium in two doses (low and high) (0.25 and 1 mg/kg) daily via gavage for a period of 30 days. Meanwhile the 9th and 10th groups were given combinations of MSG (high dose) and vit E while, the 11th and 12th groups were given MSG (high dose) plus selenium in two recommended doses for each one. Monosodium glutamate caused an elevation in lipid peroxidation level parallel with significant decline in SOD, CAT as well as GPx activities in testis tissues. Administration of vit E or selenium to MSG-treated groups declined lipid peroxidation, increased SOD, CAT, GPx activities. Selenium or vit E significantly reduced MSG induced histopathological changes by the entire restoration of the histological structures and the testicular antioxidant status to great extent in treated rats. In conclusion, supplementation of selenium or vit E could ameliorate the MSG induced testicular toxicity to great extent and reduce the oxidative stress on testis tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Z Hamza
- Zagazig University, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohammad S Al-Harbi
- Taif University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Taif 888, Saudi Arabia
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Vidyashankar S, Babu UV, Patki PS. Gymnemasylvestre derived compounds inhibit GSH depletion and increase cGMP and nitric oxide to attenuate advanced glycation end products induced hypertrophic growth in renal tubular epithelial cells. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:834-842. [PMID: 28962295 PMCID: PMC5598397 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGE) plays significant role in developing tubular hypertrophy during diabetic nephropathy (DN). Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (NO) are directly involved in the progression of DN. We have studied the effect of standardized Gymnemasylvestre organic extract (GE) on AGE induced cellular hypertrophy using rat renal tubular epithelial cells (NRK 52E). AGE (400 μg/ml) induced cytotoxicity to NRK 52E cells as determined by MTT assay at 0–72 h. We report cellular hypertrophy mediated cytotoxicity by AGE which was the result of significant reduction in the cellular nitric oxide and cGMP levels associated with increased lipid peroxidation and antioxidant depletion (P < 0.05). Upon treatment with GE the cell viability was increased with reduced cellular hypertrophy by 1.7 folds when compared to AGE treated group. GE could significantly increase NO by 1.9 folds and cGMP by 2.8 folds and inhibited GSH depletion by 50% during AGE induced toxicity. The antioxidant enzyme activity of catalase was increased by 50% while, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzyme activities were significantly increased by 42% and 67% with decreased lipid peroxidation (49%) upon GE treatment. Thus, GE attenuates AGE induced hypertrophic growth by inhibiting GSH depletion and partly through increased NO/cGMP signaling.
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Key Words
- AGE, advanced glycation end products
- Advanced glycation end products (AGE)
- Antioxidant enzymes
- CAT, catalase
- Cyclic GMP
- DN, diabetic nephropathy
- GE, Gymnemasylvestre organic extract
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- Glutathione
- Gymnemasylvestre
- LPO, lipid peroxidation
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NO, nitric oxide
- Nitric oxide
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyakumar Vidyashankar
- Cell Biology, Research and Development, The Himalaya Drug Company, Makali, Bangalore 562162, India
| | - Uddagiri Venkanna Babu
- Phytochemistry, Research and Development, The Himalaya Drug Company, Makali, Bangalore 562162, India
| | - Pralhad Sadashiv Patki
- Medical Services Clinical Trials, Research and Development, The Himalaya Drug Company, Makali, Bangalore 562162, India
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Vedi M, Rasool M, Sabina EP. Amelioration of bromobenzene hepatotoxicity by Withania somnifera pretreatment: Role of mitochondrial oxidative stress. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:629-638. [PMID: 28962276 PMCID: PMC5598216 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of bromobenzene to rats caused increased levels of liver marker enzymes, lipid peroxidation, TNF-α, IL-1β, VEGF, depletion in levels of mitochondrial enzymes and antioxidants. Pre-treatment with Withania somnifera normalized the levels of liver marker enzymes, TNF-α, IL-1β, VEGF, mitochondrial enzymes, antioxidants and ameliorated histopathological manifestations in bromobenzene-treated rats. Molecular dockings studies showed strong interactions between pro-inflammatory mediator NF-ƙB and various active components of W. somnifera (Withaferin A, Withanolide D and Withanolide E), thus blocking it from causing progressive tissue damage.
The present study investigated the possible protective role of Withania somnifera (Linn.) Dunal (Solanaceae) root powder against bromobenzene-induced oxidative damage in rat liver mitochondria. Administration of bromobenzene (10 mmol/kg body weight) to rats resulted in increased levels of liver marker enzymes, lipid peroxidation, TNF-α, IL-1β and VEGF. There was also marked depletion in the levels of mitochondrial enzymes and antioxidant activity. Pre-treatment with W. somnifera significantly decreased the levels of liver marker enzymes, TNF-α, IL-1β, VEGF and ameliorated histopathological manifestations in bromobenzene-treated rats. The molecular docking analysis predicted that the pro-inflammatory mediator NF-κB showed significant interaction with selected various active components of W. somnifera (withaferin A, withanolide D and withanolide E). This study demonstrates a good protective effect of W. somnifera against bromobenzene-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Vedi
- VIT University, Vellore 632014 Tamil Nadu, India
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Kapoor R, Kakkar P. Naringenin accords hepatoprotection from streptozotocin induced diabetes in vivo by modulating mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptotic signaling cascade. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:569-581. [PMID: 28962270 PMCID: PMC5598533 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic complications cause noticeable liver damage, which finally progresses to diabetic hepatopathy. Nutritive antioxidants not only reduce the liver damage, but also prevent it by modulating the release of various proteins involved in apoptotic signaling cascades. This study explores the molecular mechanisms underlying diabetes-induced liver damage and its modulation by naringenin. Antioxidant status, liver & kidney biomarker enzymes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential, expression of apoptotic proteins like Bax (bcl-2 associated X), Bcl-2 (b-cell Lymhoma-2), Caspase-3, Caspase-9, AIF (Apoptosis inducing factor) and Endo-G (Endonuclease-G) were studied in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Significant hyperglycemia, disturbed antioxidant status, altered carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, increased ROS and lipid peroxidation; decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and enhanced release of AIF and Endo-G were observed. Hyperglycemia also affected apoptosis and its related genes at both transcriptional and translational level (Caspase-3 & 9, Bax and Bcl-2) in the liver of diabetic rats. Naringenin, a flavonone, exerted anti-hyperglycemic effect and was able to prevent oxidative stress and resultant apoptotic events caused due to diabetes-induced hepatotoxicity. Thus, our study shows, a protective effect of naringenin against diabetes induced liver damage and redox imbalance, which could further be exploited for the management of diabetic hepatopathy.
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Key Words
- AGE, advanced glycated end products
- AIF, apoptosis inducing factor
- Apoptosis
- Bax, bcl-2 associated X
- Bcl-2, b-cell Lymhoma-2
- CAT, catalase
- CoN, diabetic rats co-treated with naringenin during streptozotocin induction
- CtN, control rats treated with naringenin
- Ctrl, control rats
- DCF, dichlorofluorescein
- DCFH-DA, 2′7′dichlorofluorescein diacetate
- DNA,COX-II, cyclo-oxygenase-II
- Diab, diabetic rats
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- Endo-G, endonuclease-G
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- Glib, diabetic rats treated with standard drug glybenclamide
- Glibenclamide (PubChem CID: 3488)
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- JC-1, 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazol-carbocyanine iodide
- Liver damage
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- Mitochondrial dysfunction
- NADPH (PubChem CID: 12598259)
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced
- NBT, nitroblue tetrazolium
- Naringenin
- Naringenin (PubChem CID: 932)
- Nicotinamide (PubChem CID: 936)
- Oxidative stress
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PKC, protein kinase-C
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- PoN, diabetic rats treated with naringenin after diabetes induction
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RT-PCR, reverse transciptase polymerase chain reaction
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Sil, diabetic rats treated with silymarin
- Silymarin (PubChem CID: 1548894)
- Sodium dodecyl sulphate (PubChem CID: 3423265)
- Streptozotocin (PubChem CID: 29327)
- Streptozotocin induced diabetes
- Thiobarbituric acid (PubChem CID: 3081198)
- TriChloroacetic acid (PubChem CID: 6421)
- cDNA, complementary
- d-glucose (PubChem CID: 5793)
- p-NA, p-nitro aniline
- ΨΔm, mitochondrial membrane potential
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Poonam Kakkar
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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Vidyashankar S, Thiyagarajan OS, Varma RS, Kumar LMS, Babu UV, Patki PS. Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera) supercritical CO 2 extract derived withanolides mitigates Bisphenol A induced mitochondrial toxicity in HepG2 cells. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:1004-1012. [PMID: 28962313 PMCID: PMC5598539 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) safety aspects on human health are debated extensively for long time. In the present study, we have studied the toxicity induced by BPA at no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) using HepG2 cells. We report that BPA at 100 nM induced cytotoxicity to HepG2 cells as determined by MTT assay at 0-72 h. The toxicity was result of reduced oxygen consumption and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential associated with decreased ATP production. The BPA treatment resulted in increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) content with decreased glutathione and other antioxidant enzymes. BPA derived toxicity is a concern to human health and alternative non-toxic natural products/derivatives or adjuvants that serve as antidote will be relevant. In this context, Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) a widely used herb to treat arthritis, rheumatism and to improve longevity for time immemorial is investigated for its antidote effect. Ashwagandha supercritical CO2 extract derived Withanolides (ADW) at 100 μg/ml protect HepG2 cells from BPA induced toxicity by suppressing mitochondrial damage and increased ATP production. Further, cellular MDA content was significantly suppressed with increased non-enzymic and antioxidant enzyme activities. These findings derived from the present study suggest the beneficial effect of ADW in mitigating BPA induced mitochondrial toxicity in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyakumar Vidyashankar
- In Vitro Biology, Research and Development, The Himalaya Drug Company, Makali, Bangalore 562 162, India
| | - O S Thiyagarajan
- In Vitro Biology, Research and Development, The Himalaya Drug Company, Makali, Bangalore 562 162, India
| | - R Sandeep Varma
- In Vitro Biology, Research and Development, The Himalaya Drug Company, Makali, Bangalore 562 162, India
| | - L M Sharath Kumar
- Phytochemistry, Research and Development, The Himalaya Drug Company, Makali, Bangalore 562 162, India
| | - Uddagiri Venkanna Babu
- Phytochemistry, Research and Development, The Himalaya Drug Company, Makali, Bangalore 562 162, India
| | - Pralhad Sadashiv Patki
- Medical Services and Clinical Trials, Research and Development, The Himalaya Drug Company, Makali, Bangalore 562 162, India
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Thangapandiyan S, Miltonprabu S. Epigallocatechin gallate supplementation protects against renal injury induced by fluoride intoxication in rats: Role of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:12-30. [PMID: 28962222 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoride intoxication generates free radicals, causing oxidative stress that plays a critical role in the progression of nephropathy. In the present study, we hypothesized that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), found in green tea, protects the kidneys of rats treated with fluoride by preventing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Pretreatment of fluoride-treated rats with EGCG resulted in a significant normalization of creatinine clearance and levels of urea, uric acid, and creatinine. Fluoride intoxication significantly increased renal oxidative stress markers and decreased the levels of renal enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. In addition, renal NO, TNF-α, IL-6 and NF-κB were also increased in the renal tissue of fluoride-treated rats. Further, EGCG pretreatment produced a significant improvement in renal antioxidant status and reduced lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and the levels of inflammatory markers in fluoride-treated kidney. Similarly, mRNA and protein analyses showed that EGCG pretreatment normalized the renal expression of Nrf2/Keap1 and its downstream regulatory proteins in fluoride-treated rat kidney. EGCG also effectively attenuated fluoride-induced renal apoptosis by the up-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2 and down-regulation of Bax, caspase-3, caspase-9 and cytochrome c. Histology and immunohistochemical observations of Kim-1 provided further evidence that EGCG effectively protects the kidney from fluoride-mediated oxidative damage. These results suggest that EGCG ameliorates fluoride-induced oxidative renal injury by activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
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Key Words
- ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase
- Bax, B-cell associated X protein
- Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- CAT, catalase
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- EGCG, epigallocatechin gallate
- Fluoride
- G6PD, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
- GCSH, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase heavy subunit
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GR, glutathione reductase
- GST, glutathione S-transferease
- GSTM, glutathione S-transferase Mu
- HO-1, heme oxygenase-1
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- Keap-1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- Kidney
- Kim-1, kidney injury molecule-1
- LOOH, lipid hydroperoxide
- NF-kB, Nuclear factor kappa B
- NaF, sodium fluoride
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor-2
- Oxidative stress
- PC, protein carbonyl
- ROS/RNS, reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species
- Rat
- Reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TSH, total sulfhydryl groups
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Anuranjani, Bala M. Concerted action of Nrf2-ARE pathway, MRN complex, HMGB1 and inflammatory cytokines - implication in modification of radiation damage. Redox Biol 2014; 2:832-46. [PMID: 25009785 PMCID: PMC4085347 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole body exposure to low linear energy transfer (LET) ionizing radiations (IRs) damages vital intracellular bio-molecules leading to multiple cellular and tissue injuries as well as pathophysiologies such as inflammation, immunosuppression etc. Nearly 70% of damage is caused indirectly by radiolysis of intracellular water leading to formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals and producing a state of oxidative stress. The damage is also caused by direct ionization of biomolecules. The type of radiation injuries is dependent on the absorbed radiation dose. Sub-lethal IR dose produces more of DNA base damages, whereas higher doses produce more DNA single strand break (SSBs), and double strand breaks (DSBs). The Nrf2-ARE pathway is an important oxidative stress regulating pathway. The DNA DSBs repair regulated by MRN complex, immunomodulation and inflammation regulated by HMGB1 and various types of cytokines are some of the key pathways which interact with each other in a complex manner and modify the radiation response. Because the majority of radiation damage is via oxidative stress, it is essential to gain in depth understanding of the mechanisms of Nrf2-ARE pathway and understand its interactions with MRN complex, HMGB1 and cytokines to increase our understanding on the radiation responses. Such information is of tremendous help in development of medical radiation countermeasures, radioprotective drugs and therapeutics. Till date no approved and safe countermeasure is available for human use. This study reviews the Nrf2-ARE pathway and its crosstalk with MRN-complex, HMGB1 and cytokines (TNF-a, IL-6, IFN-? etc.). An attempt is also made to review the modification of some of these pathways in presence of selected antioxidant radioprotective compounds or herbal extracts. Exposure to low linear energy transfer (LET) ionizing radiation (IR) causes intracellular oxidative stress and activate the Nrf2-ARE antioxidant pathway. Irradiation also causes inflammation and DNA damage which affect other pathways related to MRN complex and HMGB1 proteins. The antioxidant Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway most importantly regulates intracellular oxidative stress. The interaction of Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway with HMGB1 regulated inflammation; MRN complex regulated DNA repair is reviewed.
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Key Words
- .OH, hydroxyl radical
- AP1, activator protein-1
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutagenesis
- Bcl-2, B cell lymphoma-2 protein
- CBP, CREB-binding protein
- Chk-2, checkpoint kinase-2 protein
- DAMP, death associated molecular pattern
- DDR, DNA damage response
- DGR, double glycine repeats
- DSB, double strands break
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FGF2, fibroblast growth factor-2
- GM-CSF, granulocytes macrophages colony stimulating factor
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, glutathione (reduced)
- GSK-3ß, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
- HMGB1
- HMGB1, high mobility group Box 1
- HR, homologous recombination
- IR, ionizing radiation
- Keap1, Kelch like ECH associated protein 1
- LET, linear energy transfer
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MIP, macrophages inflammatory proteins
- MRN complex
- MRN, Mre11, Rad50 and Nbs1 subunits
- MRP, multidrug resistance protein
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NES, nuclear export sequence
- NHEJ, non-homologous end joining
- NLS, nuclear localization sequence
- Nrf2-ARE pathway
- PKC, protein kinase C
- RAGE, receptor for advance glycation end products
- RIF, radiation induced foci
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Radio-modification
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SSBs, single strand DNA breaks
- TRAIL, TNF related apoptosis inducing ligand
- TWEAK
- TWEAK, tumour necrosis factor weak inducer of apoptosis
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cells
- bFGF, basal fibroblast growth factor
- t-BHQ, tert butyl hydroquinone
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuranjani
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi -110054, India
| | - Madhu Bala
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi -110054, India
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Paidi MD, Schjoldager JG, Lykkesfeldt J, Tveden-Nyborg P. Prenatal vitamin C deficiency results in differential levels of oxidative stress during late gestation in foetal guinea pig brains. Redox Biol 2014; 2:361-7. [PMID: 24563854 PMCID: PMC3926113 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant defences are comparatively low during foetal development making the brain particularly susceptible to oxidative stress during antioxidant deficiencies. The brain is one of the organs containing the highest concentration of vitamin C (VitC) and VitC deficiency during foetal development may place the brain at risk of redox status imbalance. In the present study, we investigated the developmental pattern and effect of VitC deficiency on antioxidants, vitamin E and superoxide dismutase (SOD), assessed oxidative damage by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA), hydroxynonenal (HNE) and nitrotyrosine (NT) and analysed gene and protein expression of apoptosis marker caspase-3 in the guinea pig foetal brain at two gestational (GD) time points, GD 45/pre-term and GD 56/near term following either a VitC sufficient (CTRL) or deficient (DEF) maternal dietary regime. We show that except for SOD, antioxidants and oxidative damage markers are differentially expressed between the two GDs, with high VitC (p<0.0001), NT modified proteins (p<0.0001) and active caspase-3 levels (p<0.05) at pre-term and high vitamin E levels (p<0.0001), HNE (p<0.0001) and MDA (p<0.0001) at near term. VitC deficiency significantly increased SOD activity (p<0.0001) compared to CTRLs at both GDs indicating a compensatory response, however, low levels of VitC significantly elevated MDA levels (p<0.05) in DEF at near term. Our results show a differential regulation of the investigated markers during late gestation and suggest that immature brains are susceptible to oxidative stress due to prenatal vitC deficiency in spite of an induction of protective adaptation mechanisms. Maternal vitamin C deficiency affects redox balance in the foetal brain. Differential regulation during late gestation time-points. The foetal brain is susceptible to oxidative stress imposed by vitamin C deficiency.
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Key Words
- 1VitC, vitamin C
- Brain
- CTRL, control
- DEF, deficient
- Deficiency
- Development
- GD, gestational day
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- Guinea pig
- HNE, hydroxynonenal
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NT, nitrotyrosine
- Oxidative stress
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PFA, paraformaldehyde
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Vitamin C
- s18, ribosomal protein 18S
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya D Paidi
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Danmark DK-1870, Denmark
| | - Janne G Schjoldager
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Danmark DK-1870, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Danmark DK-1870, Denmark
| | - Pernille Tveden-Nyborg
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Danmark DK-1870, Denmark
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Borchi E, Bargelli V, Guidotti V, Berti A, Stefani M, Nediani C, Rigacci S. Mild exposure of RIN-5F β-cells to human islet amyloid polypeptide aggregates upregulates antioxidant enzymes via NADPH oxidase-RAGE: an hormetic stimulus. Redox Biol 2013; 2:114-22. [PMID: 24416718 PMCID: PMC3887275 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of amyloid aggregates of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP), a hallmark of type 2 diabetes, contributes to pancreatic β-cell impairment, where oxidative stress plays a key role. A contribution of NADPH oxidase to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation after cell exposure to micromolar concentrations of hIAPP aggregates has been suggested. However, little is known about β-cells exposure to lower amounts of hIAPP aggregates, similar to those found in human pancreas. Thus, we aimed to investigate the events resulting from RIN-5F cells exposure to nanomolar concentrations of toxic hIAPP aggregates. We found an early and transient rise of NADPH oxidase activity resulting from increased Nox1 expression following the engagement of receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) by hIAPP aggregates. Unexpectedly, NADPH oxidase activation was not accompanied by a significant ROS increase and the lipoperoxidation level was significantly reduced. Indeed, cell exposure to hIAPP aggregates affected the antioxidant defences, inducing a significant increase of the expression and activity of catalase and glutathione peroxidase. We conclude that exposure of pancreatic β-cells to nanomolar concentrations of hIAPP aggregates for a short time induces an hormetic response via the RAGE-Nox1 axis; the latter stimulates the enzymatic antioxidant defences that preserve the cells against oxidative stress damage. Short time exposure of pancreatic β-cells to low hIAPP aggregate amounts is studied. NADPH oxidase activity is increased after 3 h treatment with 60 nM hIAPP aggregates. RAGE engagement by aggregates increases Nox1 expression. Reduced lipoperoxidation and increased antioxidant enzymes were observed. A protective hormetic response via RAGE-Nox1 is proposed.
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Key Words
- AGE, advanced glycation end products
- ATZ, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole
- Antioxidant enzyme
- CAT, catalase
- DPI, diphenyleneiodonium
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- Hormesis
- MDA, malonyldialdehyde
- MS, mercaptosuccinic acid
- NADPH oxidase
- RAGE
- RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end-products
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Type 2 diabetes
- hIAPP
- hIAPP, human islet amyloid polypeptide
- rIAPP, rat islet amyloid polypeptide
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Borchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Bargelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Guidotti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Berti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy ; Research Centre on the Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration (CIMN), Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Stefani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy ; Research Centre on the Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration (CIMN), Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy ; National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Nediani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Rigacci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
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Tarry-Adkins JL, Blackmore HL, Martin-Gronert MS, Fernandez-Twinn DS, McConnell JM, Hargreaves IP, Giussani DA, Ozanne SE. Coenzyme Q10 prevents accelerated cardiac aging in a rat model of poor maternal nutrition and accelerated postnatal growth. Mol Metab 2013; 2:480-90. [PMID: 24327963 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in human and animals have demonstrated that nutritionally induced low birth-weight followed by rapid postnatal growth increases the risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Although the mechanisms underlying such nutritional programming are not clearly defined, increased oxidative-stress leading to accelerated cellular aging has been proposed to play an important role. Using an established rodent model of low birth-weight and catch-up growth, we show here that post-weaning dietary supplementation with coenzyme Q10, a key component of the electron transport chain and a potent antioxidant rescued many of the detrimental effects of nutritional programming on cardiac aging. This included a reduction in nitrosative and oxidative-stress, telomere shortening, DNA damage, cellular senescence and apoptosis. These findings demonstrate the potential for postnatal antioxidant intervention to reverse deleterious phenotypes of developmental programming and therefore provide insight into a potential translatable therapy to prevent cardiovascular disease in at risk humans.
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Key Words
- 3-NT, 3-nitrotyrosine
- 4-HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal
- BER, base excision repair
- Bax, Bcl2-associated protein
- CAST, computer assisted stereology toolbox.
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- Cellular senescence
- CoQ, coenzyme Q
- CuZnSOD, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase
- DIG, dioxygenin
- DNA damage
- Developmental programming
- ETC, electron transport chain
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GR, glutathione reductase
- MnSOD, manganese superoxide dismutase
- NEIL1, nei endonuclease VIII-like 1
- NOX, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diphosphate oxidase
- NTHL1, Nthl endonuclease III like-1
- O2, superoxide anion
- OGG-1, 8 oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1
- OH-, hydroxy radicals
- Oxidative-stress
- PGFE, pulsed field gel electrophoresis
- PRDX, peroxidiredoxin
- RIS, reactive inflammatory species
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxidative species
- Telomere length
- Ubiquinone
- XO, xanthine oxidase
- acta1, sarco endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase
- actin, alpha-1
- nppa, natriuretic peptide A
- nppb, natriuretic peptide B
- serca2, single strand breaks, SSBs
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L Tarry-Adkins
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust - MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
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Mattmiller SA, Carlson BA, Sordillo LM. Regulation of inflammation by selenium and selenoproteins: impact on eicosanoid biosynthesis. J Nutr Sci 2013; 2:e28. [PMID: 25191577 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2013.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled inflammation is a contributing factor to many leading causes of human
morbidity and mortality including atherosclerosis, cancer and diabetes. Se is an essential
nutrient in the mammalian diet that has some anti-inflammatory properties and, at
sufficient amounts in the diet, has been shown to be protective in various
inflammatory-based disease models. More recently, Se has been shown to alter the
expression of eicosanoids that orchestrate the initiation, magnitude and resolution of
inflammation. Many of the health benefits of Se are thought to be due to antioxidant and
redox-regulating properties of certain selenoproteins. The present review will discuss the
existing evidence that supports the concept that optimal Se intake can mitigate
dysfunctional inflammatory responses, in part, through the regulation of eicosanoid
metabolism. The ability of selenoproteins to alter the biosynthesis of eicosanoids by
reducing oxidative stress and/or by modifying redox-regulated signalling pathways also
will be discussed. Based on the current literature, however, it is clear that more
research is necessary to uncover the specific beneficial mechanisms behind the
anti-inflammatory properties of selenoproteins and other Se metabolites, especially as
related to eicosanoid biosynthesis. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in
Se-mediated regulation of host inflammatory responses may lead to the development of
dietary intervention strategies that take optimal advantage of its biological potency.
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Key Words
- 15-HETE, 15(S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoic acid
- 15-HPETE, 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid
- 15d-PGJ2, 15-deoxy-Δ12,14PGJ2
- AA, arachidonic acid
- ASK-1, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1
- COX, cyclo-oxygenase
- Eicosanoid biosynthesis
- FAHP, fatty acid hydroperoxide
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GPx4, glutathione peroxidase-4
- H-PGDS, haematopoietic PGD2 synthase
- HO-1, haeme oxygenase-1
- HPETE, hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid
- HPODE, hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid
- Inflammation
- LA, linoleic acid
- LOX, lipoxygenase
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LT, leukotriene
- LTA4H, leukotriene A4 hydrolase
- MAPK, itogen-activated protein kinase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Selenium
- Selenoproteins
- Sepp1, selenoprotein P plasma 1
- TX, thromboxane
- TXB2, thromboxane B2
- Trx, thioredoxin
- TrxR, thioredoxin reductase
- ppm, parts per million
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Oliveira-Marques V, Silva T, Cunha F, Covas G, Marinho HS, Antunes F, Cyrne L. A quantitative study of the cell-type specific modulation of c-Rel by hydrogen peroxide and TNF-α. Redox Biol 2013; 1:347-52. [PMID: 24024170 PMCID: PMC3757704 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at moderate steady-state concentrations synergizes with TNF-α, leading to increased nuclear levels of NF-κB p65 subunit and to a cell-type specific up-regulation of a limited number of NF-κB-dependent genes. Here, we address how H2O2 achieves this molecular specificity. HeLa and MCF-7 cells were exposed to steady-state H2O2 and/or TNF-α and levels of c-Rel, p65, IκB-α, IκB-β and IκB-ε were determined. For an extracellular concentration of 25 µM H2O2, the intracellular H2O2 concentration is 3.7 µM and 12.5 µM for respectively HeLa and MCF-7 cells. The higher cytosolic H2O2 concentration present in MCF-7 cells may be a contributing factor for the higher activation of NF-κB caused by H2O2 in this cell line, when compared to HeLa cells. In both cells lines, H2O2 precludes the recovery of TNF-α-dependent IκB-α degradation, which may explain the observed synergism between H2O2 and TNF-α concerning p65 nuclear translocation. In MCF-7 cells, H2O2, in the presence of TNF-α, tripled the induction of c-Rel triggered either by TNF-α or H2O2. Conversely, in HeLa cells, H2O2 had a small antagonistic effect on TNF-α-induced c-Rel nuclear levels, concomitantly with a 50 % induction of IκB-ε, the preferential inhibitor protein of c-Rel dimers. The 6-fold higher c-Rel/IκB-ε ratio found in MCF-7 cells when compared with HeLa cells, may be a contributing factor for the cell-type dependent modulation of c-Rel by H2O2. Our results suggest that H2O2 might have an important cell-type specific role in the regulation of c-Rel-dependent processes, e.g. cancer or wound healing. Selective modulation of individual NF-κB-dependent genes expression by H2O2. In MCF-7 cells H2O2 tripled the TNF-α 4-fold induction of c-Rel nuclear levels. In HeLa cells, H2O2 had an antagonistic effect on TNF-α induced c-Rel translocation. c-Rel dimers bind chiefly to IκB-α/IκB-ε in MCF-7 cells and to IκB-ε in HeLa cells.
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Key Words
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- H2O2 gradient
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- HeLa cells
- Inflammation
- IκB-α, inhibitory protein α of NF-κB
- IκB-β, inhibitory protein β of NF-κB
- IκB-ε, inhibitory protein ε of NF-κB
- MCF-7 cells
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- NF-κB
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B
- Steady-state
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgínia Oliveira-Marques
- Grupo de Biologia Redox, Centro de Química e Bioquímica and Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Kumar A, Sharma A, Duseja A, Das A, Dhiman RK, Chawla YK, Kohli KK, Bhansali A. Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) have Higher Oxidative Stress in Comparison to Chronic Viral Hepatitis. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2013; 3:12-8. [PMID: 25755466 PMCID: PMC3940559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxidative stress and cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We compared the presence of oxidative stress and cytokines in 25 patients with NAFLD with 25 age, sex and BMI-matched patients with chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) and 25 healthy volunteers (HV). METHODOLOGY Oxidative stress was studied biochemically by markers of lipid peroxidation and biochemical assessment of anti-oxidant status and various cytokines were studied by ELISA. RESULTS Patients with NAFLD had significantly higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) (p = 0.000) and conjugated dienes (CD) (p = 0.000) in comparison to HVs. Patients with NAFLD also had significantly higher MDA levels (p = 0.000) in comparison to CVH patients. Patients with NAFLD had significantly lower GSH levels (p = 0.004) in comparison to HVs. Patients with NAFLD had higher GPx activity (p = 0.028) in comparison to HVs. Catalase activity was significantly decreased in both NAFLD (p = 0.001) and CVH patients (p = 0.000) in comparison to HVs. Patients with NAFLD had significantly higher SOD activity (p = 0.000) in comparison to CVH patients. There was no difference in serum levels of IL-1β and TNF-α amongst three groups. Patients with CVH were found to have higher IL-8 serum levels (p = 0.039) in comparison to HVs. CVH patients also had higher TGF-β levels (p = 0.002) in comparison to both NAFLD patients and HVs. CONCLUSION Differences in the markers of oxidative stress and anti-oxidant status between NAFLD, CVH and healthy volunteers suggest presence of higher oxidative stress in patients with NAFLD.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- AMA, antimitochondrial antibody
- ANA, anti nuclear anti bodies
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- ASMA, anti smooth muscle antibody
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- BMI, body mass index
- CD, conjugated dienes
- CHB, chronic hepatitis B
- CHC, chronic hepatitis C
- CI, confidence intervals
- CVH, chronic viral hepatitis
- EDTA, ethylene diammine tetraacetic acid
- ELISA, enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GR, glutathione reductase
- GSH, glutathione reduced
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- HDL, high density lipoprotein
- HOMA-IR, homeostasis model of insulin resistance
- HV, healthy volunteers
- ICMR, Indian Council of Medical Research
- IL-1β, interleukin-1β
- KF rings, Kayser–Fleischer rings
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MS, metabolic syndrome
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NBT, nitroblue tetrazolium
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- RBC, red blood corpuscles (or cells)
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TG, triglycerides
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- ULN, upper limit of normal
- WBC, white blood corpuscles (or cells)
- WHR, waist hip ratio
- anti LKM, anti liver kidney microsomal antibody
- cytokines
- hepatitis B virus
- hepatitis C virus
- nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
- oxidative stress
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Arun Sharma
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India,Address for correspondence: Ajay Duseja, Department of Hepatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India. Tel.: +91 172 2756336; fax: 91 172 2744401.
| | - Ashim Das
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Radha K. Dhiman
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Yogesh K. Chawla
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Krishan K. Kohli
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Anil Bhansali
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
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Kalyanaraman B. Teaching the basics of redox biology to medical and graduate students: Oxidants, antioxidants and disease mechanisms. Redox Biol 2013; 1:244-57. [PMID: 24024158 PMCID: PMC3757692 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides a succinct but limited overview of the protective and deleterious effects of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in a clinical context. Reactive oxygen species include superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, single oxygen and lipid peroxides. Reactive nitrogen species include species derived from nitric oxide. This review gives a brief overview of the reaction chemistry of these species, the role of various enzymes involved in the generation and detoxification of these species in disease mechanisms and drug toxicity and the protective role of dietary antioxidants. I hope that the graphical review will be helpful for teaching both the first year medical and graduate students in the U.S. and abroad the fundamentals of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in redox biology and clinical medicine.
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Key Words
- 4-HNE, hydroxynonenol
- 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- BH4, tetrahydrobiopterin
- CAT, catalase
- CGD, chronic granulomatous disease
- CKD, chronic kidney disease
- CO2, carbon dioxide
- CO3–, carbonate radical
- Cu2+, cupric ion
- DOX, doxorubicin
- EDRF, endothelial-derived relaxing factor
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, glutathione
- GSSG, oxidized glutathione disulfide
- GTP, guanosine triphosphate
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- HOCl, hypochlorous acid
- IC, intersystem crossing
- Keap1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LOOH, lipid hydroperoxide
- LOO•, lipid peroxy radical
- MC540, merocyanine 540
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- MnSOD, manganese superoxide dismutase
- NOS, •NO synthase
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- O2•–, superoxide
- ONOOCO2−, nitrosoperoxycarbonate
- ONOOH, peroxynitrous acid
- ONOO−, peroxynitrite
- OS, oxidative stress
- PDT, photodynamic therapy
- Peroxynitrite
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Reactive oxygen species
- Reperfusion injury
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Superoxide
- XD, xanthine dehydrogenase
- XO, xanthine oxidase
- cGMP, cyclic GMP
- eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase or NOS-3
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase or NOS-2
- nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase or NOS-1
- sGC, soluble guanylyl cyclase
- •NO, nitric oxide
- •OH, hydroxyl radical
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
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Khoo NKH, Hebbar S, Zhao W, Moore SA, Domann FE, Robbins ME. Differential activation of catalase expression and activity by PPAR agonists: implications for astrocyte protection in anti-glioma therapy. Redox Biol 2013; 1:70-9. [PMID: 24024139 PMCID: PMC3757675 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma survival is dismal, in part, due to an imbalance in antioxidant expression and activity. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists have antineoplastic properties which present new redox-dependent targets for glioma anticancer therapies. Herein, we demonstrate that treatment of primary cultures of normal rat astrocytes with PPAR agonists increased the expression of catalase mRNA protein, and enzymatic activity. In contrast, these same agonists had no effect on catalase expression and activity in malignant rat glioma cells. The increase in steady-state catalase mRNA observed in normal rat astrocytes was due, in part, to de novo mRNA synthesis as opposed to increased catalase mRNA stability. Moreover, pioglitazone-mediated induction of catalase activity in normal rat astrocytes was completely blocked by transfection with a PPARγ-dominant negative plasmid. These data suggest that defects in PPAR-mediated signaling and gene expression may represent a block to normal catalase expression and induction in malignant glioma. The ability of PPAR agonists to differentially increase catalase expression and activity in normal astrocytes but not glioma cells suggests that these compounds might represent novel adjuvant therapeutic agents for the treatment of gliomas.
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Key Words
- 9cRA, 9 cis retinoic acid
- ActD, actinomycin D
- BCNU, 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea
- C6 glioma cells
- CNS, central nervous system
- Catalase
- DCF, dichlorofluorescein
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, glutathione
- PPAR agonists
- PPAR, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- PPARγ-d.n, PPARγ-dominant negative
- PPARγ-dominant negative
- PPRE, PPAR-response elements
- PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids
- Pio, Pioglitazone
- Primary rat astrocytes
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RXR, retinoid X receptor
- Rosi, Rosiglitazone
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TZDs, thiazolidinediones
- Transfection
- shRNA, short hairpin RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K H Khoo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Free Radical and Radiation Biology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA ; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Ghule AE, Jadhav SS, Bodhankar SL. Renoprotective effect of Linum usitatissimum seeds through haemodynamic changes and conservation of antioxidant enzymes in renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Arab J Urol 2011; 9:215-21. [PMID: 26579301 PMCID: PMC4150603 DOI: 10.1016/j.aju.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate an ethanolic extract of seeds of Linum usitatissimum (Linn.) (EELU) for its renoprotective role in rats through its antihypertensive effect and conservation of biological oxidation enzymes. Materials and methods Male Wistar rats (200–250 g) underwent uninephrectomy on day 0; after 2 weeks of recovery, the nephrectomised rats were divided into four groups of eight each: (I) sham (II); renal ischaemia reperfusion (RIR); (III) RIR + EELU 200 mg/kg; and (IV) RIR + EELU 400 mg/kg. In group II, III and IV the renal artery was occluded for 45 min and reperfused for 4 weeks; the sham group did not undergo RIR. Results EELU (400 mg/kg) significantly decreased the haemodynamic changes after 4 weeks of RIR injury. EELU treatment significantly restored the levels of renal endogenous antioxidant enzymes and membrane-bound enzymes. EELU 400 mg/kg restored the levels of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine. EELU also decreased the levels of tumour necrosis factor-α and myeloperoxidase activity. A flow-cytometric study confirmed a significant decrease in cellular necrosis and increase in viability after RIR in EELU-treated rats. The anti-apoptotic role of EELU was evident from the decrease in DNA fragmentation. Renal tissue damage as assessed by histopathology was decreased in groups III and IV (200 and 400 mg/kg EELU). Conclusion We conclude that EELU protected the kidney against RIR-induced renal injury, probably by inhibiting reactive oxygen species that have a causal role in such cases. It also inhibits apoptotic cell death and inflammation, and improves haemodynamic changes.
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Key Words
- Antioxidants
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- DBP, diastolic blood pressure
- EDP, end-diastolic pressure
- EELU, ethanolic extract of L. usitatissimum
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- GST, glutathione S transferase
- H&E, haematoxylin and eosin
- Hypertension
- MABP, mean arterial blood pressure
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- PI, propidium iodide
- RAAS, renin-angiotensin aldosterone system
- RIR, renal ischaemia-reperfusion
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Reactive oxygen species
- Renal ischaemia reperfusion
- SBP, systolic blood pressure
- SDG, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- dp/dt max, maximum first derivative of ventricular pressure
- dp/dt min, minimum first derivative of ventricular pressure
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvindkumar E Ghule
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Erandwane, Pune 411038, India
| | | | - Subhash L Bodhankar
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Erandwane, Pune 411038, India
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