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Esteban-Lopez M, Perry MD, Garbinski LD, Manevski M, Andre M, Ceyhan Y, Caobi A, Paul P, Lau LS, Ramelow J, Owens F, Souchak J, Ales E, El-Hage N. Health effects and known pathology associated with the use of E-cigarettes. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1357-1368. [PMID: 36561957 PMCID: PMC9764206 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, new nicotine delivery methods have emerged, and many users are choosing electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) over traditional tobacco cigarettes. E-cigarette use is very popular among adolescents, with more than 3.5 million currently using these products in the US. Despite the increased prevalence of e-cigarette use, there is limited knowledge regarding the health impact of e-cigarettes on the general population. Based on published findings by others, E-cigarette is associated with lung injury outbreak, which increased health and safety concerns related to consuming this product. Different components of e-cigarettes, including food-safe liquid solvents and flavorings, can cause health issues related to pneumonia, pulmonary injury, and bronchiolitis. In addition, e-cigarettes contain alarmingly high levels of carcinogens and toxicants that may have long-lasting effects on other organ systems, including the development of neurological manifestations, lung cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and tooth decay. Despite the well- documented potential for harm, e-cigarettes do not appear to increase susceptibility to SARS-CoV- 2 infection. Furthermore, some studies have found that e-cigarette users experience improvements in lung health and minimal adverse effects. Therefore, more studies are needed to provide a definitive conclusion on the long-term safety of e-cigarettes. The purpose of this review is to inform the readers about the possible health-risks associated with the use of e-cigarettes, especially among the group of young and young-adults, from a molecular biology point of view.
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Key Words
- AEC, airway epithelial cells
- AM, alveolar macrophages
- BAL, bronchial alveolar lavage
- CC16, Clara cell protein 16
- CM, cardiomyocyte
- CNS, central nervous system
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CS, cigarette smoke
- CSC, Cancer Stem Cell
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- E-cigarettes
- E2F1, E2F transcription factor 1
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- ENDS, electronic nicotine delivery system
- EVALI
- EVALI, e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FOXO3, forkhead box O3
- HNSCC, head and neck squamous cancer cells
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- Health risks
- IL, interleukin
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MMP9, matrix metallopeptidase 9
- MPP, Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia
- NET, neutrophil extracellular traps
- NK, natural killer
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- NQO-1, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1
- Nicotine
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- OGG1/2, 8-oxoguanine glycosylase
- OS, oxidative stress
- Oct4,, Octamer-binding transcription factor 4
- PAFR, platelet-activating factor receptor
- PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- PG, propylene glycol
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Sox2,, SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2
- THC, Tetrahydrocannabinol
- TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- VAPI, vaping-associated pulmonary injury
- VG, vegetable glycerin
- Vaping
- XPC, xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C
- Yap1, Yes associated protein 1
- ZEB, zinc finger E-box binding homeobox
- ZO-1, zonula occludens-1
- e-cigarettes, electronic cigarettes
- e-liquid, e-cigarette liquid
- e-vapor, e-cigarette vapor
- iPSC-EC, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells
- pAMPK, phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Esteban-Lopez
- Departments of Human and Molecular Genetics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Marissa D. Perry
- Immunology and Nano-medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Luis D. Garbinski
- Cell Biology and Pharmacology and Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Marko Manevski
- Immunology and Nano-medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Mickensone Andre
- Immunology and Nano-medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Yasemin Ceyhan
- Departments of Human and Molecular Genetics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Allen Caobi
- Immunology and Nano-medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Patience Paul
- Translational Glycobiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Lee Seng Lau
- Translational Glycobiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Julian Ramelow
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Biological Sciences in the College of Arts, Science and Education and the Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Florida Owens
- Immunology and Nano-medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Joseph Souchak
- Translational Glycobiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Evan Ales
- Translational Glycobiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Immunology and Nano-medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA,Correspondence to: Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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Al-Saleh F, Khashab F, Fadel F, Al-Kandari N, Al-Maghrebi M. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase alleviates germ cell apoptosis and ER stress during testicular ischemia reperfusion injury. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:2174-2184. [PMID: 32714044 PMCID: PMC7376125 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular torsion and detorsion (TTD) is a serious urological condition affecting young males that is underlined by an ischemia reperfusion injury (tIRI) to the testis as the pathophysiological mechanism. During tIRI, uncontrolled production of oxygen reactive species (ROS) causes DNA damage leading to germ cell apoptosis (GCA). The aim of the study is to explore whether inhibition of NADPH oxidase (NOX), a major source of intracellular ROS, will prevent tIRI-induced GCA and its association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 36) were divided into three groups: sham, tIRI only and tIRI treated with apocynin (a NOX inhibitor). Rats undergoing tIRI endured an ischemic injury for 1 h followed by 4 h of reperfusion. Spermatogenic damage was evaluated histologically, while cellular damages were assessed using real time PCR, immunofluorescence staining, Western blot and biochemical assays. Disrupted spermatogenesis was associated with increased lipid and protein peroxidation and decreased antioxidant activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) as a result of tIRI. In addition, increased DNA double strand breaks and formation of 8-OHdG adducts associated with increased phosphorylation of the DNA damage response (DDR) protein H2AX. The ASK1/JNK apoptosis signaling pathway was also activated in response to tIRI. Finally, increased immuno-expression of the unfolded protein response (UPR) downstream targets: GRP78, eIF2-α1, CHOP and caspase 12 supported the presence of ER stress. Inhibition of NOX by apocynin protected against tIRI-induced GCA and ER stress. In conclusion, NOX inhibition minimized tIRI-induced intracellular oxidative damages leading to GCA and ER stress.
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Key Words
- 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- ASK1, apoptosis signaling kinase 1
- ATF, activating transcription factor
- ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- BTB, blood-testis barrier
- CHOP, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein
- Chk, checkpoint kinase
- DAPI, diamidino phenylindole
- DDR, DNA damage response
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- ECL, electrochemiluminescence
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ER stress
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GCA, germ cell apoptosis
- GRP78, glucose-related protein 78
- Germ cell apoptosis
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- H2AX, histone variant
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- IAP, inhibitors of apoptosis
- IF, immunofluorescence
- IRE1, inositol requiring kinase 1
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NADPH oxidase
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- O2, molecular oxygen
- O2−, superoxide anion
- OS, oxidative stress
- Oxidative stress
- PARP, poly ADP-ribose polymerase
- PCC, protein carbonyl content
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PERK, pancreatic ER kinase
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- RIPA, radioimmunoprecipitation assay
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RT, reverse transcription
- SD, standard deviation
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- ST, seminiferous tubule
- TOS, testicular oxidative stress
- TRAF-2, tumor-necrosis-factor receptor-associated factor 2
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
- Testicular ischemia Reperfusion Injury
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- eIF2α1, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α1
- gDNA, genomic DNA
- i.p., intraperitoneal
- kDa, kilodalton
- mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid
- p-, phosphorylated
- phox, phagocyte oxidase
- γ-H2AX, 139 serine-phosphorylated histone variant
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Al-Saleh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
| | - Farah Khashab
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
| | - Fatemah Fadel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
| | - Nora Al-Kandari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
| | - May Al-Maghrebi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
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Glady A, Tanaka M, Moniaga CS, Yasui M, Hara-Chikuma M. Involvement of NADPH oxidase 1 in UVB-induced cell signaling and cytotoxicity in human keratinocytes. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 14:7-15. [PMID: 29872728 PMCID: PMC5986629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzyme family are important sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are known to be involved in several physiological functions in response to various stimuli including UV irradiation. UVB-induced ROS have been associated with inflammation, cytotoxicity, cell death, or DNA damage in human keratinocytes. However, the source and the role of UVB-induced ROS remain undefined. Here, we show that Nox1 is involved in UVB-induced p38/MAPK activation and cytotoxicity via ROS generation in keratinocytes. Nox1 knockdown or inhibitor decreased UVB-induced ROS production in human keratinocytes. Nox1 knockdown impaired UVB-induced p38 activation, accompanied by reduced IL-6 levels and attenuated cell toxicity. Treatment of cells with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a potent ROS scavenger, suppressed p38 activation as well as consequent IL-6 production and cytotoxicity in response to UVB exposure. p38 inhibitor also suppressed UVB-induced IL-6 production and cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the blockade of IL-6 production by IL-6 neutralizing antibody reduced UVB-induced cell toxicity. In vivo assay using wild-type mice, the intradermal injection of lysates from UVB-irradiated control cells, but not from UVB-irradiated Nox1 knockdown cells, induced inflammatory swelling and IL-6 production in the skin of ears. Moreover, administration of Nox1 inhibitor suppressed UVB-induced increase in IL-6 mRNA expression in mice skin. Collectively, these data suggest that Nox1-mediated ROS production is required for UVB-induced cytotoxicity and inflammation through p38 activation and inflammatory cytokine production, such as IL-6. Thus, our findings suggest Nox1 as a therapeutic target for cytotoxicity and inflammation in response to UVB exposure. Nox1 knockdown decreased UVB-increased cellular ROS in keratinocytes. Nox1 knockdown suppressed UVB-induced p38 activation, accompanied by reduced in IL-6 levels and attenuated cell toxicity. UVB-induced cytotoxicity is involved in p38/MAPK pathway and IL-6 production, which is partially dependent on Nox1-generated ROS.
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Key Words
- ASK1, Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1
- Bax, BCL2-associated X protein
- Cytotoxicity
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid
- DPI, Diphenyleneiodonium
- Erk, Extracellular Signal-regulated kinase
- GM-CSF, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- H2DCFDA, Fluorescent 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate
- H2O2, Hydrogen peroxide
- IL-6, Interleukin-6
- JNK, Jun N-terminal kinases;
- Keratinocyte
- LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase
- MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MKK, MAP Kinase
- MKP, MAPK phosphatase
- NAC, N-acetyl cysteine
- NADPH oxidase 1
- NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa B;
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- O2-, Superoxide
- OH, Hydroxyl radical
- P38/MAP kinase
- PBS, Phosphate-buffered saline
- RNA, Ribonucleic acid
- ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species
- Reactive oxygen species
- STAT3, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- UV, Ultraviolet
- UVB
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Affiliation(s)
- Azela Glady
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Manami Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Catharina Sagita Moniaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masato Yasui
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Keio Advanced Research Center for Water Biology and Medicine, Keio University, Japan
| | - Mariko Hara-Chikuma
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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Abstract
Excessive ethanol exposure is detrimental to the brain. The developing brain is particularly vulnerable to ethanol such that prenatal ethanol exposure causes fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Neuronal loss in the brain is the most devastating consequence and is associated with mental retardation and other behavioral deficits observed in FASD. Since alcohol consumption during pregnancy has not declined, it is imperative to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and develop effective therapeutic strategies. One cellular mechanism that acts as a protective response for the central nervous system (CNS) is autophagy. Autophagy regulates lysosomal turnover of organelles and proteins within cells, and is involved in cell differentiation, survival, metabolism, and immunity. We have recently shown that ethanol activates autophagy in the developing brain. The autophagic preconditioning alleviates ethanol-induced neuron apoptosis, whereas inhibition of autophagy potentiates ethanol-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exacerbates ethanol-induced neuroapoptosis. The expression of genes encoding proteins required for autophagy in the CNS is developmentally regulated; their levels are much lower during an ethanol-sensitive period than during an ethanol-resistant period. Ethanol may stimulate autophagy through multiple mechanisms; these include induction of oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress, modulation of MTOR and AMPK signaling, alterations in BCL2 family proteins, and disruption of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis. This review discusses the most recent evidence regarding the involvement of autophagy in ethanol-mediated neurotoxicity as well as the potential therapeutic approach of targeting autophagic pathways.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer disease
- ALS, autophagy-lysosome system
- AMPK, adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase;
- ATG, autophagy-related
- CNS, central nervous system
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FASD, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
- FOXO3, forkhead box O3
- GSK3B, glycogen synthase kinase 3 β
- HD, Huntington disease, HNSCs, hippocampal neural stem cells
- LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin (serine/threonine kinase)
- MTORC1, MTOR complex 1
- NFE2L2, nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- PD, Parkinson disease
- PI3K, class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SQSTM1/p62, sequestosome 1
- TSC1/2, tuberous sclerosis 1/ 2
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- alcohol
- alcoholism
- development
- fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
- neurodegeneration
- oxidative stress
- protein degradation
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Luo
- a Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences ; University of Kentucky College of Medicine ; Lexington , KY USA
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Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a major neurological complication of severe liver disease that presents in acute and chronic forms. While elevated brain ammonia level is known to be a major etiological factor in this disorder, recent studies have shown a significant role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of both acute and chronic HE. This review summarizes the involvement of ammonia in the activation of microglia, as well as the means by which ammonia triggers inflammatory responses in these cells. Additionally, the role of ammonia in stimulating inflammatory events in brain endothelial cells (ECs), likely through the activation of the toll-like receptor-4 and the associated production of cytokines, as well as the stimulation of various inflammatory factors in ECs and in astrocytes, are discussed. This review also summarizes the inflammatory mechanisms by which activation of ECs and microglia impact on astrocytes leading to their dysfunction, ultimately contributing to astrocyte swelling/brain edema in acute HE. The role of microglial activation and its contribution to the progression of neurobehavioral abnormalities in chronic HE are also briefly presented. We posit that a better understanding of the inflammatory events associated with acute and chronic HE will uncover novel therapeutic targets useful in the treatment of patients afflicted with HE.
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Key Words
- AHE, acute hepatic encephalopathy
- ALF, acute liver failure
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- BDL, bile duct ligation
- COX2, cyclooxygenase-2
- ECs, endothelial cells
- FHF, fulminant hepatic failure
- HE, hepatic encephalopathy
- HO, hemoxygenase
- IL, interleukin
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinases
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappaB
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- ONS, oxidative/nitrative stress
- PLA2, phospholipase-A2
- RONS, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- Tg, transgenic
- WT, wild type
- ammonia
- cNOS, constitutive nitric oxide synthase
- hepatic encephalopathy
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- neuroinflammation
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael D. Norenberg
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA,Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA,Address for correspondence: Michael D. Norenberg, Department of Pathology (D-33), PO Box 016960, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101. Tel.: +1 305 575 7000x4018.
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Abstract
Molecular oxygen (O2) and nitric oxide (NO) are diatomic gases that play major roles in infection. The host innate immune system generates reactive oxygen species and NO as bacteriocidal agents and both require O2 for their production. Furthermore, the ability to adapt to changes in O2 availability is crucial for many bacterial pathogens, as many niches within a host are hypoxic. Pathogenic bacteria have evolved transcriptional regulatory systems that perceive these gases and respond by reprogramming gene expression. Direct sensors possess iron-containing co-factors (iron–sulfur clusters, mononuclear iron, heme) or reactive cysteine thiols that react with O2 and/or NO. Indirect sensors perceive the physiological effects of O2 starvation. Thus, O2 and NO act as environmental cues that trigger the coordinated expression of virulence genes and metabolic adaptations necessary for survival within a host. Here, the mechanisms of signal perception by key O2- and NO-responsive bacterial transcription factors and the effects on virulence gene expression are reviewed, followed by consideration of these aspects of gene regulation in two major pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Key Words
- AIP, autoinducer peptide
- Arc, Aerobic respiratory control
- FNR
- FNR, fumarate nitrate reduction regulator
- GAF, cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase-adenylyl cyclase-FhlA domain
- Isc, iron–sulfur cluster biosynthesis machinery
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- PAS, Per-Amt-Sim domain
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Staphylococcus aureus
- TB, tuberculosis
- WhiB-like proteins
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- iron–sulfur cluster
- nitric oxide sensors
- oxygen sensors
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Green
- a Krebs Institute; Molecular Biology & Biotechnology; University of Sheffield ; Western Bank , Sheffield , UK
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Abstract
The presence and concentrations of modified proteins circulating in plasma depend on rates of protein synthesis, modification and clearance. In early studies, the proteins most frequently analysed for damage were those which were more abundant in plasma (e.g. albumin and immunoglobulins) which exist at up to 10 orders of magnitude higher concentrations than other plasma proteins e.g. cytokines. However, advances in analytical techniques using mass spectrometry and immuno-affinity purification methods, have facilitated analysis of less abundant, modified proteins and the nature of modifications at specific sites is now being characterised. The damaging reactive species that cause protein modifications in plasma principally arise from reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NADPH oxidases (NOX), nitric oxide synthases (NOS) and oxygenase activities; reactive nitrogen species (RNS) from myeloperoxidase (MPO) and NOS activities; and hypochlorous acid from MPO. Secondary damage to proteins may be caused by oxidized lipids and glucose autooxidation. In this review, we focus on redox regulatory control of those enzymes and processes which control protein maturation during synthesis, produce reactive species, repair and remove damaged plasma proteins. We have highlighted the potential for alterations in the extracellular redox compartment to regulate intracellular redox state and, conversely, for intracellular oxidative stress to alter the cellular secretome and composition of extracellular vesicles. Through secreted, redox-active regulatory molecules, changes in redox state may be transmitted to distant sites. Loss of redox homeostasis may affect the secretome content and protein concentration, transmitting redox signals to distant cells through extracellular vesicles. Damaged glycoforms may arise from oxidants or aberrant biosynthetic regulation. Reactive species generation by NOX and NOS is controlled through redox regulation. Cell surface and plasma thiol-oxidised proteins can be reduced and their activity modulated by thioredoxin, protein disulphide isomerase and reductases.
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Key Words
- Ageing
- BH4, tetrahydrobiopterin
- COX, cyclo-oxygenase
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERO1, endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin 1
- EV, extracellular vesicles
- FX1, factor XI
- GPI, glycoprotein 1
- GPX, glutathione peroxidase
- GRX, glutaredoxin
- GSH, glutathione
- Glycosylation
- MIRNA, microRNA
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOS, nitric oxide synthase
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- Nitration
- O2•−, superoxide anion radical
- ONOO-, peroxynitrite
- Oxidation
- PDI, protein disulphide isomerase
- Peroxiredoxin
- Prx, peroxiredoxin
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive nitrogen species
- Thioredoxin
- Trx, thioredoxin
- VWF, von Willebrand factor
- XO, xanthine oxidase
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Griffiths
- Life & Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Irundika H K Dias
- Life & Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Rachel S Willetts
- Life & Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Andrew Devitt
- Life & Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
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Li S, Case AJ, Yang RF, Schultz HD, Zimmerman MC. Over-expressed copper/zinc superoxide dismutase localizes to mitochondria in neurons inhibiting the angiotensin II-mediated increase in mitochondrial superoxide. Redox Biol 2013; 2:8-14. [PMID: 24363997 PMCID: PMC3863132 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) is the main effector peptide of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), and contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease by exerting its effects on an array of different cell types, including central neurons. AngII intra-neuronal signaling is mediated, at least in part, by reactive oxygen species, particularly superoxide (O2•−). Recently, it has been discovered that mitochondria are a major subcellular source of AngII-induced O2•−. We have previously reported that over-expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), a mitochondrial matrix-localized O2•− scavenging enzyme, inhibits AngII intra-neuronal signaling. Interestingly, over-expression of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), which is believed to be primarily localized to the cytoplasm, similarly inhibits AngII intra-neuronal signaling and provides protection against AngII-mediated neurogenic hypertension. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that CuZnSOD over-expression in central neurons localizes to mitochondria and inhibits AngII intra-neuronal signaling by scavenging mitochondrial O2•−. Using a neuronal cell culture model (CATH.a neurons), we demonstrate that both endogenous and adenovirus-mediated over-expressed CuZnSOD (AdCuZnSOD) are present in mitochondria. Furthermore, we show that over-expression of CuZnSOD attenuates the AngII-mediated increase in mitochondrial O2•− levels and the AngII-induced inhibition of neuronal potassium current. Taken together, these data clearly show that over-expressed CuZnSOD in neurons localizes in mitochondria, scavenges AngII-induced mitochondrial O2•−, and inhibits AngII intra-neuronal signaling. Endogenous CuZnSOD is localized to mitochondria of AngII-sensitive neurons. Adenovirus-mediated over-expressed CuZnSOD is localized to neuron mitochondria. AngII-induced mitochondrial O2•− flux is attenuated by CuZnSOD over-expression. Over-expressed CuZnSOD reduces AngII-mediated inhibition of neuronal K+ current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Li
- Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Adam J Case
- Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Rui-Fang Yang
- Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Harold D Schultz
- Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA ; Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Matthew C Zimmerman
- Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA ; Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Kolamunne RT, Dias IHK, Vernallis AB, Grant MM, Griffiths HR. Nrf2 activation supports cell survival during hypoxia and hypoxia/reoxygenation in cardiomyoblasts; the roles of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Redox Biol 2013; 1:418-26. [PMID: 24191235 PMCID: PMC3814985 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive mechanisms involving upregulation of cytoprotective genes under the control of transcription factors such as Nrf2 exist to protect cells from permanent damage and dysfunction under stress conditions. Here we explore of the hypothesis that Nrf2 activation by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species modulates cytotoxicity during hypoxia (H) with and without reoxygenation (H/R) in H9C2 cardiomyoblasts. Using MnTBap as a cell permeable superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic and peroxynitrite scavenger and L-NAME as an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), we have shown that MnTBap inhibited the cytotoxic effects of hypoxic stress with and without reoxygenation. However, L-NAME only afforded protection during H. Under reoxygenation, conditions, cytotoxicity was increased by the presence of L-NAME. Nrf2 activation was inhibited independently by MnTBap and L-NAME under H and H/R. The increased cytotoxicity and inhibition of Nrf2 activation by the presence of L-NAME during reoxygenation suggests that NOS activity plays an important role in cell survival at least in part via Nrf2-independent pathways. In contrast, O2−• scavenging by MnTBap prevented both toxicity and Nrf2 activation during H and H/R implying that toxicity is largely dependent on O2−•.To confirm the importance of Nrf2 for myoblast metabolism, Nrf2 knockdown with siRNA reduced cell survival by 50% during 4 h hypoxia with and without 2 h of reoxygenation and although cellular glutathione (GSH) was depleted during H and H/R, GSH loss was not exacerbated by Nrf2 knockdown. These data support distinctive roles for ROS and RNS during H and H/R for Nrf2 induction which are important for survival independently of GSH salvage. Cardiomyoblast toxicity during hypoxia is dependent on O2−• and NO•. Nrf2 activation is important for cardiomyoblast survival during hypoxia or hypoxia/reoxygenation, but, restoration of GSH is not required. NOS activity is essential for the adaptation of cardiomyoblasts to hypoxia/reoxygenation but survival may be independent of Nrf2.
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Key Words
- Adaptive
- CREB, cAMP-responsive element-binding protein
- DAF-2-DA, 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate
- DHE, dihydroethidium
- Glutathione
- HIF-1, hypoxia-inducible factor
- KEAP1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- L-NAME
- L-NAME, L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester
- MnTBap
- MnTBap, manganese [III] tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin
- NFκB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOS, nitric oxide synthase
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- RNS
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajitha T Kolamunne
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK ; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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Kalyanaraman B. Teaching the basics of redox biology to medical and graduate students: Oxidants, antioxidants and disease mechanisms. Redox Biol 2013; 1:244-57. [PMID: 24024158 PMCID: PMC3757692 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides a succinct but limited overview of the protective and deleterious effects of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in a clinical context. Reactive oxygen species include superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, single oxygen and lipid peroxides. Reactive nitrogen species include species derived from nitric oxide. This review gives a brief overview of the reaction chemistry of these species, the role of various enzymes involved in the generation and detoxification of these species in disease mechanisms and drug toxicity and the protective role of dietary antioxidants. I hope that the graphical review will be helpful for teaching both the first year medical and graduate students in the U.S. and abroad the fundamentals of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in redox biology and clinical medicine.
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Key Words
- 4-HNE, hydroxynonenol
- 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- BH4, tetrahydrobiopterin
- CAT, catalase
- CGD, chronic granulomatous disease
- CKD, chronic kidney disease
- CO2, carbon dioxide
- CO3–, carbonate radical
- Cu2+, cupric ion
- DOX, doxorubicin
- EDRF, endothelial-derived relaxing factor
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, glutathione
- GSSG, oxidized glutathione disulfide
- GTP, guanosine triphosphate
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- HOCl, hypochlorous acid
- IC, intersystem crossing
- Keap1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LOOH, lipid hydroperoxide
- LOO•, lipid peroxy radical
- MC540, merocyanine 540
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- MnSOD, manganese superoxide dismutase
- NOS, •NO synthase
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- O2•–, superoxide
- ONOOCO2−, nitrosoperoxycarbonate
- ONOOH, peroxynitrous acid
- ONOO−, peroxynitrite
- OS, oxidative stress
- PDT, photodynamic therapy
- Peroxynitrite
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Reactive oxygen species
- Reperfusion injury
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Superoxide
- XD, xanthine dehydrogenase
- XO, xanthine oxidase
- cGMP, cyclic GMP
- eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase or NOS-3
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase or NOS-2
- nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase or NOS-1
- sGC, soluble guanylyl cyclase
- •NO, nitric oxide
- •OH, hydroxyl radical
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
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