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Esteban-Lopez M, Perry MD, Garbinski LD, Manevski M, Andre M, Ceyhan Y, Caobi A, Paul P, Lau LS, Ramelow J, Owens F, Souchak J, Ales E, El-Hage N. Health effects and known pathology associated with the use of E-cigarettes. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1357-1368. [PMID: 36561957 PMCID: PMC9764206 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, new nicotine delivery methods have emerged, and many users are choosing electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) over traditional tobacco cigarettes. E-cigarette use is very popular among adolescents, with more than 3.5 million currently using these products in the US. Despite the increased prevalence of e-cigarette use, there is limited knowledge regarding the health impact of e-cigarettes on the general population. Based on published findings by others, E-cigarette is associated with lung injury outbreak, which increased health and safety concerns related to consuming this product. Different components of e-cigarettes, including food-safe liquid solvents and flavorings, can cause health issues related to pneumonia, pulmonary injury, and bronchiolitis. In addition, e-cigarettes contain alarmingly high levels of carcinogens and toxicants that may have long-lasting effects on other organ systems, including the development of neurological manifestations, lung cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and tooth decay. Despite the well- documented potential for harm, e-cigarettes do not appear to increase susceptibility to SARS-CoV- 2 infection. Furthermore, some studies have found that e-cigarette users experience improvements in lung health and minimal adverse effects. Therefore, more studies are needed to provide a definitive conclusion on the long-term safety of e-cigarettes. The purpose of this review is to inform the readers about the possible health-risks associated with the use of e-cigarettes, especially among the group of young and young-adults, from a molecular biology point of view.
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Key Words
- AEC, airway epithelial cells
- AM, alveolar macrophages
- BAL, bronchial alveolar lavage
- CC16, Clara cell protein 16
- CM, cardiomyocyte
- CNS, central nervous system
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CS, cigarette smoke
- CSC, Cancer Stem Cell
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- E-cigarettes
- E2F1, E2F transcription factor 1
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- ENDS, electronic nicotine delivery system
- EVALI
- EVALI, e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FOXO3, forkhead box O3
- HNSCC, head and neck squamous cancer cells
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- Health risks
- IL, interleukin
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MMP9, matrix metallopeptidase 9
- MPP, Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia
- NET, neutrophil extracellular traps
- NK, natural killer
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- NQO-1, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1
- Nicotine
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- OGG1/2, 8-oxoguanine glycosylase
- OS, oxidative stress
- Oct4,, Octamer-binding transcription factor 4
- PAFR, platelet-activating factor receptor
- PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- PG, propylene glycol
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Sox2,, SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2
- THC, Tetrahydrocannabinol
- TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- VAPI, vaping-associated pulmonary injury
- VG, vegetable glycerin
- Vaping
- XPC, xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C
- Yap1, Yes associated protein 1
- ZEB, zinc finger E-box binding homeobox
- ZO-1, zonula occludens-1
- e-cigarettes, electronic cigarettes
- e-liquid, e-cigarette liquid
- e-vapor, e-cigarette vapor
- iPSC-EC, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells
- pAMPK, phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Esteban-Lopez
- Departments of Human and Molecular Genetics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Marissa D. Perry
- Immunology and Nano-medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Luis D. Garbinski
- Cell Biology and Pharmacology and Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Marko Manevski
- Immunology and Nano-medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Mickensone Andre
- Immunology and Nano-medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Yasemin Ceyhan
- Departments of Human and Molecular Genetics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Allen Caobi
- Immunology and Nano-medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Patience Paul
- Translational Glycobiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Lee Seng Lau
- Translational Glycobiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Julian Ramelow
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Biological Sciences in the College of Arts, Science and Education and the Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Florida Owens
- Immunology and Nano-medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Joseph Souchak
- Translational Glycobiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Evan Ales
- Translational Glycobiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Immunology and Nano-medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA,Correspondence to: Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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Wang W, Zhang L, Battiprolu PK, Fukushima A, Nguyen K, Milner K, Gupta A, Altamimi T, Byrne N, Mori J, Alrob OA, Wagg C, Fillmore N, Wang SH, Liu DM, Fu A, Lu JY, Chaves M, Motani A, Ussher JR, Reagan JD, Dyck JRB, Lopaschuk GD. Malonyl CoA Decarboxylase Inhibition Improves Cardiac Function Post-Myocardial Infarction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 4:385-400. [PMID: 31312761 PMCID: PMC6609914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
MCD inhibition decreases fatty acid oxidation via increasing malonyl coenzyme A levels to prevent fatty acid uptake into mitochondria in the failing hearts induced by coronary artery ligation. Downregulating fatty acid oxidation by MCD inhibition occurrs in conjuction with a decrease in glycolysis and in proton production while an increase in triacylglycerol biosynthesis. MCD inhibition enhances antioxidative capacity through increasing mitochondrial superoxide dismutase activity via reducing its acetylation.
Alterations in cardiac energy metabolism after a myocardial infarction contribute to the severity of heart failure (HF). Although fatty acid oxidation can be impaired in HF, it is unclear if stimulating fatty acid oxidation is a desirable approach to treat HF. Both immediate and chronic malonyl coenzyme A decarboxylase inhibition, which decreases fatty acid oxidation, improved cardiac function through enhancing cardiac efficiency in a post–myocardial infarction rat that underwent permanent left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. The beneficial effects of MCD inhibition were attributed to a decrease in proton production due to an improved coupling between glycolysis and glucose oxidation.
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Key Words
- ATGL, adipose triglyceride lipase
- CPT1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1
- EF, ejection fraction
- FOXO3, forkhead box O3
- MCD, malonyl coenzyme A decarboxylase
- MI, myocardial infarction
- SERCA2, sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SPT, serine palmitoyltransferase
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- Trx, thioredoxin
- fatty acid oxidation
- glucose oxidation
- heart failure
- uncoupling of glycolysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Arata Fukushima
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Kenneth Milner
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tariq Altamimi
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nikole Byrne
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jun Mori
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Osama Abo Alrob
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cory Wagg
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Natasha Fillmore
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shao-Hua Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John R Ussher
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Jason R B Dyck
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gary D Lopaschuk
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Abstract
Excessive ethanol exposure is detrimental to the brain. The developing brain is particularly vulnerable to ethanol such that prenatal ethanol exposure causes fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Neuronal loss in the brain is the most devastating consequence and is associated with mental retardation and other behavioral deficits observed in FASD. Since alcohol consumption during pregnancy has not declined, it is imperative to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and develop effective therapeutic strategies. One cellular mechanism that acts as a protective response for the central nervous system (CNS) is autophagy. Autophagy regulates lysosomal turnover of organelles and proteins within cells, and is involved in cell differentiation, survival, metabolism, and immunity. We have recently shown that ethanol activates autophagy in the developing brain. The autophagic preconditioning alleviates ethanol-induced neuron apoptosis, whereas inhibition of autophagy potentiates ethanol-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exacerbates ethanol-induced neuroapoptosis. The expression of genes encoding proteins required for autophagy in the CNS is developmentally regulated; their levels are much lower during an ethanol-sensitive period than during an ethanol-resistant period. Ethanol may stimulate autophagy through multiple mechanisms; these include induction of oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress, modulation of MTOR and AMPK signaling, alterations in BCL2 family proteins, and disruption of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis. This review discusses the most recent evidence regarding the involvement of autophagy in ethanol-mediated neurotoxicity as well as the potential therapeutic approach of targeting autophagic pathways.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer disease
- ALS, autophagy-lysosome system
- AMPK, adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase;
- ATG, autophagy-related
- CNS, central nervous system
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FASD, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
- FOXO3, forkhead box O3
- GSK3B, glycogen synthase kinase 3 β
- HD, Huntington disease, HNSCs, hippocampal neural stem cells
- LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin (serine/threonine kinase)
- MTORC1, MTOR complex 1
- NFE2L2, nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- PD, Parkinson disease
- PI3K, class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SQSTM1/p62, sequestosome 1
- TSC1/2, tuberous sclerosis 1/ 2
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- alcohol
- alcoholism
- development
- fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
- neurodegeneration
- oxidative stress
- protein degradation
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Luo
- a Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences ; University of Kentucky College of Medicine ; Lexington , KY USA
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Ferrell JM, Chiang JY. Circadian rhythms in liver metabolism and disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:113-22. [PMID: 26579436 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting research evidence demonstrates a significant negative impact of circadian disruption on human health. Shift work, chronic jet lag and sleep disturbances are associated with increased incidence of metabolic syndrome, and consequently result in obesity, type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Here, these associations are reviewed with respect to liver metabolism and disease.
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Key Words
- ARC, arcuate nucleus
- BMAL1, brain and muscle ARNT-like 1
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- CLOCK, circadian locomotor output cycles kaput
- CRY, cryptochrome
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- CYPs, cytochrome P450 enzymes
- Circadian rhythm
- DBP, D-site binding protein
- E-box, enhance box
- EMT, emergency medical technician
- FAA, food anticipatory activity
- FASPS, familial advanced sleep-phase syndrome
- FEO, food entrainable oscillator
- FOXO3, forkhead box O3
- FXR, farnesoid-X receptor
- GLUT2, glucose transporter 2
- HDAC3, histone deacetylase 3
- HIP, hypoxia inducing protein
- HLF, hepatic leukemia factor
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LRH1, liver receptor homolog 1
- Liver
- Metabolic syndrome
- NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- PER, period
- RHT, retinohypothalamic tract
- RORE, ROR-response element
- RORα, retinoid-related orphan receptor α
- SCN, suprachiasmatic nucleus
- SHP, small heterodimer partner
- SIRT1, sirtuin 1
- TEF, thyrotroph embryonic factor
- TGR5, G protein-coupled bile acid receptor
- TTFL, transcriptional translational feedback loop
- Type 2 diabetes
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Larsen SK, Ahmad SM, Idorn M, Met Ö, Martinenaite E, Svane IM, Straten PT, Andersen MH. Spontaneous presence of FOXO3-specific T cells in cancer patients. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e953411. [PMID: 25960934 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.953411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we describe forkhead box O3 (FOXO3)-specific, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells existent among peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of cancer patients. FOXO3 immunogenicity appears specific, as we did not detect reactivity toward FOXO3 among T cells in healthy individuals. FOXO3 may naturally serve as a target antigen for tumor-reactive T cells as it is frequently over-expressed in cancer cells. In addition, expression of FOXO3 plays a critical role in immunosuppression mediated by tumor-associated dendritic cells (TADCs). Indeed, FOXO3-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were able to specifically recognize and kill both FOXO3-expressing cancer cells as well as dendritic cells. Thus, FOXO3 was processed and presented by HLA-A2 on the cell surface of both immune cells and cancer cells. As FOXO3 programs TADCs to become tolerogenic, FOXO3 signaling thereby comprises a significant immunosuppressive mechanism, such that FOXO3 targeting by means of specific T cells is an attractive clinical therapy to boost anticancer immunity. In addition, the natural occurrence of FOXO3-specific CTLs in the periphery suggests that these T cells hold a function in the complex network of immune regulation in cancer patients.
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Key Words
- APC, antigen presenting cell
- CTL
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- CTLA4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4
- DC, dendritic cell
- FOXO3
- FOXO3, forkhead box O3
- IDO, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- TADC, tumor-associated DCs
- TGFβ, tumor growth factor β
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- Tregs, regulatory T cell
- antigens
- immune regulation
- tumor-associated dendritic cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Kiaer Larsen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT); Department of Hematology; Copenhagen University Hospital ; Herlev ; Herlev, Denmark ; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Shamaila Munir Ahmad
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT); Department of Hematology; Copenhagen University Hospital ; Herlev ; Herlev, Denmark ; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Manja Idorn
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT); Department of Hematology; Copenhagen University Hospital ; Herlev ; Herlev, Denmark
| | - Özcan Met
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT); Department of Hematology; Copenhagen University Hospital ; Herlev ; Herlev, Denmark
| | - Evelina Martinenaite
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT); Department of Hematology; Copenhagen University Hospital ; Herlev ; Herlev, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT); Department of Hematology; Copenhagen University Hospital ; Herlev ; Herlev, Denmark
| | - Per Thor Straten
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT); Department of Hematology; Copenhagen University Hospital ; Herlev ; Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mads Hald Andersen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT); Department of Hematology; Copenhagen University Hospital ; Herlev ; Herlev, Denmark
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