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Shi J, Ju R, Gao H, Huang Y, Guo L, Zhang D. Targeting glutamine utilization to block metabolic adaptation of tumor cells under the stress of carboxyamidotriazole-induced nutrients unavailability. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:759-73. [PMID: 35256945 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells have unique metabolic programming that is biologically distinct from that of corresponding normal cells. Resetting tumor metabolic programming is a promising strategy to ameliorate drug resistance and improve the tumor microenvironment. Here, we show that carboxyamidotriazole (CAI), an anticancer drug, can function as a metabolic modulator that decreases glucose and lipid metabolism and increases the dependency of colon cancer cells on glutamine metabolism. CAI suppressed glucose and lipid metabolism utilization, causing inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, thus producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). In parallel, activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) increased glutamine uptake via the transporter SLC1A5, which could activate the ROS-scavenging enzyme glutathione peroxidase. As a result, combined use of inhibitors of GLS/GDH1, CAI could effectively restrict colorectal cancer (CRC) energy metabolism. These data illuminate a new antitumor mechanism of CAI, suggesting a new strategy for CRC metabolic reprogramming treatment.
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Key Words
- 2-NBDG, glucalogue 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- AhR
- AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- CAI
- CAI, carboxyamidotriazole
- CHIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- Colorectal cancer metabolism
- DMF, 3′,4′-dimethoxyflavone
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- ECAR, extracellular acidification rate
- FACS, flow cytometry
- GDH1, glutamate dehydrogenase 1
- GLS, glutaminase
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, glutathione
- GSSG, oxidized glutathione
- Glutamine metabolism
- Glutaminolysis
- Kyn, kynurenine
- MT, mito-TEMPO
- Metabolic reprogramming
- Mito-Q, mitoquinone mesylate
- Mitochondrial oxidative stress
- OCR, oxygen consumption rate
- Redox homeostasis
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- α-KG, α-ketoglutarate
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Zou J, Zhu X, Xiang D, Zhang Y, Li J, Su Z, Kong L, Zhang H. LIX1-like protein promotes liver cancer progression via miR-21-3p-mediated inhibition of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1578-1591. [PMID: 34221869 PMCID: PMC8245913 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb and CNS expressed 1 like (LIX1L) is over-expressed in several types of tumors. However, the function of LIX1L in glucose metabolism and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression remains elusive. Here we report that LIX1L is over-expressed in human HCC tissues, which predicts unfavorable prognosis. LIX1L deficiency in vivo significantly attenuated liver cancer initiation in mice. Functional studies indicated that LIX1L overexpression elevated proliferation, migratory, invasive capacities of HCC cells in vitro, and promoted liver cancer growth and metastasis in vivo. LIX1L knockdown up-regulated fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP1) expression to reduce glucose consumption as well as lactate production. Mechanistically, LIX1L increased miR-21-3p expression, which targeted and suppressed FBP1, thereby promoting HCC growth and metastasis. MiR-21-3p inhibitor could abrogate LIX1L induced enhancement of cell migration, invasion, and glucose metabolism. Inhibition of miR-21-3p suppressed tumor growth in an orthotopic tumor model. Our results establish LIX1L as a critical driver of hepatocarcinogenesis and HCC progression, with implications for prognosis and treatment.
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Key Words
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- DEN, diethylnitrosamine
- ECAR, extracellular acidification rate
- EMT, epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- FBP1
- FBP1, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1
- Gluconeogenesis
- Glucose metabolism
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
- LIX1L
- LIX1L, Limb and CNS expressed 1 like
- Metastasis
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- Proliferation
- Seq, sequencing
- miR-21-3p
- miRNA, microRNA
- shRNA, short-hairpin RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dejuan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yanqiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhigui Su
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Lane AN, Higashi RM, Fan TWM. Metabolic reprogramming in tumors: Contributions of the tumor microenvironment. Genes Dis 2020; 7:185-198. [PMID: 32215288 PMCID: PMC7083762 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic alterations associated with cell transformation are in large measure expressed in the metabolic phenotype as cancer cells proliferate and change their local environment, and prepare for metastasis. Qualitatively, the fundamental biochemistry of cancer cells is generally the same as in the untransformed cells, but the cancer cells produce a local environment, the TME, that is hostile to the stromal cells, and compete for nutrients. In order to proliferate, cells need sufficient nutrients, either those that cannot be made by the cells themselves, or must be made from simpler precursors. However, in solid tumors, the nutrient supply is often limiting given the potential for rapid proliferation, and the poor quality of the vasculature. Thus, cancer cells may employ a variety of strategies to obtain nutrients for survival, growth and metastasis. Although much has been learned using established cell lines in standard culture conditions, it is becoming clear from in vivo metabolic studies that this can also be misleading, and which nutrients are used for energy production versus building blocks for synthesis of macromolecules can vary greatly from tumor to tumor, and even within the same tumor. Here we review the operation of metabolic networks, and how recent understanding of nutrient supply in the TME and utilization are being revealed using stable isotope tracers in vivo as well as in vitro.
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Key Words
- 2OG, 2-oxoglutarate
- ACO1,2, aconitase 1,2
- CP-MAS, Cross polarization Magic Angle Spinning
- Cancer metabolism
- DMEM, Dulbeccos Modified Eagles Medium
- ECAR, extracellular acidification rate
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EMP, Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
- IDH1,2, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1,2 (NADP+dependent)
- IF, interstitial fluid
- ME, malic enzyme
- Metabolic flux
- Nutrient supply
- RPMI, Roswell Park Memorial Institute
- SIRM, Stable Isotope Resolved Metabolomics
- Stable isotope resolved metabolomics
- TIL, tumor infiltrating lymphocyte
- TIM/TPI, triose phosphate isomerase
- TME, Tumor Micro Environment
- Tumor microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Lane
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Markey Cancer Center, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, USA
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Villani LA, Smith BK, Marcinko K, Ford RJ, Broadfield LA, Green AE, Houde VP, Muti P, Tsakiridis T, Steinberg GR. The diabetes medication Canagliflozin reduces cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting mitochondrial complex-I supported respiration. Mol Metab 2016; 5:1048-1056. [PMID: 27689018 PMCID: PMC5034684 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors Canagliflozin and Dapagliflozin are recently approved medications for type 2 diabetes. Recent studies indicate that SGLT2 inhibitors may inhibit the growth of some cancer cells but the mechanism(s) remain unclear. Methods Cellular proliferation and clonogenic survival were used to assess the sensitivity of prostate and lung cancer cell growth to the SGLT2 inhibitors. Oxygen consumption, extracellular acidification rate, cellular ATP, glucose uptake, lipogenesis, and phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and the p70S6 kinase were assessed. Overexpression of a protein that maintains complex-I supported mitochondrial respiration (NDI1) was used to establish the importance of this pathway for mediating the anti-proliferative effects of Canagliflozin. Results Clinically achievable concentrations of Canagliflozin, but not Dapagliflozin, inhibit cellular proliferation and clonogenic survival of prostate and lung cancer cells alone and in combination with ionizing radiation and the chemotherapy Docetaxel. Canagliflozin reduced glucose uptake, mitochondrial complex-I supported respiration, ATP, and lipogenesis while increasing the activating phosphorylation of AMPK. The overexpression of NDI1 blocked the anti-proliferative effects of Canagliflozin indicating reductions in mitochondrial respiration are critical for anti-proliferative actions. Conclusion These data indicate that like the biguanide metformin, Canagliflozin not only lowers blood glucose but also inhibits complex-I supported respiration and cellular proliferation in prostate and lung cancer cells. These observations support the initiation of studies evaluating the clinical efficacy of Canagliflozin on limiting tumorigenesis in pre-clinical animal models as well epidemiological studies on cancer incidence relative to other glucose lowering therapies in clinical populations. Canagliflozin inhibits the proliferation and clonogenic survival of cancer cells. Canagliflozin enhances the anti-clonogenic effects of radiation and Docetaxel. Canagliflozin reduces glucose uptake and complex-I supported respiration. Canagliflozin decreases intracellular ATP and inhibits lipogenesis. Bypassing complex-1 supported respiration reversed the effects of Canagliflozin.
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Key Words
- 2-DG, 2-deoxy-d-glucose
- ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase
- ACCDKI, ACC double knock-in (Ser79/212 Ala)
- AD-AMPKDN, adenoviral alpha-1 dominant negative
- AD-CRE, adenoviral control
- AMP-activated protein kinase AMPK
- AMPK, 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
- Breast cancer
- Cancer metabolism
- Colon cancer
- ECAR, extracellular acidification rate
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Glucose uptake
- Lipogenesis
- Lung cancer
- OCR, oxygen consumption rate
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- Prostate cancer
- SGLT1, sodium-glucose transporter 1
- SGLT2
- SGLT2, sodium-glucose transporter 2
- mTOR
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
- β1KO, AMPK β1-subunit knockout
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Villani
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8K 4P1, Canada
| | - Brennan K Smith
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8K 4P1, Canada
| | - Katarina Marcinko
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8K 4P1, Canada
| | - Rebecca J Ford
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8K 4P1, Canada
| | | | - Alex E Green
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8K 4P1, Canada
| | - Vanessa P Houde
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8K 4P1, Canada
| | - Paola Muti
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8K 4P1, Canada
| | | | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8K 4P1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8K 4P1, Canada.
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Mandelbaum J, Rollins N, Shah P, Bowman D, Lee JY, Tayber O, Bernard H, LeRoy P, Li P, Koenig E, Brownell JE, D'Amore N. Identification of a lung cancer cell line deficient in atg7-dependent autophagy. Autophagy 2015:0. [PMID: 26090719 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1056966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major cellular process for bulk degradation of proteins and organelles in order to maintain metabolic homeostasis, and it represents an emerging target area for cancer. Initially proposed to be a cancer-restricting process for tumor initiation, recent studies suggest that autophagy can also promote cell survival in established tumors. ATG7 is an essential autophagy gene that encodes the E1 enzyme necessary for the lipidation of the LC3 family of ubiquitin-like proteins and autophagosome formation. In this study we identified a rare case of a cancer cell line, H1650 lung adenocarcinoma, which has lost ATG7 expression due to a focal biallelic deletion within the ATG7 locus. These cells displayed no evidence of ATG7 pathway activity; however, reconstituting the cells with wild-type ATG7 restored both LC3 lipidation and downstream autophagic consumption of autophagy substrates such as the SQSTM1/p62 protein. We characterized several phenotypes reported to be influenced by autophagy, and observed an ATG7-dependent increase in cell growth and clearance of proteasome-inhibitor induced protein aggregates. Cellular changes in mitochondrial metabolism or response to nutrient starvation were unaffected by ATG7 expression. In addition, parental H1650 cells that lacked ATG7 were still able to consume autophagy substrates SQSTM1, NBR1 and TAX1BP1 via a bafilomycin A1-sensitive pathway, suggesting that these proteins were not exclusively degraded by autophagy. Overall, these findings highlight a unique outlier instance of complete loss of ATG7-dependent autophagy in a cancer cell line. The H1650 cell line may be a useful system for future studies to further understand the role of autophagy in tumorigenesis and potential redundant pathways that allow cells to circumvent the loss of ATG7-dependent autophagy in cancer.
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Key Words
- ACTB, actin, beta
- ATG, autophagy related
- Atg7
- BAF, bafilomyin A1
- ECAR, extracellular acidification rate
- GABARAP, GABA(A) receptor-associated protein
- HCQ, hydroxychloroquine
- LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin (serine/threonine kinase)
- NBR1, neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1
- OCR, oxygen consumption rate
- PI, proteasome inhibitor
- SQSTM1, sequestosome 1
- TAX1BP1, Tax1 (human T-cell leukemia virus type I) binding protein 1
- UB, ubiquitin
- Ubl, ubiquitin-like protein
- WT, wild-type
- lung cancer
- metabolism
- mitochondria
- proteasome
- ubiquitin
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Mandelbaum
- a Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , Cambridge , Massachusetts , USA
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Martin SD, Morrison S, Konstantopoulos N, McGee SL. Mitochondrial dysfunction has divergent, cell type-dependent effects on insulin action. Mol Metab 2014; 3:408-18. [PMID: 24944900 PMCID: PMC4060359 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to insulin resistance is a contentious issue in metabolic research. Recent evidence implicates mitochondrial dysfunction as contributing to multiple forms of insulin resistance. However, some models of mitochondrial dysfunction fail to induce insulin resistance, suggesting greater complexity describes mitochondrial regulation of insulin action. We report that mitochondrial dysfunction is not necessary for cellular models of insulin resistance. However, impairment of mitochondrial function is sufficient for insulin resistance in a cell type-dependent manner, with impaired mitochondrial function inducing insulin resistance in adipocytes, but having no effect, or insulin sensitising effects in hepatocytes. The mechanism of mitochondrial impairment was important in determining the impact on insulin action, but was independent of mitochondrial ROS production. These data can account for opposing findings on this issue and highlight the complexity of mitochondrial regulation of cell type-specific insulin action, which is not described by current reductionist paradigms.
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Key Words
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- AS160, Akt substrate of 160 kDa
- Adipocyte
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- ECAR, extracellular acidification rate
- FoxO1, forkhead box protein O1
- G.O., glucose oxidase
- GLUT4, facilitative glucose transporter isoform 4
- GP, glucose production
- HI-FBS, heat-inactivated foetal bovine serum
- Hepatocyte
- IRS1, insulin receptor substrate 1
- Insulin action
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential
- Mitochondria
- MnTBAP, manganese (III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin chloride
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- TNFα, tumour necrosis factor alpha
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheree D Martin
- Metabolic Remodelling Laboratory, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Shona Morrison
- Metabolic Remodelling Laboratory, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Nicky Konstantopoulos
- Metabolic Remodelling Laboratory, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sean L McGee
- Metabolic Remodelling Laboratory, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia ; Cell Signalling and Metabolism Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Xu W, Janocha AJ, Leahy RA, Klatte R, Dudzinski D, Mavrakis LA, Comhair SAA, Lauer ME, Cotton CU, Erzurum SC. A novel method for pulmonary research: assessment of bioenergetic function at the air-liquid interface. Redox Biol 2014; 2:513-9. [PMID: 24624341 PMCID: PMC3949089 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Air–liquid interface cell culture is an organotypic model for study of differentiated functional airway epithelium in vitro. Dysregulation of cellular energy metabolism and mitochondrial function have been suggested to contribute to airway diseases. However, there is currently no established method to determine oxygen consumption and glycolysis in airway epithelium in air–liquid interface. In order to study metabolism in differentiated airway epithelial cells, we engineered an insert for the Seahorse XF24 Analyzer that enabled the measure of respiration by oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and glycolysis by extracellular acidification rate (ECAR). Oxidative metabolism and glycolysis in airway epithelial cells cultured on the inserts were successfully measured. The inserts did not affect the measures of OCR or ECAR. Cells under media with apical and basolateral feeding had less oxidative metabolism as compared to cells on the inserts at air-interface with basolateral feeding. The design of inserts that can be used in the measure of bioenergetics in small numbers of cells in an organotypic state may be useful for evaluation of new drugs and metabolic mechanisms that underlie airway diseases. Endothelial cells generate hydrogen peroxide through several enzymatic systems and the mitochondrial electron transport chain Redox-sensitive thiols within specific families of proteins such as kinases are key targets for hydrogen peroxide in endothelial cells Hydrogen peroxide regulates fundamental processes in endothelial cells including cell growth, proliferation, angiogenesis and vascular tone
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiling Xu
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Allison J Janocha
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Rachel A Leahy
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ryan Klatte
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Dave Dudzinski
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Lori A Mavrakis
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Suzy A A Comhair
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Mark E Lauer
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Calvin U Cotton
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Case Western University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Serpil C Erzurum
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA ; Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Kramer PA, Ravi S, Chacko B, Johnson MS, Darley-Usmar VM. A review of the mitochondrial and glycolytic metabolism in human platelets and leukocytes: implications for their use as bioenergetic biomarkers. Redox Biol 2014; 2:206-10. [PMID: 24494194 PMCID: PMC3909784 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The assessment of metabolic function in cells isolated from human blood for treatment and diagnosis of disease is a new and important area of translational research. It is now becoming clear that a broad range of pathologies which present clinically with symptoms predominantly in one organ, such as the brain or kidney, also modulate mitochondrial energetics in platelets and leukocytes allowing these cells to serve as “the canary in the coal mine” for bioenergetic dysfunction. This opens up the possibility that circulating platelets and leukocytes can sense metabolic stress in patients and serve as biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction in human pathologies such as diabetes, neurodegeneration and cardiovascular disease. In this overview we will describe how the utilization of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation differs in platelets and leukocytes and discuss how they can be used in patient populations. Since it is clear that the metabolic programs between leukocytes and platelets are fundamentally distinct the measurement of mitochondrial function in distinct cell populations is necessary for translational research. Monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils and platelets have distinct bioenergetic programs that regulate energy production. Platelets and monocytes exhibit a high level of aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. Lymphocytes have a low glycolytic capacity while neutrophils have little or no detectable oxidative phosphorylation. The levels of mitochondrial complex IV and III subunits differ substantially between lymphocytes, monocytes and platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Kramer
- Department of Pathology, UAB Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Saranya Ravi
- Department of Pathology, UAB Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Balu Chacko
- Department of Pathology, UAB Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michelle S Johnson
- Department of Pathology, UAB Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Victor M Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology, UAB Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Dott W, Mistry P, Wright J, Cain K, Herbert KE. Modulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics in a skeletal muscle cell line model of mitochondrial toxicity. Redox Biol 2014; 2:224-33. [PMID: 24494197 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial toxicity is increasingly being implicated as a contributing factor to many xenobiotic-induced organ toxicities, including skeletal muscle toxicity. This has necessitated the need for predictive in vitro models that are able to sensitively detect mitochondrial toxicity of chemical entities early in the research and development process. One such cell model involves substituting galactose for glucose in the culture media. Since cells cultured in galactose are unable to generate sufficient ATP from glycolysis they are forced to rely on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for ATP generation and consequently are more sensitive to mitochondrial perturbation than cells grown in glucose. The aim of this study was to characterise cellular growth, bioenergetics and mitochondrial toxicity of the L6 rat skeletal muscle cell line cultured in either high glucose or galactose media. L6 myoblasts proliferated more slowly when cultured in galactose media, although they maintained similar levels of ATP. Galactose cultured L6 cells were significantly more sensitive to classical mitochondrial toxicants than glucose-cultured cells, confirming the cells had adapted to galactose media. Analysis of bioenergetic function with the XF Seahorse extracellular flux analyser demonstrated that oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was significantly increased whereas extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), a measure of glycolysis, was decreased in cells grown in galactose. Mitochondria operated closer to state 3 respiration and had a lower mitochondrial membrane potential and basal mitochondrial O2•– level compared to cells in the glucose model. An antimycin A (AA) dose response revealed that there was no difference in the sensitivity of OCR to AA inhibition between glucose and galactose cells. Importantly, cells in glucose were able to up-regulate glycolysis, while galactose cells were not. These results confirm that L6 cells are able to adapt to growth in a galactose media model and are consequently more susceptible to mitochondrial toxicants. L6 cells grown in glucose and galactose as model to detect skeletal muscle mitochondrial toxicity. L6 cells grown in galactose rely on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production. Galactose cells are unable to use glycolysis to produce ATP following mitochondrial inhibition.
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Key Words
- AA, antimycin A
- ANT, adenine nucleotide translocase
- CPD, cumulative population doublings
- ECAR, extracellular acidification rate
- ETC, electron transport chain
- Extracellular flux analysis
- FCCP, Carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone
- FSC, forward scatter
- Galactose
- Mitochondria
- O2•–, superoxide
- OCR, oxygen consumption rate
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation
- Oligo, oligomycin
- PD, population doublings
- PPP, pentose phosphate pathway
- RCR, respiratory control ratio
- SSC, side scatter
- Skeletal muscle toxicity
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle
- UCPs, uncoupling proteins
- XF, extracellular flux
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Kenwood BM, Weaver JL, Bajwa A, Poon IK, Byrne FL, Murrow BA, Calderone JA, Huang L, Divakaruni AS, Tomsig JL, Okabe K, Lo RH, Cameron Coleman G, Columbus L, Yan Z, Saucerman JJ, Smith JS, Holmes JW, Lynch KR, Ravichandran KS, Uchiyama S, Santos WL, Rogers GW, Okusa MD, Bayliss DA, Hoehn KL. Identification of a novel mitochondrial uncoupler that does not depolarize the plasma membrane. Mol Metab 2013; 3:114-23. [PMID: 24634817 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of oxidative phosphorylation is associated with increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and some of the most prevalent human diseases including obesity, cancer, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and heart disease. Chemical 'mitochondrial uncouplers' are lipophilic weak acids that transport protons into the mitochondrial matrix via a pathway that is independent of ATP synthase, thereby uncoupling nutrient oxidation from ATP production. Mitochondrial uncouplers also lessen the proton motive force across the mitochondrial inner membrane and thereby increase the rate of mitochondrial respiration while decreasing production of reactive oxygen species. Thus, mitochondrial uncouplers are valuable chemical tools that enable the measurement of maximal mitochondrial respiration and they have been used therapeutically to decrease mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. However, the most widely used protonophore uncouplers such as carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) and 2,4-dinitrophenol have off-target activity at other membranes that lead to a range of undesired effects including plasma membrane depolarization, mitochondrial inhibition, and cytotoxicity. These unwanted properties interfere with the measurement of mitochondrial function and result in a narrow therapeutic index that limits their usefulness in the clinic. To identify new mitochondrial uncouplers that lack off-target activity at the plasma membrane we screened a small molecule chemical library. Herein we report the identification and validation of a novel mitochondrial protonophore uncoupler (2-fluorophenyl){6-[(2-fluorophenyl)amino](1,2,5-oxadiazolo[3,4-e]pyrazin-5-yl)}amine, named BAM15, that does not depolarize the plasma membrane. Compared to FCCP, an uncoupler of equal potency, BAM15 treatment of cultured cells stimulates a higher maximum rate of mitochondrial respiration and is less cytotoxic. Furthermore, BAM15 is bioactive in vivo and dose-dependently protects mice from acute renal ischemic-reperfusion injury. From a technical standpoint, BAM15 represents an effective new tool that allows the study of mitochondrial function in the absence of off-target effects that can confound data interpretation. From a therapeutic perspective, BAM15-mediated protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury and its reduced toxicity will hopefully reignite interest in pharmacological uncoupling for the treatment of the myriad of diseases that are associated with altered mitochondrial function.
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Key Words
- ANT, adenine nucleotide translocase
- Bioenergetics
- CCCP
- DNP
- ECAR, extracellular acidification rate
- FCCP
- FCCP, carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
- Ischemia
- Mitochondria
- OCR, oxygen consumption rate
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TCA cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle
- TMPD, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride
- TMRM, tetramethylrhodamine
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Kenwood
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Janelle L Weaver
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Amandeep Bajwa
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ivan K Poon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Frances L Byrne
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Beverley A Murrow
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Joseph A Calderone
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Liping Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jose L Tomsig
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | | | - Ryan H Lo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - G Cameron Coleman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Linda Columbus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA ; Department of Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Saucerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA ; Department of Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Holmes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA ; Department of Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kevin R Lynch
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | | | - Webster L Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | - Mark D Okusa
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Douglas A Bayliss
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kyle L Hoehn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA ; Department of Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA ; Emily Couric Clinical Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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