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Marrocco V, Tran T, Zhu S, Choi SH, Gamo AM, Li S, Fu Q, Cunado MD, Roland J, Hull M, Nguyen-Tran V, Joseph S, Chatterjee AK, Rogers N, Tremblay MS, Shen W. A small molecule UPR modulator for diabetes identified by high throughput screening. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3983-3993. [PMID: 35024320 PMCID: PMC8727761 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unfolded protein response (UPR) is a stress response that is specific to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). UPR is activated upon accumulation of unfolded (or misfolded) proteins in the ER's lumen to restore protein folding capacity by increasing the synthesis of chaperones. In addition, UPR also enhances degradation of unfolded proteins and reduces global protein synthesis to alleviate additional accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER. Herein, we describe a cell-based ultra-high throughput screening (uHTS) campaign that identifies a small molecule that can modulate UPR and ER stress in cellular and in vivo disease models. Using asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGR) fused with Cypridina luciferase (CLuc) as reporter assay for folding capacity, we have screened a million small molecule library and identified APC655 as a potent activator of protein folding, that appears to act by promoting chaperone expression. Furthermore, APC655 improved pancreatic β cell viability and insulin secretion under ER stress conditions induced by thapsigargin or cytokines. APC655 was also effective in preserving β cell function and decreasing lipid accumulation in the liver of the leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mouse model. These results demonstrate a successful uHTS campaign that identified a modulator of UPR, which can provide a novel candidate for potential therapeutic development for a host of metabolic diseases.
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Key Words
- ASGR, asialoglycoprotein receptor 1
- ATF4, activating transcription factor 4
- ATF6, activating transcription factor 6α/β
- BID, twice a day
- CLuc, Cypridina luciferase
- Cell signaling
- Chaperones
- Diabetes
- EGFP-VSVG, enhanced green fluorescence protein-vesicular stomatitis virus ts045 G protein
- ER stress
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERP72, endoplasmic reticulum proteins 72
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GLuc, Gaussia luciferase
- GRP78, 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein
- GRPRP94, glucose-regulated protein 94
- GSIS, glucose stimulated insulin secretion
- IKKβ, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta
- IL1β, interleukin 1β
- INFγ, interferon gamma
- IRE1, inositol requiring enzyme 1α/β
- Liver
- Metabolic diseases
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- Nod, non-obese diabetic
- OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- PERK, PKR-like ER kinase
- Pancreas
- Protein folding
- SP1/2, serine protease1/2
- Small molecules
- T1/2D, type1/2 diabetes
- TG, thapsigargin
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- Tm, tunicamycin
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- Unfolded protein response
- XBP1, X-box-binding protein 1
- i.p., intraperitoneal
- uHTS, ultra-high throughput screening
- β cells
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Simms L, Mason E, Berg EL, Yu F, Rudd K, Czekala L, Trelles Sticken E, Brinster O, Wieczorek R, Stevenson M, Walele T. Use of a rapid human primary cell-based disease screening model, to compare next generation products to combustible cigarettes. Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:309-321. [PMID: 34485931 PMCID: PMC8408431 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of public health bodies, regulators and governments around the world consider electronic vapor products a lower risk alternative to conventional cigarettes. Of critical importance are rapid new approach methodologies to enable the screening of next generation products (NGPs) also known as next generation tobacco and nicotine products. In this study, the activity of conventional cigarette (3R4F) smoke and a range of NGP aerosols (heated tobacco product, hybrid product and electronic vapor product) captured in phosphate buffered saline, were screened by exposing a panel of human cell-based model systems using Biologically Multiplexed Activity Profiling (BioMAP® Diversity PLUS® Panel, Eurofins Discovery). Following exposure, the biological activity for a wide range of biomarkers in the BioMAP panel were compared to determine the presence of toxicity signatures that are associated with specific clinical findings. NGP aerosols were found to be weakly active in the BioMAP Diversity PLUS Panel (≤3/148 biomarkers) whereas significant activity was observed for 3R4F (22/148 biomarkers). Toxicity associated biomarker signatures for 3R4F included immunosuppression, skin irritation and thrombosis, with no toxicity signatures seen for the NGPs. BioMAP profiling could effectively be used to differentiate between complex mixtures of cigarette smoke or NGP aerosol extracts in a panel of human primary cell-based assays. Clinical validation of these results will be critical for confirming the utility of BioMAP for screening NGPs for potential adverse human effects.
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Key Words
- ACM, aerosol collected mass
- AhR, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- Alternative methods
- COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- EVP, Electronic vapor product
- HDFn, Human neonatal dermal fibroblasts
- HTP, Heated Tobacco Product
- HUVEC, Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- HYB, Hybrid product containing e-liquid drawn through a tobacco plug
- IL, interleukin
- ISO, International Organization for Standardization
- In vitro assays
- MOA, Mechanism of action
- M−CSF, Macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- NGP, Next generation product
- NRC, National Research Council
- NRF2, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- Next generation products
- PBMC, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PBS, Phosphate buffered saline
- Panel
- Phenotypic screening
- SRB, Sulforhodamine B
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TF, Tissue factor
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TPM, Total particulate matter
- Toxicity signature
- bPBS, Bubbled phosphate buffered saline
- mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Simms
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL UK
| | - Elizabeth Mason
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL UK
| | - Ellen L. Berg
- Eurofins Discovery, Inc., 111 Anza Blvd, Suite 414, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA
| | - Fan Yu
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL UK
| | - Kathryn Rudd
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL UK
| | - Lukasz Czekala
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL UK
| | - Edgar Trelles Sticken
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-EinsteinRing-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oleg Brinster
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-EinsteinRing-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roman Wieczorek
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-EinsteinRing-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Tanvir Walele
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL UK
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Hrubec TC, Seguin RP, Xu L, Cortopassi GA, Datta S, Hanlon AL, Lozano AJ, McDonald VA, Healy CA, Anderson TC, Musse NA, Williams RT. Altered toxicological endpoints in humans from common quaternary ammonium compound disinfectant exposure. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:646-656. [PMID: 33868951 PMCID: PMC8041661 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are frequently exposed to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs). QACs are ubiquitously used in medical settings, restaurants, and homes as cleaners and disinfectants. Despite their prevalence, nothing is known about the health effects associated with chronic low-level exposure. Chronic QAC toxicity, only recently identified in mice, resulted in developmental, reproductive, and immune dysfunction. Cell based studies indicate increased inflammation, decreased mitochondrial function, and disruption of cholesterol synthesis. If these findings translate to human toxicity, multiple physiological processes could be affected. This study tested whether QAC concentrations could be detected in the blood of 43 human volunteers, and whether QAC concentrations influenced markers of inflammation, mitochondrial function, and cholesterol synthesis. QAC concentrations were detected in 80 % of study participants. Blood QACs were associated with increase in inflammatory cytokines, decreased mitochondrial function, and disruption of cholesterol homeostasis in a dose dependent manner. This is the first study to measure QACs in human blood, and also the first to demonstrate statistically significant relationships between blood QAC and meaningful health related biomarkers. Additionally, the results are timely in light of the increased QAC disinfectant exposure occurring due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. MAIN FINDINGS This study found that 80 % of study participants contained QACs in their blood; and that markers of inflammation, mitochondrial function, and sterol homeostasis varied with blood QAC concentration.
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Key Words
- 7-DHC, 7-Dehydrocholesterol
- 7-DHD, 7-Dehydrodesmosterol
- 8-DHC, 8-Dehydrocholesterol
- ADBAC, alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- BAC, benzalkonium chloride
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- DDAC, didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride
- Environmental toxicology
- FCCP, trifluoromethoxy carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone
- IL-10, interleukin 10
- IL-12, interleukin 12
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IRB, Institutional Review Board
- Inflammation
- LC, liquid chromatography
- LOD, level of detection
- LOQ, level of quantification
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- Lipid metabolism
- Mitochondrial function
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa beta
- NOEL, no effect level
- OCR, oxygen consumption rate
- OEL, occupational exposure limit
- QAC, quaternary ammonium compounds
- Quaternary ammonium compounds
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry C. Hrubec
- Department of Biomedical Science, E. Via College of Osteopathic Medicine – Virginia, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
- Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ryan P. Seguin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Gino A. Cortopassi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Sandipan Datta
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Alexandra L. Hanlon
- Center for Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Department of Statistics, College of Science, Virginia Tech, Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
| | - Alicia J. Lozano
- Center for Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Department of Statistics, College of Science, Virginia Tech, Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
| | - Valerie A. McDonald
- Department of Biomedical Science, E. Via College of Osteopathic Medicine – Virginia, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Claire A. Healy
- Department of Biomedical Science, E. Via College of Osteopathic Medicine – Virginia, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Tyler C. Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Science, E. Via College of Osteopathic Medicine – Virginia, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Najaha A. Musse
- Department of Biomedical Science, E. Via College of Osteopathic Medicine – Virginia, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Richard T. Williams
- Department of Biomedical Science, E. Via College of Osteopathic Medicine – Virginia, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
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Petroianu A, Barroso TVV, Buzelin MA, Theobaldo BDM, Tafuri LSDA. Neuroendocrine apendicopathy in morphologically normal appendices of patients with diagnosis of acute appendicitis: Diagnostic study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2020; 60:344-351. [PMID: 33224488 PMCID: PMC7666303 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background About 15%–25% of appendices removed to treat acute appendicitis present normal macro- and macroscopic morphology. The objective of this study was to verify an association of proinflammatory, neuroendocrine and immune mediators with morphologically normal appendices removed from patients with clinical laboratorial and imaging characteristics of acute appendicitis. Materials and methods Appendices removed from 121 adult patients of both genders were distributed into three groups according to their following characteristics: group 1: 53 macro- and microscopically normal appendices from patients with clinical, laboratorial and imaging diagnosis of acute appendicitis; group 2: 24 inflamed appendices from patients with clinical, laboratorial, imaging and histopathological diagnosis of acute appendicitis; group 3: 44 normal appendices from patients submitted to right colectomy to treat localized ascending colon adenocarcinoma. All appendices were immunohistochemically studied for gastrin inhibitor peptide, mast cell tryptase, vascular endothelial growth factor; intestinal vasoactive peptide, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1, prostaglandin E2, gene-protein product 9.5, CD8 T lymphocytes, synaptophysine, enolase, and S100 protein. Results The group 1 revealed increased levels of synaptophysine, enolase, mast cell tryptase and PGP-9.5 comparing with the other two groups. The group 2 presented increased levels of interleukin 1, CD8 T lymphocytes and prostaglandin E2 comparing with the other two groups. The group 3 confirmed the normal levels of all these neuroendocrine, immune and proinflammatory mediators. Conclusions Morphologically normal appendices removed from patients with clinical and complementary exams indicating acute appendicitis have appendicular neuroimmunoendocrine disorder associated with the mediators synaptophysin, enolase, mast cell-related tryptase and gene-protein product 9.5. 15 % to 25% of the appendices removed to treat acute appendicitis have normal appearance with no inflammatory signs. All patients with normal appendices removed due to acute appendicitis do not present similar clinical manifestation anymore. Inflammatory and neuroendocrine appendicopathies present similar clinical laboratorial and imaging characteristics. Morphologically normal appendices removed from patients indicating acute appendicitis have neuroimmunoendocrine disorders. Synaptophysin, enolase, mast cell tryptase and gene-protein product 9.5 are associated with neuroimmunoendocrine disorders.
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Key Words
- Appendicitis
- CD8, CD8 T lymphocytes
- Diagnosis
- G1, group 1
- G2, group 2
- G3, group 3
- GIP, gastrin inhibitor peptide
- Histology
- IL-1, interleukin 1
- Immunohistochemistry
- Neuroendocrine peptide
- Neuroimmune peptide
- PGE-2, prostaglandin E 2
- PGP 9.5, gene-protein product 9.5
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- Tryptase, mast cell-related tryptase
- VEGFA, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VIP, intestinal vasoactive peptide
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Petroianu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Ahmad A, Mishra RK, Vyawahare A, Kumar A, Rehman MU, Qamar W, Khan AQ, Khan R. Thymoquinone (2-Isoprpyl-5-methyl-1, 4-benzoquinone) as a chemopreventive/anticancer agent: Chemistry and biological effects. Saudi Pharm J 2019; 27:1113-26. [PMID: 31885471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains the topmost disorders of the mankind and number of cases is unceasingly growing at unprecedented rates. Although the synthetic anti-cancer compounds still hold the largest market in the modern treatment of cancer, natural agents have always been tried and tested for potential anti-cancer properties. Thymoquinone (TQ), a monoterpene and main ingredient in the essential oil of Nigella sativa L. has got very eminent rankings in the traditional systems of medicine for its anti-cancer pharmacological properties. In this review we summarized the diverse aspects of TQ including its chemistry, biosynthesis, sources and pharmacological properties with a major concern being attributed to its anti-cancer efficacies. The role of TQ in different aspects involved in the pathogenesis of cancer like inflammation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, proliferation, invasion and migration have been described. The mechanism of action of TQ in different cancer types has been briefly accounted. Other safety and toxicological aspects and some combination therapies involving TQ have also been touched. A detailed literature search was carried out using various online search engines like google scholar and pubmed regarding the available research and review accounts on thymoquinone upto may 2019. All the articles reporting significant addition to the activities of thymoquinone were selected. Additional information was acquired from ethno botanical literature focusing on thymoquinone. The compound has been the centre of attention for a long time period and researched regularly in quite considerable numbers for its various physicochemical, medicinal, biological and pharmacological perspectives. Thymoquinone is studied for various chemical and pharmacological activities and demonstrated promising anti-cancer potential. The reviewed reports confirmed the strong anti-cancer efficacy of thymoquinone. Further in-vitro and in-vivo research is strongly warranted regarding the complete exploration of thymoquinone in ethnopharmacological context.
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Key Words
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- APC, adenomatous polyposis coli
- Anti-cancer therapeutics
- CDDP, cisplatin
- CDKs, cyclin-dependent kinases
- EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- FGFs, fibroblast growth factors
- FTIR, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
- GBM, glioblastoma multiforme
- HPDE, human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells
- IUPAC, international union of pure and applied chemistry
- LKB1, liver kinase B1
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MC-A, myrtucommulone-A
- NLCs, nanostructured lipid carriers
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- Natural compounds
- OEC, oral epithelial cells
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PXRD, powder x-ray diffraction
- Phytopharmaceuticals
- Plant products
- RES, resveratrol
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SCLC, small cell lung carcinoma
- SLNs, solid lipid nanoparticles
- THQ, thymohydroquinone
- TMZ, temozolomide
- TNBC, triple negative breast cancer
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TQ, thymoquinone
- Thymoquinone
- UMSCC, university of Michigan squamous cell carcinoma
- USD, United States Dollar
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- WHO, world health organization
- XIAP, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein
- eEF-2K, elongation factor 2 kinase
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Hunt NJ, Kang SWS, Lockwood GP, Le Couteur DG, Cogger VC. Hallmarks of Aging in the Liver. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:1151-1161. [PMID: 31462971 PMCID: PMC6709368 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While the liver demonstrates remarkable resilience during aging, there is growing evidence that it undergoes all the cellular hallmarks of aging, which increases the risk of liver and systemic disease. The aging process in the liver is driven by alterations of the genome and epigenome that contribute to dysregulation of mitochondrial function and nutrient sensing pathways, leading to cellular senescence and low-grade inflammation. These changes promote multiple phenotypic changes in all liver cells (hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial, hepatic stellate and Küpffer cells) and impairment of hepatic function. In particular, age-related changes in the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells are a significant but under-recognized risk factor for the development of age-related cardiometabolic disease. Liver aging is driven by transcription and metabolic epigenome alterations. This leads to cellular senescence and low-grade inflammation. Hepatocyte, sinusoidal endothelial, stellate and Küpffer cells undergoes the hallmarks of aging. Each cell type demonstrates phenotypical cellular changes with age.
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Key Words
- AMPK, 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
- CR, caloric restriction
- Endothelial
- FOXO, forkhead box O
- Genetic
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- Hepatocyte
- IGF-1, insulin like growth factor 1
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IL-8, interleukin 8
- KC, Küpffer cell
- LSEC, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
- Mitochondrial dysfunction
- NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NO, nitric oxide
- Nutrient sensing pathways
- PDGF, platelet derived growth factor
- PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SIRT1, sirtuin 1
- Senescence
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- miR, microRNA
- αSMA, alpha smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Hunt
- ANZAC Research Institute, Aging and Alzheimer's Institute, Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Concord Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Nutrition Ecology, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sun Woo Sophie Kang
- ANZAC Research Institute, Aging and Alzheimer's Institute, Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Nutrition Ecology, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glen P Lockwood
- ANZAC Research Institute, Aging and Alzheimer's Institute, Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Nutrition Ecology, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David G Le Couteur
- ANZAC Research Institute, Aging and Alzheimer's Institute, Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Concord Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Nutrition Ecology, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Victoria C Cogger
- ANZAC Research Institute, Aging and Alzheimer's Institute, Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Concord Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Nutrition Ecology, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Akang EN, Dosumu OO, Afolayan OO, Fagoroye AM, Osiagwu DD, Usman IT, Oremosu AA, Akanmu AS. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)-induced hippocampal disorders: Highlights on therapeutic potential of Naringenin and Quercetin. IBRO Rep 2019; 6:137-146. [PMID: 31061913 PMCID: PMC6488719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Naringenin and Quercetin decrease ROS and potentiate enzymatic antioxidant production in the hippocampus. cART induced marked cytoplasmic shrinkage and several pyknotic nuclei in the dentate gyrus and cornus ammonis region. Naringenin and Quercetin attenuates cART-induced upregulation of monoamine oxidase-B expression in neurons. Naringenin and Quercetin also ameliorates cART-induced spatial memory impairments. Naringenin and Quercetin acted as effective antioxidants in vivo against cART-induced neurotoxicity.
Introduction In spite of the multiple benefits of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) on HIV positive patients, prolonged usage has been reported to exacerbate oxidative stress, and induce neurological and cognitive dysfunction, thus, the need to search for an adjuvant therapy to ameliorate the oxidative and improve treatment adherence with better virological outcome. This study aimed at determining the potential therapeutic effects of Quercetin and Naringenin on cART-induced cyto-architectural, neuro-behavioral and immunohistochemical changes in the hippocampus of the adult Wister rats. Materials and Methods The animals were grouped as follows: Control, DMSO, 24 mg/kg cART (Tenovovir 300 mg, Lamivudine 300 mg and Efavirenz 600 mg), 50 mg/kg Naringenin, 50 mg/kg Quercetin, cART + Naringenin, cART + Quercetin were administered orally for 8 weeks. At the end of administration, neurobehavioural test was conducted, animals were euthanized and hippocampus was processed for oxidative stress markers, histology, TNF-α, and Monoamine oxidase-B expression. Results At the end of 8 weeks of administration, 24 mg/kg cART decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) and increased Malondialdehyde (MDA). Whereas, 50 mg/kg quercetin, and 50 mg/kg Naringenin decreased the oxidative stress (increased SOD, CAT, GSH, and reduced MDA) induced by cART (reduced SOD, CAT, GSH, and increased MDA). In addition, hematoxylin and eosin stained hippocampus showed that quercetin and naringenin prevented neurodegenerative changes (marked cytoplasmic shrinkage and several pyknotic nuclei in the dentate gyrus and cornus ammonis regions) in cART-treated rats. Furthermore, immunohistochemical studies revealed that quercetin and naringenin attenuates cART-induced upregulation of monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) expression. Likewise, from the Morris water maze neurobehavioral studies, naringenin and quercetin also ameliorated cART-induced memory impairments (initial spatial memory, reversal spatial memory and probe tests). Conclusion This study shows that Naringenin and Quercetin have a good potential in reversing cART-induced hippocampal disorders in Wistar rats.
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Key Words
- CA/Q, 24 mg/kg combination antiretroviral therapy + 50 mg Quercetin
- CAT, catalase
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- HCL, hydrochloric acidE
- Hippocampus
- MAO-B, monoamine oxidase B
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- Nar, naringenin
- Naringenin
- Neurodegeneration
- Oxidative stress
- Quer, quercetin
- Quercetin
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TBA, thiobarbituric acid
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- cA/N, 24 mg/kg combination antiretroviral therapy + 50 mg Naringenin
- cART
- cART, combination antiretroviral therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Edidiong N. Akang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
- Corresponding author.
| | - Olufunke O. Dosumu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olasunmbo O. Afolayan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Adeola M. Fagoroye
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Daniel D. Osiagwu
- Department of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Isilamiyat T. Usman
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Ademola A. Oremosu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Alani S. Akanmu
- Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
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Itaba N, Noda I, Oka H, Kono Y, Okinaka K, Yokobata T, Okazaki S, Morimoto M, Shiota G. Hepatic cell sheets engineered from human mesenchymal stem cells with a single small molecule compound IC-2 ameliorate acute liver injury in mice. Regen Ther 2018; 9:45-57. [PMID: 30525075 PMCID: PMC6222293 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We previously reported that transplantation of hepatic cell sheets from human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) with hexachlorophene, a Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibitor, ameliorated acute liver injury. In a further previous report, we identified IC-2, a newly synthesized derivative of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibitor ICG-001, as a potent inducer of hepatic differentiation of BM-MSCs. METHODS We manufactured hepatic cell sheets by engineering from human BM-MSCs using the single small molecule IC-2. The therapeutic potential of IC-2-induced hepatic cell sheets was assessed by transplantation of IC-2- and hexachlorophene-treated hepatic cell sheets using a mouse model of acute liver injury. RESULTS Significant improvement of liver injury was elicited by the IC-2-treated hepatic cell sheets. The expression of complement C3 was enhanced by IC-2, followed by prominent hepatocyte proliferation stimulated through the activation of NF-κB and its downstream molecule STAT-3. Indeed, IC-2 also enhanced the expression of amphiregulin, resulting in the activation of the EGFR pathway and further stimulation of hepatocyte proliferation. As another important therapeutic mechanism, we revealed prominent reduction of oxidative stress mediated through upregulation of the thioredoxin (TRX) system by IC-2-treated hepatic cell sheets. The effects mediated by IC-2-treated sheets were superior compared with those mediated by hexachlorophene-treated sheets. CONCLUSION The single compound IC-2 induced hepatic cell sheets that possess potent regeneration capacity and ameliorate acute liver injury.
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Key Words
- 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine
- A1AT, α1-antitrypsin
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- APOE, apolipoprotein E
- AREG, amphiregulin
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Acute liver failure
- BM-MSCs, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells
- C3, complement C3
- C4A, complement C4A
- C5aR, complement C5a receptor
- CBP, CREB-binding protein
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- CP, ceruloplasmin
- ChREBP, Carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein
- ChoREs, carbohydrate response elements
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- GPX, glutathione peroxidase
- GR, Glutathione reductase
- GRX, glutaredoxin
- GSH, glutathione
- HB-EGF, heparin binding-epidermal growth factor-like growth factor
- HGFR, hepatocyte growth factor receptor
- Hepatic cell sheets
- IL-1ra, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- LXR, liver X receptor
- Liver regeneration
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- Mesenchymal stem cells
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PRX, peroxiredoxin
- RBP4, retinol binding protein 4
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- STAT-3, Signal Tranducer and Activator of Transcription 3
- TF, transferrin
- TGFα, transforming growth factor alpha
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TRX, thioredoxin
- TRXR, thioredoxin reductase
- Wnt/β-catenin signal inhibitor
- hGAPDH, human glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- mActb, mouse actin, beta
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Itaba
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Ikuya Noda
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Oka
- Research Initiative Center, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Yohei Kono
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kaori Okinaka
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokobata
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Shizuma Okazaki
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Minoru Morimoto
- Research Initiative Center, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Goshi Shiota
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
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Rebhun JF, Du Q, Hood M, Guo H, Glynn KM, Cen H, Scholten JD, Tian F, Gui M, Li M, Zhao Y. Evaluation of selected traditional Chinese medical extracts for bone mineral density maintenance: A mechanistic study. J Tradit Complement Med 2019; 9:227-35. [PMID: 31193882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the development of a minimal traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula using selected TCM ingredients and evaluating their biological activity with bone-specific in vitro tests. Finally, determining if the minimal formula can maintain bone mineral density (BMD) in a low bone mass (LBM)/osteoporosis (OP) model system. Methods and results Sixteen different TCM plant extracts were tested for estrogenic, osteogenic and osteoclastic activities. Despite robust activation of the full-length estrogen receptors α and β by Psoralea corylifolia and Epimedium brevicornu, these extracts do not activate the isolated estrogen ligand binding domains (LBD) of either ERα or ERβ; estrogen (17-β estradiol) fully activates the LBD of ERα and ERβ. E. brevicornu and Drynaria fortunei extracts activated cyclic AMP response elements (CRE) individually and when combined these ingredients stimulated the production of osteoblastic markers Runx2 and Bmp4 in MC3T3-E1 cells. E. brevicornu, Salvia miltiorrhiza, and Astragalus onobrychis extracts inhibited the Il-1β mediated activation of NF-κβ and an E. brevicornu/D. fortunei combination inhibited the development of osteoclasts from precursor cells. Further, a minimal formula containing the E. brevicornu/D. fortunei combination with or without a third ingredient (S. miltiorrhiza, Angelica sinensis, or Lycium barbarum) maintained bone mineral density (BMD) similar to an estradiol-treated control group in the ovariectomized rat; a model LBM/OP system. Conclusion A minimal formula consisting of TCM plant extracts that activate CRE and inhibit of NF-κβ activation, but do not behave like estrogen, maintain BMD in a LBM/OP model system.
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Key Words
- Anti-inflammatory
- BMD, bone mineral density
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- Bmp4, bone morphogenic protein 4
- CRE, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element
- CREB, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein
- DEXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
- DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
- Drynaria fortunei
- E2, estradiol
- ER, estrogen receptor
- ERE, estrogen response element
- Epimedium brevicornu
- Estrogenic
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Fsk, forskolin
- Hprt, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase
- IL-1, interleukin 1
- LBD, ligand binding domain
- LBM, low bone mass
- M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase
- NF-κβ, nuclear factor kappa beta
- OP, osteoporosis
- Osteoporosis
- PTH, parathyroid hormone
- PTHrp, PTH related peptide
- RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta ligand
- RLU, relative luminescence unit
- ROI, region of interest
- Runx2, runt-related transcription factor 2
- SFM, serum free media
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicine
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
- UAS, upstream activating sequence
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
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Schröder T, Kucharczyk D, Bär F, Pagel R, Derer S, Jendrek ST, Sünderhauf A, Brethack AK, Hirose M, Möller S, Künstner A, Bischof J, Weyers I, Heeren J, Koczan D, Schmid SM, Divanovic S, Giles DA, Adamski J, Fellermann K, Lehnert H, Köhl J, Ibrahim S, Sina C. Mitochondrial gene polymorphisms alter hepatic cellular energy metabolism and aggravate diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Mol Metab 2016; 5:283-295. [PMID: 27069868 PMCID: PMC4812012 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease and is associated with an enhanced risk for liver and cardiovascular diseases and mortality. NAFLD can progress from simple hepatic steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the mechanisms predisposing to this progression remain undefined. Notably, hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction is a common finding in patients with NASH. Due to a lack of appropriate experimental animal models, it has not been evaluated whether this mitochondrial dysfunction plays a causative role for the development of NASH. Methods To determine the effect of a well-defined mitochondrial dysfunction on liver physiology at baseline and during dietary challenge, C57BL/6J-mtFVB/N mice were employed. This conplastic inbred strain has been previously reported to exhibit decreased mitochondrial respiration likely linked to a non-synonymous gene variation (nt7778 G/T) of the mitochondrial ATP synthase protein 8 (mt-ATP8). Results At baseline conditions, C57BL/6J-mtFVB/N mice displayed hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by decreased ATP production and increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, genes affecting lipid metabolism were differentially expressed, hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels were changed in these animals, and various acyl-carnitines were altered, pointing towards an impaired mitochondrial carnitine shuttle. However, over a period of twelve months, no spontaneous hepatic steatosis or inflammation was observed. On the other hand, upon dietary challenge with either a methionine and choline deficient diet or a western-style diet, C57BL/6J-mtFVB/N mice developed aggravated steatohepatitis as characterized by lipid accumulation, ballooning of hepatocytes and infiltration of immune cells. Conclusions We observed distinct metabolic alterations in mice with a mitochondrial polymorphism associated hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction. However, a second hit, such as dietary stress, was required to cause hepatic steatosis and inflammation. This study suggests a causative role of hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of experimental NASH. C57BL/6J-mtFVB/N mice (mt-ATP8, nt7778 G/T) display hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction. C57BL/6J-mtFVB/N mice display alterations in hepatic energy metabolism. C57BL/6J-mtFVB/N mice show no spontaneous hepatic steatosis or inflammation. C57BL/6J-mtFVB/N mice are susceptible to diet induced NASH. Study demonstrates causative role of mitochondrial dysfunction for NASH development.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AMP, adenosine monophosphate
- AMPK, AMP-activated proteinkinase
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- ATP8, ATP synthase protein 8
- Arg, arginine
- Asp, aspartic acid
- B6-mtB6, C57BL/6
- B6-mtFVB, C57BL/6-mtFVB/N
- C0, free dl-carnitine
- C16, hexadecanoyl-l-carntine
- C18, octadecanoyl-l-carnitine
- CD, control diet
- CD3, cluster of differentiation receptor 3
- CPT I, carnitine-palmitoyltransferase I
- CYP51A1, cytochrome P450, family 51, subfamily A, polypeptide 1
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- Gr1, granulocyte differentiation antigen 1
- H&E, hematoxylin–eosin staining
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- Hsd17b7, 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7
- IDI1, isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase 1
- IL, interleukin
- IPA, ingenuity pathway analysis
- KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- Lipid metabolism
- Ly6G, lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus G
- MCDD, methionine and choline deficient diet
- MSMO1, methylsterol monooxygenase 1
- Met, methionine
- Mitochondrial dysfunction
- Mitochondrial gene polymorphism
- NAFL, non-alcoholic liver steatosis
- NAFLD
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NAS, NAFLD activity score
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- ND3, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3
- OCR, oxygen consumption rate
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation system
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms
- SOD2, superoxide dismutase 2
- STRING, Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins
- Steatohepatitis
- TNFα
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- Tyr, tyrosine
- WD, western-style diet
- mt, mitochondrial
- pAMPK, phosphorylated AMP-activated proteinkinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Schröder
- University of Lübeck, Department of Medicine I, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany; University of Lübeck, Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - David Kucharczyk
- University of Lübeck, Department of Medicine I, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian Bär
- University of Lübeck, Department of Medicine I, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - René Pagel
- University of Lübeck, Department of Medicine I, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany; University of Lübeck, Institute of Anatomy, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefanie Derer
- University of Lübeck, Department of Medicine I, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sebastian Torben Jendrek
- University of Lübeck, Department of Medicine I, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany; University of Lübeck, Institute of Anatomy, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Annika Sünderhauf
- University of Lübeck, Department of Medicine I, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Brethack
- University of Lübeck, Department of Medicine I, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Misa Hirose
- University of Lübeck, The Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Steffen Möller
- University of Lübeck, The Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany; Rostock University Medical Center, Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 8, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Axel Künstner
- University of Lübeck, The Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Guest Group Evolutionary Genomics, August-Thienemann-Straße 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Julia Bischof
- University of Lübeck, The Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Imke Weyers
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Anatomy, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jörg Heeren
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Koczan
- University of Rostock, Institute of Immunology, Schillingallee 70, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Senad Divanovic
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati, Division of Immunobiology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Daniel Aaron Giles
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati, Division of Immunobiology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Helmholtz Center, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 4, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Fellermann
- University of Lübeck, Department of Medicine I, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- University of Lübeck, Department of Medicine I, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jörg Köhl
- University of Lübeck, Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati, Division of Immunobiology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Saleh Ibrahim
- University of Lübeck, The Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian Sina
- University of Lübeck, Department of Medicine I, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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Abstract
Neuropathologic investigations in acute liver failure (ALF) reveal significant alterations to neuroglia consisting of swelling of astrocytes leading to cytotoxic brain edema and intracranial hypertension as well as activation of microglia indicative of a central neuroinflammatory response. Increased arterial ammonia concentrations in patients with ALF are predictors of patients at risk for the development of brain herniation. Molecular and spectroscopic techniques in ALF reveal alterations in expression of an array of genes coding for neuroglial proteins involved in cell volume regulation and mitochondrial function as well as in the transport of neurotransmitter amino acids and in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Liver-brain pro-inflammatory signaling mechanisms involving transduction of systemically-derived cytokines, ammonia neurotoxicity and exposure to increased brain lactate have been proposed. Mild hypothermia and N-Acetyl cysteine have both hepato-protective and neuro-protective properties in ALF. Potentially effective anti-inflammatory agents aimed at control of encephalopathy and brain edema in ALF include etanercept and the antibiotic minocycline, a potent inhibitor of microglial activation. Translation of these potentially-interesting findings to the clinic is anxiously awaited.
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Key Words
- ALF, acute liver failure
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- BBB, blood-brain barrier
- CCL2, chemokine ligand-2
- CMRO2, cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen
- CNS, central nervous system
- EEG, electroencephalography
- GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- IgG, immunoglobulin
- MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- NAC, N-Acetyl cysteine
- NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate
- SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome
- SNATs, several neutral amino acid transport systems
- TLP, translocator protein
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- acute liver failure
- hepatic encephalopathy
- intracranial hypertension
- microglial activation
- neuroinflammation
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger F. Butterworth
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Hopital St-Luc (CHUM) and Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H2W 3J4, Canada,Address for correspondence: Roger F. Butterworth, Neuroscience Research Unit, Hospital St-Luc (CHUM) and Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, 1058 St Denis, Montreal, QC H2W 3J4, Canada. Tel.: +1 902 929 2470.
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Halpern MD, Denning PW. The role of intestinal epithelial barrier function in the development of NEC. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e1000707. [PMID: 25927016 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2014.1000707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial barrier plays an important role in maintaining host health. Breakdown of intestinal barrier function is known to play a role in many diseases such as infectious enteritis, idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, and neonatal inflammatory bowel diseases. Recently, increasing research has demonstrated the importance of understanding how intestinal epithelial barrier function develops in the premature neonate in order to develop strategies to promote its maturation. Optimizing intestinal barrier function is thought to be key to preventing neonatal inflammatory bowel diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis. In this review, we will first summarize the key components of the intestinal epithelial barrier, what is known about its development, and how this may explain NEC pathogenesis. Finally, we will review what therapeutic strategies may be used to promote optimal development of neonatal intestinal barrier function in order to reduce the incidence and severity of NEC.
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Key Words
- AJ, adherens junctions
- AJC, apical junction complex
- BAs, bile acids; EGF, epidermal growth factor
- Bb, Bifidobacterium bifidum
- Bi, Bifidobacterium infantis
- EPO, erythropoietin; IFNγ, interferon gamma
- IEL, intestinal epithelial lymphocytes
- NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis
- NICU, neonatal intensive care unit
- Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)
- TCRγδ, T-cell receptor gamma-delta
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta
- TJ, tight junctions
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TPN, total parenteral nutrition
- apical junctional complex
- commensal bacteria
- intestinal epithelial barrier
- prematurity
- probiotics
- tight junctions
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D Halpern
- Department of Pediatrics; The University of Arizona ; Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Patricia W Denning
- Department of Pediatrics; Emory University School of Medicine ; Atlanta, GA USA
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Weber C, Kammerer D, Streit B, Licht AH. Phenolic excipients of insulin formulations induce cell death, pro-inflammatory signaling and MCP-1 release. Toxicol Rep 2014; 2:194-202. [PMID: 28962351 PMCID: PMC5598374 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin formulations are cytotoxic in vitro. Toxicity is caused by the excipients phenol and m-cresol. Phenolic excipients activate stress kinases and attenuate AKT phosphorylation. Phenolic excipients induce pro-inflammatory responses and MCP-1 release. The toxic effects of excipients might explain inflammation of infusion sites in vivo.
Skin reactions at the infusion site are a common side effect of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy. We hypothesized that local skin complications are caused by components of commercial insulin formulations that contain phenol or m-cresol as excipients. The toxic potential of insulin solutions and the mechanisms leading to skin reactions were explored in cultured cells. The toxicity of insulin formulations (Apidra, Humalog, NovoRapid, Insuman), excipient-free insulin, phenol and m-cresol was investigated in L929 cells, human adipocytes and monocytic THP-1 cells. The cells were incubated with the test compounds dose- and time-dependently. Cell viability, kinase signaling pathways, monocyte activation and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines were analyzed. Insulin formulations were cytotoxic in all cell-types and the pure excipients phenol and m-cresol were toxic to the same extent. P38 and JNK signaling pathways were activated by phenolic compounds, whereas AKT phosphorylation was attenuated. THP-1 cells incubated with sub-toxic levels of the test compounds showed increased expression of the activation markers CD54, CD11b and CD14 and secreted the chemokine MCP-1 indicating a pro-inflammatory response. Insulin solutions displayed cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory potential caused by phenol or m-cresol. We speculate that during insulin pump therapy phenol and m-cresol might induce cell death and inflammatory reactions at the infusion site in vivo. Inflammation is perpetuated by release of MCP-1 by activated monocytic cells leading to enhanced recruitment of inflammatory cells. To minimize acute skin complications caused by phenol/m-cresol accumulation, a frequent change of infusion sets and rotation of the infusion site is recommended.
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Key Words
- APC, allophycocyanin
- Adverse effects
- Apidra (PubChem CID: 72941761)
- CCL2, chemokine ligand 2
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CSII, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- Humalog (PubChem CID: 16132438)
- IL, interleukin
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- Inflammation
- Insulin
- Insulin (PubChem CID: 70678557)
- JNK, Jun N-terminal kinase
- MAP kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCP-1
- MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1
- Mip-1α, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha
- NovoRapid (PubChem CID: 16132418)
- PE, phycoerythrin
- Phenol (PubChem CID: 996)
- Phenolic excipients
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- XTT, 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide
- m-Cresol (PubChem CID: 342)
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