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Zhang Y, Wang T, Tian Y, Zhang C, Ge K, Zhang J, Chang J, Wang H. Gold nanorods-mediated efficient synergistic immunotherapy for detection and inhibition of postoperative tumor recurrence. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1978-1992. [PMID: 34386332 PMCID: PMC8343192 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor recurrence after surgery is the main cause of treatment failure. However, the initial stage of recurrence is not easy to detect, and it is difficult to cure in the late stage. In order to improve the life quality of postoperative patients, an efficient synergistic immunotherapy was developed to achieve early diagnosis and treatment of post-surgical tumor recurrence, simultaneously. In this paper, two kinds of theranostic agents based on gold nanorods (AuNRs) platform were prepared. AuNRs and quantum dots (QDs) in one agent was used for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology to indicate the occurrence of in situ recurrence, while AuNRs in the other agent was used for photothermal therapy (PTT), together with anti-PDL1 mediated immunotherapy to alleviate the process of tumor metastasis. A series of assays indicated that this synergistic immunotherapy could induce tumor cell death and the increased generation of CD3+/CD4+ T-lymphocytes and CD3+/CD8+ T-lymphocytes. Besides, more immune factors (IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ) produced by synergistic immunotherapy were secreted than mono-immunotherapy. This cooperative immunotherapy strategy could be utilized for diagnosis and treatment of postoperative tumor recurrence at the same time, providing a new perspective for basic and clinical research.
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Key Words
- AFP, alpha fetoprotein
- AP1-QDs, CEA aptamer-modified CdTe QDs
- AP2-AuNRs, CEA aptamer-modified AuNRs
- AP2-AuNRs, and interferon-γ
- AgNO3, silver nitrate
- AuNRs, gold nanorods
- CA, cancer antigen
- CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen
- CTAB, cetrimonium bromide
- CTCs, circulating tumor cells
- Carcinoembryonic antigen
- CdCl2, cadmium chloride
- CdTe QDs, CdTe quantum dots
- DC, dendritic cells
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- EDC, 1-ethyl-3-(3′-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- GSH, glutathione
- Gold nanorods
- HAuCl4, gold chloride
- Helf, human embryonic lung fibroblasts lines
- Hydrogel+IFN-γ+QA, thermal responsive hydrogels co-loaded with AP1-QDs
- Hydrogel+IFN-γ, thermal responsive hydrogels loaded with interferon-γ
- ICG, indocyanine green
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- IR, infrared
- LA+NIR, liposomes encapsulated AuNRs with near-infrared irradiation
- LA, liposomes encapsulated AuNRs
- LAI, liposomes loaded with ICG and encapsulated AuNRs
- LLC, murine lung cancer cells
- Lung metastasis
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- NHS, N-hydroxysuccinimide
- NIR, near-infrared irradiation
- NaBH4, sodium borohydride
- NaHTe, sodium hydrogen telluride
- PD1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PDL1, programmed cell death-ligand 1
- PI, propidium iodide
- PLGA-PEG-PLGA, thermal responsive hydrogel
- PTT, photothermal therapy
- Phototherapy
- Post-surgical tumor recurrence
- QDs, quantum dots
- Synergistic immunotherapy
- TEM, transmission electron microscope
- Theranostics
- aPDL1-LA+NIR, anti-PDL1-modified liposomes encapsulated AuNRs with near-infrared irradiation
- aPDL1-LA, anti-PDL1-modified liposomes encapsulated AuNRs
- aPDL1-LAI, anti-PDL1-modified liposomes loaded with ICG and encapsulated AuNRs
- anti-PDL1, anti-programmed cell death-ligand 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tiange Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yu Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chaonan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kun Ge
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jin Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Hanjie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
- Corresponding authors.
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Townsend JP, Sweeney AM. Catecholic Compounds in Ctenophore Colloblast and Nerve Net Proteins Suggest a Structural Role for DOPA-Like Molecules in an Early-Diverging Animal Lineage. Biol Bull 2019; 236:55-65. [PMID: 30707604 DOI: 10.1086/700695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ctenophores, or comb jellies, are among the earliest-diverging extant animal lineages. Several recent phylogenomic studies suggest that they may even be the sister group to all other animals. This unexpected finding remains difficult to contextualize, particularly given ctenophores' unique and sometimes poorly understood physiology. Colloblasts, a ctenophore-specific cell type found on the surface of these animals' tentacles, are emblematic of this difficulty. The exterior of the colloblast is dotted with granules that burst and release an adhesive on contact with prey, ensnaring it for consumption. To date, little is known about the fast-acting underwater adhesive that these cells secrete or its biochemistry. We present evidence that proteins in the colloblasts of the ctenophore Pleurobrachia bachei incorporate catecholic compounds similar to the amino acid l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. These compounds are associated with adhesive-containing granules on the surface of colloblasts, suggesting that they may play a role in prey capture, akin to dihydroxyphenylalanine-based adhesives in mussel byssus. We also present unexpected evidence of similar catecholic compounds in association with the subepithelial nerve net. There, catecholic compounds are present in spatial patterns similar to those of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and its derivatives in cnidarian nerves, where they are associated with membranes and possess unknown functionality. This "structural" use of catecholic molecules in ctenophores represents the earliest-diverging animal lineage in which this trait has been observed, though it remains unclear whether structural catechols are deeply rooted in animals or whether they have arisen multiple times.
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Key Words
- -DOPA, -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine
- -diphenols, -diphenols
- AcOH, acetic acid
- CTAB, cetrimonium bromide
- DOPA, dihydroxyphenylalanine
- FIF, formaldehyde-induced fluorescence
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PFA, paraformaldehyde
- TCA, tricholoracetic acid.
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